Article(id=1154428864529949121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154428861249998924, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1681747200000, receivedDateStr=2023-04-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753166889555, onlineDateStr=2025-07-22, pubDate=1729353600000, pubDateStr=2024-10-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753166889555, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753166889555, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753166889555, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154428861249998924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, year='2024', volume='42', issue='10', pageStart='1278', pageEnd='1420', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753166888773, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753694543506, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156642005640930141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154428861249998924, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156642005640930142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154428861249998924, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1278, endPage=1288, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154428864920019394, articleId=1154428864529949121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, language=EN, title=Structure design and pulverizing performance numerical simulation of straw micro-pulverizing cutter, columnId=null, journalTitle=Renewable Energy Resources, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To improve the fragmentation rate , particle size uniformity, and stability of straw micropulverization, a composite pulverizing method of moving and fixed cutter impact shear was proposed for the physical properties of straw, and a curved serrated blade pulverizing cutter was designed. The main factors affecting the pulverizing performance of straw and the way of fragmentation were clarified through the analysis of the shear mechanics of straw, the analysis of impact dynamics, and the mechanical analysis of pulverizing moving cutter. Based on EDEM numerical simulation, the effects of the serrated blade and smooth blade cutters on the pulverizing performance of straw were compared and analyzed. The simulation results show that when pulverizing corn straw with a moisture content of 20%, the number of connective keys of the serrated blade is 16.76% less than that of the smooth blade, the particle motion speed is increased by 15.9%, the total energy of particles is increased by 25.05%, and the impact force on the pulverizing chamber wall is reduced by 33.69% , and has a smoother working condition and lower energy consumption.

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为提高秸秆微粉碎的碎裂率以及粒度均匀性和稳定性,文章针对秸秆物性提出了动、定刀冲击和剪切的复合粉碎方式,设计了一种弧形锯齿刃粉碎刀具。通过对秸秆粉碎过程中受到的剪切、冲击作用进行力学和动力学分析,明确了影响秸秆粉碎性能的主要因素及碎裂方式。基于EDEM 数值模拟,对比分析了锯齿刃型和光刃型刀具对秸秆粉碎性能的影响,模拟结果表明:在粉碎含水率为20%的玉米秸秆时,相较于光刃型刀具,锯齿刃型刀具的颗粒粘结键数量减少了 16.76%、颗粒运动速度提高了 15.9%、颗粒总能量增大了 25.05%、对粉碎室壁的冲击力减小了 33.69%,工作状态更加平稳,能耗更低。

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付敏(1969-),女,博士,教授,研究方向为生物质能技术与装备。E-mail:

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付敏(1969-),女,博士,教授,研究方向为生物质能技术与装备。E-mail:

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journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428864529949121, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Straw shear stress analysis, figureFileSmall=MWH3ICWlC3f5i+hZWmNijg==, figureFileBig=Zgee7fXrkCraInG+A3umag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154428932796440772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428864529949121, language=CN, label=图 3, caption=秸秆剪切受力分析, figureFileSmall=MWH3ICWlC3f5i+hZWmNijg==, figureFileBig=Zgee7fXrkCraInG+A3umag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154428932859355334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428864529949121, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Force analysis of moving cutter working, figureFileSmall=vklEYD4EtJZwRYmmeH/dlA==, figureFileBig=arc//UjHFj8E38AFIOdWKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154428932939047112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428864529949121, language=CN, label=图 4, caption=动刀工作时的受力分析, 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articleId=1154428864529949121, language=EN, label=Fig. 13, caption=The influence of cutter edge type on the total energy of straw, figureFileSmall=4G5189qHZqCVlexq/7ylQg==, figureFileBig=22rYAzd140WjtNod5qh9GQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154428934163783921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428864529949121, language=CN, label=图 13, caption=刀具刃型对秸秆总能量的影响, figureFileSmall=4G5189qHZqCVlexq/7ylQg==, figureFileBig=22rYAzd140WjtNod5qh9GQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154428934226698482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428864529949121, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Main technical parameters of the micro-pulverizing mechanism, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
外形尺寸(直径×高)/mm×mm ${1100} \times {850}$
配套动力/kW 45
粉碎动刀数量/把 16
粉碎定刀数量/把 16
粉碎刀回转半径/mm 500
粉碎刀转速/ $\mathrm{r} \cdot {\mathrm{{min}}}^{-1}$ 3000
粉碎刀排列方式 单螺旋线
最大进料粒度/mm 5~10
粉碎粒度 $/\mathrm{{\mu m}}$ 48
处理量 $/\mathrm{{kg}} \cdot {\mathrm{h}}^{-1}$ 600
), ArticleFig(id=1154428934293807349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428864529949121, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=微粉碎机构的主要技术参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
外形尺寸(直径×高)/mm×mm ${1100} \times {850}$
配套动力/kW 45
粉碎动刀数量/把 16
粉碎定刀数量/把 16
粉碎刀回转半径/mm 500
粉碎刀转速/ $\mathrm{r} \cdot {\mathrm{{min}}}^{-1}$ 3000
粉碎刀排列方式 单螺旋线
最大进料粒度/mm 5~10
粉碎粒度 $/\mathrm{{\mu m}}$ 48
处理量 $/\mathrm{{kg}} \cdot {\mathrm{h}}^{-1}$ 600
), ArticleFig(id=1154428934356721910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428864529949121, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=The centroid coordinates of the serrated pulverizing cutter and straight cutter, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 长度 mm 质量 质心坐标/mm
弧形锯齿刀 435 0.156 237.40 23.66 4.00
直线形光刃刀 435 0.156 227.86 0 4.00
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参数 长度 mm 质量 质心坐标/mm
弧形锯齿刀 435 0.156 237.40 23.66 4.00
直线形光刃刀 435 0.156 227.86 0 4.00
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材料 泊松比 剪切模量 密度
秸秆 0.3 2.5 114.36
粉碎刀 0.3 79000 7 865
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材料 泊松比 剪切模量 密度
秸秆 0.3 2.5 114.36
粉碎刀 0.3 79000 7 865
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相互作用
秸秆-秸秆 0.2 ~0.4 0.35~0.75 0.03~0.15
秸秆-粉碎刀 0.3~0.6 0.40~0.70 0.01~0.30
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相互作用
秸秆-秸秆 0.2 ~0.4 0.35~0.75 0.03~0.15
秸秆-粉碎刀 0.3~0.6 0.40~0.70 0.01~0.30
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秸秆微粉碎刀具结构设计与粉碎性能数值模拟
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付敏 , 高泽飞 , 陈效庆 , 王成梦 , 战明宇 , 曹众
可再生能源 | 2024,42(10): 1278-1288
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可再生能源 | 2024, 42(10): 1278-1288
秸秆微粉碎刀具结构设计与粉碎性能数值模拟
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付敏 , 高泽飞, 陈效庆, 王成梦, 战明宇, 曹众
作者信息
  • 1 东北林业大学 机电工程学院 黑龙江 哈尔滨 15040
  • 付敏(1969-),女,博士,教授,研究方向为生物质能技术与装备。E-mail:

Structure design and pulverizing performance numerical simulation of straw micro-pulverizing cutter
Min Fu , Zefei Gao, Xiaoqing Chen, Chengmeng Wang, Mingyu Zhan, Zhong Cao
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Northeast Forestry University Harbin 150040 China
出版时间: 2024-10-20
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为提高秸秆微粉碎的碎裂率以及粒度均匀性和稳定性,文章针对秸秆物性提出了动、定刀冲击和剪切的复合粉碎方式,设计了一种弧形锯齿刃粉碎刀具。通过对秸秆粉碎过程中受到的剪切、冲击作用进行力学和动力学分析,明确了影响秸秆粉碎性能的主要因素及碎裂方式。基于EDEM 数值模拟,对比分析了锯齿刃型和光刃型刀具对秸秆粉碎性能的影响,模拟结果表明:在粉碎含水率为20%的玉米秸秆时,相较于光刃型刀具,锯齿刃型刀具的颗粒粘结键数量减少了 16.76%、颗粒运动速度提高了 15.9%、颗粒总能量增大了 25.05%、对粉碎室壁的冲击力减小了 33.69%,工作状态更加平稳,能耗更低。

秸秆  /  微粉碎  /  刀具  /  粉碎性能  /  数值模拟

To improve the fragmentation rate , particle size uniformity, and stability of straw micropulverization, a composite pulverizing method of moving and fixed cutter impact shear was proposed for the physical properties of straw, and a curved serrated blade pulverizing cutter was designed. The main factors affecting the pulverizing performance of straw and the way of fragmentation were clarified through the analysis of the shear mechanics of straw, the analysis of impact dynamics, and the mechanical analysis of pulverizing moving cutter. Based on EDEM numerical simulation, the effects of the serrated blade and smooth blade cutters on the pulverizing performance of straw were compared and analyzed. The simulation results show that when pulverizing corn straw with a moisture content of 20%, the number of connective keys of the serrated blade is 16.76% less than that of the smooth blade, the particle motion speed is increased by 15.9%, the total energy of particles is increased by 25.05%, and the impact force on the pulverizing chamber wall is reduced by 33.69% , and has a smoother working condition and lower energy consumption.

straw  /  micro-pulverization  /  cutter  /  pulverizing performance  /  numerical simulation
付敏, 高泽飞, 陈效庆, 王成梦, 战明宇, 曹众. 秸秆微粉碎刀具结构设计与粉碎性能数值模拟. 可再生能源, 2024 , 42 (10) : 1278 -1288 .
Min Fu, Zefei Gao, Xiaoqing Chen, Chengmeng Wang, Mingyu Zhan, Zhong Cao. Structure design and pulverizing performance numerical simulation of straw micro-pulverizing cutter[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2024 , 42 (10) : 1278 -1288 .
秸秆微粉碎处理后具有表面活性高、化学反应速度快、填充补强性能好等优良特性 [ 1 ] ,有利于秸秆的高值化利用。但是,当前的秸秆微粉碎设备存在工作稳定性差、秸秆碎裂率及粒度均匀性低等问题,难以满足秸秆高品质、精细化利用的需求。
冲击式粉碎是适于加工纤维状秸秆原料的粉碎方式 [ 2 ] ,该方法多将刀具作为冲击元件,刀具的结构、形状及材料等因素会直接影响粉碎作业质量和效率。文献[ 3 ]中的超细纤维粉碎机采用高硬度合金刀具,刀具形状为三角形或梯形,采用高速旋转剪切和轮流单角剪切的粉碎方式, 成品粉体粒度可达 ${74\mu }\mathrm{m}$ 。文献[ 4 ]中的冲击式粉碎机采用长条形刀具, 刀具具有特殊凹槽或齿形以提高切割效率,可将粉体粒度控制在 $1 \sim {200\mu }\mathrm{m}$ 。付敏 [ 5 ] 设计的秸秆微粉碎机采用菱形销棒状的刀具结构, 刀盘设有凸齿以增加对秸秆的摩擦作用。钟声标 [ 6 ] 设计的玉米秸秆超微粉碎机采用螺旋齿刀剪切、 偏心挤压和撞击的粉碎方式, 能够将入料粒径小于 $2\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 的秸秆粉碎至 ${30}\sim {20\mu }\mathrm{m}$ 。Jia H [ 7 ] 基于仿生学设计的刀具刃型为山字形, 以增加剪切应力, 减小拉应力, 在切削时可降低刀具与植物纤维之间的摩擦。Guo Q [ 8 ] 基于对数螺线方程设计了一种等滑切角锯齿刀片,刀具材料为 $\mathrm{{Cr}}{12}\mathrm{{MoV}}$ ,形状为弧形上底梯形,切割过程中刀具受力均匀,切割时间短。
上述研究为秸秆微粉碎刀具的设计提供了参考, 但还须深入研究秸秆微粉碎刀具的结构形式及粉碎性能。本文针对秸秆物性提出了动、定刀冲击和剪切的复合粉碎方式, 进行了弧形锯齿刃粉碎刀具的结构设计及参数确定; 对秸秆粉碎过程中受到的剪切、冲击作用进行了力学和动力学分析, 明确了影响秸秆粉碎性能的主要因素及碎裂方式;基于 EDEM 数值模拟方法对比分析了锯齿刃型和光刃型刀具对秸秆粉碎性能的影响。研究结果可为秸秆微粉碎技术与设备的研究提供参考。
本文设计的微粉碎机构采用动、定刀冲击和剪切的复合粉碎方式, 主要由入料装置、主轴、转子、动、定锯齿粉碎刀、壳体、负压扇等组成[ 图 1(a)]。微粉碎机构内有 4 层刀具, 每层刀具由 4 组动、定刀组成;定刀固定在粉碎室壁上,动刀固定在转子上且在定刀的下方,动、定刀的刃口相向; 刀具沿轴线单螺旋式排列, 每层刀具的螺旋角为 ${22.5}^{\circ }$ [ 图 1(b)],使动、定锯齿粉碎刀均匀分布在粉碎室。微粉碎机构的主要技术参数见 表 1
工作时,秸秆物料经过入料装置进入粉碎室, 首先受到动、定锯齿粉碎刀的冲击、剪切作用,随后秸秆颗粒群在旋转部件(刀具、转子)形成的气流场中与粉碎室壁以及秸秆颗粒发生碰撞, 秸秆颗粒被进一步粉碎, 最终在负压扇形成的负压场和秸秆自身重力作用下排出粉碎室。在轴向上布置 4 层刀具对秸秆物料进行多次粉碎,可以提高秸秆粉碎效率。由于成品秸秆料质量较小,重力在气流场中的作用较弱, 需通过负压扇进行引流并散热。
粉碎刀具是秸秆微粉碎机的关键部件, 其形状和参数对秸秆粉碎效果及功率消耗有很大影响。本文针对秸秆的特性设计了一种动、定刀配合
的锯齿形粉碎刀具,其结构如 图 2 所示。
根据粉碎室装配空间需要,设计动、定刀长度分别为 ${435},{245}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 。为确保刀具的强度,刀具厚度应为 $5 \sim {10}{\mathrm{\;{mm}}}$ [ 9 ] 。研究表明 [ 10 ] ,随着厚度的增加, 刀具的质量和转动惯量随之增大、变形量减小,但较厚的刀具不利于秸秆的粉碎, 因此, 刀具厚度设计为 $8\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 。为避免动、定刀因振动而发生干涉现象, 在保证秸秆粉碎质量的前提下, 将动、定刀轴向间隙设计为 $2\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 。刀具两侧开刃的刃口角度取 ${30}^{\circ }$ ,该角度可在保持剪切力的情况下减少对刀具的磨损。刀具材料选用 65Mn 钢,并对刃口进行高频淬火处理, 从而达到自磨刃效果以保持刀具刃口的锋利 [ 11 ] 。秸秆和木质纤维的成分与结构较为相似, 因此, 本文设计的刀具锯齿齿形参考了硬质合金木工圆锯片中的斜磨齿,相比于直齿,斜磨齿更加适合切割纤维类物料;为使刀具达到对秸秆的夹持和支撑作用,锯齿的齿距应大于秸秆颗粒尺寸。
动、定刀刀体形状为弧形, 刀刃弧长分别为 ${410}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$${235}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ ,和直线形刀体相比,增加了刀刃的长度,增大了刀具的有效切割面积;采用圆弧形刃可实现以滑切为主的粉碎方式减小切割阻力, 相较于砍切的粉碎方式, 能明显降低临界切断速度 [ 12 ] 。将刀刃设计为锯齿型,与光刃相比,锯齿刃能使秸秆更好地附着在刀体上,并通过 $\mathrm{S}$ 型弧形动刀与弧形定刀的配合形成轴向虚拟啮合状态, 对秸秆物料既有支撑滑切又有撕扯作用, 能更好地粉碎秸秆纤维。
应用 SolidWorks 质量属性模块对比分析弧形锯齿刀具与直线形光刃刀具的质心, 结果见 表 2 。由 表 2 可知, 相比于直线形光刃刀具, 弧形锯齿刀具的质心发生了偏移, 延长了质心到刀柄的距离, 从而增大了刀具的转动惯量, 增强了粉碎作用效果。
秸秆物料在粉碎室中受到动、定锯齿刀具的冲击及剪切、粉碎室壁的冲击以及秸秆颗粒之间的冲击作用。本文针对上述过程进行力学和动力学分析, 以明确秸秆物料的主要碎裂方式及影响因素。
当物料所受外力大于分子间内聚力时, 物料会发生较大的弯曲和压缩变形直至碎裂。在秸秆受动、定刀剪切作用的过程中,忽略回转气流的影响, 秸秆被剪切瞬间的受力分析如 图 3 所示。在瞬时粉碎过程中,秸秆处于动态的两点支撑状态,随着动刀的回转运动, 秸秆发生局部塑性变形, 然后产生较大的弯曲和压缩变形直至断裂。因此,刀具对秸秆的支撑力会直接影响其粉碎效果。
为了便于分析秸秆的剪切受力过程, 将待粉碎秸秆视为圆柱体 [ 13 ] ,以点 $O$ 为坐标原点建立直角坐标系。动锯齿粉碎刀以角速度 $\omega$ 快速靠近固接在粉碎室壁的定锯齿粉碎刀, 秸秆在某一瞬时时刻保持受力平衡, 则秸秆粉碎的瞬时受力可以表示为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{F}_{\mathrm{N}2}= {F}_{\mathrm{N}1}\sin \theta +{f}_{2}\cos \theta \\{F}_{\mathrm{c}}= {f}_{1}+ {F}_{\mathrm{N}1}\cos \theta -{f}_{2}\sin \theta \\{f}_{1}= {\mu }_{1}{F}_{\mathrm{N}1}\\{f}_{2}= {\mu }_{2}{F}_{\mathrm{N}2}\\{F}_{3}= m{\omega }^{2}B \end{array}\right.$
式中: ${F}_{\mathrm{N}1}$ 为动刀对玉米秸秆的支撑力, $\mathrm{N};{F}_{\mathrm{N}2}$ 为定刀对玉米秸秆的支撑力, $\mathrm{N};{f}_{1}$ 为动刀与玉米秸秆间的摩擦力, $\mathrm{N};{f}_{2}$ 为定刀与玉米秸秆间的摩擦力, $\mathrm{N};{\mu }_{1}$ 为动刀与玉米秸秆间的摩擦系数; ${\mu }_{2}$ 为定刀与玉米秸秆间的摩擦系数; $m$ 为秸秆质量, $\mathrm{{kg}};\omega$ 为动刀的角速度, $\mathrm{{rad}}/\mathrm{s};R$ 为玉米秸秆的回转半径, $\mathrm{m};\theta$ 为动刀与定刀轴线的夹角, $\left({}^{\circ }\right);{F}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 为秸秆离心力, N。
由式 (1) 整理得:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{F}_{\mathrm{N}1}= \frac{m{\omega }^{2}R\left({1 -{\mu }_{2}\cos \theta }\right)}{{\mu }_{1}- {\mu }_{2}- \cos \theta \left({{\mu }_{1}{\mu }_{2}- 1}\right)} \\{F}_{\mathrm{N}2}= \frac{m{\omega }^{2}R\sin \theta }{{\mu }_{1}- {\mu }_{2}- \cos \theta \left({{\mu }_{1}{\mu }_{2}- 1}\right)} \end{array}\right.$
由式 (2) 可知, ${F}_{\mathrm{N}1}$${F}_{\mathrm{N}2}$ 的大小与 $m,\omega ,\theta ,{\mu }_{1}$ , ${\mu }_{2}$ 有关。其中, $\omega$${F}_{\mathrm{N}1}$${F}_{\mathrm{N}2}$ 影响最大,当 $\omega$ 增大时, ${F}_{\mathrm{N}1}$${F}_{\mathrm{N}2}$ 均随之增大,因此, $\omega$ 的增大可以增强刀具对秸秆的支撑作用,延长秸秆所受粉碎刀冲击力的持续时间, 从而达到增强粉碎效果的作用。增大 ${\mu }_{1}$${\mu }_{2}$ 也可以增强刀具对秸秆的支撑作用, 相比于光刃, 本文提出的锯齿型刀刃可以有效增大 ${\mu }_{1}$${\mu }_{2}$ 的值。
在秸秆粉碎过程中, 动刀按照设定的运动轨迹进行高速旋转, 但受到秸秆和气流的阻力作用时会发生偏移 [ 14 ] ,导致动刀和转子之间产生不平衡,从而影响转子稳定性及粉碎性能。本节取单片动刀进行力学分析, 探究影响动刀粉碎作用的主要因素。动锯齿粉碎刀通过高强度螺栓固接在转子上,设固接点为 ${O}_{1}$ ,转子回转中心为 ${O}_{0}$ ,以 ${O}_{0}$ 为原点建立坐标系,动锯齿粉碎刀以角速度 $\omega$ 绕原点做逆时针旋转运动, ${O}_{2}$ 为动刀质心。动刀工作时的受力分析如 图 4 所示。
动刀在工作时主要受到离心力 ${F}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 和切割阻力 ${F}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 作用,若忽略刀宽、气流阻力和动刀安装表面的摩擦力,可得到以下几何关系:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{S}_{0}= {S}_{1}\cos \alpha \\\frac{{R}_{2}}{{R}_{1}}= \frac{{S}_{1}\sin \alpha }{{S}_{2}}\end{array}\right.$
式中: $\alpha$ 为动刀实际位置相对于理论位置的偏转角, $\left({}^{\circ }\right);{R}_{1}$ 为固接点 ${O}_{1}$ 的回转半径, $\mathrm{m};{R}_{2}$ 为动刀质心 ${O}_{2}$ 的回转半径, $\mathrm{m};{S}_{0}$ 为切割阻力 ${F}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 的力臂, $\mathrm{m};{S}_{1}$ 为轴心 ${O}_{1}$ 到质心 ${O}_{2}$ 的距离, $\mathrm{m};{S}_{2}$ 为离心力 ${F}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 的力臂, ${\mathrm{m}}_{0}$
动刀受到的离心力力矩 ${W}_{\mathrm{c}}$
${W}_{\mathrm{c}}= {F}_{\mathrm{c}}{S}_{2}= {m}_{\mathrm{c}}{\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}^{2}{R}_{2}{S}_{2}= {m}_{\mathrm{c}}{\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}^{2}{R}_{1}{S}_{1}\sin \alpha $
式中: ${m}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 为粉碎刀的质量, $\mathrm{{kg}};{\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}$ 为转子角速度, rad/s。
动刀受到的切割阻力力矩 ${W}_{\mathrm{r}}$
${W}_{\mathrm{r}}= {F}_{\mathrm{r}}{S}_{0}= {F}_{\mathrm{r}}{S}_{2}\cos \alpha $
因此, 作用在动刀上的力矩相对于固接连接点 ${O}_{1}$ 的平衡方程式为
${m}_{\mathrm{c}}{\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}^{2}{R}_{1}{S}_{1}\sin \alpha ={F}_{\mathrm{r}}{S}_{2}\cos \alpha $
由式(6)得:
$\tan \alpha =\frac{{F}_{\mathrm{r}}}{{m}_{\mathrm{c}}{\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}^{2}\frac{{R}_{1}{S}_{1}}{{S}_{2}}}$
由式 (7) 可知, 动刀实际位置相对于理论位置的偏转角 $\alpha$ 的大小与刀具质量 ${m}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 、转子角速度 ${\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}$ 以及参数 $K\left({K ={R}_{1}{S}_{1}/{S}_{2}}\right)$ 的数值有关。在设计刀具时,可通过以下措施减小偏转角 $\alpha$ ,避免动刀发生偏移,影响粉碎性能 [ 15 ]
1) 增大刀具质量 ${m}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 和转子角速度 ${\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}$ 。动刀的几何尺寸和安装方式一定时, 通过增加刀具质量 ${m}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 和转子角速度 ${\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}$ ,可以增加动刀的惯性力, 从而减小偏转角 $\alpha$ ,增强转子稳定性,确保刀具可以按照设定的轨迹运动。
2)增大 $K$ 值。刀具几何尺寸一定时,质心越靠近刀头部位,偏转角越小;当质心靠近刃口时, 缩短切割阻力力臂也可增大 $K$ 值,从而获得减小偏转角 $\alpha$ 的效果。
表 2 可以看出, 相对于直线形光刃刀具, 弧形锯齿刀具的质心向着刀头发生明显偏移, 说明该刀具结构可达到减小偏转角 $\alpha$ 的效果,从而避免动刀发生偏移影响粉碎性能。
秸秆物料在粉碎室中受到刀具、粉碎室壁和颗粒群的冲击作用, 既涉及到颗粒之间的碰撞运动, 又涉及到力学特性的问题。因此, 本文采用动力学的方法对秸秆所受冲击作用进行分析。
在秸秆进入粉碎室后, 其会与高速旋转的动锯齿粉碎刀和粉碎室壁上的定锯齿粉碎刀发生激烈的冲击、碰撞、摩擦和剪切作用,同时还会受到高速旋转气流场的作用,由此加速了粉碎过程。因此, 秸秆是在机械力和气流的双重作用下被粉碎, 在这个过程中,秸秆颗粒的大小和形态会发生较大的变化。不考虑气流阻力和刀具自重等影响, 根据冲量-动量定理,秸秆与刀具之间的冲击力 $F$
$ F =\frac{m\left({{v}_{1}- {v}_{2}}\right)}{\Delta t}$
式中: ${v}_{1}$ 为刀具线速度, $\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}$${v}_{2}$ 为秸秆接触刀具时的速度, $\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s};{\Delta t}$ 为冲击作用时间, $\mathrm{s}$
由式 (8) 可知,当秸秆质量 $m$ 一定时,粉碎动刀与秸秆的相对运动速度越大,冲击力越大;秸秆在接触粉碎刀的过程中所受冲击力的持续时间越短,冲击力越大。
因此, 为增加刀具对秸秆的冲击力, 应适当地降低秸秆进料速度; 可以对刀具刃型的结构形式进行调整,减小秸秆对刀具的阻力,以缩短对秸秆的作用时间。
粉碎动刀在高速旋转的过程中会产生大量的空气流, 在受到粉碎室内转动和静止部件的影响后, 空气流被转换成无数个急转的湍流。这些湍流会加速秸秆物料加速, 使其达到与空气流同样的速度。这种加速运动改变了秸秆颗粒群的运动方向和速度, 导致秸秆颗粒相互碰撞并碎裂。
1959 年, H Rumpf 应用赫兹理论给出了相互碰撞球体接触点的最大正应力 ${\sigma }_{\max }$ [ 16 ] :
${\sigma }_{\max }= {0.098}^{1/5}{\left(\frac{{m}_{1}{m}_{2}}{{m}_{1}+ {m}_{2}}\right)}^{1/5}{v}^{2/5}{\left(\frac{1}{{r}_{1}}+ \frac{1}{{r}_{2}}\right)}^{3/5}.\\{\left\lbrack \frac{1 -{\mu }_{\mathrm{a}}^{2}}{{E}_{1}}+ \frac{1 -{\mu }_{\mathrm{b}}^{2}}{{E}_{2}}\right\rbrack }^{-4/5}$
式中: ${m}_{1},{m}_{2}$ 为碰撞物体的质量, $\mathrm{{kg}};v$ 为碰撞物体的相对运动速度, $\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s};{r}_{1},{r}_{2}$ 为碰撞部位的曲率半径, $\mathrm{m};{\mu }_{\mathrm{a}},{\mu }_{\mathrm{b}}$ 为碰撞物体的泊松比; ${E}_{1},{E}_{2}$ 为碰撞物体的弹性模量, MPa。
为了简化分析秸秆颗粒间的碰撞过程, 将秸秆视为半径为 $r$ 的球体模型 [ 17 ] ,则式 (9) 可变为
${\sigma }_{\max }= {0.098}^{1/5}{\left(\frac{{16\pi }{\rho }_{\mathrm{s}}}{3}\right)}^{1/5}{v}^{2/5}{\left\lbrack \frac{2\left({1 -{\mu }_{\mathrm{s}}^{2}}\right)}{{E}_{\mathrm{s}}}\right\rbrack }^{-4/5}$
式中: ${\rho }_{\mathrm{s}}$ 为秸秆的密度, $\mathrm{{kg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3};{\mu }_{\mathrm{s}}$ 为秸秆的泊松比; ${E}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 为秸秆的弹性模量, ${\mathrm{{MPa}}}_{\circ }$
前期以粉碎后的玉米秸秆(含水率为 20%)为试验对象, 通过参数标定的方法获得相关材料的属性参数 [ 18 ] ${157}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ ,将这些参数代入式(10)可得:
${\sigma }_{\max }= {0.098}^{1/5}{\left(\frac{{16\pi }\times {114.36}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}}{3}\right)}^{1/5}.\\{\left({157}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}\right)}^{2/5}{\left\lbrack \frac{2\left({1 -{0.3}^{2}}\right)}{{6.5}\times {10}^{6}\mathrm{\;{Pa}}}\right\rbrack }^{-4/5}= \\{3.7611}\times {10}^{6}\mathrm{\;{Pa}}= {3.7611}\mathrm{{MPa}}$
由式 (11) 可知, 秸秆颗粒间发生碰撞时所产生的最大正应力大于秸秆的抗拉强度 ${\left({1.35}\mathrm{{MPa}}\right)}$ [ 19 ] , 可以导致秸秆颗粒的碎裂, 这表明了秸秆颗粒间的冲击力对秸秆碎裂的重要性。颗粒碰撞时会发生能量转换, 一部分能量转化成颗粒发生断裂所需要的能量, 从而使颗粒发生碎裂。为了增加颗粒碰撞造成的颗粒碎裂, 可以通过增加颗粒群碰撞速度以及改变入料秸秆的物性(如硬度等)来增大颗粒之间的冲击力, 从而促进能量转换, 提高粉碎效率。
秸秆在粉碎过程中会受到旋转体离心力的作用,以高速射流的形式撞击粉碎室壁,由此受到粉碎室壁的冲击反作用力。在撞击过程中,当秸秆受到的最大应力大于秸秆的抗拉强度时, 秸秆就会发生碎裂。对于已经破碎的秸秆, 由于冲击力的作用,它们也会进一步得到细化。
对于秸秆颗粒与粉碎室壁的碰撞,式 (9) 可变为
${\sigma }_{\max ,1}= {0.098}^{15}{\left(\frac{{m}_{\mathrm{s}}{m}_{\mathrm{w}}}{{m}_{\mathrm{s}}+ {m}_{\mathrm{w}}}\right)}^{1/5}{v}^{25}{\left(\frac{1}{r}\right)}^{3/5}{\left\lbrack \frac{1 -{\mu }_{\mathrm{s}}^{2}}{{E}_{\mathrm{s}}}+ \frac{1 -{\mu }_{\mathrm{w}}^{2}}{{E}_{\mathrm{w}}}\right\rbrack }^{-4/5}$
式中: ${\sigma }_{\max ,1}$ 为秸秆颗粒与粉碎室壁接触点的最大正应力, $\mathrm{{MPa}};{m}_{\mathrm{s}},{m}_{\mathrm{w}}$ 分别为秸秆颗粒和粉碎室的质量, $\mathrm{{kg}};{\mu }_{\mathrm{w}}$ 为粉碎室材料的泊松比; ${E}_{\mathrm{w}}$ 为粉碎室材料的弹性模量, ${\mathrm{{MPa}}}_{\circ }$
粉碎室壁的材料为铸钢, ${\rho }_{\mathrm{w}}= {7.8}\times {10}^{3}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ , ${\mu }_{\mathrm{w}}= {0.3},{E}_{\mathrm{w}}= 2 \times {10}^{5}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 。忽略出、入料口部分,粉碎室的质量为
${m}_{\mathrm{w}}= \pi {R}^{2}h{\rho }_{\mathrm{w}}= \pi \times {\left({0.56}\mathrm{\;m}- {0.55}\mathrm{\;m}\right)}^{2}\times {1.2}\mathrm{\;m}\times {7.8}\times \\{10}^{3}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}= {2.939}\mathrm{\;{kg}}$
以入料粒度为 $5\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 的玉米秸秆颗粒为作用对象, 秸秆颗粒的质量为
${m}_{\mathrm{s}}= \frac{4}{3}\pi {r}^{3}{\rho }_{\mathrm{s}}= \frac{4}{3}\pi \times {\left({2.5}\times {10}^{-3}\mathrm{\;m}\right)}^{3}\times {114.36}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}= \\{7.4811}\times {10}^{-6}\mathrm{\;{kg}}$
将式(13),(14)及相关参数代入式(12),可得:
${\sigma }_{\max ,1}= {0.098}^{1/5}{\left(\frac{{7.4811}\times {10}^{-6}\mathrm{\;{kg}}\cdot {2.939}\mathrm{\;{kg}}}{{7.4811}\times {10}^{-6}\mathrm{\;{kg}}+ {2.939}\mathrm{\;{kg}}}\right)}^{1/5}.\\{\left({157}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}\right)}^{2/5}{\left(\frac{1}{{2.5}\times {10}^{-3}\mathrm{\;m}}\right)}^{3/5}.\\{\left\lbrack \frac{1 -{0.3}^{2}}{{6.5}\times {10}^{6}\mathrm{\;{Pa}}}+ \frac{1 -{0.3}^{2}}{2 \times {10}^{11}\mathrm{\;{Pa}}}\right\rbrack }^{-4/5}= \\{4.9627}\times {10}^{6}\mathrm{\;{Pa}}= {4.9627}\mathrm{{MPa}}$
由式 (15) 可知, 秸秆颗粒撞击粉碎室壁时所产生的最大正应力大于秸秆的抗拉强度 (1.35 MPa) [ 19 ] ,这意味着在撞击时秸秆颗粒会发生断裂。秸秆颗粒的细化程度取决于冲击速度 $v$ 和材料常数 $\left({{\mu }_{\mathrm{s}},{E}_{\mathrm{s}}}\right)$ ,其中冲击速度受转子转速的影响, 转速越大,秸秆颗粒群的速度越大。材料常数主要受到含水率的影响 [ 20 ] ,含水率越低,秸秆的弹性模量和泊松比越大,在冲击作用下更易碎裂。因此, 增大转子转速和降低秸秆含水率可以提高秸秆粉碎效率。
采用离散元法及 EDEM 软件建立微粉碎机构和秸秆的仿真模型, 通过秸秆碎裂模拟试验, 获得粉碎后的颗粒粘结键数量、功率、颗粒运动速度等数据, 对比分析刃型(光刃和锯齿刃)对秸秆粉碎效果和性能指标的影响。
玉米秸秆是一种非均匀、多相、各向异性的植物纤维类黏弹塑性材料, 经粗粉碎处理后形状各异[ 图 5(a)], 研究起来相对复杂。为了使仿真效果尽可能符合实际工况, 选取碎秸秆中均值粒度为 5 $\mathrm{{mm}}$ 的秸秆物料作为研究对象,按照实物绘制三维模型[ 图 5(b)]并导入到 HyperMesh 中划分网格。使用 Fluent 采集目标颗粒的位置参数, 使用 EDEM 的 API 快速替换方式生成由 32 个半径为 ${0.3}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 的小颗粒堆积而成的离散元模型 [ 图 5(c)], 颗粒间共形成了 192 个粘结键, 用来模拟秸秆颗粒之间的粘合性。
为提高 EDEM 仿真软件的计算效率,对微粉碎机构进行了适当简化, 在 SolidWorks 软件中建立的微粉碎机构模型被保存为 STL 格式, 并导入到 EDEM 中进行物理仿真分析( 图 6 )。
粉碎刀具的试验材料为 ${65}\mathrm{{Mn}}$ ,在建立粉碎模型时, 定义刀具为刚性材料模型。秸秆和刀具的属性参数 [ 18 ] 表 3
材料的物理属性是影响仿真结果准确性的关键因素,前期通过参数标定的方法获得材料的接触属性 [ 18 ] ( 表 4 )。其中:碰撞恢复系数 $e$ 表示碰撞后两个物体的反弹程度; 静摩擦系数 ${\mu }_{\mathrm{s}}$ 用于描述两个物体在静止状态下的摩擦力大小; 滚动摩擦系数 ${\mu }_{\mathrm{R}}$ 用于描述两个物体之间的滚动摩擦力。
仿真时设定动刀的转速为 ${3000}\mathrm{r}/\mathrm{{min}}$ ,颗粒工厂生成秸秆颗粒总数为 500 个,仿真时间为 ${1.000}\mathrm{\;s}$ (秸秆生成时间为 ${0.001}\mathrm{\;s}$ ,从 ${0.002}\mathrm{\;s}$ 开始替换颗粒,从 0.001 s 开始,动刀由主轴带动开始高速旋转), 对秸秆模型进行仿真参数设置。在 Physics 选项中设置 Hertz-Mindlin with bonding 接触模型和目标颗粒的粘结参数 [ 21 ] [ 图 7(a) ]; 在 Bulk Material 选项中定义秸秆颗粒的各属性参数, 设置颗粒 I 和颗粒 II [( 图 7(b) ],其中颗粒 I 为替换颗粒,颗粒 II 为被替换颗粒; 当到达0.002 s 时, 通过颗粒替换 API 文件快速移除颗粒 II, 同时读取颗粒 I 的位置参数,快速生成 BPM 粘结模型[ 图 7(c) ]。
在离散元粉碎仿真研究中, 选取玉米秸秆作为仿真对象, 将粉碎刀具设置为锯齿刃和光刃两种类型 ( 图 8 ), 探究两种刃型对秸秆粉碎效果的影响程度。在仿真过程中, 以秸秆颗粒粘结键数量、功率和运动速度等为试验指标,通过离散元仿真模型模拟试验, 在设置相同的加工工艺参数的前提下进行对比分析, 试验重复 5 次, 取试验均值作为结果。
仿真试验开始前, 首先在粉碎室顶部的入料口设置 3 个颗粒工厂,每秒生成 1500 个秸秆颗粒,设置秸秆颗粒的半径为 ${0.3}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ ,颗粒下落的初速度为 ${0.2}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ ,以确保颗粒充足。为保证仿真结果真实可靠, 将仿真网格划分为最小颗粒半径的 3 倍。同时,将仿真时间设置为 $1\mathrm{\;s}$ ,数据记录间隔为 ${0.01}\mathrm{\;s}$ ,仿真时间步长为 ${4.35}\times {10}^{-6}\mathrm{\;s}$
仿真试验结束后, 通过 EDEM 软件的后处理模块导出试验数据, 对样本数据进行筛选和处理, 剔除异常数据,以保证仿真结果的准确性。
通过 EDEM 软件的后处理模块输出试验的粘结键数量,得到刀具刃型对颗粒粘结键数量的影响如 图 9 所示。从 图 9 可以看出, $0 \sim {0.07}\mathrm{\;s}$ 为秸秆颗粒的粘结键生成时间,从 0.15 s 开始,两种刀具刃型下的粘结键数量均呈现出从最大值开始急剧减小,之后缓慢下降并在 ${0.76}\mathrm{\;s}$ 趋于稳定的趋势。
图 9 可知, 相比于光刃试验, 锯齿刃试验的颗粒粘结键数量减少了 16.76%,表明锯齿刃刀具可以增加秸秆的粘结键断裂数量, 即减少多个小颗粒间的粘结,进而增加了颗粒的独立性。因此, 对于秸秆的粉碎作业, 锯齿刃刀具比光刃刀具更为适用, 有利于提高秸秆颗粒的碎裂率。
在 EDEM 中无法直接导出秸秆微粉碎机构的功率消耗,需根据式(16)进行一次转换。
$ P =\frac{nM}{9550}$
式中: $P$ 为功率, $\mathrm{{kW}};n$ 为转速, $\mathrm{r}/\mathrm{{min}};M$ 为动刀轴扭矩, N·m。
$0 \sim 1\mathrm{\;s}$ 的动刀轴在各时间点的扭矩数据导出, 可得到两种刀具刃型下的功率消耗如 图 10 所示。
图 10 可知,锯齿刃试验消耗的功率相对较低,说明锯齿刃刀具在达到相同粉碎效果时所需功率较小,能够降低微粉碎机构的总能耗。同时, 通过对比功率的波形形状可知, 锯齿刃试验的功率波动幅度较小,说明锯齿刃刀具能够更好地承受秸秆的冲击力和离心力,具有较强的抗扰动能力,能够保持稳定的工作状态。光刃试验的功率波动较大,说明光刃刀具的抗扰动能力较弱,系统的震荡程度较高,不利于保持稳定的工作状态,导致功率消耗较高。
秸秆颗粒运动速度的变化趋势与动、定刀具对秸秆的冲击作用有关, 刀具刃型对颗粒运动速度的影响如 图 11 所示。
图 11 可以看出:两种刀具刃型下的颗粒速度均呈现出从零急剧增大后波动下降的趋势;锯齿刃试验的最大颗粒速度为 ${4700.37}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ ,比光刃试验的最大颗粒速度( ${5140.57}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ )降低了 ${8.56}\%$ ; 锯齿刃试验的颗粒平均运动速度比光刃试验提高了 ${15.9}\%$ ,有利于提高秸秆粉碎效率。在 $0 \sim {0.15}\mathrm{s}$ , 锯齿刃试验的颗粒运动速度最大( ${4700.37}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ ), 且斜率 (增长率) 大于光刃试验,说明其对颗粒速度的提升更为迅速。这意味着锯齿刃刀具可以更有效地提高颗粒的初速度, 进而增加颗粒之间的碰撞次数和冲击力。因此,在颗粒加速过程中,锯齿刃刀具比光刃刀具具有更快的速度提升率。
秸秆颗粒冲击粉碎室壁所产生的反作用力 (秸秆所受冲击力)的大小与颗粒运动速度、方向和碰撞角度等密切相关。刀具刃型对秸秆所受冲击力的影响如 图 12 所示。
图 12 可以看出:光刃试验的最大秸秆所受冲击力为 ${2.733}\mathrm{\;N}$ ,比锯齿刃试验的最大秸秆所受冲击力(2.208N)增大了 ${23.78}\%$ ;锯齿刃试验中秸秆所受平均冲击力比光刃试验减小了 33.69%, 说明锯齿刃刀具在粉碎秸秆时可以使秸秆沿多方向分散至整个粉碎室,实现多样性(不同角度、方向、 深度)切割, 使得刀具对秸秆的粉碎更加均匀。在光刃试验中,在离心力作用下,秸秆颗粒大多向着粉碎室壁运动,水平方向碰撞角度小,增大了颗粒的冲击力,且波动剧烈。因此,相比于光刃刀具,锯齿刃刀具能够获得更加均匀的粉碎粒度, 但会减弱粉碎室壁的冲击作用, 也会对粉碎效率产生一定影响。
秸秆能量包括秸秆机械能和热能, 刀具刃型对秸秆颗粒总能量的影响如 图 13 所示。
图 13 可以看出:锯齿刃和光刃试验的颗粒总能量的波动幅度相似, 秸秆颗粒的总能量均表现出先增加后减小的趋势; 锯齿刃试验的颗粒平均能量比光刃试验增加了 25.05%, 说明锯齿刃试验的颗粒具有较大的机械能, 可以转化为更多用于断裂的能量, 秸秆颗粒的碎裂率更高。结合 图 12 可知, 锯齿刃试验的粉碎室壁冲击作用较光刃试验弱, 但颗粒释放的总能量多, 这说明剩余能量多来自于颗粒间的碰撞粉碎和刀具的冲击剪切粉碎。进一步结合 图 10 的仿真试验结果可知, 在实现相同粉碎效果时, 锯齿刃刀具的功率消耗低于光刃刀具,说明锯齿刃刀具对秸秆的切割做功少。 因此, 可以推断出锯齿刃刀具能够促进颗粒间的碰撞粉碎, 颗粒间的碰撞粉碎比冲击粉碎室壁的粉碎效果更加高效。
①本文针对秸秆物性提出了采用动、定刀冲击和剪切复合粉碎的微粉碎机构设计方案, 设计了一种弧形锯齿刃粉碎刀具。利用动、定刀形成的虚拟啮合状态增强对秸秆的支撑、滑切和撕扯作用,以提高秸秆颗粒的碎裂率;刀具采用锯齿刃型可实现对秸秆的多样性切割, 提高粉碎粒度均匀性; 锯齿刃刀具质心外移, 可减小动刀的偏转位移,以提高微粉碎机构工作稳定性。
②通过秸秆受刀具剪切力学分析、受冲击动力学分析以及粉碎动刀的力学分析, 明确了影响秸秆粉碎性能的主要因素及碎裂方式。刀具对秸秆的支撑作用、刃型、动刀的偏转位移、秸秆的运动速度及含水率均会影响秸秆粉碎性能; 秸秆颗粒受动、定锯齿刀具的冲击及剪切力、粉碎室壁的冲击反作用力以及秸秆颗粒间的冲击力而发生碎裂。
③基于 EDEM 数值模拟对比分析了锯齿刃型和光刃型刀具对秸秆粉碎性能的影响。在粉碎含水率为 20% 的玉米秸秆时,相较于光刃型刀具, 锯齿刃型刀具的颗粒粘结键数量减少了 16.76%、颗粒运动速度提高了 15.9%、颗粒总能量增大了 25.05%、对粉碎室壁的冲击力减小了 33.69%,工作状态更加平稳,能耗更低。秸秆颗粒间碰撞对秸秆碎裂的作用比粉碎室壁的冲击作用更有效。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(51975114)
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  • 接收时间:2023-04-18
  • 首发时间:2025-07-22
  • 出版时间:2024-10-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-04-18
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国家自然科学基金项目(51975114)
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    1 东北林业大学 机电工程学院 黑龙江 哈尔滨 15040
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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