Article(id=1154429040468415395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154429037721146272, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1666022400000, receivedDateStr=2022-10-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753166931502, onlineDateStr=2025-07-22, pubDate=1710864000000, pubDateStr=2024-03-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753166931502, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753166931502, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753166931502, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154429037721146272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, year='2024', volume='42', issue='3', pageStart='284', pageEnd='426', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753166930847, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753694626061, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156642351918469663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154429037721146272, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156642351918469664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154429037721146272, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=355, endPage=360, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154429040871068581, articleId=1154429040468415395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, language=EN, title=Study on wake distribution under different wind shear characteristics, columnId=null, journalTitle=Renewable Energy Resources, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In view of the insufficient research on the influence of wind shear on wake at present, two lidars were used to carry out wind field experiments in a wind farm, analyzed the phenomenon of wind shear under different wind speeds and the characteristics of wake change under different incoming flow conditions, and used a threedimensional wake model to verify the vertical wake profiles. The results show that the wind speed has an obvious effect on wind shear, and the wind shear effect increases with the increase of wind speed, and the wind shear index increases about 0.05 for every 1 m/s increase of the wind speed. The wind shear effect has a great influence on the distribution characteristics of the wake. The stronger the wind shear effect is, the greater the gradient of the wake velocity along the height direction, and the greater the width and length of the wake. The predicted curve of the model near the hub center line of the wind turbine and the measured wake data fit well, and the relative errors are basically within 10%, while the relative errors of the prediction near the ground side are large due to the influence of the terrain.

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针对风剪切对尾流的影响研究不充分的问题,文章在某风电场进行了风场实验,分析了不同风速下的风剪切现象以及在不同来流条件下的尾流变化特征,并使用了三维尾流模型对垂直尾流剖面进行了验证。结果表明:风速大小对风剪切的影响较为明显,风剪切效应随着风速的增加而加强,风速每增加1m/s,风剪切指数增加0.05;风剪切效应对尾流的分布有较大影响,风剪切效应越强,尾流的速度沿着高度方向上的梯度越大,尾流的宽度和长度也越大;在轮毂中心线附近的模型预测曲线和尾流实测数据拟合较好,相对误差基本在10%以内,受地形的影响,近地侧预测的相对误差较大。

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李泽鹏(1982-),男,高级工程师,主要从事能源系统设计和能源领域人工智能技术应用等工作。E-mail:

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李泽鹏(1982-),男,高级工程师,主要从事能源系统设计和能源领域人工智能技术应用等工作。E-mail:

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李泽鹏(1982-),男,高级工程师,主要从事能源系统设计和能源领域人工智能技术应用等工作。E-mail:

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Applied Energy, 2020, 260: 114272-114272., articleTitle=Investigation and validation of 3D wake model for horizontal-axis wind turbines based on filed measurements, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1154429076350685433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429040468415395, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=254, issue=null, pageStart=124277, pageEnd=124277, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=11, authorNames=Gao X, Zhang S, Li L, journalName=Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Gao X, Zhang S, Li L, et al. Quantification of 3D spatiotemporal inhomogeneity for wake characteristics with validations from field measurement and wind tunnel test[J]. 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参数 Wind Mast WP350 Wind3D 6000
激光波长 $/\mu \mathrm{m}$ 1.5 1.5
探测范围/m 20~350 45~6 000
空间分辨率/m 1 15/30/用户设定
数据刷新时间/s 1~600 0.1~1
风速测量范围 $/\mathrm{m} \cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$ 0~75 $- {37.5} \sim {37.5}$
风速测量精度/ $\mathrm{m} \cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$ $\leq {0.1}$ $\leq {0.1}$
测量模式 DBS PPI/RHI
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参数 Wind Mast WP350 Wind3D 6000
激光波长 $/\mu \mathrm{m}$ 1.5 1.5
探测范围/m 20~350 45~6 000
空间分辨率/m 1 15/30/用户设定
数据刷新时间/s 1~600 0.1~1
风速测量范围 $/\mathrm{m} \cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$ 0~75 $- {37.5} \sim {37.5}$
风速测量精度/ $\mathrm{m} \cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$ $\leq {0.1}$ $\leq {0.1}$
测量模式 DBS PPI/RHI
), ArticleFig(id=1154429075285332178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154429040468415395, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Parameters of UP77 wind turbine, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
额定功率/kW 1500
叶轮直径/m 77.36
切入风速 $/\mathrm{m} \cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$ 3
额定风速 $/\mathrm{m} \cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$ 11.1
切出风速 $/\mathrm{m} \cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$ 25
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参数 数值
额定功率/kW 1500
叶轮直径/m 77.36
切入风速 $/\mathrm{m} \cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$ 3
额定风速 $/\mathrm{m} \cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$ 11.1
切出风速 $/\mathrm{m} \cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$ 25
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不同风剪切特性下的尾流分布
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李泽鹏 , 张福国 , 周川 , 吴鹏 , 李晓恩
可再生能源 | 2024,42(3): 355-360
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可再生能源 | 2024, 42(3): 355-360
不同风剪切特性下的尾流分布
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李泽鹏 , 张福国, 周川, 吴鹏, 李晓恩
作者信息
  • 1 国家电投集团科学技术研究院有限公司 北京 102209
  • 李泽鹏(1982-),男,高级工程师,主要从事能源系统设计和能源领域人工智能技术应用等工作。E-mail:

Study on wake distribution under different wind shear characteristics
Zepeng Li , Fuguo Zhang, Chuan Zhou, Peng Wu, Xiaoen Li
Affiliations
  • 1 State Power Investment Corporation Research Institute Co., Ltd. Beijing 102209 China
出版时间: 2024-03-20
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针对风剪切对尾流的影响研究不充分的问题,文章在某风电场进行了风场实验,分析了不同风速下的风剪切现象以及在不同来流条件下的尾流变化特征,并使用了三维尾流模型对垂直尾流剖面进行了验证。结果表明:风速大小对风剪切的影响较为明显,风剪切效应随着风速的增加而加强,风速每增加1m/s,风剪切指数增加0.05;风剪切效应对尾流的分布有较大影响,风剪切效应越强,尾流的速度沿着高度方向上的梯度越大,尾流的宽度和长度也越大;在轮毂中心线附近的模型预测曲线和尾流实测数据拟合较好,相对误差基本在10%以内,受地形的影响,近地侧预测的相对误差较大。

风场实验  /  风剪切  /  尾流  /  激光雷达

In view of the insufficient research on the influence of wind shear on wake at present, two lidars were used to carry out wind field experiments in a wind farm, analyzed the phenomenon of wind shear under different wind speeds and the characteristics of wake change under different incoming flow conditions, and used a threedimensional wake model to verify the vertical wake profiles. The results show that the wind speed has an obvious effect on wind shear, and the wind shear effect increases with the increase of wind speed, and the wind shear index increases about 0.05 for every 1 m/s increase of the wind speed. The wind shear effect has a great influence on the distribution characteristics of the wake. The stronger the wind shear effect is, the greater the gradient of the wake velocity along the height direction, and the greater the width and length of the wake. The predicted curve of the model near the hub center line of the wind turbine and the measured wake data fit well, and the relative errors are basically within 10%, while the relative errors of the prediction near the ground side are large due to the influence of the terrain.

wind field experiment  /  wind shear  /  wake  /  Laser Radar
李泽鹏, 张福国, 周川, 吴鹏, 李晓恩. 不同风剪切特性下的尾流分布. 可再生能源, 2024 , 42 (3) : 355 -360 .
Zepeng Li, Fuguo Zhang, Chuan Zhou, Peng Wu, Xiaoen Li. Study on wake distribution under different wind shear characteristics[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2024 , 42 (3) : 355 -360 .
随着化石能源的日渐枯竭,可再生能源的利用逐渐受到各国重视。风能开发潜力巨大 [ 1 ] ,但尾流的存在会降低风力机的发电量并增加风力机的疲劳载荷,严重威胁风力机的安全运行,因此, 风力机尾流是影响风能利用的重要因素之一[ 2 ]。
风剪切效应对尾流分布有较大影响, 特别是在垂直方向,研究风剪切对尾流特性的影响能够改进尾流模型以及更精准高效地预测风电场的运行状况 [ 3 ] 。风场实验是研究尾流分布最直接、有效的方法之一 [ 4 ] 。赵飞 [ 5 ] 通过激光雷达测风实验对尾流在垂直剖面的分布进行了分析。韩星星 [ 6 ] 通过风场实验研究了大气稳定度对山地风力机功率的影响。
风场实验适合于定性分析, 而定量分析则需要数值模拟或者解析模型。数值模拟具有较高的计算精度, 许多学者通过数值模拟的方法对风剪切效应下的尾流分布进行了研究。王胜军 [ 7 ] 通过 CFD 软件构建了致动线模型, 并计算了风剪切入流风况下风力机的气动和尾流特性。董彦斌 [ 8 ] 采用人工合成湍流入口边界耦合大涡模拟的方法对 Bolund 岛风场流动开展数值模拟,研究了复杂地形的流场特性以及山地地形中风力机的尾流特征。杨瑞刚研究了风剪切效应对风力机叶片结构特性的影响。也有学者为了以较小的计算成本准确预测风力机的尾流分布, 提出了多种考虑风剪切的三维解析尾流模型。文献[ 10 - 12 ]将风剪切拟合为指数函数形式, 从而提出了三维解析尾流模型,并对尾流分布进行了验证。上述针对风剪切对尾流影响的研究均只是在单一风剪切条件下进行的, 而在实际的风电场中, 风速是不断变化的, 这会影响风速在垂直方向上的分布, 进而影响尾流的变化, 所以对于不同风剪切来流条件下的尾流分布不容忽视。
本文利用两台高精度激光雷达在河北某风电场进行了风场实验。首先,分析了不同风速下的风剪切变化特征;然后,分析了不同来流条件下的尾流的垂直剖面分布;最后,利用三维尾流模型验证了尾流的垂直剖面分布, 并进行了相对误差分析。
实验使用了两台多普勒激光雷达, 型号分别为 Wind Mast WP350 和 Wind3D 6000。Wind Mast WP350 的 DBS 模式(垂直向上扫描)可连续不间断地探测激光雷达上方 ${20}\sim {350}\mathrm{\;m}$ 处任意 30 个高度的风速风向廓线,测量误差在 ${0.1}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 以内。Wind3D 6000 为三维扫描型激光雷达,该雷达基于光学脉冲相干多普勒频移检测原理,可实现中下层对流层(包括大气边界层)三维风场的精细化探测,探测半径最大可达 $6\mathrm{\;{km}}$ ,并且具备多种扫描模式, 其中, PPI 模式可测量风场的水平剖面分布, RHI 模式可测量风场的垂直剖面分布, 测量误差均不超过 ${0.1}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 。两种型号激光雷达的具体参数如 表 1 所示。
实验在某陆上风电场进行, 该风电场共有 50 台风电机组, 在该风电场的东北角有 4 台风力机 (从左至右分别为 1 号、2 号、3 号、4 号)。该风电场的东北角地形较为复杂, 具有较高的研究价值, 所以实验以这 4 台风力机作为研究对象。4 台风力机均为联合动力公司生产的 UP77 型号, 该类型的风力机参数如 表 2 所示。
为了确定仪器放置的最佳位置, 对该风电场 3 年的测风塔数据进行了分析, 发现该风电场的主风向为西北方向, 因此在实验中将 Wind Mast WP350 布置在了 2 号风力机的西北方向, 距离 2 号风力机大概 ${2D}(D$ 为风力机直径)。而 Wind3D 6000 布置在 2 号风力机的东南方向,距离 2 号风力机大概 17D。实验仪器的布置如 图 1 所示。
由于边界层的气压梯度力、地表摩擦作用、科氏力等因素,导致边界层的风速具有明显的垂直梯度 (风剪切效应) [ 3 ] ,这对垂直方向上的尾流分布有较大的影响。为了研究不同风速大小的风剪切特征, 将 Wind Mast WP350 测量的在轮毂高度处风速分别为 $8,9,{10},{11},{12},{13},{14},{15},{16}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 各两个时刻的来流风剖面进行对比,如 图 2 所示。
图 2 可知:随着风速的增加,风剪切现象变得更明显;当风速为 $8 \sim {10}\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}$ 时,垂直方向上的风速变化并不是很大,其风速分布近似一条垂线; 当风速为 ${11}\sim {16}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 时,风剪切现象随着风速的增加越来越明显, 风速在垂直方向上的梯度越来越大, 对应的风剪切指数也越大, 且风速每增加 1 $\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}$ ,风剪切指数约增加 0.05。
为了体现不同来流风剖面对尾流分布的影响, 本文选择 Wind3D 6000 测量的 2 号风力机在 6 种不同来流条件下所产生的尾流风速图进行了比较,如 图 3 所示。
图 3 可知, 随着来流风速的增加, 风力机产生的尾流宽度及长度均在逐渐增加,这是由于在小风速情况下,其尾流更容易达到自由流水平,尾流恢复较快,所以尾流长度及宽度均较小。
图 4 为 6 种不同来流条件下的 4 个下游位置的尾流垂直风剖面。图中,水平轴为尾流速度和来流风速的无量纲比,垂直轴为垂直距离和风力机直径的无量纲比。
图 4 可知:随着风速的增加, 尾流的风剪切现象变得更明显, 这主要是由于自由流的风速越大, 其风剪切效应越强, 对应的尾流风剖面的风剪切效应也越强; 当自由流风速为 9,10,11 m/s 时, 其尾流亏损较大, 而其余的 3 种工况下的尾流亏损较小, 这主要是由于目标风力机的额定风速为 ${11.1}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ ,自由流风速和额定风速越接近,对应的风能利用系数越大,所以尾流亏损越严重;在相同来流的情况下, 随着下游距离的增加, 尾流速度逐渐增加, 这是由于随着下游距离的增加, 尾流和自由流之间的相互掺混也越来越强, 尾流速度逐渐恢复到自由流的水平。
本文选择考虑风剪切的三维尾流模型 [ 11 ] 对风力机下游 ${8D}$ 处不同来流条件下的尾流剖面进行验证,该三维尾流模型的表达式为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} u\left({x, y, z}\right)= {u}_{0}\left\lbrack {{\left(\frac{z +{z}_{\text{hub }}}{{z}_{\text{hub }}}\right)}^{\alpha }- C{e}^{-\frac{{y}^{2}}{2{\delta }_{v}^{2}}}}\right\rbrack \\ C =\frac{{4a}{r}_{0}^{2}}{\sqrt{2\pi }{\delta }_{v}}{e}^{-\frac{{z}^{2}}{2{\delta }_{v}^{2}}}+ \frac{a{\int }_{-{r}_{0}}^{{r}_{0}}\left\lbrack {{\left(\frac{z +{z}_{\text{hub }}}{{z}_{\text{hub }}}\right)}^{\alpha }- 1}\right\rbrack \mathrm{d}z}{{r}_{0}}\end{array}\right.$
式中: ${u}_{0}$ 为风力机轮毂中心来流风速; ${z}_{\mathrm{{hub}}}$ 为风力机轮毂高度; $C$ 为参数; $a$ 为轴向诱导因子; ${r}_{0}$ 为初始尾流半径; ${\delta }_{y}$ 为水平方向上的尾流特征值; ${\delta }_{z}$ 为垂直方向上的尾流特征值; ${r}_{y}$ 为水平方向上的尾流半径; ${r}_{z}$ 为垂直方向上的尾流半径; $\alpha$ 为风剪切指数。
图 5 为风力机下游 ${8D}$ 处的 6 种不同来流条件下的尾流预测剖面和实验数据对比。根据风力机前的自由流条件计算得到风速为8,9,10,12, ${13},{14}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 时对应的尾流为0,0.05,0.10,0.05, 0.15 和 0.20。
图 5 可知,随着风速的增加, $\alpha$ 也在逐渐增大,且随着风速的增大,尾流模型的预测误差减小。在来流风速为 ${12}\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}$ 时,对应的 $\alpha$ 只有 0.05, 这可能是因为在该时刻目标风力机受到其它风力机尾流的影响, 特别是上半尾流区最容易受到叠加尾流的影响, 所以尾流速度偏小, 导致其风剪切现象并不是很明显,对应的 $\alpha$ 较小。
为了进一步对预测结果进行分析, 本文计算了预测结果的相对误差, 如 图 6 所示。
图 6 可知,当来流风速分别为8,9,10,12, ${13},{14}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 时,预测的最大相对误差分别为 9.16%, 21.11%, 38.41%, 20.38%, 40.03%和-8.86%, 平均相对误差分别为 2.86%, 3.91%, 7.59%, 7.53%, 10.33%和 2.29%。模型预测的相对误差大部分在 10%以内,预测精度在可接受范围内,说明不同来流条件下的尾流分布大部分是符合工程尾流模型的。值得注意的是, 在轮毂中心线附近的尾流预测的相对误差较小,而在近地侧的预测误差较大,这主要是由于实际风电场的地形并不都是平坦的, 而且在地面上难免存在植被, 导致近地侧的尾流风速很难精准地预测。
本文利用两台多普勒激光雷达进行风场实验, 对不同风速下的风剪切现象以及尾流分布特征进行了分析, 并利用尾流模型对尾流风剖面进行了验证, 得到以下结论。
①对比了 9 种不同风速大小的风剪切现象, 随着风速的增加, 风剪切效应随之增强, 风速每增加 $1\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}$ ,对应的风剪切指数约增加 0.05。
②对不同来流条件下的尾流风速进行了对比,尾流的长度及宽度随着来流风速的增加而增加, 尾流的风剖面和来流风剖面有着相类似的性质,其尾流的风剪切指数和来流风速正相关。
③利用三维尾流模型验证了多种工况下测量的尾流剖面,并对验证结果进行了相对误差分析。 在轮毂中心线附近的尾流拟合结果较好, 相对误差基本在 10% 以内, 而由于近地侧受地形的影响, 尾流变化复杂, 近地侧的尾流预测效果并不是很理想。
  • 智慧园区架构模型研究及能量管理平台研发项目(C-SZH-202103)
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  • 接收时间:2022-10-18
  • 首发时间:2025-07-22
  • 出版时间:2024-03-20
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  • 收稿日期:2022-10-18
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智慧园区架构模型研究及能量管理平台研发项目(C-SZH-202103)
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    1 国家电投集团科学技术研究院有限公司 北京 102209
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Genus
种数
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species
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species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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