Article(id=1154429104850981581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154429104116982720, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1704211200000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753166946851, onlineDateStr=2025-07-22, pubDate=1724083200000, pubDateStr=2024-08-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753166946851, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753166946851, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753166946851, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154429104116982720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, year='2024', volume='42', issue='8', pageStart='994', pageEnd='1136', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753166946677, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753694569475, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156642114579583511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154429104116982720, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156642114579583512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154429104116982720, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1111, endPage=1119, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154429105274606294, articleId=1154429104850981581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, language=EN, title=Low carbon regulation of integrated energy system with double response of supply and demand based on reward and punishment mechanism carbon trading, columnId=null, journalTitle=Renewable Energy Resources, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the deepening reform of the energy market, the important role of demand response resources in the lowcarbon operation of comprehensive energy systems is becoming increasingly prominent. This article proposes a new strategy for integrated energy systems that considers tiered carbon trading and bidirectional supply and demand responses. Firstly, a stepped carbon trading comprehensive energy system model with a reward and punishment mechanism was established, and based on this model, a bidirectional supply and demand response and compensation mechanism were further proposed. Secondly, an optimization scheduling model was constructed for the system, with the objective function of minimizing the sum of operating costs, demand response compensation costs, and carbon trading costs. Finally, apply the CPLEX toolbox to simulate and solve the optimized model. Through case analysis in different scenarios, this article explores the impact of supply and demand bidirectional response strategies and carbon trading mechanisms on system operation. The simulation results confirm the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed strategy.

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随着能源市场的深化改革,需求响应资源在综合能源系统低碳运行中的重要作用日益凸显。文章针对综合能源系统提出了一个考虑阶梯型碳交易及供需双向响应的新策略。首先,建立了一个包含奖惩机制的阶梯型碳交易综合能源系统模型,基于此模型,进一步提出了供需双向响应及其补偿机制;其次,针对该系统构建了一个优化调度模型,目标函数旨在最小化运营成本、需求响应补偿成本及碳交易成本的总和;最后,应用CPLEX 工具箱对优化模型进行仿真求解。通过不同情景下的案例分析,探讨了供需双向响应策略与碳交易机制对系统运行的影响。仿真结果验证了提出策略的有效性和优越性。

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周霞(1978-),女,博士,主要从事电力系统调度运行研究。E-mail:
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李艺丰(1992-),男,硕士,工程师,研究方向为电力调度、电力市场。E-mail:

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李艺丰(1992-),男,硕士,工程师,研究方向为电力调度、电力市场。E-mail:

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李艺丰(1992-),男,硕士,工程师,研究方向为电力调度、电力市场。E-mail:

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场景 目标 总成本/元 IES 运行 成本/元 DR 成本 元 碳交易 成本/元 碳排放量
1 21 429.6 21 013.3 0 416.3 14 989.5
2 21 118.3 20 228.3 642.5 247.5 14 498.5
3 20 948.9 20309.2 414.3 225.4 14454.5
4 20 414.1 20 699.2 402.5 -687.6 13837.6
5 20 896.3 20 080.7 0 -815.6 14 255.6
6 20 616.5 20306.4 546.0 -856.1 13 974.8
7 20274.8 20750.4 387.3 -862.9 13 613.1
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场景 目标 总成本/元 IES 运行 成本/元 DR 成本 元 碳交易 成本/元 碳排放量
1 21 429.6 21 013.3 0 416.3 14 989.5
2 21 118.3 20 228.3 642.5 247.5 14 498.5
3 20 948.9 20309.2 414.3 225.4 14454.5
4 20 414.1 20 699.2 402.5 -687.6 13837.6
5 20 896.3 20 080.7 0 -815.6 14 255.6
6 20 616.5 20306.4 546.0 -856.1 13 974.8
7 20274.8 20750.4 387.3 -862.9 13 613.1
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基于奖惩机制碳交易的综合能源系统供需双响应低碳调控
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李艺丰 1 , 黄曲粲 2 , 闫朝阳 1 , 梁文腾 1 , 张振华 1 , 唐昊 2 , 周霞 3 , 魏聪 3
可再生能源 | 2024,42(8): 1111-1119
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可再生能源 | 2024, 42(8): 1111-1119
基于奖惩机制碳交易的综合能源系统供需双响应低碳调控
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李艺丰1 , 黄曲粲2, 闫朝阳1, 梁文腾1, 张振华1, 唐昊2, 周霞3 , 魏聪3
作者信息
  • 1 国网江苏省电力有限公司 江苏 南京 210008
  • 2 国电南瑞科技股份有限公司 江苏 南京 211106
  • 3 南京邮电大学 自动化学院、人工智能学院 江苏 南京 210023
  • 李艺丰(1992-),男,硕士,工程师,研究方向为电力调度、电力市场。E-mail:

通讯作者:

周霞(1978-),女,博士,主要从事电力系统调度运行研究。E-mail:
Low carbon regulation of integrated energy system with double response of supply and demand based on reward and punishment mechanism carbon trading
Yifeng Li1 , Qucan Huang2, Zhaoyang Yan1, Wenteng Liang1, Zhenhua Zhang1, Hao Tang2, Xia Zhou3 , Cong Wei3
Affiliations
  • 1 State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Co., Ltd. Nanjing 210008 China
  • 2 NARI Technology Co., Ltd. Nanjing 211106 China
  • 3 Telecommunications College of Automation & College of Artificial Intelligence Nanjing University of Posts Nanjing 210023 China
出版时间: 2024-08-20
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随着能源市场的深化改革,需求响应资源在综合能源系统低碳运行中的重要作用日益凸显。文章针对综合能源系统提出了一个考虑阶梯型碳交易及供需双向响应的新策略。首先,建立了一个包含奖惩机制的阶梯型碳交易综合能源系统模型,基于此模型,进一步提出了供需双向响应及其补偿机制;其次,针对该系统构建了一个优化调度模型,目标函数旨在最小化运营成本、需求响应补偿成本及碳交易成本的总和;最后,应用CPLEX 工具箱对优化模型进行仿真求解。通过不同情景下的案例分析,探讨了供需双向响应策略与碳交易机制对系统运行的影响。仿真结果验证了提出策略的有效性和优越性。

碳交易机制  /  需求响应  /  综合能源系统  /  冷热电联产

With the deepening reform of the energy market, the important role of demand response resources in the lowcarbon operation of comprehensive energy systems is becoming increasingly prominent. This article proposes a new strategy for integrated energy systems that considers tiered carbon trading and bidirectional supply and demand responses. Firstly, a stepped carbon trading comprehensive energy system model with a reward and punishment mechanism was established, and based on this model, a bidirectional supply and demand response and compensation mechanism were further proposed. Secondly, an optimization scheduling model was constructed for the system, with the objective function of minimizing the sum of operating costs, demand response compensation costs, and carbon trading costs. Finally, apply the CPLEX toolbox to simulate and solve the optimized model. Through case analysis in different scenarios, this article explores the impact of supply and demand bidirectional response strategies and carbon trading mechanisms on system operation. The simulation results confirm the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed strategy.

carbon trading mechanism  /  demand response  /  integrated energy system  /  combined cooling heating and power
李艺丰, 黄曲粲, 闫朝阳, 梁文腾, 张振华, 唐昊, 周霞, 魏聪. 基于奖惩机制碳交易的综合能源系统供需双响应低碳调控. 可再生能源, 2024 , 42 (8) : 1111 -1119 .
Yifeng Li, Qucan Huang, Zhaoyang Yan, Wenteng Liang, Zhenhua Zhang, Hao Tang, Xia Zhou, Cong Wei. Low carbon regulation of integrated energy system with double response of supply and demand based on reward and punishment mechanism carbon trading[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2024 , 42 (8) : 1111 -1119 .
随着碳交易市场的不断发展与成熟, 节能减排、发展可再生能源势在必行 [ 1 - 3 ] 。发展综合能源系统(Integrated Energy System, IES)是重要的国家能源战略, 为深化能源市场改革做出了重大贡献 [ 4 - 6 ] 。在碳交易新形势下, IES 研究已由传统的优化调度向低碳调度发展 [ 7 ] ,但传统的调度方法无法充分利用 IES 内部不同能源的优势互补。因此, 亟待探索碳交易形势下针对 IES 的低碳调度新策略。
国内外学者针对 IES 的调度问题已展开了大量研究。文献[ 8 ]在 IES 内考虑电动汽车用户的充电需求, 取得了可观的环境效益, 证明了 IES 可以利用能源优势互补有效提升系统调度能力。文献 [ 9 ]提出了一种利用电转气提高 IES 风电消纳能力的电力-天然气双层优化调度模型,有效提升了系统运行的经济性。文献[ 10 ]考虑源、荷不确定性, 在多时间尺度上建立了新的优化模型, 进一步降低了系统运行成本。但是,以上研究缺乏对供能商碳排放成本的考虑。对此, 文献[ 11 ]中加入了区域环境调度成本。文献[ 12 ]将系统模型分为整体性与区域性模型进行复合优化调度, 并考虑了碳排放的超额罚款。以上研究虽简单考虑了系统碳排放问题, 但并未提及碳配额的可交易性。文献 [ 13 ]在区域优化调度模型中建立了传统碳交易模型,初步分析了碳交易机制对电力系统低碳调度的影响。文献[ 14 ]中加入奖励系数,构建了新的考虑奖惩系数的阶梯碳交易模型。当前研究大多局限于改变场景或优化算法, 缺乏对碳交易机制的改进。同时, IES 内的冷热电联产设备(Combined Cooling, Heating and Power, CCHP)等多种能源转换设备缺乏灵活调用, 忽略了用户侧与供能商对节能减排的作用。对此, 在引入碳交易机制的同时, 应全面考虑供需两侧可调度资源对系统碳排放量的影响。文献[ 15 - 18 ]从不同角度利用用户侧需求响应策略(Demand Response, DR),进一步优化了 IES 的经济运行。但国内外对 IES 供需两侧同时进行需求响应的研究较少, 在当前碳交易市场的发展背景下,研究其对 IES 优化调度的影响有着切实的必要性。
本文提出了一种基于奖惩机制碳交易影响下的 IES 供需双响应的低碳调控策略。首先,分析含阶梯型碳交易的 IES 组成, 分析碳配额模型与碳交易机制; 其次, 分别建立需求侧与供应侧的需求响应模型, 充分发挥各类可调节资源的响应能力; 最后,将碳交易成本引入规划模型中,建立以系统运行成本最小为目标的 IES 优化模型, 并在 MATLAB 中分析了碳交易成本与价格系数对 IES 优化调度与碳排放量的影响。
含风电机组(Wind Turbine, WT)和光伏机组 (Photo Voltaic, PV)的 IES 结构如 图 1 所示。冷热电联供系统是 IES 的核心能源耦合机组,其中:冷负荷主要包括冰蓄冷空调(Ice-Storage Air-Conditioners, ISAC) 和吸收式制冷机 (Absorption Refrigerator, AR);热负荷由余热锅炉(Waste Heat Boiler, WHB)、燃气轮机 (Gas Turbine, GT)、常规燃气锅炉(Gas Boiler, GB)和热能储存装置(Heat Storage Tank, HST)共同构成; 电负荷主要为电锅炉(Electric Boiler, EB)和蓄电池(Battery, BT)。
我国的碳排放权一般由政府部门授予,按照碳排放量配额下发给企业,下发的碳排放配额即为该企业的初始排放量标准。本文采用无偿分配碳配额 [ 19 ] ,并利用基准线法确定初始碳配额。
由于 CCHP 机组中含有冷、热、电 3 种能源, 为方便研究, 将各单元的发电量和制冷量转化为等效供热量参与碳配额分配 [ 20 ] ,其分配方法如下:
${E}_{\text{iet }}= {E}_{\mathrm{g}}+ {E}_{\text{gas }}+ {E}_{\text{CCHP }}$
${E}_{\mathrm{g}}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i \in {\Omega }_{\mathrm{g}}}}{\gamma }_{\mathrm{p}}{P}_{\mathrm{g}i}$
${E}_{\mathrm{{gas}}}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i \in {\Omega }_{\mathrm{{gas}}}}}{\gamma }_{\mathrm{h}}{P}_{\mathrm{{gas}}i}$
${E}_{\mathrm{{cchp}}}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i \in {\Omega }_{\mathrm{{cchp}}}}}{\gamma }_{\mathrm{h}}\left({{P}_{\mathrm{e}i}+ \eta {P}_{\mathrm{{gt}}i}}\right)$
式中: ${E}_{\text{iet }},{E}_{\mathrm{g}},{E}_{\mathrm{{gas}}},{E}_{\mathrm{{CCHP}}}$ 分别为 IES、火电机组、 $\mathrm{{GB}}$ 、 CCHP 机组的无偿碳排放配额, $\mathrm{{MW}}\cdot \mathrm{h};{\Omega }_{\mathrm{g}},{\Omega }_{\mathrm{{gas}}}$ , ${\Omega }_{\text{CCHP }}$ 分别为火电机组集合、GB 集合、CCHP 机组集合; ${\gamma }_{\mathrm{p}}$${\gamma }_{\mathrm{h}}$ 分别为单位电、热供能的碳排放配额, $\mathrm{{MW}}\cdot \mathrm{h};{P}_{\mathrm{g}i},{P}_{\mathrm{g}i}$ 分别为单台常规机组和燃气轮机的发电量, $\mathrm{{kW}};{P}_{\mathrm{{gas}}i}$ 为单台 $\mathrm{{GB}}$ 的供热量; $\eta$ 为电热转化系数,本文取 $6\mathrm{{MJ}}/\left({\mathrm{{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}}\right);{P}_{\mathrm{{ei}}}$$\mathrm{{CCHP}}$ 机组的供热量, kW。
基于经典的碳交易框架, 本文引入了一种新的激励与处罚模型, 从而构建出一种阶梯式的碳交易体系。在传统碳交易机制的基础上引入奖励系数和惩罚系数, 根据不同的碳排放量区间设置不同的奖励价格或惩罚价格。当企业碳排放量大于免费碳排放额度时, 在碳交易市场上购买碳配额, 小于免费碳排放额度时可通过售卖碳配额获利。具体碳交易价格随碳排放区间变化如 图 2 所示,其分段模型如式(5)~(7)所示。
${C}_{{C}_{1}: 1}= \left\{\begin{array}{l}- p\left({1 +{2\lambda }}\right)\left({{E}_{\text{in }}- v -{E}_{\mathrm{p}}}\right), \\{E}_{\mathrm{p}}\leq {E}_{\text{in }}- v\left({1 +{2\lambda }}\right)\left({{E}_{\text{in }}- {E}_{\mathrm{p}}}\right), \\{E}_{\text{in }}- v <{E}_{\mathrm{p}}\leq {E}_{\text{ext }},\\{E}_{\text{in }}- v <{E}_{\mathrm{p}}\leq {E}_{\text{ext }}+ v \\ p\left({{E}_{\mathrm{p}}- {E}_{\text{ext }}}\right)= {E}_{\text{ext }}+ v \\ v\left({1 +{2\lambda }}\right)\left({{E}_{\mathrm{p}}- {E}_{\text{ext }}- v}\right), \\{E}_{\text{ext }}+ v <{E}_{\mathrm{p}}\leq {E}_{\text{ext }}- {2v},\\ p\left({2\lambda }\right)+ v +{2\lambda }\left({{E}_{\mathrm{p}}- {E}_{\text{ext }}- {2v}}\right), \\{E}_{\text{in }}+ v < v <{E}_{\mathrm{p}}\leq {E}_{\text{ext }}+ {3v}+ {3v},\\ p\left({3 +{3\lambda }}\right) v + v < 1/2\left({\lambda + 3}\right)\left({{E}_{\mathrm{p}}- {E}_{\text{ext }}- v}\right), \end{array}\right.$
${E}_{\mathrm{p}}= {E}_{\mathrm{z}}- {E}_{\mathrm{{PG}}}$
${E}_{\mathrm{{PG}}}= \xi \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i \in {\Omega }_{\mathrm{{PG}}}}}{P}_{i}^{\mathrm{{PG}}}$
式中: ${C}_{\mathrm{C},\mathrm{t}}$ 为 IES 碳交易成本,元; $p$ 为碳交易价格,元; $\lambda$ 为奖励系数; $\alpha$ 为碳交易价格的增长幅度,即惩罚系数; ${E}_{\mathrm{p}}$ 为供能端碳排放量, $\mathrm{{MW}}\cdot \mathrm{h};v$ 为碳排放量区间常数; ${E}_{\mathrm{z}}$ 为火电机组、CCHP 机组、 $\mathrm{{GB}}$ 等的碳排放量, $\mathrm{{MW}}\cdot \mathrm{h};{E}_{\mathrm{{PG}}}$ 为电转气装置的二氧化碳吸收量, ${\mathrm{m}}^{3};\xi$ 为碳捕获系数; ${P}_{i}^{\mathrm{{PG}}}$ 为第 $i$ 个电转气装置出力, $\mathrm{{kW}};{\Omega }_{\mathrm{{PG}}}$ 为电转气装置集合; $c$ 为市场上的碳交易价格,元。
IES 内部包含多种类型的供能单元, 对于用户侧耗能的可调节负荷, 不同能源的价格曲线、激励条件与主观响应力均有所不同。按照能源类型, 需求侧响应负荷可分为电负荷、冷负荷与热负荷。 同时,在计算系统碳排放量前要将电负荷与冷负荷转化为等效热负荷。
利用弹性矩阵法建立电负荷需求响应模型, 设弹性系数 $\zeta$
$\zeta =\frac{\Delta \alpha }{\alpha }\frac{\beta }{\Delta \beta }$
式中: ${\Delta \alpha }$ 为电量 $\alpha$ 的增量; ${\Delta \beta }$ 为电价 $\beta$ 的增量。
弹性矩阵 $\mathbf{M}$ 和需求响应后电负荷电量 ${Q}_{\alpha }^{t}$ 分别为
$\mathbf{M}= \left\lbrack \begin{matrix}{\zeta }_{11}& {\zeta }_{12}& \cdots &{\zeta }_{1m}\\{\zeta }_{21}& {\zeta }_{22}& \cdots &{\zeta }_{2m}\\\vdots &\vdots &\ddots &\vdots \\{\zeta }_{m1}& {\zeta }_{m2}& \cdots &{\zeta }_{m}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack $
${Q}_{\alpha }^{t}= {Q}_{\alpha ,\mathrm{{ed}}}^{t}+ \Delta {Q}_{\alpha }^{t}= \left\lbrack \begin{matrix}{Q}_{1}\\{Q}_{2}\\\vdots \\{Q}_{t}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack +\left\lbrack \begin{matrix}{Q}_{1}& &\\{Q}_{2}& &\\& \ddots &\\& &{Q}_{t}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack \mathbf{M}\left\lbrack \begin{matrix}\frac{\Delta {\beta }_{1}}{{\beta }_{1}}\\\frac{\Delta {\beta }_{2}}{{\beta }_{2}}\\\vdots \\\frac{\Delta {\beta }_{4}}{{\beta }_{4}}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack $
式中: ${Q}_{\alpha ,\mathrm{{ed}}}^{t}$$t$ 时刻需求响应前电负荷的电量, $\mathrm{{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h};\Delta {Q}_{\alpha }^{t}$$t$ 时刻需求响应后电负荷的电量变化, kW·h。
考虑用户舒适度与满意度, 设置室内温度上下限分别为 ${T}_{\mathrm{{in}},\max },{T}_{\mathrm{{in}},\min }$ 。进一步设置冷负荷需求响应模型为
${P}_{\mathrm{{in}},\min }^{t}= \frac{1}{R}\left\lbrack {{T}_{\text{out }}^{t}- {T}_{\mathrm{{in}},\max }}\right\rbrack $
${P}_{\mathrm{{in}},\max }^{t}= \frac{1}{R}\left\lbrack {{T}_{\text{out }}^{t}- {T}_{\mathrm{{in}},\min }}\right\rbrack $
${P}_{\mathrm{{in}},\min }^{t}\leq {P}_{\mathrm{{in}}}^{t}\leq {P}_{\mathrm{{in}},\max }^{t}$
式中: ${P}_{\mathrm{{in}},\min }^{t}$${P}_{\mathrm{{in}},\max }^{t}$ 分别为室内制冷负荷的最小值和最大值, $\mathrm{{kW}};{T}_{\text{out }}^{t}$$t$ 时刻的室外温度, $\mathrm{C};{P}_{\text{in }}^{t}$$t$ 时刻的室内制冷负荷, $\mathrm{{kW}}$
制定热负荷的需求响应模型, 首先采用自回归滑动平均模型, 对热负荷的温度动态特性进行描述, 具体如下:
${T}_{\text{hui }}^{t}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 0}}^{J}{\varphi }_{j}{T}_{\text{hui }}^{t - j}+ \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 0}}^{J}{\kappa }_{j}{T}_{\text{gong }}^{t - j}+ \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 0}}^{J}{\gamma }_{j}{T}_{\text{out }}^{t - j}$
${T}_{\text{in }}^{t}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 0}}^{J}{\phi }_{j}{T}_{\text{hui }}^{t - j}+ \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 0}}^{J}{\theta }_{j}{T}_{\text{gong }}^{t - j}+ \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 0}}^{J}{\rho }_{j}{T}_{\text{out }}^{t - j}$
式中: ${T}_{\text{hui }}^{t}$${T}_{\text{gong }}^{t}$ 分别为回水与供水温度, $\mathrm{C};{T}_{\text{in }}^{t}$ 为室内温度, $\mathrm{C};J$ 为自回归滑动平均模型的阶次; $\varphi ,\kappa ,\gamma ,\phi ,\theta$$\rho$ 为热负荷惯性常数。
室内外温度与系统热功率的关系如下:
${T}_{\text{in }}^{t + 1}= {T}_{\text{in }}^{t}{\mathrm{e}}^{-{\Delta t}/{R}_{\mathrm{h}}{C}_{\text{air },\text{ in }}}+ \left({{R}_{\mathrm{h}}{Q}_{t}+ {T}_{\text{out }}^{t}}\right)\left({1 -{\mathrm{e}}^{-{\Delta t}/{R}_{\mathrm{h}}{C}_{\text{air },\text{ in }}}}\right)$
${T}_{\mathrm{{in}},\max }\leq {T}_{\mathrm{{in}}}^{t}\leq {T}_{\mathrm{{in}},\min }$
式中: ${C}_{\mathrm{{air}},\mathrm{{in}}}$ 为空气比热容, $\mathrm{J}/\left({\mathrm{{kg}}\cdot {}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}}\right);{R}_{\mathrm{h}}$ 为系统的等效热阻,℃/kW; ${Q}_{t}$ 为系统的热功率, kW。
进一步可得热功率计算式为
${Q}_{t}= \frac{1}{{R}_{\mathrm{h}}}\left(\frac{{T}_{\mathrm{{in}}}^{t + 1}- {\mathrm{e}}^{-{\Delta t}/{T}_{\mathrm{{in}}}^{t}}}{1 -{\mathrm{e}}^{-{\Delta t}/{R}_{\mathrm{h}}{C}_{\mathrm{{air}},\mathrm{{in}}}}- {T}_{\mathrm{{out}}}^{t}}\right)$
IES 含多种供能设备, 在供应侧拥有较高的可调度潜力。燃气轮机的余热,一方面可供给热负荷二次利用, 另一方面可供给吸收式制冷机实现余热制冷。同时, 通过有机朗肯循环 (Organic Rankine Cycle, ORC)将余热二次发电, 与燃气轮机、余热锅炉、吸收式制冷机协同运作,共同组成灵活响应的 CCHP 系统, 进而实现供应侧功率的灵活需求响应。CCHP 各设备运行模型为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{P}_{\mathrm{{GT}},\mathrm{e}}^{t}= {\eta }_{\mathrm{g, e}}{P}_{\mathrm{{GT}},\mathrm{{gas}}}^{t}\\{P}_{\mathrm{{GT}},\mathrm{h}}^{t}= {\eta }_{\mathrm{g, h}}{P}_{\mathrm{{GT}},\mathrm{{gas}}}^{t}\\{P}_{\mathrm{{GT}},\mathrm{h}}^{t}= {P}_{\mathrm{{WHB}},\mathrm{{int}}}^{t}+ {P}_{\mathrm{{ORC}},\mathrm{{int}}}^{t}+ {P}_{\mathrm{{AR}},\mathrm{{int}}}^{t}\\{P}_{\mathrm{{ORC}},\mathrm{{out}}}^{t}= {\eta }_{\mathrm{{ORC}}}{P}_{\mathrm{{ORC}},\mathrm{{int}}}^{t}\\{P}_{\mathrm{{WHB}},\mathrm{{int}}}^{t}= {\eta }_{\mathrm{{WHB}}}{P}_{\mathrm{{WHB}},\mathrm{{int}}}^{t}\\{P}_{\mathrm{{GT}},\mathrm{{int}}}^{t}= {\eta }_{\mathrm{T}}{P}_{\mathrm{{GT}},\mathrm{{int}}}^{t}\end{array}\right.$
式中: ${P}_{\mathrm{{GT}},\mathrm{e}}^{t},{P}_{\mathrm{{GT}},\mathrm{h}}^{t}$ 分别为 $t$ 时刻燃气轮机输出电功率和热功率, $\mathrm{{kW}};{P}_{\mathrm{{GT}},\text{ gas }}^{t}$$t$ 时刻输入的天然气功率, $\mathrm{{kW}};{P}_{\mathrm{{WHB}},\text{ in }}^{t},{P}_{\mathrm{{WHB}},\text{ out }}^{t}$ 分别为余热锅炉输入、输出功率, $\mathrm{{kW}};{P}_{\mathrm{{ORC}},\text{ in }}^{t},{P}_{\mathrm{{ORC}},\text{ out }}^{t}$ 分别为有机朗肯循环的输入、输出功率, kW; ${P}_{\mathrm{{AR}},\text{ in }}^{t},{P}_{\mathrm{{AR}},\text{ out }}^{t}$ 分别为吸收式制冷机的输入、输出功率, $\mathrm{{kW}};{\eta }_{\mathrm{g},\mathrm{e}},{\eta }_{\mathrm{g},\mathrm{h}}$ 分别为气转电、气转热效率; ${\eta }_{\mathrm{{WHB}}},{\eta }_{\mathrm{{ORC}}},{\eta }_{\mathrm{{AR}}}$ 分别为余热锅炉、 有机朗肯循环和吸收式制冷机的能量转化效率。
各设备满足以下约束条件:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{P}_{\mathrm{{ORC}},\text{ in }}^{\min }\leq {P}_{\mathrm{{ORC}},\text{ in }}^{t}\leq {P}_{\mathrm{{ORC}},\text{ in }}^{\max }\\\Delta {P}_{\mathrm{h},\mathrm{{ORC}}}^{\min }\leq {P}_{\mathrm{{ORC}},\text{ in }}^{t + 1}- {P}_{\mathrm{{ORC}},\text{ in }}^{t}\leq \Delta {P}_{\mathrm{h},\mathrm{{ORC}}}^{\max }\\ 0 \leq {P}_{\mathrm{{AR}},\text{ in }}^{t}\leq {P}_{\mathrm{{AR}},\text{ in }}^{\max }\end{array}\right.$
式中: ${P}_{\mathrm{{ORC}},\mathrm{{in}}}^{\min },{P}_{\mathrm{{ORC}},\mathrm{{in}}}^{\max }$ 分别为有机朗肯循环的最小、 最大输入功率, $\mathrm{{kW}};{P}_{\mathrm{{AR}},\text{ in }}^{\max }$ 为吸收式制冷机的最大热功率, kW。
储能蓄电池是需求响应的重要参与部分, 其相应的模型为
${P}_{\mathrm{{ES}}, t}= {P}_{\mathrm{{ES}}, t - 1}+ \left({{\eta }_{\mathrm{{ES}}}^{\mathrm{{chr}}}{P}_{\mathrm{{ES}}, t}^{\mathrm{{chr}}}- {P}_{\mathrm{{ES}}, t}^{\mathrm{{dis}}}/{\eta }_{\mathrm{{ES}}}^{\mathrm{{dis}}}}\right)\Delta {t}_{\mathrm{{ES}}}$
式中: ${P}_{\mathrm{{ES}}, t}$ 为储能蓄电池容量状态; ${\eta }_{\mathrm{{ES}}}^{\mathrm{{chr}}}$${\eta }_{\mathrm{{ES}}}^{\mathrm{{dis}}}$ 分别为储能蓄电池充放电效率; ${P}_{\mathrm{{ES}}, t}^{\mathrm{{chr}}}$${P}_{\mathrm{{ES}}, t}^{\mathrm{{dis}}}$ 分别为储能蓄电池输入、输出电功率; ${t}_{\mathrm{{ES}}}$ 为充放电时长。
储能蓄电池满足如下约束条件:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{P}_{\mathrm{{ES}}}^{\min }\leq {P}_{\mathrm{{ES}}, t}\leq {P}_{\mathrm{{ES}}}^{\max }\\{S}_{\mathrm{{ES}}, t}^{\operatorname{chr}}+ {S}_{\mathrm{{ES}}, t}^{\operatorname{dis}}\leq 1 \\\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{{24}}{S}_{\mathrm{{ES}}, t}^{\operatorname{chr}}+ {S}_{\mathrm{{ES}}, t}^{\operatorname{dis}}\leq t \end{array}\right.$
式中: ${P}_{\mathrm{{ES}}}^{\min }$${P}_{\mathrm{{ES}}}^{\max }$ 分别为储能蓄电池最小、最大荷电状态; ${S}_{\mathrm{{ES}}, t}^{\mathrm{{chr}}}$${S}_{\mathrm{{ES}}, t}^{\mathrm{{dis}}}$ 分别为储能蓄电池充放电标志。
需求响应的补偿成本 ${F}_{\mathrm{b}}$
${F}_{\mathrm{b}}= {C}_{\mathrm{h}}\Delta {L}_{\mathrm{h},\text{ cut }}^{t}+ {C}_{\mathrm{c}}\Delta {L}_{\mathrm{c},\text{ cut }}^{t}$
式中: ${C}_{\mathrm{c}}$${C}_{\mathrm{h}}$ 分别为冷热负荷响应补偿系数,元/ $\mathrm{{kW}};\Delta {L}_{\mathrm{c},\text{ cut }}^{t}$$\Delta {L}_{\mathrm{h},\text{ cut }}^{t}$ 分别为冷热负荷削减量, $\mathrm{{kW}}$
通过实施分段线性化方法, 将前述模型成功地转换为混合整数线性模型的形式, 利用 MATLAB 环境中集成的 CPLEX 工具进行求解。 本文优化调度策略求解流程如 图 3 所示, 系统内能量流动如 图 4 所示。
以购电成本、购气成本、运行维护成本、需求响应补偿成本以及碳交易成本的总和为目标函数,力求将该总成本最小化。
$\min F ={F}_{\mathrm{b}}+ {F}_{\mathrm{c}}+ {F}_{\text{run }}$
式中: ${F}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 为碳交易成本, ${F}_{\mathrm{c}}= {C}_{\mathrm{C}, t};{F}_{\mathrm{{run}}}$ 为运行成本, 包括购电成本、购气成本、运行维护成本。
${F}_{\text{run }}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t = 1}}^{{24}}\left\lbrack {{P}_{\text{grid }}^{t}{C}_{\mathrm{b}}^{t}+ {C}_{\text{gas }}^{t}\left({\frac{{G}_{\mathrm{{GT}}}^{t}}{{L}_{\text{gas }}}+ \frac{{H}_{\mathrm{{GB}}}^{t}}{{\eta }_{\mathrm{{GB}}}}}\right)+ {K}_{i}{P}_{i}^{t}}\right\rbrack $
式中: ${P}_{\text{grid }}^{t}$ 为上级电网的交换功率, $\mathrm{{kW}};{C}_{\mathrm{b}}^{t}$ 为当前电价,元 $/\left({\mathrm{{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}}\right);{C}_{\mathrm{{gas}}}^{t}$ 为天然气价格,元 $/{\mathrm{m}}^{3};{L}_{\mathrm{{gas}}}$ 为天然气低位热值, $\mathrm{{kJ}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3};{K}_{i}$${P}_{i}^{t}$ 分别为第 $i$ 个供能单位的运维价格系数和有功出力。
冷负荷上下限约束为式(13);热负荷的温度上下限约束为式 (17);CCHP 各设备约束为式 (20);储能蓄电池的容量和充放电约束为式(22)。 负荷平衡约束如下所示:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{P}_{\mathrm{{WT}}}^{t}+ {P}_{\mathrm{{GT}}}^{t}+ {P}_{\text{grid }}^{t}+ {P}_{\text{PT.dis }}^{t}+ {P}_{\mathrm{{PV}}}^{t}= {L}_{\mathrm{e}}^{t}+ {P}_{\text{BT.chr }}^{t}+ {P}_{\text{ISAC }}^{t}+ {P}_{\text{EB }}^{t}\\{H}_{\mathrm{{WHB}}}^{t}+ {H}_{\mathrm{{GB}}}^{t}- {H}_{\mathrm{{AR}}}^{t}+ {H}_{\text{HST.dis }}^{t}+ {H}_{\mathrm{{EB}}}^{t}= {L}_{\mathrm{h}}^{t}+ {H}_{\text{HST.chr }}^{t}\\{Q}_{\mathrm{{AR}}}^{t}+ {O}_{\mathrm{a}}^{t}+ {Q}_{\mathrm{d}}^{t}= {L}_{\mathrm{c}}^{t}\end{array}\right.$
式中: ${P}_{\mathrm{{WT}}}^{t},{P}_{\mathrm{{PV}}}^{t},{P}_{\mathrm{{ISAC}}}^{t}$ 分别为风电机组、光伏机组和冰蓄冷空调的输出功率, $\mathrm{{kW}};{L}_{\mathrm{e}}^{t},{L}_{\mathrm{h}}^{t},{L}_{\mathrm{c}}^{t}$ 分别为系统电、热、冷负荷, kW。
本文仿真场景参考文献[ 21 ], 碳排放模型参数参考文献[ 11 ]。 ${\gamma }_{\mathrm{p}}$${0.728}\mathrm{t}/\left({\mathrm{{MW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}}\right),{\gamma }_{\mathrm{h}}$${0.102}\mathrm{t}/\mathrm{{GJ}},\eta$$6\mathrm{{MJ}}/\left({\mathrm{{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}}\right)$ 。1 d 内设置 24 个时间节点,日内风光出力曲线如 图 5 所示,系统日内负荷预测曲线如 图 6 所示, 峰谷平分时电价与分时气价如 图 7 所示。电价 DR 自弹性系数和交叉弹性系数分别取 $-{0.2},{0.03};{T}_{\mathrm{{in}},\min }= {15}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C},{T}_{\mathrm{{in}},\max }= {24}$ ${}^{\circ }\mathrm{C};{R}_{\mathrm{h}}= {18}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{{kW}};J = 2$ 。在 MATLAB 中对所提模型进行求解。
为了评估 IES 在优化调度应用中对需求响应以及奖惩阶梯型碳交易机制的实际影响, 根据奖惩阶梯式碳交易与碳交易成本、阶梯式碳交易与碳交易成本、需求响应、供需双响应等影响因素, 设置如下 7 个场景:
场景 1: 仅融合奖惩阶梯型碳交易机制及其成本,排除需求响应机制;
场景 2: 整合奖惩阶梯型碳交易机制与需求响应方案,不考虑碳交易的成本;
场景 3: 结合奖惩阶梯型碳交易机制和供需双响应策略,排除碳交易成本的干扰因素;
场景 4:同时关注奖惩阶梯型碳交易机制、供需互动机制及常规碳交易成本;
场景 5: 考虑奖惩阶梯型碳交易和碳交易成本,而不涉及需求响应策略;
场景 6:同时考虑阶梯型碳交易、需求响应策略和奖惩阶梯型碳交易成本;
场景 7(本文策略):同时考虑阶梯型碳交易、 供需双响应策略和奖惩阶梯型碳交易成本。
在采用引入奖励系数的阶梯式碳交易机制的情况下,分别针对考虑需求响应前后的 IES 进行了优化调度。通过比较场景 5 和场景 7 , 得到了用户电、热、冷负荷曲线,如 图 8 ~10 所示。
仿真结果表明, 在考虑供需双响应后, 系统冷、热、电负荷分别下降了 12.6%,11.1% 和 10.5%, 有效平抑了负荷曲线波动。这是因为, 在考虑供需双响应策略后各供能单元可根据激励电价实时调整供能策略, 优化各单元出力; 同时用户侧参与需求响应后, 根据实时电价的波动合理优化用能计划,共同减轻了电网调度压力。需求响应补偿机制以用户侧参与调度后创造的负荷转移量为参考, 为用户发放激励补贴, 进一步提升了用户侧参与削峰填谷的积极性。以电负荷曲线为例, 在早晚用电量高峰时段,由于响应峰时电价,优化后的电负荷曲线得到了显著降低, 削峰量向谷时电价区间转移,从而达到削峰填谷的目的。
IES 内大量的储能蓄电池也可参与需求响应, 优化后蓄电池状态曲线如 图 11 所示。由 图 11 可知:蓄电池在日内凌晨时刻充电,此时电负荷量小且处于谷时电价; 在电负荷高峰且电价较高时向系统馈电,获得激励奖励。
图 12 为系统在场景 7 下优化后的电热冷平衡图。IES 在电负荷量较低时, 通过燃气轮机、风电机组和光伏机组供电, 多余的电能可通过储能系统的蓄电池储存或售卖至上级电网, 在负荷需求提高后, 储能系统开始供电。热负荷的调度方式与之类似, 系统常态运行下通过燃气锅炉和余热锅炉供热, 负荷低谷期时热能通过吸收式制冷机转换成冷能, 负荷高峰期时通过蓄热槽和电锅炉补充热能。系统常态运行下通过冰蓄冷空调供冷, 负荷高峰期时利用吸收式制冷机制冷和冰蓄冷空调融冰制冷补充。
对所提策略中的供需双响应策略和奖惩阶梯型碳交易机制的优化调度有效性进行验证, 对上述 7 种情景分别进行仿真对比, 调度结果如 表 1 所示。
场景 1 作为空白对照, 没有考虑需求响应策略, 不对电价波动做出供能策略的改变, 内部各供能单元无法灵活互动, 从而导致系统购电成本与碳交易成本较高。对比场景 1 , 场景 2 系统总运行成本与碳排放量均有 3%左右的显著下降, 表明了需求响应策略对系统优化调度的有效性。
场景 3 在场景 2 的基础上改进需求响应策略,使供应侧各柔性负荷可参与电网调度,系统可根据实时情况改变系统供能为成本较低的出力单元,仿真结果显示其运行成本与碳排放量进一步下降,表明了供应侧参与需求响应的可行性。
场景 4 在以上两个场景的基础上进一步加入碳交易成本, 系统可灵活分配碳排放较小的供能单元出力,从而节省碳配额。对比场景 3 ,其碳排放总量大幅下降,在减少系统运行成本的同时有效促进了节能减排。
场景 7 在场景 4 的基础上加入奖励系数, 使系统可以通过牺牲一定的机组运行成本而节省碳配额, 将多余的碳配额出售获利, 使系统调度更多的低碳出力机组,实现 IES 的低碳优化调度。
对场景3,4,7的仿真结果进行对比分析,研究供需双响应对系统运行的影响。3 个场景均考虑了供需双响应机制, 其内部所有供能单元均可协调运行参与电网调度。可以看出, 通过各机组的协调运行, 风光出力被优先消纳, 多余的光伏出力可通过蓄电池储存。在电价低谷期,部分热负荷被电负荷取代以降低运行成本, 而在电价较高时通过蓄电池放电或加大机组供电以减少购电成本。 同时, 场景 4 与场景 7 考虑了碳交易成本, 可以通过修改供能策略使碳排放量较低的机组优先运行,从而节省碳配额获利,达到系统经济、低碳运行的目的。仿真结果验证了供需双响应对优化系统调度的有效性。
在场景3,4,5下,通过改变系统碳交易价格进行对比仿真, 研究碳交易价格与碳排放总量的关系, 仿真结果如 图 13 所示。场景 3 作为空白对照不考虑碳交易成本,其碳排放总量不变。随着碳交易价格的不断提高, 场景 4 和场景 5 中系统受价格激励影响, 改用碳排放较少的机组进行供能, 从而减少碳排放总量。随着碳交易价格进一步增大,系统碳排放削减量逐渐降低,这是因为随着各机组运行成本的提高, 系统响应碳交易价格的变化能力减小。而场景 5 在场景 4 的基础上加入奖励系数, 场景 5 的总碳排放曲线始终低于场景 4 , 证明了奖惩阶梯型碳交易模型对碳排放的约束能力比传统碳交易模型更强。
改变系统奖励系数, 对场景 7 进行仿真, 结果如 图 14 所示。由 图 14 可知:在单位碳交易价格低于150 元时,系统单位碳交易成本几乎不变,系统响应价格激励意向较低; 随着单位碳交易价格逐渐升高,系统单位碳交易成本不断降低,直至通过出售碳配额获利。随着奖励系数的增大,系统响应价格激励的意向增高, 开始使用碳排放量更低的机组为系统供能, 进一步通过售卖碳配额扩大利润。当奖励系数进一步增大后,低碳机组出力逐渐饱和,系统碳排放削减量开始减小。
本文提出了一种基于奖惩机制碳交易影响下的 IES 供需双响应的低碳调控策略, 构建了含奖惩阶梯型碳交易的 IES 模型, 同时以 CCHP 为依托,构建了供需双响应模型并提出了响应补偿机制。通过对比仿真,得到以下结论。
①与传统碳交易机制相比,奖惩阶梯型碳交易机制可以更有效地限制碳排放, 并进一步提高对其约束能力, 在降低系统运行成本的同时减缓碳排放。
②在所提碳交易机制下,考虑供需两侧同时进行灵活需求响应, 可以进一步提升系统的运行经济性,降低系统的碳排放。
③所建立的优化调度模型能够综合考虑影响碳排放的因素,对节能减排有切实的效果。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(61933005)
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2024年第42卷第8期
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  • 接收时间:2024-01-03
  • 首发时间:2025-07-22
  • 出版时间:2024-08-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-03
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(61933005)
作者信息
    1 国网江苏省电力有限公司 江苏 南京 210008
    2 国电南瑞科技股份有限公司 江苏 南京 211106
    3 南京邮电大学 自动化学院、人工智能学院 江苏 南京 210023

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周霞(1978-),女,博士,主要从事电力系统调度运行研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
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Number of
genus
种数
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种数
Number of
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Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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