Article(id=1154428861971419213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154428861249998924, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1701014400000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-27, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753166888945, onlineDateStr=2025-07-22, pubDate=1729353600000, pubDateStr=2024-10-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753166888945, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753166888945, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753166888945, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154428861249998924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, year='2024', volume='42', issue='10', pageStart='1278', pageEnd='1420', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753166888773, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753694543506, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156642005640930141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154428861249998924, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156642005640930142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154428861249998924, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1302, endPage=1311, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154428862378266703, articleId=1154428861971419213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, language=EN, title=Simulation of heat extraction and injection optimization from a vertical-well closed-loop geothermal system, columnId=null, journalTitle=Renewable Energy Resources, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To evaluate the heat extraction performance and optimize the injection parameters of a singlewell ClosedLoop Geothermal System (CLGS), this paper analyzes the shortterm (thermal response testing) and longterm (one heating season) heating performance of CLGS and optimizes operation parameters including injection temperature and rate, based on wellbore reservoir coupling simulation and site operation monitoring data for a typical site in Northeast China. The results indicate that the mean heat extraction rate is 65.2 kW and the average temperature difference between the output and inlet is 4.9 °C with an average injection temperature of 7 °C and an injection flow rate of 7.7 m³/h for a vertical well of 1 700 m. At the end of a heating season, the maximum range for temperature reduction in the formation is approximately 7 m with the maximum temperature decrease up to 23 °C, and it can recovery better during the nonheating period. Without considering operating costs and sustainable development, the low injection temperature and large injection rate result in high heat extraction rate. Setting the injection temperature to 5 °C and flow rate to 6.3 m³/h can minimize operating costs while meeting heating needs, reducing costs by 20% compared to the existing solution. The optimization design that considers operating costs and sustainable development has practical significance for a single well closedloop geothermal system.

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为了评价单井闭循环的热提取性能,优化注入参数,文章针对中国东北典型场地,基于井筒储层耦合数值模拟和场地的运行监测数据,分析了地热系统短期(热响应测试)和长期(一个供暖季)的提热性能,并优化了系统运行注入温度和流量。结果显示,典型东北地区1500m长度的地热井在平均注入温度7℃,注入流量7.7 m³/h 条件下,换热孔出口平均功率为65.2kW,一个供暖期出口与入口平均温差为4.9℃,地层温度降低影响最大范围约7m,地层中的降温程度最大为23℃,并可以在非供暖期得到较好的恢复。在不考虑运行成本和可持续开发的情况下,注入温度越低、流量越大,获得的换热功率也越大。在调整注入温度为5℃和流量为6.3 m³/h 的情况下,可获得同样的换热功率,此时的运行成本最低,比现有方案成本降低20%。考虑运行成本和可持续开发的优化设计对单井闭循环地热供暖具有现实意义。

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雷宏武(1985-),男,副研究员,主要从事地热多相、多场耦合数值模拟软件开发和应用研究。E-mail:
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马永法(1980-),男,正高级工程师,主要从事地热、地质方面的研究。E-mail:

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2 Key Laboratory of Shallow Geothermal Energy, Ministry of Natural Resources of the People's Republic of China Beijing 100195 China
3 Engineering Research Center of Geothermal Resources Development Technology and Equipment, Ministry of Education Jilin University Changchun 130026 China
4 Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment Jilin University Changchun 130021 China
5 Engineering Technology Research Center of Cold Region Geothermal Energy of Heilongjiang Province Harbin 150027 China
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马永法(1980-),男,正高级工程师,主要从事地热、地质方面的研究。E-mail:

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5 黑龙江省寒区地温能工程技术研究中心 黑龙江 哈尔滨 150027
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类型 参数 数值
储层 密度 $/\mathrm{{kg}} \cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-3}$ 2.44
水平渗透率 $/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ ${1.5} \times {10}^{-{13}}$
竖直渗透率 $/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ ${1.5} \times {10}^{-{13}}$
孔隙度 0.15
热传导系数/W·(℃·m) ${}^{-1}$ 2.50
比热容小 ${\left( \mathrm{{kg}} \cdot \mathrm{C}\right) }^{-1}$ 1000
PPR 保温管 热传导系数/W·(℃·m) ${}^{-1}$ 0.21
比热容/J $\cdot {\left( \mathrm{{kg}} \cdot \mathrm{C}\right) }^{-1}$ 950
水泥 热传导系数/W·(℃·m) ${}^{-1}$ 0.80
比热容/J $\cdot {\left( \mathrm{{kg}} \cdot \mathrm{C}\right) }^{-1}$ 1000
井筒 井壁粗糙度/m ${4.5} \times {10}^{-5}$
), ArticleFig(id=1154428939163390856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428861971419213, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=模型校正后的物理参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型 参数 数值
储层 密度 $/\mathrm{{kg}} \cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-3}$ 2.44
水平渗透率 $/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ ${1.5} \times {10}^{-{13}}$
竖直渗透率 $/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ ${1.5} \times {10}^{-{13}}$
孔隙度 0.15
热传导系数/W·(℃·m) ${}^{-1}$ 2.50
比热容小 ${\left( \mathrm{{kg}} \cdot \mathrm{C}\right) }^{-1}$ 1000
PPR 保温管 热传导系数/W·(℃·m) ${}^{-1}$ 0.21
比热容/J $\cdot {\left( \mathrm{{kg}} \cdot \mathrm{C}\right) }^{-1}$ 950
水泥 热传导系数/W·(℃·m) ${}^{-1}$ 0.80
比热容/J $\cdot {\left( \mathrm{{kg}} \cdot \mathrm{C}\right) }^{-1}$ 1000
井筒 井壁粗糙度/m ${4.5} \times {10}^{-5}$
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垂直井闭循环地热系统热提取性能和注入优化数值模拟
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马永法 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 , 周学军 1, 5, 6 , 袁利娟 2 , 刘玲 1, 5, 6 , 董俊领 1, 5, 6 , 王旭 1, 5, 6 , 詹涛 1, 6 , 何兰 1 , 刘新 1, 5, 6 , 刘艳 1, 5, 6 , 李昌 1, 5 , 雷宏武 7
可再生能源 | 2024,42(10): 1302-1311
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可再生能源 | 2024, 42(10): 1302-1311
垂直井闭循环地热系统热提取性能和注入优化数值模拟
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马永法1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 , 周学军1, 5, 6, 袁利娟2, 刘玲1, 5, 6, 董俊领1, 5, 6, 王旭1, 5, 6, 詹涛1, 6, 何兰1, 刘新1, 5, 6, 刘艳1, 5, 6, 李昌1, 5, 雷宏武7
作者信息
  • 1 黑龙江省生态地质调查研究院 黑龙江 哈尔滨 150030
  • 2 自然资源部浅层地热能重点实验室 北京 100195
  • 3 吉林大学 地热资源开发技术与装备教育部工程研究中心 吉林 长春 130026
  • 4 吉林大学 地下水资源与环境教育部重点实验室 吉林 长春 130021
  • 5 黑龙江省寒区地温能工程技术研究中心 黑龙江 哈尔滨 150027
  • 6 中国地质学会东北寒区地热能应用技术创新基地 黑龙江 哈尔滨 150027
  • 7 中国科学院武汉岩土力学研究所 岩土力学和工程国家重点实验室 湖北 武汉 430071
  • 马永法(1980-),男,正高级工程师,主要从事地热、地质方面的研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

雷宏武(1985-),男,副研究员,主要从事地热多相、多场耦合数值模拟软件开发和应用研究。E-mail:
Simulation of heat extraction and injection optimization from a vertical-well closed-loop geothermal system
Yongfa Ma1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 , Xuejun Zhou1, 5, 6, Lijuan Yuan2, Ling Liu1, 5, 6, Junling Dong1, 5, 6, Xu Wang1, 5, 6, Tao Zhan1, 6, Lan He1, Xin Liu1, 5, 6, Yan Liu1, 5, 6, Chang Li1, 5, Hongwu Lei7
Affiliations
  • 1 Institute of Ecological Geology Survey and Research of Heilongjiang Province Harbin 150030 China
  • 2 Key Laboratory of Shallow Geothermal Energy, Ministry of Natural Resources of the People's Republic of China Beijing 100195 China
  • 3 Engineering Research Center of Geothermal Resources Development Technology and Equipment, Ministry of Education Jilin University Changchun 130026 China
  • 4 Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment Jilin University Changchun 130021 China
  • 5 Engineering Technology Research Center of Cold Region Geothermal Energy of Heilongjiang Province Harbin 150027 China
  • 6 Innovation Base of Cold Region Geothermal Energy Application Technology of Northeast China, Geological Society of China Harbin 150027 China
  • 7 State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan 430071 China
出版时间: 2024-10-20
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为了评价单井闭循环的热提取性能,优化注入参数,文章针对中国东北典型场地,基于井筒储层耦合数值模拟和场地的运行监测数据,分析了地热系统短期(热响应测试)和长期(一个供暖季)的提热性能,并优化了系统运行注入温度和流量。结果显示,典型东北地区1500m长度的地热井在平均注入温度7℃,注入流量7.7 m³/h 条件下,换热孔出口平均功率为65.2kW,一个供暖期出口与入口平均温差为4.9℃,地层温度降低影响最大范围约7m,地层中的降温程度最大为23℃,并可以在非供暖期得到较好的恢复。在不考虑运行成本和可持续开发的情况下,注入温度越低、流量越大,获得的换热功率也越大。在调整注入温度为5℃和流量为6.3 m³/h 的情况下,可获得同样的换热功率,此时的运行成本最低,比现有方案成本降低20%。考虑运行成本和可持续开发的优化设计对单井闭循环地热供暖具有现实意义。

地热供暖  /  垂直井闭循环地热系统  /  性能评价  /  注入优化  /  数值模拟

To evaluate the heat extraction performance and optimize the injection parameters of a singlewell ClosedLoop Geothermal System (CLGS), this paper analyzes the shortterm (thermal response testing) and longterm (one heating season) heating performance of CLGS and optimizes operation parameters including injection temperature and rate, based on wellbore reservoir coupling simulation and site operation monitoring data for a typical site in Northeast China. The results indicate that the mean heat extraction rate is 65.2 kW and the average temperature difference between the output and inlet is 4.9 °C with an average injection temperature of 7 °C and an injection flow rate of 7.7 m³/h for a vertical well of 1 700 m. At the end of a heating season, the maximum range for temperature reduction in the formation is approximately 7 m with the maximum temperature decrease up to 23 °C, and it can recovery better during the nonheating period. Without considering operating costs and sustainable development, the low injection temperature and large injection rate result in high heat extraction rate. Setting the injection temperature to 5 °C and flow rate to 6.3 m³/h can minimize operating costs while meeting heating needs, reducing costs by 20% compared to the existing solution. The optimization design that considers operating costs and sustainable development has practical significance for a single well closedloop geothermal system.

geothermal heating  /  vertical-well closed-loop geothermal system  /  performance evaluation  /  optimization of injection  /  numerical simulation
马永法, 周学军, 袁利娟, 刘玲, 董俊领, 王旭, 詹涛, 何兰, 刘新, 刘艳, 李昌, 雷宏武. 垂直井闭循环地热系统热提取性能和注入优化数值模拟. 可再生能源, 2024 , 42 (10) : 1302 -1311 .
Yongfa Ma, Xuejun Zhou, Lijuan Yuan, Ling Liu, Junling Dong, Xu Wang, Tao Zhan, Lan He, Xin Liu, Yan Liu, Chang Li, Hongwu Lei. Simulation of heat extraction and injection optimization from a vertical-well closed-loop geothermal system[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2024 , 42 (10) : 1302 -1311 .
地热资源作为一种低碳甚至零碳能源, 在新能源的开发中扮演着非常重要的角色 [ 1 ] 。地热开发根据提热工质是否与热储层接触可以划分为开放式地热系统与封闭式地热系统两种, 其中后者以其灵活性和可靠性, 逐渐受到了地热开发人员的重视。在封闭式地热系统的运行过程中,提热工质仅通过地热井壁的套管与地层进行热交换 [ 2 , 3 ] , 受储层流动性能的影响小, 大大降低了地热系统的不确定性, 可以极大程度上避免流体与岩石接触产生的储层损伤和潜在的环境污染问题。实现了地热系统运行过程中“取热不取水”的环保理念。国际上也已经进行了大量室内试验和场地实验, 证明了封闭式地热系统在冬季建筑供暖以及其他方面的可行性 [ 4 , 5 ]
为了研究封闭式地热系统的提热性能和长期供暖的可行性, 学者进行了大量的现场试验和模拟评价。在场地试验上, Kohl T [ 6 ] 结合监测和模型评价了瑞士 Weggis 场地的单井内循环地热系统 (Closed-Loop Geothermal System, CLGS)产流温度和提热功率。Zanchini E [ 7 ] 根据场地试验数据对不同季节地热系统的运行性能进行了分析。Du D [ 8 ] 在中国渭河盆地开展了中深度封闭式地热系统短期提热试验。在模拟评价上,孔彦龙 [ 9 ] 利用 Open-GeoSys 软件分析了典型场地短期和长期供暖条件下封闭式单井的提热性能演化。Xu T [ 10 ] 利用井筒-储层耦合流动数值模拟评价了华北地区单井同轴式封闭地热系统冬季供暖的可行性。蒋坤卿[ 11 ] 基于建立的同轴单井地热系统的数值模型, 分析了其在建筑供暖方面的长期性能表现。Yu H [ 12 ] 基于经过西安现场试验结果验证过的模型, 评估了利用高压喷射注浆技术提高封闭式单井提热效率的可行性。冯波 [ 13 ] 和任昊 [ 14 ] 利用井筒–储层耦合数值模拟评价了吉林省松原某场地单井闭循环地热系统供热性能和可持续开发的影响因素。
针对封闭式地热系统的性能研究虽然已经开展了大量工作, 但是普遍存在的问题有: ①实际监测(包括供暖需求随气温的变化引起的提热变化和长期实际运行的整个井段温度剖面)数据少, 评价的可靠性不确定;②不考虑实际的供暖动态需求变化的影响;③缺乏考虑系统运行成本的优化。 因此, 本文以我国北方高寒地区的典型场地为研究对象,基于场地的实际地质条件、井筒和储层的热物理参数, 建立了地热系统井筒-储层耦合模型。利用耦合模型对 2020 年 11 月进行的热响应实验获得的实测数据进行了拟合, 进一步校准了场地的关键物理参数;并针对 2021-2022 供暖期的长期供暖过程进行了数值模拟分析, 评价地热系统的长期提热功率,在此基础上优化调整了运行方案。
场地位于黑龙江省齐齐哈尔市,处于松辽盆地西北部, 基底主要以古生界和前古生界地层为主,并存在华力西期、燕山期的花岗岩侵入体,花岗岩埋深 ${1097.66}\mathrm{\;m}$ 。花岗岩之上部分布有侏罗系、白垩系、古近系和新近系的沉积地层, 其主要由火山碎屑岩、泥岩、砂岩等沉积岩构成, 其中白垩系地层中发育的厚层泥岩是区域内稳定的盖层,保证了区域内丰富的地热资源。
场地内布置的封闭式地热系统由换热孔、循环泵、热泵、监测系统、机房和供暖终端等组成, 如 图 1 所示。
系统中的换热孔深约 ${1500}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,换热器外管为 $\Phi$ 177.8 mm $\times {10.0}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 钢质套管,并进行全井段固井处理;内管由滤水管、配重管及聚丙烯 (Polypropylene-Random, PPR) 管组成, 规格为 ${\Phi 75.0}\mathrm{\;{mm}}\times {6.8}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ ,换热器内管总长度为 1395 ${\mathrm{m}}_{0}$ 监测系统包括换热孔和机组监测系统两部分。 其中: 换热孔监测系统采用分布式光纤测温系统进行换热孔不同位置的温度动态监测; 机组监测系统由数据采集基站、监控平台和用户访问端组成。数据采集基站的功能是监测和传输地面管路、 热泵和循环泵的运行参数,包括温度、流量、电力参数。其中:温度监测包括用户侧进、出水温度和地源侧进、出水温度及室内外温度; 流量监测包括用户侧流量和热源侧流量; 电力参数监测包括热泵机组和循环泵组的耗电量。
以换热孔为研究对象, 综合考虑井筒结构和储层,建立井筒-储层耦合模型。在地热系统运行过程中,冷水从外管注入,在外层环空向井底运移的过程中通过热传导方式与地层进行热交换,被加热的水运移至井底后从保温内管抽出。由于内管的材质具有良好的保温性能, 因此内管中的热水在自井底上升的过程中与外管中的冷水换热量较小,上升到地面时,温度降低很少。
假定地层均质水平各向同性, 地层采用径向二维模型,换热孔设置在模型中心。为了消除模型侧向边界的影响,侧向向外延伸了 ${300}\mathrm{\;m}$ ; 考虑到底部边界的影响, 地层模型的纵向深度设置为 ${3000}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,换热孔长度根据场地实际情况设置为 ${1500}\mathrm{\;m}$ 。地热井结构简化为 5 层,分别是内管、内管保温管壁、外管环空、外管壁和水泥环, 各层之间仅可以发生传热。具体尺寸根据场地实际施工情况确定,参见 图 2
本研究采用井筒-储层耦合数值模拟程序 T2Well [ 15 ] , T2Well 是在国际通用的多孔介质非等温多相流体模拟程序 TOUGH2 [ 16 ] 的基础上考虑了井筒的影响而开发的一个数值模拟程序。该程序对井筒和储层中的流动分别采用了不同的流动控制方程: 对于储层部分, 采用达西定律描述流体流动过程;对于井筒内流体运移,由于其流态是基于流速动态变化的,因此采用考虑井壁摩阻、重力和流体动量的更为普遍的动量守恒模型(相关的数学模型来源于 T2Well, 由于篇幅所限, 本文未列出)。
模型中由于各地层参数(特别是热物性参数) 相差不大, 因此初始模拟时将地层的物理性质概化为统一参数, 如果计算和监测有较大差异, 可以根据监测进一步调整,调整的主要参数是热物性参数。 表 1 为最终校正后的参数。
地层的初始压力按照静水压力进行设置; 地层的初始温度根据钻井完成后实测的地温梯度为 ${3.3}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}/{100}\mathrm{\;m}$ 设置,深度 ${33}\sim {45}\mathrm{\;m}$ 的温度为 7.2 %。
考虑到地热系统是以“取热不取水”的方式运行,井筒中提热流体形成一个封闭的物质内循环, 地层中主要是以热传导以及温差强制对流的形式进行物质运移和能量传递, 模型运行过程中的温度和压力变化主要集中在地热井附近, 并且影响的距离有限。在概念模型中设置的 ${300}\mathrm{\;m}$ 宽度和井底向下延伸到 ${3000}\mathrm{\;m}$ 完全可以避免在模型运行过程中温度场和压力场的变化区域运移至模型边界, 因此模型的外侧边界和底部边界均设置为了定温、定压边界;换热孔与地层之间的边界设置为隔水导热边界。模型运行时从外管井头进行定流量注水,并将内管井头设置为固定压力边界。
储层模型在纵向 ${3000}\mathrm{\;m}$ 的深度上进行了均匀剖分, 共剖分了 150 层网格; 在水平方向的剖分中, 由于温度的变化主要发生在近井区域内, 因此在井附近进行了加密剖分; 水平方向的网格宽度自近井区域向外从 ${0.2}\mathrm{\;m}$ 逐渐变化到 ${20}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,水平方向 ${300}\mathrm{\;m}$ 的距离共剖分了 51 个网格。整个储层模型共剖分了 7650 个网格。
井筒模型根据地热井的结构进行剖分, 考虑到计算过程中的计算效率,将外管的管壁和水泥环合并为 1 层,因此井筒模型共有 4 层,水平方向的尺寸与 图 1 中给出的尺寸一致; 纵向上在 1500 $\mathrm{m}$ 的井深度上进行均匀剖分,每层网格的深度与地层网格一致,设置为 ${20}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,共 75 层。井筒模型共有 300 个网格。
首先使用 2020 年 11 月 2 次热响应测试获得的数据对模型中的比热容和热传导系数进行初步校准。第 1 次热响应实验中, 模型的输入条件是: 注入速率 ${15.37}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{3}/\mathrm{h}\left({{4.27}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/\mathrm{s}}\right)$ ,注入温度 8.29 ${}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ; 第 2 次热响应实验中模型的注入速率 10.98 ${\mathrm{m}}^{3}/\mathrm{h}\left({{3.05}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/\mathrm{s}}\right)$ ,温度与第 1 次实验相同,2 次测试间隔约 $6\mathrm{\;d}$ 。考虑第 1 次测试对第 2 次的影响, 模型中增加了间隙期停注和温度恢复过程模拟。 利用模型计算的出口温度与实测数据对模型进行初步校准。
完成了 2 次热响应实验的初步拟合后, 利用校准后的模型对场地内 2021-2022 年供暖期的运行过程进行数值模拟。在模拟中模型的输入参数(注入流体温度、注入流体速率)均采用了场地内的实际监测数据。通过对比出口温度和井筒不同埋深监测的温度, 进一步对模型进行校准, 并对长期运行条件下的地热系统运行性能以及运行过程中的地层温度演化过程进行详细分析。为了评价地层温度是否能恢复, 在模型运行结束后又继续进行了 6 个月的温度恢复过程模拟。
2020 年 11 月 2 次热响应测试的模拟结果与实测数据的对比如 图 3 所示。
图 3 可以看到, 两次的模拟出口温度与实测的较为一致, 拟合效果较好, 仅在初期有些差异。主要原因是模型中地层的属性(热传导系数和比热容)采用均一化的处理, 没有考虑空间上的差异性。计算结果显示第 1 次和第 2 次测试的平均出口温度分别为 ${15.1},{16.6}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,进、出口温差分别为 ${6.81},{8.31}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$
图 4 所示, 在前面校正模型的基础上, 基于 20211101-20220409 供暖期约 ${160}\mathrm{\;d}$ 的实际供暖数据(注入速率和注入温度)作为模型的输入。从输入数据看, 注入速率和注入温度与气温有很强的相关性,气温低时供暖需求大,注入速率也越大。
模拟结果与实测数据的对比见 图 5 。结果显示,模型计算得到的出口温度以及不同深度外管中的温度与实际场地的监测数据一致程度非常高, 说明建立的模型非常准确。井筒温度的整体变化受注入水温度和流量共同影响, 注入水温度低、流量大,井筒中的温度就低。由于水吸收岩体的热量,随着埋深的增加流体温度逐渐增加。
①换热功率
换热功率测试结果如 图 6 所示。
图 6 可见, 提热功率与出口温度变化规律一致, 基本都是先增大, 达到峰值, 然后减小, 并逐渐稳定。第 1 次测试峰值瞬时功率为 ${504}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ ,然后迅速下降到 ${130}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ 左右,并逐渐稳定在 90 $\mathrm{{kW}}$ ,平均功率为 ${108}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ ,平均延米换热量为 72 $\mathrm{W}/\mathrm{m}$ ; 第 2 次平均功率为 ${97.3}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ ,平均延米换热量为 ${64.8}\mathrm{\;W}/\mathrm{m}$ 。虽然第 2 次的注入速率比第 1 次减小 29%,但换热功率仅下降 10%,主要是因为低的注入速率获取了更高的生产温度, 弥补了注入速率降低导致的功率减小。
测试结束时换热孔外管温度和换热量分布见 图 7
图 7(a) 可见,注入管从埋深约 ${400}\mathrm{\;m}$ 的位置温度逐渐上升,到井底达到最大值;采出管由于隔热,井底到井口的温度基本没有明显变化。两次测试注入速率的不同导致了温度的差异, 相差大约 ${2}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 。这是由于在单位时间内流体与围岩的热交换量相差不大[ 图 7(b)], 但是流体速率大, 单位质量获得的能量少,温度上升的小。流体与围岩的换热在埋深 $0 \sim {200}\mathrm{\;m}$ 由于注入温度大于地层温度,导致流体热损失; 埋深 ${200}\mathrm{\;m}$ 以上,围岩对流体进行加热, 加热功率从 0 逐渐上升到井底的 125 W/m[ 图 7(b)]。
②流动摩阻
流体循环取热过程中, 需要克服井筒的流动阻力, 其主要由注入压力体现。高的注入压力导致增压泵的耗能增加, 因此流动摩阻是评价取热性能的关键参数之一。井筒中的流体摩阻 [ 15 ] 计算表达式为
$\partial P/\partial z =\Gamma {f}_{\rho }{u}^{2}/\left({2A}\right)= f{m}^{2}/\left({{\rho \pi }{r}^{3}}\right)$
式中: $P$ 为压力, $\mathrm{{MPa}};z$ 为井筒沿程长度, $\mathrm{m};m$ 为质量流速, $\mathrm{{kg}}/\mathrm{s};\Gamma$ 为湿周,流体全充填为周长, $\mathrm{m}$ ; $\rho$ 为流体密度, $\mathrm{{kg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3};u$ 为流体速率, $\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s};A$ 为井筒横截面积, ${\mathrm{m}}^{2};r$ 为井筒等效半径, $\mathrm{m};f$ 为范宁系数,是雷诺数 ${Re}= \left({\rho {u}^{2}r}\right)/\mu$ 和井筒摩擦系数 $\varepsilon$ 的函数,即当 ${Re}< {2400}$ 时, $f ={16}/{Re}$ ,当 ${Re}> {2400}$ 时, $1/\sqrt{f}= - 4\ln \{{2\varepsilon }/\left({3.7d}\right)- {5.02}\ln \left\lbrack \left({{2\varepsilon }/\left({3.7d}\right)+ {13}/{Re}}\right)\right\rbrack /$ ${Re}\}$ ,其中: $d$ 为直径, $\mathrm{m}$$\mu$ 为流体粘度, $\mathrm{{Pa}}\cdot \mathrm{s}$
在注入速率确定的情况下, 摩阻梯度主要受井筒等效半径的影响。外管注入管与内管生产管的等效半径之比约为 2.5:1, 因此流体循环流动阻力主要发生在采出内管,如 图 8 所示。
由于流体性质 (比如密度和粘度) 变化不大, 从而导致相同等效半径的摩阻梯度差异不大。第 1 次和第 2 次测试内管的摩阻梯度的分别为 ${721},{377}\mathrm{\;{Pa}}/\mathrm{m}$ ,一个循环分别累积为1.08,0.57 $\mathrm{{MPa}}$ ,这也是需要循环泵增压的最小值。
①换热功率
系统长期运行过程中的注入端压力、注入速率和提热功率如 图 9 所示。
图 9 可见, 注入压力、提热功率与注入速率呈正相关关系,在 ${10}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{3}/\mathrm{h}$ 的情况下,井口注入压力在 ${0.6}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 左右,换热功率约 ${80}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ 。瞬时功也是随着注入条件的变化而变化, 主要受注入速率控制, 高的注入速率获得高的生产功率。2021-2022 供暖期的平均注入温度和流量分别是 ${7.0}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$${7.7}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{3}/\mathrm{h}$ ,对应的平均温差和平均功率分别为 4.9 ${}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$${65.2}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ 。虽然总的功率比短期下降了 ${30}\%\sim$ ${40}\%$ ,但单位注入质量的换热功率为 ${8.5}\mathrm{\;{kW}}/\left({{\mathrm{m}}^{3}/\mathrm{h}}\right)$ , 与短期第 2 次的 ${8.86}\mathrm{\;{kW}}/\left({{\mathrm{m}}^{3}/\mathrm{h}}\right)$ 相当,这主要归因于相对较小的注入温度和流量。较小的注入温度与地层形成较大的温差, 提热速率大, 而较小的流量导致较高的单位质量流体的载热量。在同等注入温度和流量的情况下,由于储层能量衰竭会导致长期的提热效率明显小于热响应测试结果。 因此, 不能根据短期结果直接外推储层长期的提热功率。
②运行期温度时空演化
系统运行 ${34}\mathrm{\;d}$ (注入温度 ${7.6}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,注入速率 ${7.0}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{3}/\mathrm{h}$ ) 与 ${81}\mathrm{\;d}$ (注入温度 ${4.5}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,注入速率9.3 ${\mathrm{m}}^{3}/\mathrm{h})$ 的外管沿井温度分布如 图 10 所示。
图 10 可以看到, 监测结果与模拟结果体现了良好的一致性, 进一步验证了模型的可靠性。两者的不一致性主要是由于注入条件的差别, 井口注入温度低和流量大,那么整体温度分布就低。
井筒外的储层温度是影响提热性能的关键, 换热孔周围储层中的温度变化见 图 11
图 11 可以看到, 随着时间的推移, 温度降低范围逐渐往外扩展,供暖期结束时,温度降低最大范围约离井 $7\mathrm{\;m}$ ,地层中的降温程度最大约为 23 °C,小于地热井内流体的降温程度,并且降温幅度与地热系统运行的注入速率有关。温度降低变化范围和幅度都是下部要大于上部,主要是因为温差最大在下部,主要提取下部的热量。
③温度恢复
为了评价地层温度恢复能力, 在地热系统运行结束后继续进行了 6 个月的温度恢复模拟, 温度恢复情况见 图 12
图 12 (a)可以看到, 恢复 4 个月以后, 模拟值与实测值基本一致, 进一步证明了模型的可靠性。
图 12 (b)可见,恢复约 ${200}\mathrm{\;d}$ 后,最大降温处温度基本都能恢复,仅比初始温度小2℃。
恢复过程中储层温度分布的动态演化过程如 图 13 所示。
图 13 可见, 在系统停止运行后地层温度会由于温差的作用产生重新分布, 近井区域的降温区域会迅速缩小。在温度恢复 1 个月时,在运行结束后近井范围内的 ${15}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 左右的降温区域已经恢复成降温 5 ℃左右;在恢复 4 个月时,近井区域的降温程度已经恢复至 3 ℃ 以内。由此可见,温度恢复在系统运行结束的开始阶段恢复较快, 此后逐渐减慢。剖面上,上部恢复的比下部的快,主要是因为地层温度下降较大区域在下部。这种快速恢复的性质可以保证地热系统的长期稳定运行。
基于现有的地热系统, 即不改变换热孔内及地面任何设备, 通过优化可变注入参数(平均注入温度和注入流量) 使系统达到热提取效率最高, 运行成本最低。
模型的注入温度和流量与 图 4 的变化趋势一致, 只是根据设置的平均注入温度和注入流量整体上、下平移。首先,不考虑运行成本,在一个循环周期提热-恢复后,储层中的最大温度变化小于 5 ${}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ (考虑到地下水渗流对恢复的影响,允许有一些程度的下降),同时热提取功率达到最大; 其次, 考虑运行成本的优化方案。
基于场地运行数据, 考虑的平均注入温度和流量分别为 $5 \sim {15}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$${5.7}\sim {20}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{3}/{\mathrm{h}}_{\circ }$ 运行成本主要包括循环泵和热泵的耗电量, 实际运行的时间序列统计结果显示均与流量呈高度线性相关,如 图 14 (a)图 14 (c)所示; 相关系数几乎接近 1.0, 如 图 14 (b)图 14 (d)所示。总的耗电速率与流量的关系表达式为 $y ={79.388x}(x$ 为平均流量, ${\mathrm{m}}^{3}/\mathrm{h}$ ;
$y$ 为耗电量, kW·h/d)。
图 15 显示了不同注入温度和流量条件下的换热孔功率和储层最大温降情况。
图 15 可以看到, 注入温度越低, 注入流量越大, 获得的热提取功率越大。在不考虑运行成本的情况下,注入温度和流量分别为 ${5}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$${20}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{3}/\mathrm{h}$ 时,换热功率达到最大的 ${85}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ ,但该情况下的储层在供暖-恢复一个循环周期温度仍然有较大的下降,达到了 25 ℃,不能可持续提热。在储层温度 5 ℃下降限制条件下,获取最大换热功率为 72 $\mathrm{{kW}}$ ,对应的平均注入温度和流量分别为 ${5}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$${8.4}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{3}/\mathrm{h}$
图 16 为单位热提取功率的运行成本。
图 16 可以看到, 注入温度和注入流量越低,单位功率对应的运行成本越小。现有运行方案的运行成本约为 ${9.4}\left({\mathrm{{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}/\mathrm{d}}\right)/\mathrm{{kW}}$ 。在满足现有供暖需求的条件下 (不小于现有场地提热功率), 平均注入温度和流量分别为 ${5}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$${6.3}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{3}/\mathrm{h}$ 时, 能够使运行成本最小,约为 ${7.6}\left({\mathrm{\;{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}/\mathrm{d}}\right)/\mathrm{{kW}}$ ,比现有的方案成本降低 20%。这是因为较低的注入温度使得井筒与地层温度有较大的温差, 从而导致较快的热提取效率,较低的注入速率可以明显降低循环泵和热泵的耗能成本。
相对传统地热开采, 单井闭循环套管换热具有投资小、建设周期短和对储层要求不高的优势, 但是其热提取效率偏低和存在不确定性。本文基于典型现场的运行监测数据建立了井筒-储层耦合模型, 评价了运行性能, 并优化了相关的方案, 得到了以下结论。
①井筒-储层耦合数值模拟能够非常准确再现单井闭循环套管换热过程, 可以用于评价换热性能,优化注入方案。
②短期(比如热响应测试)与长期(比如一个供暖季)得到的提热性能有明显的区别, 长期的提热功率比短期的小 30%~40%,因此在利用短期测试评价提热功率时应考虑到长期运行衰竭导致的性能下降。
③中国东北地区 ${1500}\mathrm{\;m}$ 长度的地热井采用单井闭循环套管换热,在平均注入温度 ${7}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,注入流量 ${7.7}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{3}/\mathrm{h}$ 条件下,一个供暖季换热孔出口平均功率为 ${65.2}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ ,平均温差 (出口减去入口) 为 4.9 ℃,地层温度降低最大范围约 $7\mathrm{\;m}$ ,地层中的降温程度最大为 ${23}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,并可以在非供暖期得到较好的恢复。
④不考虑运行成本和可持续开发情况下,注入温度越低, 注入流量越大, 获得的提热功率也越大。考虑运行成本,调整本项目的注入温度为 ${5}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 和流量为 ${6.3}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{3}/\mathrm{h}$ ,可获得同样的换热功率,在此条件下运行成本最低,比现有方案成本降低 20%。
  • 自然资源部浅层地热能重点实验室经费资助(KLSGE202301-03)
  • 地热资源开发技术与装备教育部工程研究中心经费资助(23019)
  • 地下水资源与环境教育部重点实验室经费资助(202306ZDKF17)
  • 黑龙江省地质矿产局科研基金项目资助(HKY202310)
  • 黑龙江省地质矿产局科研基金项目资助(HKY202408)
  • 黑龙江省财政资金项目(SRKC-2019002)
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2024年第42卷第10期
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  • 接收时间:2023-11-27
  • 首发时间:2025-07-22
  • 出版时间:2024-10-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-27
基金
自然资源部浅层地热能重点实验室经费资助(KLSGE202301-03)
地热资源开发技术与装备教育部工程研究中心经费资助(23019)
地下水资源与环境教育部重点实验室经费资助(202306ZDKF17)
黑龙江省地质矿产局科研基金项目资助(HKY202310)
黑龙江省地质矿产局科研基金项目资助(HKY202408)
黑龙江省财政资金项目(SRKC-2019002)
作者信息
    1 黑龙江省生态地质调查研究院 黑龙江 哈尔滨 150030
    2 自然资源部浅层地热能重点实验室 北京 100195
    3 吉林大学 地热资源开发技术与装备教育部工程研究中心 吉林 长春 130026
    4 吉林大学 地下水资源与环境教育部重点实验室 吉林 长春 130021
    5 黑龙江省寒区地温能工程技术研究中心 黑龙江 哈尔滨 150027
    6 中国地质学会东北寒区地热能应用技术创新基地 黑龙江 哈尔滨 150027
    7 中国科学院武汉岩土力学研究所 岩土力学和工程国家重点实验室 湖北 武汉 430071

通讯作者:

雷宏武(1985-),男,副研究员,主要从事地热多相、多场耦合数值模拟软件开发和应用研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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