Article(id=1154429040975926182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154429037721146272, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1680192000000, receivedDateStr=2023-03-31, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753166931622, onlineDateStr=2025-07-22, pubDate=1710864000000, pubDateStr=2024-03-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753166931622, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753166931622, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753166931622, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154429037721146272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, year='2024', volume='42', issue='3', pageStart='284', pageEnd='426', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753166930847, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753694626061, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156642351918469663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154429037721146272, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156642351918469664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154429037721146272, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=361, endPage=369, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154429041365996455, articleId=1154429040975926182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, language=EN, title=A commom-ground enhanced-gain buck/boost converter with continuous currents, low voltage stress and reduced switches, columnId=null, journalTitle=Renewable Energy Resources, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The boost capability of conventional Buck/Boost converter is weak and the power switches suffer from high voltage stress (equals the voltage at the highvoltage side (HVS)), reducing the conversion efficiency. Further, since the HVS current pulsates greatly, large capacity capacitors are required to meet the requirements of current ripple, decreasing the system reliability. Therefore, this paper proposes an improved Buck/Boost converter. By introducing one switch, one inductor and two capacitors into the conventional topology, the proposed converter has continuous input and output current, which greatly reduces the current stress of HVS filter capacitor. The voltage gain in Boost mode is increased to (2D₁)/(1D₁), and all switches have the same low voltage stress, which equals the difference between the voltages at lowvoltage side (LVS) and HVS, so it has higher conversion efficiency. The operation principle, steadystate characteristics, dynamic model and control strategy are analyzed in detail. Its feasibility is verified on a 100 W/120 kHz prototype. The experimental results demonstrate an enhanced efficiency performance over wide operating operations with a maximum efficiency of 95.6%.

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传统 Buck/Boost 双向直流变换器的升压能力较弱,且开关管承受较高的电压应力(等于高压侧电压),导致变换效率较低,同时高压侧电流存在较大的脉动,电容电流应力较大,需要增大滤波电容,降低了可靠性。文章提出了一种改进的Buck/Boost 双向变换器,其在传统拓扑的基础上增加了一个开关管、一个电感和两个电容,实现了连续的输入输出电流特性,减小了高压侧电容的电流应力。此外,Boost 模式下的电压增益被提升,且所有开关管的电压应力均降低为高压侧和低压侧电压的差值,从而改善了变换效率。文章详细分析了所提双向变换器的工作原理、稳态特性、控制策略,建立了小信号数学模型,并通过一台100 W/120 kHz 的样机验证了其可行性。实验结果表明,其在宽工作范围内均具有较高的效率,且最高效率达到95.6%。

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秦岭(1977-),男,博士,教授,硕士生导师,研究方向为光伏储能发电系统及其建模与控制。E-mail:
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IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 2019, 34(12): 11645-11660., articleTitle=Modeling and implementation of optimal asymmetric variable dead -Time setting for SiC MOSFET-based three-phase two-level inverters, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1154429106545480429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429040975926182, awardId=52177051, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(52177051), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1154429106600006382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429040975926182, awardId=202210299016Z, language=CN, fundingSource=江苏省高等学校大学生创新训练重点项目(202210299016Z), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1154429102326010537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429040975926182, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154429102334399146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429040975926182, 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ArticleFig(id=1154429104548991688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429040975926182, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Key waveforms and equivalent circuit for each mode of the proposed converter in Boost mode, figureFileSmall=6/7IXaeV+SWl8jVvSBp6+Q==, figureFileBig=OXUjIzeV4/K3Y3dLtWysMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154429104620294857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429040975926182, language=CN, label=图 2, caption=Boost 模式下, 所提变换器的关键波形和各模态对应的等效电路, figureFileSmall=6/7IXaeV+SWl8jVvSBp6+Q==, figureFileBig=OXUjIzeV4/K3Y3dLtWysMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154429104691598026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429040975926182, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Key waveforms and equivalent circuit for each mode of the proposed converter in Buck mode, figureFileSmall=u7IJ3C7LDZMoFHDVyp1vTw==, figureFileBig=ow/J5bZwmZM7W3C7awMMLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154429104762901195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429040975926182, language=CN, label=图 3, caption=Buck 模式下, 本文变换器的关键波形和各模态对应的等效电路, figureFileSmall=u7IJ3C7LDZMoFHDVyp1vTw==, figureFileBig=ow/J5bZwmZM7W3C7awMMLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154429104817427148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429040975926182, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Characteristic curves of voltage gain and voltage stress, figureFileSmall=DDnfM4iKRBTUTPfe/LdM+A==, figureFileBig=T+B3X0QaTURY3xopd7oCTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154429104871953102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429040975926182, language=CN, label=图 4, caption=电压增益和电压应力特性曲线, figureFileSmall=DDnfM4iKRBTUTPfe/LdM+A==, figureFileBig=T+B3X0QaTURY3xopd7oCTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154429104934867663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429040975926182, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Bode diagrams of ${G}_{\mathrm{{ud}}}\left( s\right)$ and ${G}_{\mathrm{{id}}}\left( s\right)$, figureFileSmall=Ywso9rBlkoQxY4rm9o9rSA==, figureFileBig=l7EYarxtf0+xJwhEE1S6Pg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154429104989393616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429040975926182, language=CN, label=图 5, caption=${G}_{\mathrm{{ud}}}\left( s\right)$ 和 ${G}_{\mathrm{{id}}}\left( s\right)$ 的波特图, figureFileSmall=Ywso9rBlkoQxY4rm9o9rSA==, figureFileBig=l7EYarxtf0+xJwhEE1S6Pg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154429105043919569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429040975926182, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Double -loop control structure and block diagram of the proposed Buck/Boost converter, figureFileSmall=4gHUQ1B5CTN9I282t954vA==, figureFileBig=EWL5Xq+g3E1pqOkof1hKww==, tableContent=null), 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articleId=1154429040975926182, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Experimental prototype of the proposed bidirectional converter, figureFileSmall=wd9MUMJWaAH//MiqbGhO4A==, figureFileBig=u9wuGNbqQOWu0jZ7D1fSRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154429105358492376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429040975926182, language=CN, label=图 8, caption=所提双向变换器实验样机, figureFileSmall=wd9MUMJWaAH//MiqbGhO4A==, figureFileBig=u9wuGNbqQOWu0jZ7D1fSRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154429105425601241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429040975926182, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Steady-state experimental waveforms in Boost mode when ${U}_{\mathrm{L}}= {12}\mathrm{\;V},{U}_{\mathrm{H}}= {56}\mathrm{\;V}$ and ${P}_{\mathrm{o}}= {100}\mathrm{\;W}$, figureFileSmall=4u8EgAAweIquznELWNePbg==, figureFileBig=8Qv1M6amI5SZUF95y4MCFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154429105488515802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429040975926182, language=CN, label=图 9, caption=Boost 模式下, ${U}_{\mathrm{L}}= {12}\mathrm{V},{U}_{\mathrm{H}}= {56}\mathrm{\;V}$ 且 ${P}_{\mathrm{o}}= {100}\mathrm{W}$ 时的稳态实验波形, figureFileSmall=4u8EgAAweIquznELWNePbg==, figureFileBig=8Qv1M6amI5SZUF95y4MCFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154429105555624667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429040975926182, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Steady-state experimental waveforms in Buck mode when ${U}_{\mathrm{L}}= {12}\mathrm{\;V},{U}_{\mathrm{H}}= {56}\mathrm{\;V}$ and ${P}_{\mathrm{o}}= {100}\mathrm{\;W}$, figureFileSmall=JLRju2ry10Hjr5+CxR2TYw==, figureFileBig=8IB/r1XujyR6SbJbZ20CGw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154429105610150620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429040975926182, language=CN, label=图 10, caption=Buck 模式下, ${U}_{\mathrm{L}}= {12}\mathrm{V},{U}_{\mathrm{H}}= {56}\mathrm{\;V}$ 且 ${P}_{\mathrm{o}}= {100}\mathrm{\;W}$ 时的稳态实验波形, figureFileSmall=JLRju2ry10Hjr5+CxR2TYw==, figureFileBig=8IB/r1XujyR6SbJbZ20CGw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154429105664676573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429040975926182, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=Transient experimental waveforms in Boost mode, figureFileSmall=RFmWghziUUwQ0OcFd5DCVQ==, figureFileBig=vQIZz+/ZMprxRP5cZe4Z0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154429105719202527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429040975926182, language=CN, label=图 11, caption=Boost 模式下的瞬态实验波形, figureFileSmall=RFmWghziUUwQ0OcFd5DCVQ==, figureFileBig=vQIZz+/ZMprxRP5cZe4Z0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154429105782117089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429040975926182, language=EN, label=Fig. 12, caption=Experimental waveform under full-load condition when ${U}_{\mathrm{L}}= {12}\mathrm{\;V},{U}_{\mathrm{H}}= {56}\mathrm{\;V}$, figureFileSmall=DULCZ0sv8kgqID1DfEuCVw==, figureFileBig=Z9qlgthD3aw6UozbDNZsZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154429105828254434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429040975926182, language=CN, label=图 12, caption=${U}_{\mathrm{L}}= {12}\mathrm{V},{U}_{\mathrm{H}}= {56}\mathrm{\;V}$ 且满载时的实验波形, figureFileSmall=DULCZ0sv8kgqID1DfEuCVw==, figureFileBig=Z9qlgthD3aw6UozbDNZsZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154429105945694947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429040975926182, language=EN, label=Fig. 13, caption=Measured efficiency curve, figureFileSmall=sUgD/LlGKywSiQ/pPtoe5A==, figureFileBig=QT9Y9YRfsM10SBRUb48zxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154429106021192421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429040975926182, language=CN, label=图 13, caption=实测效率曲线, figureFileSmall=sUgD/LlGKywSiQ/pPtoe5A==, figureFileBig=QT9Y9YRfsM10SBRUb48zxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154429106075718373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429040975926182, language=EN, label=Fig. 14, caption=FFT simulation results of high-voltage side battery current, figureFileSmall=oJWZFdKituqU7gs1N4WZhw==, figureFileBig=3UMOaZ5UirA+lOv78o62Kg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154429106155410150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429040975926182, language=CN, label=图 14, caption=高压侧蓄电池电流的 FFT 仿真结果, figureFileSmall=oJWZFdKituqU7gs1N4WZhw==, figureFileBig=3UMOaZ5UirA+lOv78o62Kg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154429106214130407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429040975926182, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Performance comparison among different Buck/Boost converter schemes, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案 S L C 电压 应力 增益 高压侧电 流连续性 高、低压 侧共地性
[ 4 ] 2 1 1 ${U}_{\mathrm{H}}$ $1/\left( {1 - {D}_{1}}\right)$ 脉动 共地
[ 10 ] 2 2 2 ${U}_{\mathrm{H}}$ $1/\left( {1 - {D}_{1}}\right)$ 连续 共地
[ 11 ] 4 1 3 ${U}_{\mathrm{H}}/2$ $1/\left( {1 - {D}_{1}}\right)$ 脉动 不共地
[ 12 ] 4 1 3 ${U}_{\mathrm{H}}/2$ $1/\left( {1 - {D}_{1}}\right)$ 脉动 共地
[ 15 ] 4 2 2 ${U}_{\mathrm{H}} + {U}_{\mathrm{L}}$ $\left( {1 + {D}_{1}}\right) /\left( {1 - {D}_{1)}}\right.$ 脉动 不共地
[ 16 ] 4 1 4 ${U}_{\mathrm{H}}/2$ $2/\left( {1 - {D}_{1}}\right)$ 脉动 不共地
本文 3 2 4 ${U}_{\mathrm{H}} - {U}_{\mathrm{L}}$ $\left( {2 - {D}_{1}}\right) /\left( {1 - {D}_{1}}\right)$ 连续 共地
), ArticleFig(id=1154429106281239272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429040975926182, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=不同 Buck/Boost 变换器方案的性能比较, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案 S L C 电压 应力 增益 高压侧电 流连续性 高、低压 侧共地性
[ 4 ] 2 1 1 ${U}_{\mathrm{H}}$ $1/\left( {1 - {D}_{1}}\right)$ 脉动 共地
[ 10 ] 2 2 2 ${U}_{\mathrm{H}}$ $1/\left( {1 - {D}_{1}}\right)$ 连续 共地
[ 11 ] 4 1 3 ${U}_{\mathrm{H}}/2$ $1/\left( {1 - {D}_{1}}\right)$ 脉动 不共地
[ 12 ] 4 1 3 ${U}_{\mathrm{H}}/2$ $1/\left( {1 - {D}_{1}}\right)$ 脉动 共地
[ 15 ] 4 2 2 ${U}_{\mathrm{H}} + {U}_{\mathrm{L}}$ $\left( {1 + {D}_{1}}\right) /\left( {1 - {D}_{1)}}\right.$ 脉动 不共地
[ 16 ] 4 1 4 ${U}_{\mathrm{H}}/2$ $2/\left( {1 - {D}_{1}}\right)$ 脉动 不共地
本文 3 2 4 ${U}_{\mathrm{H}} - {U}_{\mathrm{L}}$ $\left( {2 - {D}_{1}}\right) /\left( {1 - {D}_{1}}\right)$ 连续 共地
), ArticleFig(id=1154429106344153834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429040975926182, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Main circuit parameters for the prototype, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值或型号
开关管 ${\mathrm{S}}_{1} \sim {\mathrm{S}}_{3}$ IRFP4110
低压侧电感 ${L}_{1}$ ${26\mu }\mathrm{H}$ , EE33/23.5/12.7
高压侧电感 ${L}_{2}$ ${150\mu }\mathrm{H}$ , EE19/14/5
电容 ${C}_{1},{C}_{2}$ ${20\mu }\mathrm{F}/{100}\mathrm{\;V}$
电容 ${C}_{\mathrm{L}},{C}_{\mathrm{H}}$ ${30\mu }\mathrm{F}/{100}\mathrm{\;V}$
), ArticleFig(id=1154429106402874091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429040975926182, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=实验样机主电路参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值或型号
开关管 ${\mathrm{S}}_{1} \sim {\mathrm{S}}_{3}$ IRFP4110
低压侧电感 ${L}_{1}$ ${26\mu }\mathrm{H}$ , EE33/23.5/12.7
高压侧电感 ${L}_{2}$ ${150\mu }\mathrm{H}$ , EE19/14/5
电容 ${C}_{1},{C}_{2}$ ${20\mu }\mathrm{F}/{100}\mathrm{\;V}$
电容 ${C}_{\mathrm{L}},{C}_{\mathrm{H}}$ ${30\mu }\mathrm{F}/{100}\mathrm{\;V}$
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少开关低电压应力电流连续且共地的高增益 Buck/Boost 变换器
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秦杨 1 , 刘宇涵 2 , 秦岭 2
可再生能源 | 2024,42(3): 361-369
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可再生能源 | 2024, 42(3): 361-369
少开关低电压应力电流连续且共地的高增益 Buck/Boost 变换器
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秦杨1, 刘宇涵2, 秦岭2
作者信息
  • 1 江苏大学 电气信息工程学院 江苏 镇江 212016
  • 2 南通大学 电气工程学院 江苏 南通 226019

通讯作者:

秦岭(1977-),男,博士,教授,硕士生导师,研究方向为光伏储能发电系统及其建模与控制。E-mail:
A commom-ground enhanced-gain buck/boost converter with continuous currents, low voltage stress and reduced switches
Yang Qin1, Yuhan Liu2, Ling Qin2
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Electronic and Information Engineering Jiangsu University Zhenjiang 212016 China
  • 2 School of Electrical Engineering Nantong University Nantong 226019 China
出版时间: 2024-03-20
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传统 Buck/Boost 双向直流变换器的升压能力较弱,且开关管承受较高的电压应力(等于高压侧电压),导致变换效率较低,同时高压侧电流存在较大的脉动,电容电流应力较大,需要增大滤波电容,降低了可靠性。文章提出了一种改进的Buck/Boost 双向变换器,其在传统拓扑的基础上增加了一个开关管、一个电感和两个电容,实现了连续的输入输出电流特性,减小了高压侧电容的电流应力。此外,Boost 模式下的电压增益被提升,且所有开关管的电压应力均降低为高压侧和低压侧电压的差值,从而改善了变换效率。文章详细分析了所提双向变换器的工作原理、稳态特性、控制策略,建立了小信号数学模型,并通过一台100 W/120 kHz 的样机验证了其可行性。实验结果表明,其在宽工作范围内均具有较高的效率,且最高效率达到95.6%。

双向直流变换器  /  电压应力  /  电流应力  /  电压增益

The boost capability of conventional Buck/Boost converter is weak and the power switches suffer from high voltage stress (equals the voltage at the highvoltage side (HVS)), reducing the conversion efficiency. Further, since the HVS current pulsates greatly, large capacity capacitors are required to meet the requirements of current ripple, decreasing the system reliability. Therefore, this paper proposes an improved Buck/Boost converter. By introducing one switch, one inductor and two capacitors into the conventional topology, the proposed converter has continuous input and output current, which greatly reduces the current stress of HVS filter capacitor. The voltage gain in Boost mode is increased to (2D₁)/(1D₁), and all switches have the same low voltage stress, which equals the difference between the voltages at lowvoltage side (LVS) and HVS, so it has higher conversion efficiency. The operation principle, steadystate characteristics, dynamic model and control strategy are analyzed in detail. Its feasibility is verified on a 100 W/120 kHz prototype. The experimental results demonstrate an enhanced efficiency performance over wide operating operations with a maximum efficiency of 95.6%.

bidirectional DC-DC converter  /  voltage stress  /  current stress  /  voltage gain
秦杨, 刘宇涵, 秦岭. 少开关低电压应力电流连续且共地的高增益 Buck/Boost 变换器. 可再生能源, 2024 , 42 (3) : 361 -369 .
Yang Qin, Yuhan Liu, Ling Qin. A commom-ground enhanced-gain buck/boost converter with continuous currents, low voltage stress and reduced switches[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2024 , 42 (3) : 361 -369 .
传统 Buck/Boost 双向直流变换器具有结构简单、控制方便、成本较低等优点, 被广泛应用于储能系统 [ 1 , 2 ] 、可再生能源发电系统 [ 3 - 5 ] 等领域。然而, 该变换器的升压能力较弱。当高、低压侧电压倍数超过 5 时,其占空比趋近于 1 ,导致功率管电流应力和通态损耗急剧增大,效率明显下降 [ 6 ] 。此外, 功率管承受较高的电压应力 (等于高压侧电压), 需要采用高耐压功率器件, 导致通态损耗和成本较大;高压侧电流呈脉冲状,因此滤波电容承受较大的电流应力 [ 7 - 9 ]
为了解决上述问题, 各国学者提出了多种技术方案。双电感 Buck/Boost 变换器实现了高压侧电流连续, 减小了所需的滤波电容, 但电压增益和功率管的电压应力与传统 Buck/Boost 变换器完全相同 [ 10 ] 。将中点钳位 [ 11 ] 或飞跨电容 [ 12 ] 等三电平技术引入到传统拓扑, 可以使功率管的电压应力下降 $1/2$ 。然而,前者的高、低压侧不共地,且负极性端的电位差呈高频 PWM 脉动, 通过印刷电路板的分布电容产生了共模电磁干扰噪声 [ 13 , 14 ] ; 后者在系统启动时需要首先对飞跨电容进行预充电,增加了结构和控制的复杂性。此外, 与传统拓扑相比,三电平解决方案的开关管数量为 4 个,且升压能力和高压侧电流连续性没有得到改善。文献 [ 15 ]提出的有源开关电感四管双向变换器能显著拓宽电压增益范围,但是其高、低压侧不共地且电流断续。此外, 其还会因电感量不相等而出现振铃现象,导致功率管的实际电压应力较高(超过高压侧电压)。文献[ 16 ]提出了一种开关电容 Buck/Boost 变换器, 该变换器的电压增益和功率管电压应力分别为传统拓扑的 2 倍和 1/2, 但同样存在不共地和高压侧电流脉动的问题。
本文提出了一种改进型 Buck/Boost 变换器, 与传统 Buck/Boost 变换器相比, 其增加了一个功率管, 但具有更低的电压应力和更强的升/降压能力,效率较高,实现了高、低压侧共地和电流连续, 降低了滤波电容的电流应力。无需采用大量电解电容并联,改善了系统可靠性。最后通过 1 台 100 $\mathrm{W}/{120}\mathrm{{kHz}}$ 的样机实验验证了该方案的可行性。
本文提出的改进型 Buck/Boost 双向变换器如 图 1 所示。
图中,电感 ${L}_{1}$ 、开关管 ${\mathrm{S}}_{1},{\mathrm{\;S}}_{2}$ 和电容 ${C}_{1}$ 构成传统 Buck/Boost 电路。本文所提变换器在传统 Buck/Boost 电路的基础上,增加了开关管 ${\mathrm{S}}_{3}$ 、电感 ${L}_{2}$ 以及电容 ${C}_{2},{C}_{\mathrm{{Ho}}}{\mathrm{S}}_{3}$${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$ 的驱动信号相同,与 ${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ 互补导通,本质上仍属于同步整流控制。此外, 高压侧电源用恒压源 ${U}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$ 与内阻 ${R}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 的串联电路来等效, ${U}_{\mathrm{L}}$${U}_{\mathrm{H}}$ 分别为低压侧和高压侧的端电压。
为了简化分析,用恒压源 ${U}_{\mathrm{H}}$ 替代高压侧电源和滤波电容 ${C}_{\mathrm{H}}$ ,并假设电容 ${C}_{1},{C}_{2}$ 足够大,其端电压 ${U}_{\mathrm{C}1},{U}_{\mathrm{C}2}$ 在开关周期内保持恒定。
①Boost 模式
Boost 模式下, 所提变换器在一个开关周期内的稳态工作可以分成 4 个模态。其关键波形和各模态对应的等效电路如 图 2 所示。
模态 $1\left\lbrack {{t}_{0}\sim {t}_{1}}\right): {t}_{0}$ 时刻,开通 ${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$${\mathrm{S}}_{3}$${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ 的体二极管 ${\mathrm{D}}_{\mathrm{S}2}$ 被强迫关断。低压侧电源 ${U}_{\mathrm{L}}$ 对电感 ${L}_{1}$ 进行充电,电容 ${C}_{1}$ 经过 ${\mathrm{S}}_{3}$ 对电容 ${C}_{2}$ 进行充电。电感 ${L}_{2}$ 和电容 ${C}_{1}$ 对负载供电。电感电流 ${i}_{\mathrm{{L1}}}$${i}_{\mathrm{{L2}}}$ 分别开始上升和下降,其斜率为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{\mathrm{L}1}}{\mathrm{\;d}t}= \frac{{U}_{\mathrm{L}}}{{L}_{1}}\\\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{\mathrm{L}2}}{\mathrm{\;d}t}= \frac{{U}_{\mathrm{C}1}- {U}_{\mathrm{H}}}{{L}_{2}}\end{array}\right.$
${t}_{1}$ 时刻,关断 ${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$${\mathrm{S}}_{3},{\mathrm{D}}_{\mathrm{S}2}$ 导通,模态 1 结束。 该模态的持续时间为 ${D}_{1}{T}_{\mathrm{s}},{D}_{1}$${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$ 的占空比, ${T}_{\mathrm{s}}=$ $1/{f}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 为开关周期, ${f}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 为开关频率。
模态 $2\left\lbrack {{t}_{1}\sim {t}_{2}}\right)$ : 电感 ${L}_{1}$ 经过 ${\mathrm{D}}_{\mathrm{S}2}$ ,对电容 ${C}_{1}$ 进行充电,并和电容 ${C}_{2}$ 一起对电感 ${L}_{2}$ 充电。电感电流 ${i}_{\mathrm{{L1}}}$${i}_{\mathrm{{L2}}}$ 分别开始下降和上升,其斜率为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{\mathrm{L}1}}{\mathrm{\;d}t}= \frac{{U}_{\mathrm{L}}- {U}_{\mathrm{C}1}}{{L}_{1}}\\\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{\mathrm{L}2}}{\mathrm{\;d}t}= \frac{{U}_{\mathrm{C}1}+ {U}_{\mathrm{C}2}- {U}_{\mathrm{H}}}{{L}_{2}}\end{array}\right.$
${t}_{2}$ 时刻, ZVS(Zero Voltage Switching)开通 ${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ , 自然关断 ${\mathrm{D}}_{\mathrm{s}2}$ ,模态 2 结束。该模态持续时间为死区时间 ${T}_{\mathrm{d}}$
模态 $3\left\lbrack {{t}_{2}\sim {t}_{3}}\right): {L}_{1}$ 通过 ${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$${C}_{1}$ 充电,并和 ${C}_{2}$ 一起继续对 ${L}_{2}$ 充电。电感电流斜率如式 (2) 所示。 ${t}_{3}$ 时刻,关断 ${\mathrm{S}}_{2},{\mathrm{D}}_{\mathrm{S}2}$ 再次导通,模态 2 结束。
模态 $4\left\lbrack {{t}_{3}\sim {t}_{4}}\right)$ : 该模态的工作情况与模态 2 相同。 ${t}_{4}$ 时刻,开通 ${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$${\mathrm{S}}_{3}$ ,模态 4 结束,下一开关周期开始。该模态的持续时间为死区时间 ${T}_{\mathrm{d}}$
②Buck 模式
Buck 模式下, 所提变换器在一个开关周期内的工作可以分成 4 个模态, 其关键波形和各模态对应的等效电路如 图 3 所示。
模态 $1\left\lbrack {{t}_{0}\sim {t}_{1}}\right): {t}_{0}$ 时刻, ZVS 开通 ${\mathrm{S}}_{1},{\mathrm{\;S}}_{3}$ 。电感电流 ${i}_{\mathrm{{L1}}}$ 经过 ${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$ 的沟道续流, ${\mathrm{D}}_{\mathrm{S}1}$ 自然关断。经过 ${\mathrm{S}}_{3}$ , 电容 ${C}_{2}$ 对电容 ${C}_{1}$ 进行充电,高压侧电源 ${U}_{\mathrm{H}}$ 对电感 ${L}_{2}$ 和电容 ${C}_{1}$ 进行充电。电感电流的变化斜率如式(1)所示。 ${t}_{1}$ 时刻,关断 ${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$${\mathrm{S}}_{3}$ ,模态 1 结束。 该模态持续时间为 ${D}_{1}{T}_{\mathrm{s}}$
模态 $2\left\lbrack {{t}_{1}\sim {t}_{2}}\right)$ : 电感电流 ${i}_{\mathrm{{LI}}}$ 中的一部分经过 ${\mathrm{D}}_{\mathrm{S}1}$ 续流; 高压侧电源 ${U}_{\mathrm{H}}$ 对电感 ${L}_{2}$ 、电容 ${C}_{2}$ 充电。 电感电流的变化斜率如式(1)所示。 ${t}_{2}$ 时刻,开通 ${\mathrm{S}}_{2},{\mathrm{D}}_{\mathrm{S}1}$ 被强迫关断, ${\mathrm{S}}_{1},{\mathrm{\;S}}_{3}$ 端电压上升为 ${U}_{\mathrm{C}1}$ ,模态 2 结束。该模态持续时间为死区时间 ${T}_{\mathrm{d}}$
模态 $3\left\lbrack {{t}_{2}\sim {t}_{3}}\right)$ : 电容 ${C}_{1}$ 通过 ${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ 对电感 ${L}_{1}$ 进行充电,电感 ${L}_{2}$ 对电容 ${C}_{1}$ 和电感 ${L}_{1}$ 进行充电。电感电流的变化斜率如式(2)所示。 ${t}_{3}$ 时刻,关断 ${\mathrm{S}}_{2},{\mathrm{D}}_{\mathrm{S}1}$ 导通, ${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$${\mathrm{S}}_{3}$ 的端电压重新被钳制在 0,模态 3 结束。
模态 $4\left\lbrack {{t}_{3}\sim {t}_{4}}\right)$ : 该模态的工作情况和模态 2 相同。 ${t}_{4}$ 时刻, ZVS 开通 ${\mathrm{S}}_{1},{\mathrm{\;S}}_{3}$ ,模态 4 结束,下一周期开始。模态 4 的持续时间为 ${T}_{\mathrm{d}}$
根据电感 ${L}_{1},{L}_{2}$ 的伏秒平衡,可得:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{U}_{\mathrm{L}}{D}_{1}{T}_{\mathrm{s}}= \left({{U}_{\mathrm{{Cl}}}- {U}_{\mathrm{L}}}\right)\left({1 -{D}_{1}}\right){T}_{\mathrm{s}}\\\left({{U}_{\mathrm{{Cl}}}- {U}_{\mathrm{H}}}\right){D}_{1}{T}_{\mathrm{s}}= \left({{U}_{\mathrm{H}}- {U}_{\mathrm{{Cl}}}- {U}_{\mathrm{{C2}}}}\right)\left({1 -{D}_{1}}\right){T}_{\mathrm{s}}\end{array}\right.$
图 3(b)可知, ${U}_{\mathrm{{Cl}}}= {U}_{\mathrm{C}2}$ ,将该等式代入式 (3), 可得所提变换器的电压增益为
$ G =\frac{{U}_{\mathrm{H}}}{{U}_{\mathrm{L}}}= \frac{2 -{D}_{1}}{1 -{D}_{1}}$
开关管 ${\mathrm{S}}_{1},{\mathrm{\;S}}_{2},{\mathrm{\;S}}_{3}$ 和电容 ${C}_{1},{C}_{2}$ 电压应力分别为
${U}_{\mathrm{{Sl}}}= {U}_{\mathrm{S}2}= {U}_{\mathrm{S}3}= {U}_{\mathrm{{Cl}}}= {U}_{\mathrm{C}2}= \frac{{U}_{\mathrm{H}}}{2 -{D}_{1}}= {U}_{\mathrm{H}}- {U}_{\mathrm{L}}$
可见, 所提变换器开关管电压应力完全相同。
若以 ${U}_{\mathrm{H}}$ 作为基值,则开关管的电压应力标幺值为
${U}_{\mathrm{S}}^{* }= \frac{1}{2 -{D}_{1}}$
根据式 (4) 和式 (6), 可以绘出本文所提变换器的电压增益和电压应力特性曲线,如 图 4 所示。 可以看出,本文所提变换器最小增益为 2 , 表明低压侧电压 ${U}_{\mathrm{L}}$ 必须低于 ${0.5}{U}_{\mathrm{H}\circ }$
由于稳态时电容 ${C}_{1}$${C}_{2}$ 的平均电流为零, 故电感和开关管的平均电流为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{I}_{\mathrm{S}1}= {I}_{\mathrm{L}}- {I}_{\mathrm{H}}\\{I}_{\mathrm{S}2}= {I}_{\mathrm{S}3}= {I}_{\mathrm{L}2}= {I}_{\mathrm{H}}\\{I}_{\mathrm{L}1}= {I}_{\mathrm{L}}\end{array}\right.$
式中: ${I}_{\mathrm{S}1},{I}_{\mathrm{S}2},{I}_{\mathrm{S}3}$ 分别为开关管 ${\mathrm{S}}_{1},{\mathrm{\;S}}_{2},{\mathrm{\;S}}_{3}$ 的平均电流; ${I}_{\mathrm{{LI}}},{I}_{\mathrm{L}2}$ 分别为电感 ${L}_{1},{L}_{2}$ 的平均电流; ${I}_{\mathrm{L}},{I}_{\mathrm{H}}$ 分别为低压侧和高压侧的平均电流。
表 1 对本文和文献 $\left\lbrack {4,{10},{12},{15},{16}}\right\rbrack$ 所提双向直流变换器的稳态性能进行了对比。
表 1 可知: 本文所提变换器具有较少的功率管和连续的高压侧电流,且高、低压侧共地;相同占空比条件下, 电压增益与文献[ 15 ]所提有源开关电感变换器接近,高于文献[ 4 , 10 , 12 ] 的拓扑,略低于文献[ 16 ]所提拓扑;电压应力远低于文献[ 4 , 10 , 15 ] 所提拓扑,高于文献 [ 11 , 12 , 16 ] 所提方案。然而,随着低压侧电压 ${U}_{\mathrm{L}}$ 增大,本文所提变换器的电压应力逐渐降低。当 ${U}_{\mathrm{L}}\approx {U}_{\mathrm{H}}/2$ 时,其与三电平变换器和开关电容变换器的电压应力非常接近。
为了便于分析,除了开关管 $\mathrm{S}$ 的通态电阻 ${R}_{\mathrm{{on}}}$ 和电感 ${L}_{1},{L}_{2}$ 的寄生电阻 ${R}_{\mathrm{L}}$ ,忽略其他寄生参数。 根据 图 2 ,3 的各模态等效电路,采用状态空间平均法, 可得状态平均方程为
$\left(\begin{matrix}{L}_{1}\frac{\mathrm{d}\left\langle {i}_{1}\right\rangle }{\mathrm{d}t}\\{L}_{2}\frac{\mathrm{d}\left\langle {i}_{2}\right\rangle }{\mathrm{d}t}\\{C}_{1}\frac{\mathrm{d}\left\langle {u}_{12}\right\rangle }{\mathrm{d}t}\\{C}_{2}\frac{\mathrm{d}\left\langle {u}_{12}\right\rangle }{\mathrm{d}t}\\{C}_{\mathrm{n}}\frac{\mathrm{d}\left\langle {u}_{12}\right\rangle }{\mathrm{d}t}\end{matrix}\right)= \left\lbrack \begin{matrix}- \left\lbrack {\left({1 -\frac{{d}_{1}}{2}}\right){R}_{\mathrm{m}}+ {R}_{\mathrm{L}}}\right\rbrack &\left({1 -\frac{{d}_{1}}{2}}\right)& \left({\frac{{d}_{1}}{2}- 1}\right)& \frac{{d}_{1}}{2}& 0 \\\left({1 -\frac{{d}_{1}}{2}}\right){R}_{\mathrm{m}}& {R}_{\mathrm{L}}- \left({1 -\frac{{d}_{1}}{2}}\right){R}_{\mathrm{m}}& \left({1 -\frac{{d}_{1}}{2}}\right)& \left({1 -\frac{{d}_{1}}{2}}\right)& \left({1 -\frac{{d}_{1}}{2}}\right)\\\left({1 -\frac{{d}_{1}}{2}}\right)& \left({\frac{{d}_{1}}{2}- 1}\right)& -\frac{{d}_{1}}{2{R}_{\mathrm{m}}}& \frac{{d}_{1}}{2{R}_{\mathrm{m}}}& \left({\frac{{d}_{1}}{2}- 1}\right)\\- \frac{{d}_{1}}{2}& \left({\frac{{d}_{1}}{2}- 1}\right)& \frac{{d}_{1}}{2{R}_{\mathrm{m}}}& -\frac{{d}_{1}}{2{R}_{\mathrm{m}}}& \left({\frac{{d}_{1}}{2}- 1}\right)\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 &- \frac{{d}_{1}}{{R}_{\mathrm{s}}}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack \left(\begin{matrix}{u}_{11}\\{u}_{12}\\{u}_{12}\\{u}_{13}\\{u}_{23}\end{matrix}\right)= \left\lbrack \begin{matrix} 0 \\ 0 \\ 0 \\{u}_{11}\\ 0 \\ 0 \end{matrix}\right\rbrack =\left\lbrack \begin{matrix} 0 \\ 0 \\ 0 \\{u}_{11}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack $
式中: ${u}_{\mathrm{L}}$ 为输入变量; ${u}_{\mathrm{H}}$ 为输出变量; $d$ 为控制变量; 电感电流 ${i}_{\mathrm{L}1},{i}_{\mathrm{L}2}$ 以及电容电压 ${u}_{\mathrm{C}1},{u}_{\mathrm{C}2}$${u}_{\mathrm{C}\mathrm{H}}$ 为状态变量; $\langle \cdot \rangle$ 表示变量“ $\cdot$ ”在开关周期内的平均值, 用静态工作点及其附近的小信号扰动来描述, 即:
$\left\langle {u}_{\mathrm{L}}\right\rangle ={U}_{\mathrm{L}}+ {\widehat{u}}_{\mathrm{L}},\left\langle {u}_{\mathrm{{Cl}}}\right\rangle ={U}_{\mathrm{{Cl}}}+ {\widehat{u}}_{\mathrm{{Cl}}},\left\langle {u}_{\mathrm{{C2}}}\right\rangle ={U}_{\mathrm{{C2}}}+ {\widehat{u}}_{\mathrm{{C2}}},\left\langle {u}_{\mathrm{H}}\right\rangle =\\{U}_{\mathrm{H}}+ {\widehat{u}}_{\mathrm{H}},\left\langle {i}_{\mathrm{{L1}}}\right\rangle ={I}_{\mathrm{{L1}}}+ {\widehat{i}}_{\mathrm{{L1}}},\left\langle {i}_{\mathrm{{L2}}}\right\rangle ={I}_{12}+ {\widehat{i}}_{\mathrm{{L2}}},\left\langle {d}_{1}\right\rangle ={D}_{1}+ {\widehat{d}}_{1}$
将式(9)代入式(8),并进行扰动分离和线性化处理, 可得控制到高压侧电压的传递函数和控制到低压侧电感电流的传递函数:
${G}_{\mathrm{{ud}}}\left( s\right)= \frac{{\widehat{u}}_{\mathrm{H}}\left( s\right)}{{\widehat{d}}_{1}\left( s\right)} =\\\frac{\left({{iw}+ {2om}{D}_{1}{R}_{\mathrm{{on}}}}\right)\left({{tk}+ {oj}}\right)+ {y}_{1}\left({{tw}- {op}}\right)}{\left({{y}_{1}{oe}{z}_{2}{D}_{1}+ {y}_{1}{wu}- {y}_{1}{oq}}\right)- \left({{iw}+ {2om}{D}_{1}{R}_{\mathrm{{on}}}}\right)\left({{oh}- {ku}}\right)} $
${G}_{\mathrm{{id}}}\left( s\right)= \frac{{\widehat{i}}_{\mathrm{L}1}\left( s\right)}{{\widehat{d}}_{1}\left( s\right)} =\\\frac{\left({{oh}- {uk}}\right)\left({{tw}- {po}}\right)+ \left({{tk}{y}_{2}+ {oj}{y}_{2}}\right)}{\left({o{z}_{1}{y}_{2}{D}_{1}- {ik}{y}_{2}- {y}_{2}{of}}\right)- \left({{oh}- {uk}}\right)\left({{iw}+ {2mo}{D}_{1}{R}_{\mathrm{{on}}}}\right)} $
式中: $m =\left({2 -{D}_{1}}\right);r = m{R}_{\mathrm{{on}}}+ 2{R}_{\mathrm{L}};z ={2s}{R}_{\mathrm{{on}}}{C}_{2};{z}_{1}= {2s}{L}_{1}$ ;${z}_{2}= {2s}{L}_{2};a ={U}_{\mathrm{C}1}+ {U}_{\mathrm{C}2}+ {R}_{\mathrm{{on}}}{I}_{\mathrm{L}1}- {R}_{\mathrm{{on}}}{I}_{\mathrm{L}2};b ={U}_{\mathrm{C}2}- {U}_{\mathrm{C}1}- {R}_{\mathrm{{on}}}{I}_{\mathrm{L}1}+ \\{R}_{\mathrm{{on}}}{I}_{\mathrm{L}2};c ={U}_{\mathrm{C}1}- {U}_{\mathrm{C}2}- {R}_{\mathrm{{on}}}{I}_{\mathrm{L}1}+ {R}_{\mathrm{{on}}}{I}_{\mathrm{L}2};e = s{C}_{\mathrm{H}}+ 1/{R}_{\mathrm{s}};x ={D}_{1}{R}_{\mathrm{{on}}}- \\ 2{R}_{\mathrm{{on}}}- 2{R}_{\mathrm{L}};k ={D}_{1}{}^{2}- m\left({z +{D}_{1}}\right);h =\left({{D}_{1}- m}\right){em}{R}_{\mathrm{{on}}};j ={cm}+ \\ a{D}_{1};f = x{D}_{1}- m{D}_{1}{R}_{\mathrm{{on}}};w =\left({z + 2{D}_{1}}\right) m;q ={emm}{R}_{\mathrm{{on}}}- 2{D}_{1}+ \\{ex}{D}_{1};p = a{D}_{1}+ {cm};o =\left({z + 2{D}_{1}}\right) z;i =\left({m -{D}_{1}- z{D}_{1}}\right){D}_{1}{R}_{\mathrm{{on}}};\\ t ={zc}+ c + b;u =\left({z + 2}\right){em}{R}_{\mathrm{{on}}};{y}_{1}= o{z}_{1}{D}_{1}- {of}- {ik};{y}_{2}= {oe}{z}_{2}{D}_{1}+ {uw}- {qo}_{\circ }$
${U}_{\mathrm{L}}= {12}\mathrm{\;V},{D}_{1}= {0.73},{C}_{1}= {C}_{2}= {20\mu }\mathrm{F},{C}_{\mathrm{H}}= {30}$ $\mu \mathrm{F},{L}_{1}= {26\mu }\mathrm{H},{L}_{2}= {150\mu }\mathrm{H},{R}_{\mathrm{{on}}}= {0.005\Omega },{R}_{\mathrm{L}}= {0.01}$ $\Omega ,{R}_{\mathrm{s}}= {10\Omega }$ ,输出功率 ${P}_{\mathrm{o}}= {100}\mathrm{\;W},{f}_{\mathrm{s}}= {120}\mathrm{{kHz}},{U}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}=$ ${48}\mathrm{\;V}$ (Boost 模式) and ${U}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}= {74}\mathrm{\;V}$ (Buck 模式)时,通过 Matlab/Simulink 分别绘制 ${G}_{\mathrm{{ud}}}\left( s\right)$${G}_{\mathrm{{id}}}\left( s\right)$ 的理论和仿真波特图,如 图 5 所示。可以看出,在 ${0.1}{f}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 以下的频段内, 波特图的理论值与仿真值基本吻合。
所提变换器采用高压侧电压、低压侧电感电流的双闭环控制策略, 如 图 6 所示。
图中: 电压外环和电流内环均采用 PI 控制器,传递函数分别为 ${G}_{\mathrm{{cu}}}\left( s\right)= {k}_{\mathrm{p}2}+ {k}_{\mathrm{i}2}/s$${G}_{\mathrm{{ci}}}\left( s\right)= {k}_{\mathrm{{pl}}}+$ ${k}_{\mathrm{i}1}/s;{G}_{\mathrm{{ui}}}\left( s\right)$ 为低压侧电感电流到高压侧电压的传递函数; ${F}_{\mathrm{m}}$$\mathrm{{PWM}}$ 增益; ${H}_{\mathrm{u}}$${H}_{\mathrm{i}}$ 分别为高压侧电压和低压侧电感电流的反馈系数。
图 6(b)中的阴影部分可知, 电流内环的闭环传递函数为
$\frac{{\widehat{i}}_{\mathrm{{LI}}}\left( s\right)}{{\widehat{i}}_{\mathrm{{LI}},\mathrm{{ref}}}\left( s\right)} =\frac{{G}_{\mathrm{{ci}}}\left( s\right){G}_{\mathrm{{id}}}\left( s\right){F}_{\mathrm{m}}}{1 +{G}_{\mathrm{{ci}}}\left( s\right){G}_{\mathrm{{id}}}\left( s\right){F}_{\mathrm{m}}{H}_{\mathrm{i}}}= \frac{{G}_{\mathrm{{ci}}}\left( s\right){G}_{\mathrm{{id}}}\left( s\right){F}_{\mathrm{m}}}{1 +{T}_{\mathrm{i}}\left( s\right)} $
式中: ${T}_{\mathrm{i}}\left( s\right)= {F}_{\mathrm{m}}{H}_{\mathrm{i}}{G}_{\mathrm{{ci}}}\left( s\right){G}_{\mathrm{{id}}}\left( s\right)$ 为电流环的开环传递函数。
电压外环的开环传递函数为
${T}_{\mathrm{u}}\left( s\right)= {G}_{\mathrm{{cu}}}\left( s\right){G}_{\mathrm{{ui}}}\left( s\right){H}_{\mathrm{u}}\frac{{\widehat{i}}_{\mathrm{{LI}}}\left( s\right)}{{\widehat{i}}_{\mathrm{{LI}},\mathrm{{ref}}}\left( s\right)} =\\\frac{{G}_{\mathrm{{cu}}}\left( s\right){G}_{\mathrm{{ci}}}\left( s\right){G}_{\mathrm{{ud}}}\left( s\right){F}_{\mathrm{m}}{H}_{\mathrm{u}}}{1 +{H}_{\mathrm{i}}{F}_{\mathrm{m}}{G}_{\mathrm{{ci}}}\left( s\right){G}_{\mathrm{{id}}}\left( s\right)} $
${k}_{\mathrm{p}2}= {0.1},{k}_{\mathrm{i}2}= {3000},{k}_{\mathrm{p}1}= {0.1},{k}_{\mathrm{i}1}= {200},{F}_{\mathrm{m}}=$ $1/{2.4},{H}_{\mathrm{i}}= {0.1},{H}_{\mathrm{u}}= {0.05}$ 时, Boost 和 Buck 两种模式下,开环传递函数 ${T}_{\mathrm{i}}\left( s\right)$${T}_{\mathrm{u}}\left( s\right)$ 的波特图如 图 7 所示。
图 7 可以看出:两种模式下, ${T}_{\mathrm{i}}\left( s\right)$ 的增益裕度 ${G}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 无穷大,相位裕度 ${P}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 均大于 ${90}^{\circ };{T}_{\mathrm{u}}\left( s\right)$ 的增益裕度 ${G}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 和相位裕度 ${P}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 远大于 0,且交越频率约超过 $1\mathrm{{kHz}}$ 。这表明当前控制器参数可以确保所提双向变换器稳定运行, 且具有足够的鲁棒性和较好的动态特性。
为了验证所提 Buck/Boost 变换器的可行性, 本文设计并制作了一台实验样机,如 图 8 所示。其设计指标: ${P}_{\mathrm{o}}= {100}\mathrm{\;W},{f}_{\mathrm{s}}= {120}\mathrm{{kHz}},{U}_{\mathrm{L}}= {12}\mathrm{\;V},{U}_{\mathrm{H}}= {56}$ V。主电路参数如 表 2 所示。
本文所提变换器采用的是同步整流控制, 为了避免直通现象,需要设置死区。死区时间 ${T}_{\mathrm{d}}$ 过长,会导致开关管的体二极管导通时间相应增大, 通态损耗增大; 但 ${T}_{\mathrm{d}}$ 过短,会增大输出电容引起的开关损耗,导致轻载效率下降[ 17 ]。权衡考虑,设置 ${T}_{\mathrm{d}}= {100}\mathrm{{ns}}$ 。控制电路以 PWM 控制芯片 SG3525 为主控核心。电压外环和电流内环控制器均采用 $\mathrm{{PI}}$ 调节器,参数分别为 ${k}_{\mathrm{p}1}= {0.1},{k}_{\mathrm{i}1}= {3000}$${k}_{\mathrm{p}2}=$ ${0.1},{k}_{\mathrm{i}2}= {200}$ ;高压侧电压和低压侧电感电流分别采用分压电阻和 LEM 电流传感器 LA25-NP 进行测量,采样系数分别为 ${H}_{1}= {0.05}$${H}_{2}= {0.1}$
图 9 ,10 分别为 ${U}_{\mathrm{L}}= {12}\mathrm{V},{U}_{\mathrm{H}}= {56}\mathrm{\;V}$ 且满载时, 所提变换器在 Boost 模式和 Buck 模式下的稳态实验波形。
图 9 ,10 可以看出: 电感电流 ${i}_{\mathrm{{L1}}}$${i}_{\mathrm{{L2}}}$ 均连续,但变化规律相反。开关管 ${\mathrm{S}}_{1}\sim {\mathrm{S}}_{3}$ 的实测电压应力约为 ${44}\mathrm{\;V}$ ,与理论值基本吻合。Boost 模式下, 开关管 ${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ 的驱动信号 ${u}_{\mathrm{{gs}},\mathrm{S}2}$ 的上升沿到来前,其端电压 ${u}_{\mathrm{S}2}$ 已经下降到 0,表明 ${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ 实现了 $\mathrm{{ZVS}}$ 开通。 Buck 模式下,开关管 ${\mathrm{S}}_{1},{\mathrm{\;S}}_{3}$ 的驱动信号 ${u}_{\mathrm{{gs}},\mathrm{S}1},{u}_{\mathrm{{gs}},\mathrm{S}3}$ 的上升沿到来前,其端电压 ${u}_{\mathrm{S}1},{u}_{\mathrm{S}3}$ 已经下降到 0, 表明 ${\mathrm{S}}_{1},{\mathrm{\;S}}_{3}$ 实现了 ZVS 开通。占空比 ${D}_{1}\approx {0.73}$ ,理论增益为 4.7; 与实测增益 ${G}_{\text{boost }}= {56}/{12}= {4.67}$ 基本吻合, 从而验证了理论分析的正确性。
图 11 为 Boost 模式下, ${U}_{\mathrm{H}}= {56}\mathrm{\;V}$ ,低压侧电压 ${U}_{\mathrm{L}}$ 和负载功率 ${P}_{\mathrm{o}}$ 分别变化时所提变换器的瞬态实验波形。
图 11 可以看出: ${U}_{\mathrm{L}}$${12}\sim {14}\mathrm{\;V}$ 变化,但高压侧电压 ${U}_{\mathrm{H}}$ 始终稳定在 ${56}\mathrm{\;V}$ ;当负载功率由100 $\mathrm{W}$ 突卸至 ${20}\mathrm{\;W}$ 时,经过约 ${31}\mathrm{\;{ms}}$ 的调节过程,系统重新进入稳态, 高压侧电压仍稳定控制在 56 V。
图 12 为满载条件下所提变换器的 Buck/Boost 模式切换实验波形。该实验中, 低压侧采用标称电压 ${12}\mathrm{\;V}$ 的松下铅酸电池,高压侧采用直流电压源串联电阻来模拟 ${48}\mathrm{\;V}$ 蓄电池。
图 12 可以看出, 模式切换前后, 电感电流 ${i}_{\mathrm{{LI}}}$ 的方向发生变化,且高压侧电压能始终稳定在 ${56}\mathrm{\;V}$ ,基本没有超调。表明所提控制策略可以实现高压侧的恒压控制和工作模式的快速平滑切换。
实验中,采用数字功率分析仪测量 ${U}_{\mathrm{L}}= {12}\mathrm{\;V}$ , ${U}_{\mathrm{H}}= {56}\mathrm{\;V}$ 时,两种工作模式下所提变换器和传统 Buck/Boost 变换器的效率, 如 图 13 所示。
图 13 可以看出, 和传统 Buck/Boost 变换器相比,本文所提变换器的满载效率非常接近,约为 94.5%(Buck 模式)和 94.1%(Boost 模式), 但是轻载效率明显提升,约为 95.3%(Buck 模式) 和 95.6%(Boost 模式)。
图 14 给出了高压侧蓄电池内阻 $R ={0.25\Omega }$ , 满载且相同输出滤波电容量的条件下, 所提变换器和传统 Buck/Boost 变换器的高压侧蓄电池电流 ${i}_{\mathrm{o}}$ 的快速傅里叶变换(Fast Fourier Transform, FFT) 仿真结果。
图 14 可知, 高压侧蓄电池电流的谐波主要分布在开关频率及其倍频处, 且随着谐波次数的增加,谐波幅值逐渐下降。与传统 Buck/Boost 变换器相比, 所提变换器显著降低了高压侧蓄电池的电流谐波,具有明显的优势。
本文提出了一种改进型 Buck/Boost 变换器, 并通过 ${100}\mathrm{\;W}/{120}\mathrm{{kHz}}$ 样机实验验证了其可行性。研究结果表明,所提 Buck/Boost 变换器具有较少的开关管数量, 可实现能量双向流动和工作模式的平滑切换, 且输入、输出共地, 结构和控制相对简单。与传统 Buck/Boost 变换器相比,其电压增益比增大了 1 倍,电压应力下降为高、低压侧电压之差, 因此降低了开关损耗和通态损耗, 变换效率更高;更重要的是, 所提变换器具有连续的高压侧电流, 可避免采用大容量电解电容, 特别适用于高压侧为低内阻电源或对可靠性要求较高的场合 (如电动汽车等)。但需要注意的是,该变换器的最小增益为 2 , 因此低压侧电压不能超过高压侧电压的 1/2。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52177051)
  • 江苏省高等学校大学生创新训练重点项目(202210299016Z)
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2024年第42卷第3期
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  • 接收时间:2023-03-31
  • 首发时间:2025-07-22
  • 出版时间:2024-03-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-03-31
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(52177051)
江苏省高等学校大学生创新训练重点项目(202210299016Z)
作者信息
    1 江苏大学 电气信息工程学院 江苏 镇江 212016
    2 南通大学 电气工程学院 江苏 南通 226019

通讯作者:

秦岭(1977-),男,博士,教授,硕士生导师,研究方向为光伏储能发电系统及其建模与控制。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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