Article(id=1154429106167997395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154429104116982720, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1710172800000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753166947166, onlineDateStr=2025-07-22, pubDate=1724083200000, pubDateStr=2024-08-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753166947166, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753166947166, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753166947166, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154429104116982720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, year='2024', volume='42', issue='8', pageStart='994', pageEnd='1136', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753166946677, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753694569475, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156642114579583511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154429104116982720, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156642114579583512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154429104116982720, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1037, endPage=1046, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154429106633565147, articleId=1154429106167997395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, language=EN, title=Research on heat extraction characteristics of jet coaxial borehole heat exchanger, columnId=null, journalTitle=Renewable Energy Resources, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to improve the efficiency of geothermal energy extraction in the hightemperature zone at the bottom of the well, a jettype coaxial borehole heat exchanger is constructed for horizontal geothermal well extraction. Based on the finite volume method, a threedimensional numerical simulation model of the horizontal section near the bottom of the well is established, and the flow and temperature fields of the Outsidein and insideout type (OI), Insideout type (IO), and Jet inlet (IOI) coaxial borehole heat exchangers are compared and analyzed, so as to reveal the mechanism of the injection heat exchanger to strengthen the heat transfer. The results showed that the use of the IOI type heat exchanger increased the turbulent kinetic energy of the fluid and formed vortices, which improved the efficiency of geothermal heat extraction. By comparing the heat extraction performance, it was found that the Nusselt number increased with the increase of mass flow rate, and the Nusselt number of IOI type was higher than the other two by 18.33%~32.48% and 5.33%~18.84%, and the friction coefficient decreased with the increase of mass flow rate; under the same mass flow rate, the thermal enhancement factor of IOI type heat exchanger was higher than the other two by 9.13%~13.58%, 3.61%~10.24%, and the average extraction temperature and average extended metre heat exchange are always the highest among the three. The results provide a theoretical basis for the efficient extraction of coaxial borehole heat exchanger in horizontal geothermal wells.

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为提高井底高温区地热能开采效率,文章构建了一种用于水平地热井开采的喷射式同轴套管换热器。基于有限体积法建立水平段近井底区三维数值仿真模型,对比分析外进内出型(Outsidein and Insideout type,OI)、内进外出型(Insidein and Outsideout type,IO)和喷射式(Jet Inlet, IOI)同轴套管换热器的流场和温度场,揭示了喷射式换热器强化传热机理。结果表明:IOI 型换热器內流体的湍动能增加,并形成涡旋,提高了地热开采效率。通过对比采热性能发现,努塞尔数随质量流量增加而增加,IOI 型的努塞尔数比其他两者分别高18.33%~32.48%和5.33%~18.84%;摩擦系数随质量流量增加而降低;相同质量流量下,IOI 型换热器热增强系数比其他两者分别高9.13%~13.58%和3.61%~10.24%;IOI 型的平均采出温度和平均延米换热量始终在三者中最高。研究结果为提高水平地热井同轴套管式换热器开采效率提供理论依据。

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付必伟(1988-),男,博士,硕士生导师,研究方向为中深层地热能高效开采技术。E-mail: 。
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of the horizontal section, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
模型总长 ${L}_{1}/\mathrm{m}$ 10.00
内管距井底距离 ${L}_{2}/\mathrm{m}$ 1.00
喷嘴颈缩长度 ${L}_{3}/\mathrm{m}$ 0.03
喷嘴总长 ${L}_{4}/\mathrm{m}$ 0.05
喷嘴颈缩角度 $\alpha$ /( ${}^{ \circ }$ ) 60
喷嘴内半径 ${r}_{0}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 10.00
内管内半径 ${r}_{1}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 21.35
内管外半径 ${r}_{2}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 27.50
套管内半径 ${r}_{3}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 40.45
套管外半径 ${r}_{4}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 44.45
回填水泥外半径 ${r}_{5}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 63.50
地层岩石外半径 ${r}_{6}/\mathrm{m}$ 3.00
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参数 数值
模型总长 ${L}_{1}/\mathrm{m}$ 10.00
内管距井底距离 ${L}_{2}/\mathrm{m}$ 1.00
喷嘴颈缩长度 ${L}_{3}/\mathrm{m}$ 0.03
喷嘴总长 ${L}_{4}/\mathrm{m}$ 0.05
喷嘴颈缩角度 $\alpha$ /( ${}^{ \circ }$ ) 60
喷嘴内半径 ${r}_{0}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 10.00
内管内半径 ${r}_{1}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 21.35
内管外半径 ${r}_{2}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 27.50
套管内半径 ${r}_{3}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 40.45
套管外半径 ${r}_{4}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 44.45
回填水泥外半径 ${r}_{5}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 63.50
地层岩石外半径 ${r}_{6}/\mathrm{m}$ 3.00
), ArticleFig(id=1154429172723213079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429106167997395, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Material property parameters, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料名称 导热系数 密度 比热容
内管 0.05 910 2300
0.60 998 4182
套管(石油钢管) 16.27 8030 502.48
回填水泥 1.34 2100 1000
地层岩石 1.93 1 823 1190
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材料名称 导热系数 密度 比热容
内管 0.05 910 2300
0.60 998 4182
套管(石油钢管) 16.27 8030 502.48
回填水泥 1.34 2100 1000
地层岩石 1.93 1 823 1190
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喷射式同轴套管换热器采热特性研究
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郭志远 1 , 付必伟 1, 2 , 张思 1
可再生能源 | 2024,42(8): 1037-1046
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可再生能源 | 2024, 42(8): 1037-1046
喷射式同轴套管换热器采热特性研究
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郭志远1, 付必伟1, 2 , 张思1
作者信息
  • 1 长江大学 机械工程学院 湖北 荆州 434023
  • 2 西南石油大学 石油天然气装备教育部重点实验室 四川 成都 610550

通讯作者:

付必伟(1988-),男,博士,硕士生导师,研究方向为中深层地热能高效开采技术。E-mail: 。
Research on heat extraction characteristics of jet coaxial borehole heat exchanger
Zhiyuan Guo1, Biwei Fu1, 2 , Si Zhang1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Mechanical Engineering Yangtze University Jingzhou 434023 China
  • 2 Key Laboratory of Oil &amp Southwest Petroleum University
出版时间: 2024-08-20
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为提高井底高温区地热能开采效率,文章构建了一种用于水平地热井开采的喷射式同轴套管换热器。基于有限体积法建立水平段近井底区三维数值仿真模型,对比分析外进内出型(Outsidein and Insideout type,OI)、内进外出型(Insidein and Outsideout type,IO)和喷射式(Jet Inlet, IOI)同轴套管换热器的流场和温度场,揭示了喷射式换热器强化传热机理。结果表明:IOI 型换热器內流体的湍动能增加,并形成涡旋,提高了地热开采效率。通过对比采热性能发现,努塞尔数随质量流量增加而增加,IOI 型的努塞尔数比其他两者分别高18.33%~32.48%和5.33%~18.84%;摩擦系数随质量流量增加而降低;相同质量流量下,IOI 型换热器热增强系数比其他两者分别高9.13%~13.58%和3.61%~10.24%;IOI 型的平均采出温度和平均延米换热量始终在三者中最高。研究结果为提高水平地热井同轴套管式换热器开采效率提供理论依据。

水平地热井  /  同轴套管式换热器  /  采热性能  /  热增强系数

In order to improve the efficiency of geothermal energy extraction in the hightemperature zone at the bottom of the well, a jettype coaxial borehole heat exchanger is constructed for horizontal geothermal well extraction. Based on the finite volume method, a threedimensional numerical simulation model of the horizontal section near the bottom of the well is established, and the flow and temperature fields of the Outsidein and insideout type (OI), Insideout type (IO), and Jet inlet (IOI) coaxial borehole heat exchangers are compared and analyzed, so as to reveal the mechanism of the injection heat exchanger to strengthen the heat transfer. The results showed that the use of the IOI type heat exchanger increased the turbulent kinetic energy of the fluid and formed vortices, which improved the efficiency of geothermal heat extraction. By comparing the heat extraction performance, it was found that the Nusselt number increased with the increase of mass flow rate, and the Nusselt number of IOI type was higher than the other two by 18.33%~32.48% and 5.33%~18.84%, and the friction coefficient decreased with the increase of mass flow rate; under the same mass flow rate, the thermal enhancement factor of IOI type heat exchanger was higher than the other two by 9.13%~13.58%, 3.61%~10.24%, and the average extraction temperature and average extended metre heat exchange are always the highest among the three. The results provide a theoretical basis for the efficient extraction of coaxial borehole heat exchanger in horizontal geothermal wells.

horizontal geothermal well  /  coaxial borehole heat exchanger  /  thermal performance  /  thermal enhancement factor
郭志远, 付必伟, 张思. 喷射式同轴套管换热器采热特性研究. 可再生能源, 2024 , 42 (8) : 1037 -1046 .
Zhiyuan Guo, Biwei Fu, Si Zhang. Research on heat extraction characteristics of jet coaxial borehole heat exchanger[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2024 , 42 (8) : 1037 -1046 .
地热作为一种清洁、低碳、安全稳定的可再生能源,具有稳定连续输出的优势,地热能的开发和利用正逐渐成为各个国家推进 “碳达峰”、“碳中和”的重要手段之一 [ 1 , 2 ] 。中深层地热资源是目前开采和利用的主要地热能, 同轴套管换热器因其成本低、开发难度低、热性能高等优势已经在中深层地热开采中得到广泛应用 [ 3 ]
如何提高中深层地热能开采效果、强化同轴钻孔换热器采热性能,是国内外专家研究的方向。 刘洪涛 [ 4 ] 建立了换热器与岩土的瞬态换热模型, 分析了不同设计参数工况下,中深层地埋管换热器的长期换热性能。Gascuel V [ 5 ] 通过数值模拟分析井深度、内管材料、直径对换热性能的影响, 得出在内管材料选择高密度聚乙烯情况下, 从最深、 最大直径的井中获得最好的性能。Li C [ 6 ] 分析了直管、螺旋管和波纹管 3 种内管类型对埋管系统传热性能的影响。马娟 [ 7 ] 基于有限差分法建立双管中深层换热器数值模型, 利用双管模型研究了埋管间距、岩土热物性等因素对双管换热器换热性能的影响。Wang G [ 8 ] 建立了考虑强制对流和自然对流的 3D 瞬态流动传热模型,分析了水平井和垂直井在地热资源开发中的差异, 并证明了水平井采热效果优于垂直井。
上述研究针对提高地热能开采效率得到了许多有意义的结论。这些研究大部分只针对使用垂直型同轴套管式换热器开采地热技术, 但在水平井中使用同轴套管换热器的地热开采研究较少。 Wang G [ 8 ] 验证了水平井同轴套管换热器比垂直井同轴套管换热器采热效果好, 但未考虑流体进出方式和内管底部与井底之间高温区域对换热器性能的影响。因此, 本文提出一种流体由内管进、环空出、内管底部加喷嘴的喷射式同轴套管换热器, 用于水平井地热开采,在近地层段套管采用保温材料, 防止开采的高温流体热量散失。为分析方案可行性, 参考真实工况下同轴套管式换热器结构, 利用 FLUENT 软件建立包含地层、水泥、套管和内管的三维数值仿真模型,采用有限体积法,研究外进内出型 (Outside-in and Inside-out type, OI)、 内进外出型(Inside-in and Outside-out type, IO)和喷射式(Jet Inlet, IOI)换热器的流场和温度场,揭示 IOI 型换热器强化传热机理, 并探究质量流量对换热性能的影响。结论可为水平井同轴套管换热器高效开采技术提供理论依据, 对提高地热能开采效率具有指导性意义。
同轴套管式换热器主要适用于 200~3 000 m 深的中深层地热能开采,由水泥、套管、热泵、循环泵、内管等组成。现有水平井同轴套管式换热器可分为两类,一类是 OI 型,如 图 1(a) 所示,一类是 IO 型, 如 图 1(b) 所示, 但这两种均未考虑内管底部和井底之间的高温区域对换热性能的影响。因此,本文提出一种喷射式(IOI 型)同轴套管换热器, 旨在将井底高温低速流体充分扰动, 行成涡旋,破坏井壁边界层,增强换热。其工作原理如下: 由循环泵将温度较低的流体注入到保温内管, 使到达井底水平段最深处流体温度较低,喷嘴使冷流体与井底环空高温区域流体混合, 进行套管高温流体和内管低温流体的对流传热, 换热后得到的高温水利用热泵为城市供暖,热泵蒸发器输出的低温水再通过循环泵进入下一次循环。在近地区套管设置保温层,防止环空高温流体热量散失。 其系统原理如 图 1(c) 所示。
由于存在地温梯度,井底温度最高。为更好地研究换热性能, 以水平段换热性能最好的井底 10 $\mathrm{m}$ 为研究目标;中深层地热井稳定运行时,其热影响直径为 $4 \sim 6\mathrm{\;m}$ ,选取换热器周围半径为 $3\mathrm{\;m}$ 的地层岩石进行研究 [ 9 ] 。锥直型喷嘴加工难度小,对流体产生的阻力较小, 因此在内管底部采用锥直型喷嘴。水平段最后 ${10}\mathrm{\;m}$ 结构如 图 2 所示,结构参数如 表 1 所示。
上述几何模型涉及到的材料物性参数如 表 2 所示。
努塞尔数(Nusselt number, Nu)、摩擦系数 (friction coefficient, $f$ ) 和热增强系数 (Thermal Enhancement Coefficient, TEF)是强化传热研究中关注的主要热性能参数, 它们表征传热速率、摩擦损失和不同喷嘴几何参数下同轴套管式换热器的强化效果。
①强化传热参数
努塞尔数 ${Nu}$ 和摩擦系数 $f$ 的表达式 [ 10 ]
${Nu}= {hD}/\lambda $
$ h =\frac{q}{{0.5}\left({{T}_{\text{in }}+ {T}_{\text{out }}}\right)- {T}_{\mathrm{w}}}$
$ f ={2\Delta PD}/\left({\rho {V}^{2}L}\right)$
式中: $h$ 为流体平均传热系数, $\mathrm{W}/\left({{\mathrm{m}}^{2}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right);D$ 为水力直径, $\mathrm{m};\lambda$ 为流体导热系数, $\mathrm{W}/\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right);q$ 为管内壁平均热通量, $\mathrm{W}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2};{T}_{\text{in }}$ 为流体入口温度, $\mathrm{K}$ ; ${T}_{\text{out }}$ 为流体出口温度, $\mathrm{K};{T}_{\mathrm{w}}$ 为壁面温度, $\mathrm{K};{\Delta P}$ 为入口和出口压降差, $\mathrm{{MPa}};\rho$ 为流体密度, $\mathrm{{kg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3};V$ 为平均流速, $\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s};L$ 为管长, $\mathrm{m}$
热增强系数(TEF)是由 WebbR L ${}^{\mathrm{{III}}}$ 提出的综合摩擦损失和传热系数的热性能参数, 其表达式为
$\mathrm{{TEF}}= \frac{{Nu}/N{u}_{\mathrm{s}}}{{\left( f/{f}_{\mathrm{s}}\right)}^{1/3}}$
式中: $N{u}_{\mathrm{s}}$${f}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 为相同 ${Re}$ 下光滑内管同轴套管式换热器得到的努塞尔数和摩擦系数; ${Nu}$$f$ 为改进后同轴套管式换热器得到的努塞尔数和摩擦系数。
TEF>1 说明改进后的同轴套管式换热器较改进前有较大提升,反之则无提升。
②采热性能评价指标
平均出口温度和平均延米换热量能直观反映各种换热器的传热强度。平均出口温度计算式为
${T}_{\text{avg }}= \left({{T}_{1}+ {T}_{2}+ \cdots +{T}_{i}+ \cdots +{T}_{n}}\right)/n $
式中: ${T}_{\text{avg }}$ 为平均出口温度, $\mathrm{K};{T}_{i}$ 为第 $i$ 小时出口温度, $\mathrm{K};n$ 为总小时数, $\mathrm{h}$
平均延米换热量的计算式为
${q}_{\text{avg }}= \left({{q}_{0}+ {q}_{1}+ \cdots +{q}_{i}+ \cdots +{q}_{n}}\right)/n $
式中: ${q}_{\text{avg }}$ 为平均延米换热量, $\mathrm{W}/\mathrm{m};{q}_{i}$ 为第 $i$ 小时延米换热量, W/m。
${q}_{i}= \frac{{Q}_{i}}{L}$
${Q}_{i}= {cm\Delta T}$
式中: ${Q}_{i}$ 为不同埋地管道类型的换热能力, $\mathrm{W};c$ 为水的比热容, $\mathrm{J}/\left({\mathrm{{kg}}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right);m$ 为埋地管道的质量流量, $\mathrm{{kg}}/\mathrm{s}$${\Delta T}$ 为进出口水温差, $\mathrm{K}$
水平井同轴套管换热器通过换热介质在管内循环流动提取地层热量。为便于分析, 在保证求解精度的前提下对实际换热模型进行适当简化假设 [ 12 ] :
①岩土物性保持恒定,忽略地下水渗流作用;
②管内循环流体热物性不随温度的变化而改变,且初始条件下,水体温度、内管、套管、回填水泥与地层温度一致;
③忽略地层岩石和回填水泥之间的接触热阻,水平段土壤温度恒定,沿轴向不发生变化。
数值模拟采用标准 $k -\varepsilon$ 湍流模型,其对水平井同轴套管式换热器圆管内湍流计算有较好适用性,标准 $k -\varepsilon$ 湍流模型控制方程包括连续性方程、动量方程、能量方程、 $k$$\varepsilon$ 方程 [ 13 ]
①连续性方程
$\frac{\partial \rho }{\partial t}+ \frac{\partial \left({\rho {u}_{i}}\right)}{\partial {\mathbf{x}}_{ii}}= 0 $
式中: $t$ 为时间, $\mathrm{s};{u}_{i}$ 为位移张量的分量, $\mathrm{m};{\mathbf{x}}_{ii}$ 为流场速度张量, m/s。
②动量方程
$\rho \frac{\partial {u}_{i}}{\partial t}+ \rho {u}_{j}\frac{\partial {u}_{j}}{\partial {x}_{j}}= -\frac{\partial P}{\partial {x}_{i}}+ \mu \frac{\partial }{{x}_{j}}\left({\frac{\partial {u}_{i}}{\partial {x}_{j}}+ \frac{\partial {u}_{j}}{\partial {x}_{i}}}\right)$
式中: $P$ 为压力, $\mathrm{{Pa}};\mu$ 为动力粘度, $\mathrm{N}\cdot \mathrm{s}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2};{x}_{i},{x}_{j}$ 为各坐标分量, m。
③能量方程
$\rho \frac{\partial T}{\partial t}+ \rho \frac{\partial \left({{u}_{i}T}\right)}{\partial {x}_{i}}= - P\frac{\partial {u}_{i}}{\partial {x}_{i}}+ \lambda \frac{\partial }{{x}_{j}}\left({\frac{\partial {u}_{i}}{\partial {x}_{j}}+ \frac{\partial {u}_{j}}{\partial {x}_{i}}}\right)$
式中: $T$ 为温度, $\mathrm{K}$
$k$$\varepsilon$ 方程
$\rho \frac{\partial k}{\partial t}+ \rho \frac{\partial \left({{u}_{j}k}\right)}{\partial {x}_{j}}= \frac{\partial }{{x}_{j}}\left\lbrack {\left({\mu +\frac{{\mu }_{\mathrm{t}}}{{\sigma }_{k}}}\right)\frac{\partial k}{\partial {x}_{j}}}\right\rbrack +\\\eta \frac{\partial {u}_{i}}{{x}_{j}}\left({\frac{\partial {u}_{i}}{\partial {x}_{j}}+ \frac{\partial {u}_{j}}{\partial {x}_{i}}}\right)- {\rho \varepsilon }$
$\rho \frac{\partial \varepsilon }{\partial t}+ \rho \frac{\partial \left({{u}_{j}\varepsilon }\right)}{\partial {x}_{j}}= \frac{\partial }{{x}_{j}}\left\lbrack {\left({\mu +\frac{{\mu }_{\mathrm{t}}}{{\sigma }_{\varepsilon }}}\right)\frac{\partial \varepsilon }{\partial {x}_{j}}}\right\rbrack +\\{c}_{1}{\rho S\varepsilon }- {c}_{2}\rho \frac{{\varepsilon }^{2}}{k +\sqrt{v\varepsilon }}$
式中: $k$ 为湍动能, ${\mathrm{m}}^{2}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2};\varepsilon$ 为湍流耗散率, ${\mathrm{m}}^{2}/{\mathrm{s}}^{3}$ ; ${\mu }_{\mathrm{t}}$ 为湍流粘度系数, $\mathrm{{Pa}}\cdot \mathrm{s};{\sigma }_{k}$${\sigma }_{\varepsilon }$ 分别为湍动能 $k$ 和耗散率 $\varepsilon$ 对应的普朗特数; ${c}_{1},{c}_{2}$ 为常数; $v$ 为换热器内循环液分子的粘性, $\mathrm{{Pa}}\cdot \mathrm{s}$
外进内出型换热器环空为入口, 内管为出口, 内进外出型和喷射式换热器内管为入口, 环空为出口,入口边界设为速度入口,出口边界设为压力出口,假设垂直段底部压力为换热器井底水平段压力,计算式为
${p}_{\text{out }}= {\rho gz}$
式中: $g$ 为重力加速度, $\mathrm{m}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2};z$ 为垂直段管长, ${2800}\mathrm{\;m}$
入口流体温度为 ${300}\mathrm{\;K}$ ,换热器垂直段底部温度假定为井底水平段温度。参考西安某同轴套管式换热器光纤测温系统的测温结果, 给出某一深度 $z$ 处水平段岩土温度的分布函数 [ 14 ]
$ T ={T}_{0}+ {T}_{\mathrm{g}}\cdot z $
式中: ${T}_{0}$ 为浅层恒温层岩土温度, ${293.67}\mathrm{\;K};{T}_{\mathrm{g}}$ 为岩土竖向温度梯度,为 ${27.03}\mathrm{\;K}/\mathrm{{km}}$
循环介质、内管壁、外管壁之间 $\left({{\mathrm{W}}_{1},{\mathrm{\;W}}_{2},{\mathrm{\;W}}_{3}}\right)$ , 外管壁与水泥壁面 $\left({\mathrm{W}}_{4}\right)$ ,水泥壁面与地层岩石壁面之间 $\left({\mathrm{W}}_{5}\right)$ 为耦合换热边界,如 图 3(a) 所示。
图 3(b)为水平井同轴套管式换热器网格划分方案。整体采用六面体结构化网格, 为消除近壁面边界层对换热的影响, 在套管和内管与流体交界面的边界层进行网格加密; 为更好地显示喷嘴处的流场和传热特性, 在喷嘴处进行加密与渐变过渡操作。
为保证计算结果的可靠性, 进行网格无关性分析。控制入口温度恒定为 ${300}\mathrm{\;K}$ ,流量为 ${0.3}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/\mathrm{s}$ , 模拟时长 ${32}\mathrm{\;h}$ ,改变网格数量,监测 ${32}\mathrm{\;h}$ 后出口温度变化,其结果如 图 4(a) 所示。综合考虑计算精度和计算时间,光滑管换热器网格选用 51.29 万,喷射式换热器网格选用 52.56 万。此外,在进行瞬态计算时, 合理的时间步长可以兼顾求解精度和求解效率。以网格数量为 51.29 万的光滑管同轴套管式换热器为研究对象, 分别选取步长 ${90},{180},{360}\mathrm{\;s}$ ,模拟 ${32}\mathrm{\;h}$ 内出口温度变化,其结果如 图 4(b)所示。图中显示三者出水温度的时均值最大误差为 ${0.078}\mathrm{\;K}$ ,考虑到相同时间下,步长越小,运行时间越长,因此,选择步长为 ${180}\mathrm{\;s}$ 较为合适。
采用光滑内管同轴套管式换热器数值模拟的 ${Nu}$$f$ 结果与经验公式 Dittus-Boelter,见式 (16);Gnielinski, 见式 (17);Blasius, 见式 (18) 和 Petukhov,见式(19)的相关方程 [ 15 ] 进行比较,以验证数值模型的准确性。
${Nu}= {0.023}{R}^{0.8}{P}_{r}^{0.4}$
${Nu}= \frac{\left({f/8}\right)\left({{Re}- {1000}}\right){Pr}}{1 +{12.7}{\left( f/8\right)}^{1/2}\left({P{r}^{2/3}- 1}\right)}{3000}\leq {Re}\leq {10}^{6}$
$ f ={0.316R}{e}^{-{0.25}}\;{3000}\leq {Re}\leq {10}^{6}$
$ f ={\left({0.79}\ln \operatorname{Re}- {1.64}\right)}^{-2}\;{4000}\leq \operatorname{Re}\leq {10}^{5}$
式中: ${Re}$ 为雷诺数; ${Pr}$ 为普朗特数。
图 5 中,数值模拟 ${Nu}$ 与 Dittus-Boelter 和 Gnielinski 经验公式平均绝对百分比误差 (Mean Absolute Percentage Error, MAPE)分别为 1.47% 和 3.55%,数值模拟 $f$ 与 Blasius 和 Petukhov 经验公式 MAPE 分别为 2.81% 和 1.89%。因此, 模拟结果与经验公式具有良好的相关性, 验证了数值模型的准确性。
图 6 为质量流量 $m ={0.3}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/\mathrm{s}$ ,运行 ${32}\mathrm{\;h}$ 后, OI 型、IO型和 IOI 型 3 种换热器井底速度分布云图及流线图。
图 6 可见, 3 种换热器内管区属于高速区, 环空区属于低速区。OI 型对井底流体的扰动较小, IO型次之, IOI 型换热器在出口处通流面积减小,使喷嘴中心形成高速喷射区,在高速区周围有涡旋产生,带动井底低速高温流体运动,对井底扰动最大,破坏边界层。说明喷嘴使井底高温流体扰动性增强,更有利于换热。
图 7$m ={0.3}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/\mathrm{s}$ ,运行 ${32}\mathrm{\;h}$ 后, OI 型、IO型和 IOI 型 3 种换热器井底湍动能云图和涡量图。
图 7(a)可见, OI 型的湍动能主要集中在内管附近,这是因为 OI 型在井口流速较大。IO 型和 IOI 型湍动能主要集中在井底, 由于喷嘴处通流截面变小,导致速度变大,使湍动能在三者中最大。湍动能使进口低温流体和井底高温流体充分混合,更有效地提取井底高温流体中的热量。
涡量图中的 $\mathrm{Q}$ -准则用于进行涡识别, $\mathrm{Q}$ 的正值表示流场中涡量占主导区域。 图 7(b)中的涡量图可以清晰地看出涡旋的分布规律, 3 种换热器中IOI 型换热器涡旋最大,集中在高流速区周围。 涡旋的产生改变了流体的流动方式, 有助于减缓流体流动的分层现象,破坏壁面边界层,强化壁面热交换。
图 8 为质量流量 $m ={0.3}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/\mathrm{s}$ ,运行 ${32}\mathrm{\;h}$ 后,3 种换热器模型全段、井口和井底温度分布云图。
图 8 可见, OI 型流体从环空进, 先吸收地层热量,井底流体与高温壁面温差较小;而 IO 型从内管进, 将低温流体运到井底, 井底流体与高温壁面温差较大, 相同质量流量下, IO 型吸收热量比外进内出型多,导致 IO 型采出温度较高。IOI 型换热器流体在喷嘴处截面积收缩,流速加快,湍动能变大,高速区周围形成涡旋,更多低温流体到达高温流体迟滞区,增加换热面积,使采出温度高于前两者。
经过对 3 种换热器的流场和温度场进行分析, 得出 IOI 型换热器强化传热机理。为验证强化传热效果, 需要分析从入口到出口沿程温度、出口温度和延米换热量随时间变化情况。
图 9 为质量流量 $m ={0.3}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/\mathrm{s}$ ,运行 ${32}\mathrm{\;h}$ 后,3 种换热器沿深度方向温度变化。
图 9(a)$\mathrm{{OI}}$ 型沿深度方向温度变化曲线。 由于环空为入口, 沿深度方向受地层导热作用, 入口温度逐渐上升,内管为保温管,保证出口温度基本恒定。 图 9(b)为 IO 型和 IOI 型沿深度方向温度变化曲线, 沿深度方向温度分布与 OI 型相反。 此外, IOI 型换热器在井底流度快,湍动能大,并伴有涡旋, 增加换热面积, 破坏流体边界层, 导致喷射式出口温度沿深度方向始终高于内进外出型,且出口温度三者中最高。
图 10$m ={0.3}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/\mathrm{s}$ ,运行 ${32}\mathrm{\;h}$ ,3种换热器进出口温度及延米换热量随运行时间变化。
图 10(a),(b) 可以看出, 在入口温度相同的条件下, IOI 型换热器出口温度和延米换热量最大, OI 型出口温度和延米换热量最小,说明采用加喷嘴内进外出型换热器在水平段地热能持续开采中有更好的开采效果。
图 11 为 3 种换热器采热性能随质量流量变化情况。
图 11(a)${Nu}$ 随质量流量变化曲线。由 图 11(a)可见,3 种换热器 ${Nu}$ 随质量流量增加而增加,并且喷射式 ${Nu}$ 始终大于另外两种换热器。这是由于质量流量增加, 流体流速变快, 雷诺数增加, 使流体混合效果更好, 促进中心流体与壁面流体混合, 提高流体与壁面换热效率。IOI 型换热器 ${Nu}$ 比 OI 型和 IO 型分别高 ${18.33}\%\sim {32.48}\%$ , 5.33%~18.84%。 图11(b)展示了不同换热器的 $f$ 随着质量流量的增加而减小,并且相同质量流量下, 喷射式在 ${0.3}\sim {0.7}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/\mathrm{s}$ 时, $f$ 大于另外两者,在 ${0.9}\sim$ ${1.1}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/\mathrm{s}$ 时, $f$ 小于内进外出型。这是因为 $f$ 与压降 ${\Delta P}$ 成正比,与平均流速 ${V}^{2}$ 成反比,质量流量增加,喷射式平均流速 $V$ 的平方相较于压降 ${\Delta P}$ 增幅较大。压降 ${\Delta P}$ 随质量流量变化曲线如 图 11(c)所示。由 图 11(c)可见, IOI 型换热器压降始终大于另外两者。 图 11(d)为 TEF 随质量流量变化曲线。由 图 11(d)可见, 相同质量流量下, IOI 型换热器 TEF 大于 IO 型换热器 TEF, 也大于 OI 型换热器 TEF, 且采用内进外出型(IO 型和 IOI 型) 换热器, TEF 值均大于 1, IOI 型换热器 TEF 比 OI 型和 IO 型分别高 9.13% 13.58%,3.61% 10.24%。说明在井底水平段采用内进外出型换热器比外进内出型(OI 型)更有利于地热能提取,且人口质量流量为 ${0.5}\sim {0.7}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/\mathrm{s}$ 的 IOI 型换热器开采效果最佳。
图 12 为 3 种换热器 ${32}\mathrm{\;h}$ 内,平均采出温度 ${T}_{\text{avg }}$ 和平均延米换热量 ${q}_{\text{avg }}$ 随质量流量变化曲线。
图 12 可见, 由于低温流体质量流量增大, 温升速度变慢, 质量流量增大引起的换热量增量无法满足更多低温流体温升所需的能量,导致 ${T}_{\text{avg }}$ 随着质量流量增加而降低。IOI 型换热器井底流速和湍动能大, 扰动高温低速流体, 增加换热面积,使喷射式 ${T}_{\text{avg }}$ 总是大于其他两者,比前两者分别高 ${0.29}\sim {0.49}\mathrm{\;K}$${0.16}\sim {0.31}\mathrm{\;K}$ 。质量流量增大使流速增加,提高流体与壁面换热效率,导致 ${q}_{\mathrm{{avg}}}$ 随着质量流量增加而逐渐增大, 且 IOI 型换热器 ${q}_{\text{avg }}$ 比前两者分别高 ${18.69}\%\sim {28.86}\%$${10.74}\%\sim$ 15.94%。表明 IOI 型换热器对水平井地热能开采效果更好。
通过对比 3 种换热器的速度场、温度场和采热性能, 揭示了喷射式同轴套管式换热器的强化传热机理,得出以下研究结论。
①喷射式(IOI 型)换热器在井底形成高速喷射区, 井底流速和湍动能在三者中最大并伴有涡旋产生,使低、高温流体充分混合,破坏壁面边界层,更有效地传递井底热量;内进外出型(IO 型和 IOI 型)换热器的井底流体与高温壁面温差较大, 相同质量流量下,吸收热量更多,采出温度较高。
${Nu}$ 随质量流量增加而增加,喷射式(IOI 型)换热器 ${Nu}$ 比其他两者高 18.33%~32.48%, 5.33%~18.84%; $f$ 随着质量流量的增加而减小,并且相同质量流量下, IOI 型在 ${0.3}\sim {0.7}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/\mathrm{s}$ 时, $f$ 大于另外两者,在 ${0.9}\sim {1.1}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/\mathrm{s}$ 时, $f$ 小于 $\mathrm{{IO}}$ 型。
③IOI 型换热器 TEF 大于 IO 型换热器 TEF, 也大于 OI 型换热器 TEF, IOI 型换热器 TEF 比 OI 型和 IO 型分别高 9.13% 13.58%,3.61% 10.24%。 此外,入口质量流量为 ${0.5}\sim {0.7}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/\mathrm{s}$ 的 IOI 型换热器开采效果最佳。
④3 种换热器 ${32}\mathrm{\;h}$ 内, IOI 型换热器平均采出温度 ${T}_{\text{avg }}$ 总是大于其他两者,比前两者分别高 ${0.29}\sim {0.49}\mathrm{\;K}$${0.16}\sim {0.31}\mathrm{\;K}$ ; 平均延米换热量 ${q}_{\text{avg }}$ 比前两者分别高 18.69%~28.86% 和 10.74%~ 15.94%。
  • 石油天然气装备教育部重点实验室资助项目(西南石油大学)
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2024年第42卷第8期
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  • 接收时间:2024-03-12
  • 首发时间:2025-07-22
  • 出版时间:2024-08-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-12
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石油天然气装备教育部重点实验室资助项目(西南石油大学)
作者信息
    1 长江大学 机械工程学院 湖北 荆州 434023
    2 西南石油大学 石油天然气装备教育部重点实验室 四川 成都 610550

通讯作者:

付必伟(1988-),男,博士,硕士生导师,研究方向为中深层地热能高效开采技术。E-mail: 。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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