Article(id=1154429043924521941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154429037721146272, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1687190400000, receivedDateStr=2023-06-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753166932325, onlineDateStr=2025-07-22, pubDate=1710864000000, pubDateStr=2024-03-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753166932325, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753166932325, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753166932325, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154429037721146272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, year='2024', volume='42', issue='3', pageStart='284', pageEnd='426', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753166930847, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753694626061, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156642351918469663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154429037721146272, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156642351918469664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154429037721146272, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=339, endPage=347, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154429044624970722, articleId=1154429043924521941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, language=EN, title=Study on the influence of elevation angle of tower shadow effect on aerodynamic characteristics of wind turbine, columnId=null, journalTitle=Renewable Energy Resources, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Considering the influence of the tower shadow effect of wind turbines, and aiming at the problem that the elevation angle of wind turbines makes the aerodynamic characteristics of wind turbines more complicated, the flow field of horizontal axis wind turbines with different elevation angles was numerically simulated in this paper, and the pressure distribution of wind turbine blade cross section, vorticity and the change law of the tower cylinder surface pressure with phase angle were analyzed, so as to explore the influence of the elevation angle of wind turbines on the output power of wind turbines. The results show that increasing the rotor elevation angle can reduce the blade surface pressure, decrease the pressure difference at the tip part, and reduce the high vorticity area on the blade surface. Adding elevation angle to the wind turbine reduces the influence of the blade on the tower barrel, and the high vorticity area on the tower barrel surface gradually decreases with the increase of the wind turbine elevation angle, thus reducing the pressure fluctuation on the tower barrel surface. When the blade passes through the tower, the tower shadow effect has a great influence on the wind turbine, and the output power of the wind turbine decreases. When the blade is upright, the wind turbine output power reaches its maximum. After the elevation angle is added to the wind turbine, both the output power of the wind turbine and the elevation angle of the wind turbine wheel increase first and then decrease. The output power of wind turbine increases when the elevation angle of wind turbine is 3°, and the fluctuation decreases when the elevation angle is 6 °. The relevant conclusions can provide data support for the operation of wind turbine.

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考虑风力机塔影效应的影响,针对风轮仰角导致风力机气动特性更为复杂的问题,文章对不同仰角水平轴风力机流场进行了数值模拟,分析了风力机叶片截面压力分布、涡量以及塔筒表面压力随相位角的变化规律,探究了风轮仰角对风力机输出功率的影响。结果表明:增大风轮仰角会降低叶片表面压力,减小叶尖部分压差,使得叶片表面高涡量区域减小;添加风轮仰角会使叶片对塔筒影响减小,塔筒表面高涡量区域随着风轮仰角的增大逐渐减小,降低塔筒表面压力波动。当叶片经过塔筒时,塔影效应对风力机影响较大,风力机输出功率降低;当叶片竖直向上时,风力机输出功率达到最大。为风力机添加仰角后,随着风轮仰角的增大,风力机的输出功率与输出功率波动均呈现先增大后减小的趋势;风力机输出功率在风轮仰角为3°时最大,输出功率波动在风轮仰角为6°时最小。

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张立茹(1975-),女,博士,教授,研究方向为风能利用。E-mail:
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参数 数值 参数 数值
风轮直径 $D/\mathrm{m}$ 1.4 风轮倾角/( ${}^{ \circ }$ ) 0
额定来流风速 $V/\mathrm{m} \cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$ 10 轮毂高度 $h/\mathrm{m}$ 1.71
额定转速 $N/\mathrm{r} \cdot {\mathrm{{min}}}^{-1}$ 750 额定功率 $P/\mathrm{W}$ 300
风轮仰角/( ${}^{ \circ }$ ) 0/3/6/9/12 塔筒直径 $d/\mathrm{m}$ 0.11
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参数 数值 参数 数值
风轮直径 $D/\mathrm{m}$ 1.4 风轮倾角/( ${}^{ \circ }$ ) 0
额定来流风速 $V/\mathrm{m} \cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$ 10 轮毂高度 $h/\mathrm{m}$ 1.71
额定转速 $N/\mathrm{r} \cdot {\mathrm{{min}}}^{-1}$ 750 额定功率 $P/\mathrm{W}$ 300
风轮仰角/( ${}^{ \circ }$ ) 0/3/6/9/12 塔筒直径 $d/\mathrm{m}$ 0.11
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塔影效应下风轮仰角对风力机气动特性的影响
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路瑶 1 , 于鹏 2 , 张立茹 1, 3 , 高伟 1 , 闫蓉 1 , 牛大川 1
可再生能源 | 2024,42(3): 339-347
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可再生能源 | 2024, 42(3): 339-347
塔影效应下风轮仰角对风力机气动特性的影响
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路瑶1, 于鹏2, 张立茹1, 3 , 高伟1, 闫蓉1, 牛大川1
作者信息
  • 1 内蒙古工业大学 能源与动力工程学院 内蒙古 呼和浩特 010080
  • 2 国网辽宁省电力有限公司 电力调度控制中心 辽宁 沈阳 110006
  • 3 风能太阳能利用技术教育部重点实验室 教育部重点实验室 内蒙古 呼和浩特 010080

通讯作者:

张立茹(1975-),女,博士,教授,研究方向为风能利用。E-mail:
Study on the influence of elevation angle of tower shadow effect on aerodynamic characteristics of wind turbine
Yao Lu1, Peng Yu2, Liru Zhang1, 3 , Wei Gao1, Rong Yan1, Dachuan Niu1
Affiliations
  • 1 Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Wind and Solar Energy Utilization Technology Hohhot 010080 China
出版时间: 2024-03-20
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考虑风力机塔影效应的影响,针对风轮仰角导致风力机气动特性更为复杂的问题,文章对不同仰角水平轴风力机流场进行了数值模拟,分析了风力机叶片截面压力分布、涡量以及塔筒表面压力随相位角的变化规律,探究了风轮仰角对风力机输出功率的影响。结果表明:增大风轮仰角会降低叶片表面压力,减小叶尖部分压差,使得叶片表面高涡量区域减小;添加风轮仰角会使叶片对塔筒影响减小,塔筒表面高涡量区域随着风轮仰角的增大逐渐减小,降低塔筒表面压力波动。当叶片经过塔筒时,塔影效应对风力机影响较大,风力机输出功率降低;当叶片竖直向上时,风力机输出功率达到最大。为风力机添加仰角后,随着风轮仰角的增大,风力机的输出功率与输出功率波动均呈现先增大后减小的趋势;风力机输出功率在风轮仰角为3°时最大,输出功率波动在风轮仰角为6°时最小。

水平轴风力机  /  塔影效应  /  风轮仰角  /  气动特性

Considering the influence of the tower shadow effect of wind turbines, and aiming at the problem that the elevation angle of wind turbines makes the aerodynamic characteristics of wind turbines more complicated, the flow field of horizontal axis wind turbines with different elevation angles was numerically simulated in this paper, and the pressure distribution of wind turbine blade cross section, vorticity and the change law of the tower cylinder surface pressure with phase angle were analyzed, so as to explore the influence of the elevation angle of wind turbines on the output power of wind turbines. The results show that increasing the rotor elevation angle can reduce the blade surface pressure, decrease the pressure difference at the tip part, and reduce the high vorticity area on the blade surface. Adding elevation angle to the wind turbine reduces the influence of the blade on the tower barrel, and the high vorticity area on the tower barrel surface gradually decreases with the increase of the wind turbine elevation angle, thus reducing the pressure fluctuation on the tower barrel surface. When the blade passes through the tower, the tower shadow effect has a great influence on the wind turbine, and the output power of the wind turbine decreases. When the blade is upright, the wind turbine output power reaches its maximum. After the elevation angle is added to the wind turbine, both the output power of the wind turbine and the elevation angle of the wind turbine wheel increase first and then decrease. The output power of wind turbine increases when the elevation angle of wind turbine is 3°, and the fluctuation decreases when the elevation angle is 6 °. The relevant conclusions can provide data support for the operation of wind turbine.

horizontal axis wind turbine  /  tower shadow effect  /  wind wheel elevation angle  /  wind turbine output power
路瑶, 于鹏, 张立茹, 高伟, 闫蓉, 牛大川. 塔影效应下风轮仰角对风力机气动特性的影响. 可再生能源, 2024 , 42 (3) : 339 -347 .
Yao Lu, Peng Yu, Liru Zhang, Wei Gao, Rong Yan, Dachuan Niu. Study on the influence of elevation angle of tower shadow effect on aerodynamic characteristics of wind turbine[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2024 , 42 (3) : 339 -347 .
风力发电是可再生能源领域中最成熟、最具规模开发条件和商业化发展前景的发电方式之一,可利用的风能在全球范围内分布广泛、储量巨大。随着风电相关技术不断成熟、设备不断升级, 风机也向大型化发展 [ 1 ] 。在风力发电机组实际应用中,为了避免风力机叶片过长与塔筒发生碰撞, 通常采用为风力机添加仰角来避免这一问题,仰角的加入使得风力机气动性能变得更为复杂。风力机仰角的变化改变了风力机叶片翼型截面的攻角,使叶片载荷发生变化,从而影响了风力机的推力和功率 [ 2 ] 。风轮仰角的存在会使风力机尾迹区风速发生非定常性波动 [ 3 ] ,风轮俯仰控制策略使风力机尾迹偏离风轮中心,风轮仰角越大,尾迹偏移越明显。虽然风轮仰角会影响风力机高效稳定运行, 但进一步研究发现, 风轮仰角对控制风力机功率波动有明显作用 [ 4 ] 。在风剪切下,风轮俯仰控制策略可以有效改变上游风力机尾迹方向, 使其偏离下游风力机,从而提高下游风力机输出功率, 当风轮仰角为 ${9}^{\circ }$ 时,风电场总输出功率大于无俯仰控制策略时 [ 5 ]
塔影效应是由于风力机塔筒对空气有阻挡和排挤作用, 从而对流场产生干扰, 并通过流场将这种干扰传递到风力机叶片上, 加剧叶片在风轮扫掠面上所受到的空气动力载荷的周期性变化。而周期性气动载荷会引起叶片动响应, 响应又反馈于外部气动载荷,导致风力机输出功率发生波动。 塔影效应是造成风力机输出功率变化的主要原因之一 [ 6 ] 。有学者通过监测风轮附近流场,发现当叶片旋转到塔筒位置时, 塔筒表面压力会骤降, 塔筒表面载荷会出现周期性波动 [ 7 ] 。在塔影效应下,塔筒对叶根部分的干涉作用更强, 风速增加能够加剧塔影效应对叶片表面压力系数的影响 [ 8 ] ; 塔筒会导致风力机叶片气动载荷发生变化,叶轮受到的周向转矩与轴向推力的波动幅度是无塔筒时的 3 倍以上,说明塔影效应会影响风力机的稳定性。
已有研究大多着眼于风轮仰角对风轮气动载荷的影响,未考虑机舱和塔架。本文以某 $\mathrm{S}$ 翼型水平轴风力机为模型, 采用数值模拟方法研究在塔影效应下不同仰角风力机的流场特性, 分析叶片与塔筒表面压力变化以及塔筒表面压力随相位角的变化规律, 探究风力机仰角对风力机输出功率的影响,寻找使风力机输出功率最大的仰角。
本文以三叶片、上风向、S 翼型水平轴风力机作为研究对象,其具体参数 [ 10 ] 表 1
建立圆柱形风力机外部流场, 流场入口距风轮平面为 ${2D}$ ,直径为 ${2D}$ ,出口距风轮平面为 ${5D}$ 。 为了更加准确地预测风轮周围的复杂流场, 在风轮周围建立加密区域, 加密区入口距风轮平面为 ${1D}$ ,直径为 ${1.5D}$ ,出口距风轮平面为 ${3D}$
将几何模型进行网格划分, 计算域网格与部分截面网格如 图 1 所示。图中虚线内部为网格加密域, 使用网格拉伸重构的方法实现风轮运动。采用更易于保持较好网格质量的四面体网格, 初次网格绘制完成后运用网格坍塌方法去除网格质量较差的网格, 使全部面网格与体网格倾斜度均小于 0.5 , 以此保证接下来的计算能有较高精度。
图 2 为网格无关性验证曲线。
图 2 可知, 随着网格数量的增加, 风轮输出转矩逐渐增加,当网格数量在 300 万以上时,风轮输出转矩变化幅度较小。在不影响计算精度的情况下,为了节约计算资源、减少计算时间,将网格数量设为 300 万进行计算。
湍流模型采用 $\mathrm{{SST}}k -\omega$ 模型。 $\mathrm{{SST}}k -\omega$ 模型是改进之后得到的一种雷诺时均模型,它将 $k - e$ 模型与 $k -\omega$ 模型相结合,即中心区域使用 $k - e$ 模型,近壁面附近使用 $k -\omega$ 模型 [ 11 ] 。湍流模型方程为
$\frac{\partial \left({\rho k}\right)}{\partial t}+ \frac{\partial \left({\rho {u}_{i}k}\right)}{\partial {x}_{i}}= \frac{\partial }{\partial {x}_{j}}\left({{\Gamma }_{k}\frac{\partial k}{\partial {x}_{j}}}\right)+ {G}_{k}- {Y}_{k}$
$\frac{\partial \left({\rho \omega }\right)}{\partial t}+ \frac{\partial \left({\rho {u}_{i}\omega }\right)}{\partial {x}_{i}}= \frac{\partial }{\partial {x}_{j}}\left({{\Gamma }_{\omega }\frac{\partial \omega }{\partial {x}_{j}}}\right)+ {G}_{\omega }- {Y}_{\omega }+ {D}_{\omega }(2 $
式中: ${G}_{k}$ 为速度梯度引起的动能生成项; ${G}_{\omega }$ 为方程生成项; ${\Gamma }_{k},{\Gamma }_{\omega }$ 分别为 $k$$\omega$ 的有效扩散项; ${Y}_{k}$ , ${Y}_{\omega }$ 分别为湍流运动导致 $k$$\omega$ 的耗散项, ${Y}_{k}=$ $\frac{{\rho }_{m}{k}^{\frac{3}{2}}}{{l}_{k -\omega }}$ ,其中湍流尺度参数 ${l}_{k -\omega }= \frac{{k}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{\beta {k}_{\omega }}$
使用瞬态计算中较为稳定且占用计算资源更少的 PISO 算法 [ 12 ] 。模型进口为速度入口,出口为压力出口,取标准大气压。壁面为自由滑移壁面, 以此消除四周壁面速度剪切对风力机流场的影响,风轮、机舱、塔筒均为无滑移壁面。
为了验证计算结果的可靠性, 将多个不同叶尖速比 $\left(\lambda \right)$ 下的无仰角风轮风能利用系数 $\left({C}_{\mathrm{p}}\right)$ 计算值与实验值 [ 13 ] 进行对比,结果如 图 3 所示。
图 3 可知,随着 $\lambda$ 的增大, ${C}_{\mathrm{p}}$ 计算值与实验值均在上升,在额定 $\lambda$ 为 5.5 时,二者吻合度较高。由于风洞实验中存在机械损失、风洞壁面摩擦等因素, 而数值计算中以上因素均为理想情况, 所以计算值均略高于实验值,但二者最大误差不超过10%,认为本次计算结果有效。
叶片表面压力分布情况是对风力机输出功率影响最直观的体现 [ 12 , 14 ] 。叶片迎风面与背风面的以计算值均略高于实验值, 但二者最大误差不超 压差使得叶片表面发生流动分离, 从而产生升过 10%,认为本次计算结果有效。 力 [ 15 ] ,所以叶片表面的压力分布情况能直接反映出叶片表面的流体流动状态。 图 4 为不同截面叶片表面压力。图中,横坐标为 $Z$ 方向不同截面位置,纵坐标为叶片表面压力, $R$ 为风轮半径。
图 4 可知: 在叶片表面 ${0.3R}$ 处,与无仰角风轮相比,3 ${}^{\circ }$ ,6 ${}^{\circ }$ 仰角会使背风面压力峰值降低约 ${10}\%,{12}^{\circ }$ 仰角使迎风面压力峰值增加了 ${20}\%$ ; 在 ${0.5R}$ 处,与无仰角风轮相比, ${6}^{\circ },{9}^{\circ }$ 仰角使背风面压力峰值分别降低了 ${10}\%$${15}\%,{12}^{\circ }$ 仰角使背风面压力峰值大于无仰角风力机背风面压力峰值; 在 ${0.7R}$ 处, ${3}^{\circ },{6}^{\circ },{9}^{\circ }$ 仰角与无仰角叶片表面压力基本一致,12 ${}^{\circ }$ 仰角使吸力面前缘具有更大的压力;在 ${0.9R}$ 处,与无仰角风轮相比, $3 \sim {12}^{\circ }$ 仰角使迎风面压力峰值降低了 27%~39%。增大风轮仰角, 叶片叶尖与叶根部分受到的影响最为明显, 叶中部分受到影响较小。叶尖部分迎风面压力的降低将减小叶尖部分压差, 进而减小叶尖部分的挥舞变形, 这既降低了叶片与塔筒发生碰撞的可能,又降低了叶片疲劳载荷,提高了风力机寿命。
在风力机工作过程中, 来流风高速通过叶片表面, 而叶片表面不是一个绝对光滑的表面, 由此便会产生逆压, 这使得在风力机运行过程中叶片表面会产生大量的涡, 叶尖处产生的涡在来流风的作用下向后移动形成叶尖涡, 叶根处产生的涡与机舱相互作用向风轮后运动形成中心涡。 图 5 为不同风轮仰角下叶片压力面、吸力面涡量云图。
图 5 可知: 叶片表面涡量分布主要受到叶片几何形状和风速大小等外部环境因素的影响, 叶片表面高涡量区域主要集中在叶尖前缘部分, 相比较于压力面,叶片吸力面的高涡量区域更大; 风轮仰角的变化对叶片表面涡量分布的影响较小,但随着风轮仰角的增大,叶片表面的高涡量区域减弱, 这是由于随着风轮仰角的增大, 叶片表面压差逐渐减小,使得流经叶片表面流体需要克服的逆压相应减小,从而造成叶片仰角增大,叶片表面高涡量区域减小。
塔影效应不仅对叶片绕流流场产生影响, 对塔筒表面压力的影响同样不可忽视。 图 6${15}^{\circ }$ , ${60}^{\circ },{90}^{\circ },{105}^{\circ }$ 相位角下塔筒表面压力分布曲线。
图 6 可知, 塔影效应的主要影响区域为塔筒迎风面 0 1.57R,0 0.7R 塔筒迎风面压力呈现出先增大后减小再增大的趋势。
相较于无仰角塔筒表面压力,3 °仰角塔筒表面压力在 ${1.43R}\sim {1.57R}$ 内几乎无压力波动,当风轮处于 ${15}^{\circ },{60}^{\circ }$ 相位角时, $0 \sim {0.7R}$ 塔筒表面压力更低;6 “仰角塔筒受塔影效应影响范围更广,可达到 ${2R},{105}^{\circ }$ 相位角下,叶片长度范围内的塔筒所受压力更大;当叶片未到达塔筒或叶片远离塔筒时, 9 °仰角导致叶片长度范围内的塔筒表面压力降低,当叶片与塔筒重合时, ${9}^{\circ }$ 仰角的塔筒表面压力与无仰角的塔筒表面压力基本一致; ${12}^{\circ }$ 仰角使叶片长度范围内的塔筒表面压力波动较小。风轮仰角使塔筒迎风面 $0 \sim {0.7R}$ 内压力降低, ${0.14R}\sim$ 1.57R 内压力波动减小。
图 7 为塔筒迎风面不同位置的压力变化曲线。
图 7 可知: 塔影效应的主要影响区域为塔筒迎风面 $0 \sim {1.1R},0 \sim {1R}$ 塔筒迎风面压力呈现出先增大后减小再增大的趋势, 与文献[ 16 ]一致; 当叶片靠近塔筒时, 塔筒表面压力降低, 当叶片远离塔筒时, 塔筒表面压力升高, 与文献[ 2 ]一致, 压力变化图像关于 60°相位角对称。
随着远离风轮回转中心, 塔筒表面压力波动呈现出先增大后减小的趋势, 最大压力波动位于 ${0.6R}$ 处,可以达到近 ${60}\mathrm{\;{Pa}}$ ,塔筒表面压力最大值出现在 ${1.2R}$ 处,当距离大于 ${1.2R}$ 时,塔筒表面压力有小幅降低,压力波动几乎可以忽略不计。在 ${0.6R}$ 处,塔筒表面压力随相位角变化波动最为剧烈,随着风轮仰角的增加,波动逐渐减小,相对于无仰角风力机,风轮仰角为 ${12}^{\circ }$ 时,该位置的压力波动减小了 ${56}\%$ 。在 ${0.9R}$ 处,当无仰角的风力机风轮相位角为 ${30}^{\circ }$${90}^{\circ }$ 时,塔筒表面压力会有小幅度增加,相位角为 ${30}\sim {90}^{\circ }$ 时,压力变化更为剧烈。在 ${1.5R}$ 处,塔筒表面压力波动不再明显。随着风轮仰角增大,塔筒表面压力波动减小,无风轮仰角的风力机塔筒表面压力要略高于有风轮仰角的风力机塔筒表面压力, 并且该现象在大于叶片长度的塔筒段更加明显。
图 8 为不同风轮仰角下 ${0}^{\circ }$ 相位角叶片靠近 (远离)侧塔筒表面的涡量云图。
图 8 可知: 从轮毂高度向下约 ${1R}$ 的位置开始, 塔筒表面的涡量逐渐增大, 叶片靠近侧塔筒表面涡量要高于叶片远离侧塔筒表面涡量,叶片靠近侧塔筒表面高涡量区域主要集中在距离风轮回转中心 ${1R}\sim {1.7R}$ 处; 随着风轮仰角的增加,叶尖与塔筒之间距离增大, 塔筒表面高涡量区域逐渐缩小,叶片对塔筒影响减小,随着风轮仰角的增大,塔筒表面高涡量区域逐渐减小。在风轮旋转过程中,由于叶片表面并非绝对光滑,且空气具有一定粘性,叶片运动会带动周围空气进行运动,当叶片靠近侧塔筒表面时有高速流体流过, 塔筒边界层流体的动能无法平衡塔筒表面摩擦力, 塔筒表面流体会发生卷绕产生高涡量区域, 添加风轮仰角后, 增大叶尖与塔筒距离, 使叶片对塔筒影响降低。
风力机输出功率波动是塔影效应最直接的影响结果 [ 16 ] ,不同风轮仰角的风力机输出功率如 图 9 所示。由 图 9 可知,风力机输出功率以 ${120}^{\circ }$ 方位角呈现周期性波动; 当叶片经过塔筒相位角为 ${60}^{\circ },{180}^{\circ },{300}^{\circ }$ 时,塔影效应对风力机影响最大, 风力机输出功率降至最低;当叶片竖直向上时,风力机输出功率达到最大值。
${0}^{\circ }$ 风轮仰角使风力机输出功率随相位角波动较大,3 ${}^{\circ }$ 风轮仰角使风力机输出功率波动较小,且能够提高风力机输出功率 $1\%,{6}^{\circ }$ 以上风轮仰角时,风力机输出功率会降低,12 °风轮仰角使风力机输出功率降低了约 22%。增加风轮仰角能够减轻塔影效应, 将增大风力机输出功率,但增加风轮仰角将会减小风轮扫掠面积, 降低风力机的输出功率,3 °风轮仰角时,塔影效应对风力机输出功率影响占主导因素,3 °以上风轮仰角时,风轮扫掠面积对风力机输出功率影响占主导因素。 随着风轮仰角的增大, 风力机的输出功率与输出功率波动均呈现出先增大后减小的趋势。风力机输出功率增大将使风电场有更好的效益, 风力机输出功率波动减小会降低对电气设备的冲击,延长使用寿命。在风力机设计时应考虑风轮仰角,若要风力机输出功率更高,可以选择 3 ° 风轮仰角; 若想要风力机输出功率波动较小,应当选择 ${6}^{\circ }$ 风轮仰角。
本文基于塔影效应对不同风轮仰角下的风力机流场特性进行了分析, 得到以下结论。
①增大风轮仰角使叶片表面压力降低,叶尖部分迎风面压力的降低将减小叶尖部分压差, 叶片表面高涡量区域减小。增大风轮仰角既降低了叶片与塔筒发生碰撞的可能,又降低了叶片疲劳载荷, 提高了风力机寿命。增大风轮仰角使叶片对塔筒影响减小, 塔筒表面高涡量区域随着风轮仰角的增大而逐渐减小, 从而降低了塔筒表面的压力波动。
②当叶片经过塔筒, 塔影效应导致风力机输出功率降低, 无风轮仰角时, 风力机输出功率随相位角波动明显,添加风轮仰角后,风力机输出功率随风轮仰角的增大呈现出先增大后减小的趋势。 风轮仰角为 ${}^{0}$ 时可以增加 $1\%$ 的风力机输出功率。若要风力机输出功率更高,可以选择 ${3}^{\circ }$ 风轮仰角;若要风力机输出功率波动较小,可以选择 6°风轮仰角。
  • 内蒙古自治区直属高校基本科研业务费项目(JY20230096)
  • 国家自然科学基金(52066013)
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2024年第42卷第3期
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  • 接收时间:2023-06-20
  • 首发时间:2025-07-22
  • 出版时间:2024-03-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-06-20
基金
内蒙古自治区直属高校基本科研业务费项目(JY20230096)
国家自然科学基金(52066013)
作者信息
    1 内蒙古工业大学 能源与动力工程学院 内蒙古 呼和浩特 010080
    2 国网辽宁省电力有限公司 电力调度控制中心 辽宁 沈阳 110006
    3 风能太阳能利用技术教育部重点实验室 教育部重点实验室 内蒙古 呼和浩特 010080

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张立茹(1975-),女,博士,教授,研究方向为风能利用。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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