Article(id=1154429044385898828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154429037721146272, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1672934400000, receivedDateStr=2023-01-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753166932436, onlineDateStr=2025-07-22, pubDate=1710864000000, pubDateStr=2024-03-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753166932436, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753166932436, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753166932436, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154429037721146272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, year='2024', volume='42', issue='3', pageStart='284', pageEnd='426', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753166930847, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753694626061, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156642351918469663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154429037721146272, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156642351918469664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154429037721146272, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=322, endPage=330, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154429045258314061, articleId=1154429044385898828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, language=EN, title=Research on signal characteristics of online photovoltaics array fault detection using spread spectrum time domain reflectometry, columnId=null, journalTitle=Renewable Energy Resources, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The photovoltaic (PV) array fault detection method based on Spread Spectral Time Domain Reflectometry (SSTDR) has detection blind spots and attenuation characteristics. It is necessary to study the property of the detection signal to improve the fault detection performance. Firstly, the transmission behavior of the detection signal in the PV array is studied to explore the influence of different signal parameters on the detection range and accuracy. Secondly, based on the dynamic model and layout pattern of the PV cells, a simulation platform for PV array fault detection is established. The simulation results are validated through a simulated experiment of an opencircuit fault. The results show that improving the signal can effectively enhance the ability to identify correlation peaks, increasing the number of PV components detected by four units. Finally, the influence of blind area and attenuation characteristics is comprehensively analyzed. A signal selection strategy of PV array based on SSTDR is proposed to determine the fault detection distance and the optimal parameters of test signal.

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基于扩展频域时域反射法(Spread Spectral Time Domain Reflectometry, SSTDR)的光伏阵列故障诊断方法存在检测盲区和衰减特性,有必要研究检测信号的性质以提高故障检测性能。首先,对检测信号在光伏阵列中的传输行为进行研究,探究不同信号参数对检测范围和精度的影响;其次,根据光伏电池的动态模型和排布规律,搭建光伏阵列故障检测仿真平台,通过断路故障仿真实验对结果进行验证,结果表明,改善信号能有效增强相关峰辨识能力,使光伏组件检测数量增加4块;最后,综合考虑检测盲区和衰减特性对检测性能的影响,提出基于SSTDR的光伏阵列故障检测信号选择策略,用以确定测距范围和最优信号参数。

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高德东(1980-),男,博士,教授,研究方向为光伏系统运维技术与工程。E-mail:
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refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1154429097615811373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429044385898828, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=39, issue=6, pageStart=760, pageEnd=765, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=14, authorNames=张晓鹏, 张兴忠, journalName=可再生能源, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张晓鹏, 张兴忠. 基于高斯核函数的支持向量机光伏故障诊断研究[J]. 可再生能源, 2021, 39(6): 760-765., articleTitle=基于高斯核函数的支持向量机光伏故障诊断研究, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1154429096546263816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429044385898828, awardId=2019-HZ-822, language=CN, fundingSource=青海省科技厅项目(2019-HZ-822), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1154429092372931235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429044385898828, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154429092377125540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, 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figureFileSmall=7X8zaoyPAUyjq/kekSXpqg==, figureFileBig=0Mhfe6v2hyoSinjafIBPfw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154429096151999230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429044385898828, language=CN, label=图 10, caption=信号选择策略流程图, figureFileSmall=7X8zaoyPAUyjq/kekSXpqg==, figureFileBig=0Mhfe6v2hyoSinjafIBPfw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154429096206525183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429044385898828, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Parameter setting of photovoltaic cell model, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
光伏电池串联电阻 ${R}_{\mathrm{s}}/\Omega$ 1
光伏电池并联电阻 ${R}_{\mathrm{{sh}}}/\Omega$ ${3.5} \times {10}^{3}$
光伏电池结电容 ${C}_{\mathrm{f}}/\mathrm{F}$ $5 \times {10}^{-6}$
光伏电池串联个数 ${n}_{\mathrm{s}}$ /个 36
光伏电池排布规则 $4 \times 9$
光伏电池单体面积 $/{\mathrm{{mm}}}^{2}$ ${156} \times {156}$
传输线特性阻抗 ${Z}_{0}/\Omega$ 100
传输线波速 $v/\mathrm{m} \cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$ ${2.5} \times {10}^{8}$
), ArticleFig(id=1154429096277828353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429044385898828, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=光伏电池模型参数设置, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
光伏电池串联电阻 ${R}_{\mathrm{s}}/\Omega$ 1
光伏电池并联电阻 ${R}_{\mathrm{{sh}}}/\Omega$ ${3.5} \times {10}^{3}$
光伏电池结电容 ${C}_{\mathrm{f}}/\mathrm{F}$ $5 \times {10}^{-6}$
光伏电池串联个数 ${n}_{\mathrm{s}}$ /个 36
光伏电池排布规则 $4 \times 9$
光伏电池单体面积 $/{\mathrm{{mm}}}^{2}$ ${156} \times {156}$
传输线特性阻抗 ${Z}_{0}/\Omega$ 100
传输线波速 $v/\mathrm{m} \cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$ ${2.5} \times {10}^{8}$
), ArticleFig(id=1154429096340742915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429044385898828, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Cross-correlation results with different frequency signals, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组 件 数 检测信号 检测信号 检测信号
组件衰减 测距 组件衰减 测距 组件衰减 测距
系数 误差/% 系数 误差/% 系数 误差/%
1 -1.63 0.02 -1.59 0.09 -1.73 0.20
2 -1.47 0.28 -1.54 0.16 -1.75 0.16
3 -1.66 0.18 -1.63 0.18 -1.43 0.14
4 -1.42 0.23 -1.81 0.17 -1.86 0.17
5 -1.70 0.21 -1.63 0.11 -1.82 0.11
6 -1.19 0.19 -1.26 0.09 -1.23 0.13
7 -2.55 0.27 -0.74 0.09 -2.68 0.25
8 -0.30 0.12 -1.53 0.22
), ArticleFig(id=1154429096412046085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429044385898828, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=不同频率检测信号的断路故障相关结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组 件 数 检测信号 检测信号 检测信号
组件衰减 测距 组件衰减 测距 组件衰减 测距
系数 误差/% 系数 误差/% 系数 误差/%
1 -1.63 0.02 -1.59 0.09 -1.73 0.20
2 -1.47 0.28 -1.54 0.16 -1.75 0.16
3 -1.66 0.18 -1.63 0.18 -1.43 0.14
4 -1.42 0.23 -1.81 0.17 -1.86 0.17
5 -1.70 0.21 -1.63 0.11 -1.82 0.11
6 -1.19 0.19 -1.26 0.09 -1.23 0.13
7 -2.55 0.27 -0.74 0.09 -2.68 0.25
8 -0.30 0.12 -1.53 0.22
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基于扩展频域时域反射法的在线光伏阵列故障检测信号特性研究
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苏伟鸿 1, 2 , 高德东 1 , 王珊 1 , 王永鑫 1
可再生能源 | 2024,42(3): 322-330
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可再生能源 | 2024, 42(3): 322-330
基于扩展频域时域反射法的在线光伏阵列故障检测信号特性研究
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苏伟鸿1, 2, 高德东1 , 王珊1, 王永鑫1
作者信息
  • 1 青海大学 机械工程学院 青海 西宁 810016
  • 2 西宁城市职业技术学院 青海 西宁 810016

通讯作者:

高德东(1980-),男,博士,教授,研究方向为光伏系统运维技术与工程。E-mail:
Research on signal characteristics of online photovoltaics array fault detection using spread spectrum time domain reflectometry
Weihong Su1, 2, Dedong Gao1 , Shan Wang1, Yongxin Wang1
Affiliations
  • 1 The College of Mechanical Engineering Qinghai University Xining 810016 China
  • 2 Xining Urban Vocational & Technical College Xining 810016 China
出版时间: 2024-03-20
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基于扩展频域时域反射法(Spread Spectral Time Domain Reflectometry, SSTDR)的光伏阵列故障诊断方法存在检测盲区和衰减特性,有必要研究检测信号的性质以提高故障检测性能。首先,对检测信号在光伏阵列中的传输行为进行研究,探究不同信号参数对检测范围和精度的影响;其次,根据光伏电池的动态模型和排布规律,搭建光伏阵列故障检测仿真平台,通过断路故障仿真实验对结果进行验证,结果表明,改善信号能有效增强相关峰辨识能力,使光伏组件检测数量增加4块;最后,综合考虑检测盲区和衰减特性对检测性能的影响,提出基于SSTDR的光伏阵列故障检测信号选择策略,用以确定测距范围和最优信号参数。

扩展频谱时域反射法  /  光伏阵列  /  故障诊断  /  信号特性

The photovoltaic (PV) array fault detection method based on Spread Spectral Time Domain Reflectometry (SSTDR) has detection blind spots and attenuation characteristics. It is necessary to study the property of the detection signal to improve the fault detection performance. Firstly, the transmission behavior of the detection signal in the PV array is studied to explore the influence of different signal parameters on the detection range and accuracy. Secondly, based on the dynamic model and layout pattern of the PV cells, a simulation platform for PV array fault detection is established. The simulation results are validated through a simulated experiment of an opencircuit fault. The results show that improving the signal can effectively enhance the ability to identify correlation peaks, increasing the number of PV components detected by four units. Finally, the influence of blind area and attenuation characteristics is comprehensively analyzed. A signal selection strategy of PV array based on SSTDR is proposed to determine the fault detection distance and the optimal parameters of test signal.

spread spectrum time domain reflectometry (SSTDR)  /  photovoltaics array  /  fault detection  /  signal characteristic
苏伟鸿, 高德东, 王珊, 王永鑫. 基于扩展频域时域反射法的在线光伏阵列故障检测信号特性研究. 可再生能源, 2024 , 42 (3) : 322 -330 .
Weihong Su, Dedong Gao, Shan Wang, Yongxin Wang. Research on signal characteristics of online photovoltaics array fault detection using spread spectrum time domain reflectometry[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2024 , 42 (3) : 322 -330 .
近年来, 随着光伏发电的规模化发展和光伏补贴下调,光伏电站日常维护的重要性日益凸显。 光伏发电系统在运行中经常面临恶劣的工作环境而发生各类电气故障 [ 1 , 2 ] ,这些故障不仅会降低发电效率, 还可能导致组件损坏、发生火灾等, 甚至无法发电。光伏阵列常通过安装接地故障断路器和电弧故障断路器等来避免故障的发生 [ 2 ] 。但光伏系统特有的工作特性可能导致这些装置失效, 如最大功率点跟踪技术(Maximum Power Point Tracking, MPPT) 对电网的优化导致断路器无法判断电路异常。此外,上述装置仅能定位发生故障的组件串,无法精确定位故障点。因此,建立快速有效的故障诊断和定位技术,对光伏电站的运行、 维护具有重要意义。
目前,研究人员常用扩展频域时域反射法 (Spread Spectral Time Domain Reflectometry, SSTDR)对光伏阵列进行故障诊断网。该方法将检测信号注入待测系统, 信号在途经故障点时会发生反射, 通过分析反射信号的暂态特征实现故障检测与定位。文献[ 4 ]根据光伏直流母线绝缘层破损所引起的特性阻抗变化,实现光伏直流母线损伤检测。文献[ 5, 6 ] 对光伏直流母线的电弧故障原因和类型进行研究, 根据串、并联电弧特性实现故障检测。文献[ 7 ]研究了 SSTDR 技术检测和定位受损光伏电池片的性能。文献[ 8 ]探讨了 SSTDR 技术检测大规模光伏阵列断路故障的可行性。
上述研究工作主要探究 SSTDR 技术诊断故障的范围和方法, 但在实际检测过程中, 受信号衰减、畸变、存在检测盲区等因素影响,在识别远端故障特征时, 常因选取不到最优信号参数而达不到理想检测范围。针对该问题,本文对基于 SSTDR 的在线光伏阵列故障检测信号特性进行研究, 分析检测信号在光伏阵列中的传输行为, 探究信号频率、阶次等参数对检测精度和范围的影响, 利用仿真模型加以验证, 提出故障检测信号选择的策略, 以确定最优检测信号参数, 从而提高故障检测性能,加速技术应用化和产品化。
光伏发电系统的基本单元为光伏电池片,光伏电池片通过栅线将电流汇集到汇流带上, 将一定数量的光伏电池片串联,形成光伏组件,各光伏组件间使用光伏直流电缆进行连接, 构成光伏组件串联阵列, 目的是为增加输出电压。SSTDR 技术将高频信号注入待测系统, 根据信号时延和故障点阻抗变化情况实现故障诊断。为了检测和定位光伏串联阵列的故障, 需对高频信号在其中的传输过程进行分析。光伏组件串联阵列故障检测模型如 图 1 所示。
在检测过程中, SSTDR 技术根据入射和反射信号间的时延确定故障距离, 为实现故障点的定位, 需根据组件和电池片分布规律识别故障距离所对应的故障点。根据上述模型,忽略光伏电池片本身的厚度和 MC4 接头对测量的影响,单个光伏组件传输线长度 ${L}_{\mathrm{A}}$ 和组件串的传输线长度 ${L}_{\mathrm{n}}$ 计算式分别为
${L}_{\mathrm{A}}= a \cdot {M}_{\text{cell }}+ b \cdot \left({{M}_{\mathrm{{str}}}- 1}\right)+ c $
${L}_{\mathrm{n}}= {M}_{\text{array }}\cdot \left({{L}_{\mathrm{A}}+ {L}_{\mathrm{B}}}\right)$
式中: $a$ 为光伏电池片间的汇流带长度; $b$ 为光伏电池串间的汇流带长度; $c$ 为电池两极与接线盒的连接线长度; ${M}_{\text{cell }}$ 为串联电池组中的光伏电池数; ${M}_{\mathrm{{str}}}$ 为串联电池组数; ${M}_{\text{array }}$ 为光伏阵列中的组件个数; ${L}_{\mathrm{B}}$ 为组件间的电缆线长度。
检测信号在光伏阵列中传播会途经多种传输介质,如栅线、直流电缆等,各类传输线的总长度一般为几十米至几百米, SSTDR 技术在该范围下的信号频率一般为 $\mathrm{{MHz}}$ 级,传输线长度与信号波长处在同一数量级, 信号在传输过程中的趋肤效应、衰减特性等不能忽略。在检测信号频率下传输线应等效为长线传输线 [ 9 ] ,将其分割为许多微元段 $\mathrm{d}z$ ,各微元段可看作集中参数电路,用 $\Gamma$ 形网络来等效,传输线等效电路模型如 图 2 所示。
根据基尔霍夫定律,线元 $\mathrm{d}z$ 段上的电压、电流变化关系可表示为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}- \frac{\mathrm{d}{u}_{\left( z, t\right)}}{\mathrm{d}z}= {R}_{0}{i}_{\left( z, t\right)} +{L}_{0}\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{\left( z, t\right)}}{\mathrm{d}t}\\- \frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{\left( z, t\right)}}{\mathrm{d}z}= {G}_{0}{u}_{\left( z, t\right)} +{C}_{0}\frac{\mathrm{d}{u}_{\left( z, t\right)}}{\mathrm{d}t}\end{array}\right.$
式中: $\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{\left( z, t\right)}}{\mathrm{d}z},\frac{\mathrm{d}{u}_{\left( z, t\right)}}{\mathrm{d}z}$ 分别为线元 $\mathrm{d}z$ 段上的电流和电压变化量; ${R}_{0}$ 为分布电阻; ${L}_{0}$ 为分布电感; ${G}_{0}$ 为分布电导; ${C}_{0}$ 为分布电容; ${i}_{\left( z, t\right)},{u}_{\left( z, t\right)}$ 分别为 $t$ 时刻 $z$ 点处的电流和电压; $\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{\left( z, t\right)}}{\mathrm{d}t},\frac{\mathrm{d}{u}_{\left( z, t\right)}}{\mathrm{d}t}$ 分别为经过 $\mathrm{d}t$ 时间后电流和电压的变化量; $\mathrm{d}t$ 为时间的微分。
根据复数振幅与瞬时值间的关系, 求得传输线上电压和电流瞬时值表达式为
$\begin{cases}{u}_{\left( z, t\right)} =& {A}_{1}{\mathrm{e}}^{-{\alpha z}}\cos \left({{\omega t}- {\beta z}}\right)+ &\\& {A}_{2}{\mathrm{e}}^{\alpha z}\cos \left({{\omega t}+ {\beta z}}\right)= &{u}_{\mathrm{i}\left({z, t}\right)} +{u}_{\mathrm{r}\left({z, t}\right)} \\{i}_{\left( z, t\right)} =& \frac{{A}_{1}}{{Z}_{0}}{\mathrm{e}}^{-{\alpha z}}\cos \left({{\omega t}- {\beta z}}\right)- &\\& \frac{{A}_{2}}{{Z}_{0}}{\mathrm{e}}^{\alpha z}\cos \left({{\omega t}+ {\beta z}}\right)= &{i}_{\mathrm{i}\left({z, t}\right)} +{i}_{\mathrm{r}\left({z, t}\right)} \end{cases}$
式中: ${u}_{\mathrm{i}\left({z, t}\right)}$ 为电压入射波; ${u}_{\mathrm{r}\left({z, t}\right)}$ 为电压反射波; ${i}_{\mathrm{i}\left({z, t}\right)}$ 为电流入射波; ${i}_{\mathrm{r}\left({z, t}\right)}$ 为电流反射波; ${A}_{1},{A}_{2}$ 为积分常数; $\alpha$ 为衰减常数; $\beta$ 为相移常数; $\omega$ 为信号角频率; ${Z}_{0}$ 为传输线特性阻抗。
特性阻抗计算式为
${Z}_{0}= \frac{{U}_{\mathrm{i}\left( z\right)}}{{I}_{\mathrm{i}\left( z\right)}}= \sqrt{\frac{{R}_{0}+ \mathrm{j}\omega {L}_{0}}{{G}_{0}+ \mathrm{j}\omega {C}_{0}}}$
式中: ${U}_{\mathrm{i}\left( z\right)},{I}_{\mathrm{i}\left( z\right)}$ 分别为传输线上 $z$ 点处的电压幅值和电流幅值; $\omega {L}_{0}$ 为感抗; $\omega {C}_{0}$ 为容抗; $\mathrm{j}$ 为虚数单位。
根据行波传输理论, 传输线上各处阻抗相匹配时,入射信号会从一端完全传输至另一端。反之, 行波在遇到阻抗不匹配点如故障点时, 会发生反射现象,常用反射系数 ${\Gamma }_{\mathrm{L}}$ 表示阻抗不匹配点的工作状态, 其表达式为
${\Gamma }_{\mathrm{L}}= \frac{{Z}_{\mathrm{L}}- {Z}_{0}}{{Z}_{\mathrm{L}}+ {Z}_{0}}$
式中: ${Z}_{\mathrm{L}}$ 为故障点的特性阻抗。
如开路故障,故障点处的电阻 ${Z}_{\mathrm{L}}$ 可近似为无穷大, 反射系数为 1 , 入射波会在故障点处发生全反射现象,此时入射波与反射波幅值相等、极性相同, 根据反射波的波形特征实现故障诊断。
不同类型故障的反射系数不同, 可分为以下 5 种典型故障类型:
$\left\{\begin{array}{ll}{\Gamma }_{\mathrm{L}}= 1,& \text{ 开路故障 }\\ 0 <{\Gamma }_{\mathrm{L}}< 1,& \text{ 高阻故障 }\\{\Gamma }_{\mathrm{L}}= 0,& \text{ 无故障 }\\- 1 <{\Gamma }_{\mathrm{L}}< 0,& \text{ 低阻故障 }\\{\Gamma }_{\mathrm{L}}= - 1,& \text{ 短路故障 }\end{array}\right.$
在光伏阵列的故障诊断中, 直流电缆破损和串联电弧故障表现为高阻故障 [ 4 - 6 ] ; 并联电弧故障表现为低阻故障 [ 5 ] ; 电缆、栅线断裂表现为开路故障[ 7 ]。
光伏电池片在高频小信号下的动态效应表现为其阻抗发生变化, 信号在传播过程中会发生衰减和畸变。参考其动态模型 [ 10 , 11 ] ,取任一光伏电池片及其连接栅线为研究对象, 高频信号下的光伏电池动态模型如 图 3 所示。
图中: ${I}_{\mathrm{{ph}}}$ 为等效光生电流源; ${R}_{\mathrm{D}}$ 为二极管的小信号动态电阻; ${R}_{\mathrm{{sh}}}$${R}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 分别为等效并联电阻和等效串联电阻; ${C}_{\mathrm{f}}$ 为等效结电容,由势垒电容和扩散电容构成; ${L}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 为栅线寄生电感。当光伏电池处于工作状态时, 扩散电容起主要作用 [ 11 ] 。根据上述分析, 去除栅线的影响, 光伏电池在高频小信号下的输出阻抗 ${Z}_{\mathrm{P}}$ 可表示为
${Z}_{\mathrm{P}}= {Z}_{\mathrm{s}}+ {Z}_{\mathrm{D}}//{Z}_{\mathrm{{sh}}}//{Z}_{\mathrm{c}}$
式中: ${Z}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 为串联电阻阻抗; ${Z}_{\mathrm{D}}$ 为二极管动态电阻阻抗; ${Z}_{\mathrm{{sh}}}$ 为并联电阻阻抗; ${Z}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 为电容阻抗。
因检测时间在 $\mu \mathrm{s}$ 级,二极管动态电阻和结电容在检测过程中变化很小, 光伏电池片输出阻抗在特定频率的检测信号下可简化为一固定阻抗。光伏发电片与栅线的耦合作用使检测信号通过电池片时产生衰减和畸变, 对检测过程造成影响, 有必要对该过程进行分析与研究。
在光伏阵列的故障检测过程中, 因光伏发电系统存在自身的输出电压, 检测信号会与系统的工作信号和各类噪声混叠,从而影响检测结果。为提高信号的抗干扰性, 部分研究使用希尔伯特黄变换、相关性分析等方法对信号进行处理 [ 12 - 14 ] ,本文使用正弦信号与 PN 序列经过 BPSK 调制后的信号作为检测信号, 利用相关性分析算法实现故障诊断和定位。SSTDR 故障诊断系统如 图 4 所示。
检测装置将检测信号 $s\left( t\right)$ 发射进待测光伏发电系统,信号在阻抗不匹配点发生反射,经过一段时间延迟后返回测量点。由于光伏系统自身的干扰,反射信号中附带有一定噪声信号,检测系统收集到的复合信号 $r\left( t\right)$
$ r\left( t\right)= {\alpha }_{\mathrm{r}}s\left({t -\tau }\right)+ n\left( t\right)$
式中: $s\left({t -\tau }\right)$ 为与检测信号相关的反射信号; $\tau$ 为信号返回测量点的时延; ${\alpha }_{\mathrm{r}}$ 为反射信号衰减系数; $n\left( t\right)$ 为噪声信号。
引用时延估计值 ${\tau }_{\mathrm{k}}$ 对检测信号和采样信号进行互相关分析,通过逐步调整系统 ${\tau }_{\mathrm{k}}$ 计算出互相关运算结果最大值点,此时的 ${\tau }_{\mathrm{k}}$ 即为故障时延, 相关运算结果为
${R}_{\mathrm{{sr}}}\left({\tau }_{\mathrm{k}}\right)= {\int }_{0}^{T}s\left({t -{\tau }_{\mathrm{k}}}\right)\left\lbrack {s\left( t\right)+ r\left( t\right)}\right\rbrack \mathrm{d}t ={\int }_{0}^{T}s\left({t -{\tau }_{\mathrm{k}}}\right) s\left( t\right)\mathrm{d}t +\\{\int }_{0}^{T}{\alpha }_{\mathrm{r}}s\left({t -{\tau }_{\mathrm{k}}}\right) s\left({t -\tau }\right)\mathrm{d}t +{\int }_{0}^{T}s\left({t -{\tau }_{\mathrm{k}}}\right) n\left( t\right)\mathrm{d}t $
式中: ${R}_{\mathrm{{sr}}}\left({\tau }_{\mathrm{k}}\right)$ 为检测信号与采集信号的互相关运算结果; $T$ 为入射信号周期; $s\left({t -{\tau }_{\mathrm{k}}}\right)$ 为延迟 ${\tau }_{\mathrm{k}}$ 时间后的检测信号。
根据相关结果可知: 在 ${\tau }_{\mathrm{k}}= 0$ 处存在运算最大值,即入射信号的自相关峰; 在 ${\tau }_{\mathrm{k}}= \tau$ 处存在另一运算最大值,即反射信号与入射信号的互相关峰, 噪声信号 $n\left( t\right)$ 与入射信号 $s\left( t\right)$ 相关度较低,积分结果近似为 0 。根据两相关峰值点的时延和幅值信息,判别故障类型并定位故障点。
为验证 SSTDR 技术在光伏阵列故障检测中的适用性, 模拟实际光伏发电环境进行抗干扰能力测试,如 图 5 所示。
选取如 图 5 (a) 所示的调制信号进行测试, 无干扰和工作环境下的反射信号如 图 5 (b)图 5 (c) 所示, 可以看出噪声对反射信号影响很大。为了直观反映故障点处的反射系数变化情况, 对反射信号的相关运算结果进行归一化处理,如 图 5 (d) 所示。结果表明,在噪声作用下反射峰值无明显变化, 检测过程中的信号衰减主要来自系统本身的影响。旁瓣有一定畸变但仍有足够的分辨率, SSTDR 系统具有良好的抗干扰性。
在实际应用中, 可根据组件和电池片分布规律测算故障距离,故障距离 ${L}_{\mathrm{f}}$ 表达式为
${L}_{\mathrm{f}}= \frac{{v}_{\mathrm{A}}{t}_{\mathrm{A}}+ {v}_{\mathrm{B}}{t}_{\mathrm{B}}}{2}$
式中: ${t}_{\mathrm{A}},{t}_{\mathrm{B}}$ 分别为信号通过光伏组件和直流电缆的时延; ${v}_{\mathrm{A}},{v}_{\mathrm{B}}$ 分别为信号通过光伏组件和直流电缆的波速。
实际测量中, 因不同型号的组件和电缆存在差异, 需选取单块组件和给定长度电缆进行校准测量。
根据 SSTDR 系统设计原理,参考文献 [ 10 , 11 , 15 ] 中光伏电池建模方法和某型号光伏组件几何结构, 确定仿真模型参数, 如 表 1 所示。
在 MATLAB/Simulink 仿真平台中建立光伏阵列故障检测模型。由于 SSTDR 系统对短路、断路等故障的检测原理相同,相关结果仅在反射峰值大小和方向上有所不同,故以断路实验为代表进行研究。根据光伏阵列排布结构, 由式 (1),(2) 可知,光伏组件内的传输线总长度为 ${6.552}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,根据检测实践,选取 $5\mathrm{\;m}$ 长的入射电缆较为合适,组件间的连接电缆长度为 $3\mathrm{\;m}$ ,检测信号幅值为 1 V,进行相关研究。
SSTDR 技术使用正弦信号与 PN 序列的调制信号作为检测信号, 本文选用 PN 序列中自相关波形峰值更加尖锐、旁瓣更小的 $\mathrm{m}$ 序列作为载波信号 [ 14 ] $\mathrm{m}$ 序列是由 $\mathrm{N}$ 级移位寄存器产生的周期序列, $\mathrm{N}$ 级移位寄存器除去零状态共有 ${2}^{n - 1}$ 位状态,即 $\mathrm{m}$ 序列的最大长度为 ${2}^{n - 1}$ 。根据测试,当正弦信号与 $\mathrm{m}$ 序列频率按照 1:1 的方式进行调制时, 其自相关函数的旁瓣值与峰值特性处于较好的平衡态,本文选用该调制比进行测试。
$\mathrm{m}$ 序列具有特定的长度,在故障点距离过远时, 相关运算时延超过序列周期, 反射峰会与下一周期的入射峰混淆发生误判,检测过程应在一个周期内完成。距离过近时,反射峰与入射峰发生重叠,不利于故障信息的提取,因此, SSTDR 的测距 $L$ 范围为
$\frac{vN}{2}\leq L \leq \frac{v{T}_{\mathrm{c}}N}{2}$
式中: $v$ 为信号的传播速度; ${T}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 为码片长度; $N$ 为序列周期长度。
对于特定的测试对象, 信号在系统中的传播速度一定, 故 SSTDR 的测距范围由码片长度和序列周期长度决定,通过分析信号频率、码片长度对信号特性的影响,选取最优信号参数。
首先探究信号频率对检测的影响。在两块光伏组件末端设置断路故障,故障距离为 ${21.104}\mathrm{\;m}$ , 选取不同频率的调制信号进行仿真实验, 互相关结果如 图 6 所示。
图 6 可知, $5\mathrm{{MHz}}$ 信号下,反射信号互相关峰旁瓣与检测信号相关峰产生重叠, 对测距结果造成误判。根据式 (11) 可知, 其最小检测距离为 ${25}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,大于故障距离,符合上述分析。 ${10}\sim {100}\mathrm{{MHz}}$ 信号计算误差相近,均在 0.5%以内。随着信号频率的增加, 反射信号峰值更加尖锐且有递减的趋势,但趋势不明显,对结果影响较小。结果表明,检测信号频率的选取应以达到合适的测距范围为首要目标。
然而, 光伏组件对信号的衰减作用致使检测系统无法达到理论最大测距范围。为提高故障检测范围,本文对 $\mathrm{m}$ 序列的旁瓣特性进行研究。因低阶 $\mathrm{m}$ 序列测距范围较短,高阶 $\mathrm{m}$ 序列的生成对设备要求高,本文对 6~10 阶的 $\mathrm{m}$ 序列调制信号进行研究。为排除旁瓣方向对相关运算结果的影响,对旁瓣取绝对值进行量化统计,不同阶数的 $\mathrm{m}$ 序列旁瓣特性如 图 7 所示。
图 7 可知, 随着序列阶数的增加, 旁瓣均值逐阶减半,旁瓣分布趋于低值区,高阶序列的调制信号具有更好的相关性。
上述结果表明, 在检测设备允许的条件下, 应优先选取高阶 m 序列的检测信号。受测距范围和检测精度的双重影响, 信号频率的选取不宜过低也不宜过高,根据式(11)和待测对象几何长度,选取合适的信号频率。
为验证上述信号选择策略, 进行断路故障检测仿真实验。首先,选取 ${20},{50},{100}\mathrm{{MHz}}$ 的 6 阶 $\mathrm{m}$ 序列检测信号进行测试, ${50}\mathrm{{MHz}}$ 检测信号下断路故障互相关结果如 图 8 所示。
图 8 可知, 信号在传播过程中发生了明显衰减, 在通过 9 块光伏组件时, 反射信号互相关峰值接近噪声层,无法进行故障定位。
在此基础上, 对检测信号的衰减特性和测距误差进行定量分析,结果如 表 2 所示。
$i$ 块组件的衰减系数 ${\alpha }_{i}$ 和系统衰减系数 $\alpha$ 表达式分别为
${\alpha }_{i}= {10}\lg \left(\frac{{A}_{{\mathrm{{PV}}}_{i}}}{{A}_{{\mathrm{{PV}}}_{i - 1}}}\right)$
$\alpha =\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{n}{\alpha }_{i}$
式中: ${A}_{{\mathrm{{PV}}}_{i}},{A}_{{\mathrm{{PV}}}_{i - 1}}$ 分别为信号通过 $i$ 个和 $i - 1$ 个光伏组件的反射信号峰值,当 $i$ 为 1 时,取 $1;n$ 为光伏阵列中的组件总数。
表 2图 8 可知: ${100}\mathrm{{MHz}}$ 信号最大测距范围为 7 个组件; 低频检测信号定位精度相对较低;不同频率的信号在通过组件时衰减幅度相近, 信号衰减系统由系统本身所决定; 反射信号的主瓣值接近旁瓣值时, 信号受到旁瓣效应影响导致测距误差增大, 当反射信号的主瓣与反向旁瓣重叠且幅值相近时,无法识别故障特征。
为有效识别故障特征, 反射信号主瓣峰值应满足:
${A}_{\mathrm{r}\left(\max \right)} > 2{A}_{\mathrm{s}\left(\max \right)} =\frac{4}{\left|\lambda \right|} \cdot \frac{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 0}}^{{N}_{\mathrm{s}}}\left|{A}_{\mathrm{s}i}\right|}{{N}_{\mathrm{s}}}$
式中: ${A}_{\mathrm{r}\left(\max \right)}$ 为主瓣峰值; ${A}_{\mathrm{s}\left(\max \right)}$ 为旁瓣峰值; ${A}_{\mathrm{s}i}$ 为各采样点上的旁瓣值; ${N}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 为采样数; $\lambda$ 为故障检测阈值。
因旁瓣大小、方向不一,使用旁瓣均值的 2 倍代替峰值。针对不同类型的故障, $\lambda$ 定义为判定故障发生的反射系数。
受光伏组件衰减特性的影响, 实际的最大检测距离由反射信号的主瓣值和旁瓣值共同决定。 因高阶 $\mathrm{m}$ 序列的调制信号具有更好的互相关性, 理论上可提高故障检测范围, 搭建仿真环境对该结论进行验证。不同阶 m 序列检测信号的断路故障仿真结果如 图 9 所示。
图 9 可知,故障检测范围随着 $\mathrm{m}$ 序列阶数的增加而增加, 6 阶 m 序列能检测的最大组件数为8,9阶 $\mathrm{m}$ 序列能检测的最大组件数为 12,组件检测范围提高了 4 块,且不同阶数的 $\mathrm{m}$ 序列对反射信号的主瓣峰值没有影响。使用高阶 $\mathrm{m}$ 序列的调制信号能有效地提高故障检测范围。
基于上述分析, 本文提出一种光伏阵列故障检测信号选择策略,确定最优信号参数,信号选择策略流程如 图 10 所示。
在实际应用中, 断路故障点的反射系数接近 1,在相关结果中表现为反射峰与入射峰呈高度正相关。同理,短路故障表现为反射峰与入射峰呈高度负相关。电弧故障、绝缘故障等可等效为高阻或低阻故障,反射系数介于 0~1 或 -1~0,因此,系统对高阻、低阻故障的检测能力有所下降。在实际应用中,需考虑故障检测类型,确定具体的信号选择策略。同时,为避免旁瓣效应对定位精度的影响, 在计算时应适当提高故障判定阈值, 以提高较远距离故障点的定位精度。
在基于 SSTDR 技术的光伏阵列故障诊断过程中, 本策略可通过基础的测试和计算工作, 迅速选定最优检测信号,并对特定 SSTDR 系统的检测性能进行评估。
本文对基于 SSTDR 技术的在线光伏阵列故障检测信号特性进行了系统研究, 以改善方法中存在的检测盲区和衰减特性, 通过断路故障仿真实验验证了相关方法的有效性,结论如下。
①以公式的形式量化描述了检测信号的旁瓣特性及其检测范围。计算结果表明,诊断常规大小的光伏组件串使用 ${10}\sim {50}\mathrm{{MHz}}$ 的频率信号较为适宜,高阶 $\mathrm{m}$ 序列检测信号具有更好的相关性。
②建立光伏电池动态模型进行仿真实验,对光伏组件的衰减特性进行研究。实验结果表明:受旁瓣效应影响, 最大检测范围与组件衰减系数相关; 当反射信号主瓣峰大于旁瓣均值 2 倍时能够检出故障;改进检测信号参数能够有效降低旁瓣均值从而增加检测范围, 实验中的改进信号使光伏组件检测数量增加了 4 块。
③根据上述研究结论提出了检测信号选择策略,以快速确定信号频率与 $\mathrm{m}$ 序列参数,避免重复性实验寻找最优信号参数。同时,该方法可对特定 SSTDR 系统的检测性能进行初步估计。
在后续的研究工作中, 将搭建基于 SSTDR 的光伏阵列故障检测平台, 依据本文提出的信号选择策略对不同类型光伏阵列故障进行检测, 对该方法进行进一步验证。考虑不同类型故障的特点细化信号选择策略。
  • 青海省科技厅项目(2019-HZ-822)
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  • 首发时间:2025-07-22
  • 出版时间:2024-03-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-01-06
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青海省科技厅项目(2019-HZ-822)
作者信息
    1 青海大学 机械工程学院 青海 西宁 810016
    2 西宁城市职业技术学院 青海 西宁 810016

通讯作者:

高德东(1980-),男,博士,教授,研究方向为光伏系统运维技术与工程。E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kzsny/CN/1154429044385898828
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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