Article(id=1154428734057730258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154428727883714760, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1683993600000, receivedDateStr=2023-05-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753166858448, onlineDateStr=2025-07-22, pubDate=1732032000000, pubDateStr=2024-11-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753166858448, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753166858448, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753166858448, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154428727883714760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, year='2024', volume='42', issue='11', pageStart='1420', pageEnd='1562', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753166856976, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753694530898, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156641952767533916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154428727883714760, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156641952767533917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154428727883714760, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1468, endPage=1475, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154428734682681556, articleId=1154428734057730258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, language=EN, title=Study on air distribution and heat transfer performance of outdoor side heat exchanger of an integrated solar and air energy heat pump, columnId=null, journalTitle=Renewable Energy Resources, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to solve the problem of deterioration of heat transfer performance caused by cold air backflow and the excessive unevenness of the headon wind speed on the outdoor side heat exchanger during the heating operation of common air source heat pumps, a new integrated solar and air energy heat pump for public buildings is proposed by combining solar heat gain in the outdoor side heat exchanger. The mathematical model of the outdoor side heat exchanger was established to study the airflow distribution and heat transfer performance of the common air source heat pump, and the simulation results were verified by experiment to prove the accuracy of the mathematical model; two new outdoor side heat exchanger structures of singleinversion type and doubleinversion type are proposed, and their airflow distribution and heat transfer performance are studied. The results show that both singleinversion and doubleinversion structures can improve the unevenness of the headon wind speed of the heat exchanger, among which the doubleinversion structure has a more obvious improvement effect, with the unevenness of the headon wind speed of the outer and inner heat exchangers reduced by 46% and 83%, respectively, compared with that of the common air source heat pump outdoor side heat exchanger; In the case of the same heat exchanger area, fan type and number, the doubleinversion structure increase the heat exchanger by 5.4% compared with the singleinversion structure.

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常规空气源热泵在制热运行中,由于室外侧换热器冷风回流和迎面风速不均匀性过大,会导致换热性能恶化。为了解决这些问题,文章调整室外侧换热器结构并利用太阳辐射能量,提出了一种适用于公共建筑的新型太阳能+空气能一体化热泵室外机方案;建立了室外侧换热器数学模型,对常规空气源热泵室外侧换热器气流组织及换热性能进行仿真分析,并通过实验验证模型的正确性;构建了涂敷太阳能吸收膜的单倒型和双倒型两种新型室外侧换热器结构,并对其气流组织及换热性能进行模拟研究。结果表明:单倒型和双倒型结构均能改善换热器迎面风速不均匀现象,其中双倒型结构改善效果更为明显,其外侧换热器和内侧换热器迎面风速不均匀度与常规空气源热泵室外侧换热器相比分别降低了46%和83%;在换热器面积、风机型号和数量相同的情况下,双倒型结构换热器空气侧换热量比单倒型结构提高了5.4%。该研究可提高热泵换热器换热效率,降低系统能耗,为太阳能耦合空气能一体化热泵相关研究提供理论支撑。

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田琦(1966-),男,博士,教授,主要从事建筑节能与可再生能源应用研究。E-mail:
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太阳能+空气能一体化热泵室外侧换热器气流组织及换热性能研究
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尹丽媛 1 , 胡超越 1 , 田琦 2 , 王美萍 2
可再生能源 | 2024,42(11): 1468-1475
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可再生能源 | 2024, 42(11): 1468-1475
太阳能+空气能一体化热泵室外侧换热器气流组织及换热性能研究
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尹丽媛1, 胡超越1, 田琦2 , 王美萍2
作者信息
  • 1 中核第七研究设计院有限公司 山西 太原 030024
  • 2 太原理工大学 土木工程学院 山西 太原 030024

通讯作者:

田琦(1966-),男,博士,教授,主要从事建筑节能与可再生能源应用研究。E-mail:
Study on air distribution and heat transfer performance of outdoor side heat exchanger of an integrated solar and air energy heat pump
Liyuan Yin1, Chaoyue Hu1, Qi Tian2 , Meiping Wang2
Affiliations
  • 1 CNNC No.7 Research & Design Institute Co., Ltd. Taiyuan 030024 China
  • 2 College of Civil Engineering Taiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan 030024 China
出版时间: 2024-11-20
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常规空气源热泵在制热运行中,由于室外侧换热器冷风回流和迎面风速不均匀性过大,会导致换热性能恶化。为了解决这些问题,文章调整室外侧换热器结构并利用太阳辐射能量,提出了一种适用于公共建筑的新型太阳能+空气能一体化热泵室外机方案;建立了室外侧换热器数学模型,对常规空气源热泵室外侧换热器气流组织及换热性能进行仿真分析,并通过实验验证模型的正确性;构建了涂敷太阳能吸收膜的单倒型和双倒型两种新型室外侧换热器结构,并对其气流组织及换热性能进行模拟研究。结果表明:单倒型和双倒型结构均能改善换热器迎面风速不均匀现象,其中双倒型结构改善效果更为明显,其外侧换热器和内侧换热器迎面风速不均匀度与常规空气源热泵室外侧换热器相比分别降低了46%和83%;在换热器面积、风机型号和数量相同的情况下,双倒型结构换热器空气侧换热量比单倒型结构提高了5.4%。该研究可提高热泵换热器换热效率,降低系统能耗,为太阳能耦合空气能一体化热泵相关研究提供理论支撑。

太阳能+空气能一体化热泵  /  太阳能  /  空气源热泵  /  风冷换热器  /  气流组织

In order to solve the problem of deterioration of heat transfer performance caused by cold air backflow and the excessive unevenness of the headon wind speed on the outdoor side heat exchanger during the heating operation of common air source heat pumps, a new integrated solar and air energy heat pump for public buildings is proposed by combining solar heat gain in the outdoor side heat exchanger. The mathematical model of the outdoor side heat exchanger was established to study the airflow distribution and heat transfer performance of the common air source heat pump, and the simulation results were verified by experiment to prove the accuracy of the mathematical model; two new outdoor side heat exchanger structures of singleinversion type and doubleinversion type are proposed, and their airflow distribution and heat transfer performance are studied. The results show that both singleinversion and doubleinversion structures can improve the unevenness of the headon wind speed of the heat exchanger, among which the doubleinversion structure has a more obvious improvement effect, with the unevenness of the headon wind speed of the outer and inner heat exchangers reduced by 46% and 83%, respectively, compared with that of the common air source heat pump outdoor side heat exchanger; In the case of the same heat exchanger area, fan type and number, the doubleinversion structure increase the heat exchanger by 5.4% compared with the singleinversion structure.

an integrated solar and air energy heat pump  /  solar energy  /  air source heat pump  /  air cooled heat exchanger  /  air distribution
尹丽媛, 胡超越, 田琦, 王美萍. 太阳能+空气能一体化热泵室外侧换热器气流组织及换热性能研究. 可再生能源, 2024 , 42 (11) : 1468 -1475 .
Liyuan Yin, Chaoyue Hu, Qi Tian, Meiping Wang. Study on air distribution and heat transfer performance of outdoor side heat exchanger of an integrated solar and air energy heat pump[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2024 , 42 (11) : 1468 -1475 .
国家《“十四五”现代能源体系规划》指出,要持续推进北方地区冬季清洁取暖,因地制宜推广空气源热泵等新型采暖设备。近年来,空气源热泵 (Air Source Heat Pump, ASHP)因其良好的热舒适性能和优秀的能源效率, 已广泛应用于住宅建筑和公共建筑的室内供暖和热水制备。而室外侧换热器作为空气源热泵系统中最重要的设备, 其性能的优劣直接影响热泵系统的能效。
近年来, 国内外学者在翅片管换热器气流组织方面做了大量研究。张春路 [ 1 ] 研究了 4 种不均匀风速分布对翅片管换热器换热性能的影响, 结果表明,风速不均匀度越大,换热器换热性能越低。Wang Y [ 2 ] 通过实验发现由非均匀流场所引发的制冷能力下降最高可达 30%。汪吉平 [ 3 ] 对多种角度 $\mathrm{V}$ 型换热器进行模拟,发现适当增大 $\mathrm{V}$ 型换热器之间的夹角可对风速均匀性有一定的改善。 董旭 [ 4 ] 构建了户用太阳能耦合空气能一体化热泵机组, 并将热泵室外机与直膨式热泵系统末端相连,结果表明,当冷凝温度为 ${30}\sim {55}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 时,太阳能/ 空气能一体化热泵平均综合部分负荷性能系数 (Integrated Part Load Value, IPLV) 与常规空气源热泵相比提高了 14.9%。李琦晟 [ 5 ] 时在蒸发集热器出口增加透明、不均匀开孔孔板,引导气流流向蒸发集热器的两侧, 模拟及实验结果表明此时气流组织最优, 系统性能最高。
通过分析空气源热泵室外侧换热器的国内外研究现状,发现存在以下不足:
①目前对迎面风速分布不均匀程度的描述主要是通过观察速度云图的变化, 缺乏对其量化分析;
②热泵室外侧换热器气流组织优化策略单一,不同布置形式的翅片管换热器气流组织的对比研究较少;
③缺少对使用时段和布置结构形式均不同的适用于公共建筑的太阳能耦合空气能一体化热泵室外侧换热器的研究。
为解决常规空气源热泵室外机在制热运行中存在的冷风回流 [ 6 ] 和换热器迎面风速不均匀性过大 [ 7 ] 造成的换热器换热性能恶化,在室外换热器侧结合太阳辐射能量, 提出了一种适用于公共建筑的新型太阳能+空气能一体化热泵室外机方案。该方案在常规空气源热泵室外机结构基础上改造而成,将轴流风机置于室外机侧面,空气从室外机顶部进入, 与翅片管蒸发器换热后, 冷空气从侧面风机排出, 以此解决热泵制热运行过程中存在的冷风回流问题,并在室外侧换热器上喷涂太阳能选择性吸收膜,使其同时还能够吸收太阳能, 提高热泵制热效率。
本文还建立了室外侧换热器数学模型, 对常规空气源热泵室外侧换热器气流组织及换热性能进行仿真分析, 并通过焓差实验室验证模型的正确性; 进而对提出的新型太阳能+空气能一体化热泵的两种室外侧换热器(单倒型、双倒型)气流组织及换热性能进行模拟研究, 确定最佳的换热器布置形式。本研究可提高热泵换热器换热效率, 降低系统能耗, 为太阳能耦合空气能一体化热泵相关研究提供理论支撑。
考虑到实际的建模难度和计算条件, 本文在对室外侧换热器进行数学模型构建时做出了如下简化和假设 [ 8 ] :
①考虑到空气流速较小,且在流动过程中密度没有明显的变化, 因此将空气视为不可压缩流体;
②计算区域内的空气流动处于稳态,流体的速度、温度、压力等基本物理量不随时间变化;
③将翅片管换热器简化为多孔介质区域,将固体结构的作用看作是附加在流体上的阻力。
连续性方程的具体描述: 对于空间中某一微元体, 单位时间内微元体质量的增加等于同一时间内流入微元体的净质量。对于不可压缩流体,可简化为
$\frac{\partial \mathbf{u}}{\partial x}+ \frac{\partial \mathbf{v}}{\partial y}+ \frac{\partial \mathbf{w}}{\partial z}= 0 $
式中: $u, v, w$ 分别为 $x, y, z$ 方向上的速度矢量, $\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}$
动量守恒定律的具体描述:微元体中流体动量的增加率等于作用在微元体上各种力之和。由于空气流体近似看成无源、常粘度的不可压缩流体,所以广义源项和质量力均为 0 ,动量守恒可简化为
$\rho \frac{\mathrm{D}\mathbf{u}}{\mathrm{D}t}= -\frac{\partial p}{\partial x}+ \mu \left({\frac{{\partial }^{2}\mathbf{u}}{\partial {x}^{2}}+ \frac{{\partial }^{2}\mathbf{u}}{\partial {y}^{2}}+ \frac{{\partial }^{2}\mathbf{u}}{\partial {z}^{2}}}\right)$
$\rho \frac{\mathrm{D}\mathbf{v}}{\mathrm{D}t}= -\frac{\partial p}{\partial y}+ \mu \left({\frac{{\partial }^{2}\mathbf{v}}{\partial {x}^{2}}+ \frac{{\partial }^{2}\mathbf{v}}{\partial {y}^{2}}+ \frac{{\partial }^{2}\mathbf{v}}{\partial {z}^{2}}}\right)$
$\rho \frac{\mathrm{D}\mathbf{w}}{\mathrm{D}t}= -\frac{\partial p}{\partial z}+ \mu \left({\frac{{\partial }^{2}\mathbf{w}}{\partial {x}^{2}}+ \frac{{\partial }^{2}\mathbf{w}}{\partial {y}^{2}}+ \frac{{\partial }^{2}\mathbf{w}}{\partial {z}^{2}}}\right)$
式中: $\rho$ 为空气密度, $\mathrm{{kg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3};t$ 为时间, $\mathrm{s};p$ 为气体压力, $\mathrm{{Pa}};\mu$ 为分子动力粘度, $\mathrm{{Pa}}\cdot \mathrm{s}$
对于一个静止的热力学系统, 系统内能的增加等于外力对系统的做功与系统对外的做功之和。具体公式为
$\frac{\partial \left({\rho T}\right)}{\partial t}+ \frac{\partial \left({\rho \mathbf{u}T}\right)}{\partial x}+ \frac{\partial \left({\rho \mathbf{v}T}\right)}{\partial y}+ \frac{\partial \left({\rho \mathbf{w}T}\right)}{\partial z}= \\\frac{\partial }{\partial x}\left({\frac{k}{{c}_{\mathrm{p}}}\frac{\partial T}{\partial x}}\right)+ \frac{\partial }{\partial y}\left({\frac{k}{{c}_{\mathrm{p}}}\frac{\partial T}{\partial y}}\right)+ \frac{\partial }{\partial x}\left({\frac{k}{{c}_{\mathrm{p}}}\frac{\partial T}{\partial z}}\right)+ {S}_{\mathrm{T}}$
式中: $T$ 为温度, $\mathrm{K};{c}_{\mathrm{p}}$ 为比热容, $\mathrm{J}/\left({\mathrm{{kg}}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right);k$ 为传热系数, $\mathrm{W}/\left({{\mathrm{m}}^{2}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right);{S}_{\mathrm{T}}$ 为内热源, ${\mathrm{W}}_{\circ }$
多孔介质模型是在同一空间中同时具有多相物质, 其中固体物质构成骨架, 没有固体骨架的空间被称为孔隙。多孔介质模型是将这部分固体骨架的作用看做是施加在流体上的阻力。
翅片管换热器也同时拥有固体骨架和气相孔隙, 因此可将翅片管换热器模型等效为多孔介质模型。国内崔荣津 [ 9 ] 和王晓萍 [ 10 ] 均将翅片管换热器模型简化为 Fluent 中的多孔介质模型,对空气源热泵内部气流组织和 $\mathrm{V}$ 型翅片管换热器换热效果进行模拟, 并通过实验测试进行验证, 证明了多孔介质模型在换热器模拟中的可靠性。
多孔介质模型是通过在动量方程中增加阻力源项模拟多孔介质对流体的流动阻力。阻力源项由粘性阻力项和惯性损失项两部分组成。
对于简单的均匀多孔介质,有:
${S}_{i}= -\left({\frac{\mu }{\alpha }{v}_{i}+ \frac{1}{2}{C}_{2}\rho {v}_{\operatorname{mag}}{v}_{i}}\right)$
式中: ${S}_{i}$ 为方程中第 $i$ 个源项; ${v}_{\mathrm{{mag}}}$ 为速度, $\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s};\alpha$ 为渗透系数, ${\mathrm{m}}^{2};{C}_{2}$ 为惯性阻力系数, $1/{\mathrm{m}}_{0}$
多孔介质模型中须要输入粘性阻力系数、惯性阻力系数。二者均须通过翅片管换热器压降- 速度曲线确定。通过实验测量得到翅片管换热器在不同进口风速下对应的压降, 并使用 Matlab 对数据进行拟合, 得到翅片管换热器压降-速度拟合曲线方程:
${\Delta P}= {1.772}{v}^{2}+ {11.26v}$
将式(6)和式(7)联立求解, 求得粘性阻力系数 $1/\alpha$${678313}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{-2}$ ,惯性阻力系数 ${C}_{2}$${2.641}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{-1}$
使用 Fluent 中的热交换单元(如蒸发器、冷凝器和散热器)的集总参数模型-换热器模型模拟翅片管换热器, 通过设置换热器模型中的换热系数和阻力系数模拟翅片管换热器空气侧的换热情况。
在对翅片管换热器表面对流传热系数计算时,用 $j$ 因子计算翅片管换热器表面对流换热系数有更高的准确性和通用性, $j$ 因子定义为
$ j ={StP}{r}^{2/3}$
式中: ${St}$ 为斯坦登数; ${Pr}$ 为普朗特数。
国内外学者对 $j$ 因子的经验公式进行了大量研究。其中, 麦克奎勋提出的 4 排错排计算公式具有较高的精度和较强的准确性, 与实验数据的偏差小于 10%,其表达式为
${j}_{4}= {0.0014}+ {0.2618}{R}^{-{0.4}}{\left(\frac{{A}_{0}}{{A}_{0}^{\prime }}\right)}^{-{0.15}}$
式中: ${Re}$ 为雷诺数; ${A}_{0}$ 为总外表面积, ${\mathrm{m}}^{2};{A}_{0}{}^{\prime }$ 为管基面积, ${\mathrm{m}}^{2}$
公式的适用条件为 ${700}< {Re}< {5000}$ ,均方根误差为 3.33%,最大拟合偏差为 -10.3%~+10.3%。
根据常规空气源热泵实际尺寸,对热泵进行一些简化和假设, 用 SCDM 软件对风侧换热器及其以上区域建立物理模型, 物理尺寸为 1840 $\mathrm{{mm}}\times {1040}\mathrm{\;{mm}}\times {1200}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ ,如 图 1 所示。
①空气入口边界条件设为压力入口条件;
②风机出口边界条件设为速度出口条件,以风机平均速度作为设定值;
③机组壁面设置为壁面边界, 并设定为无滑移条件,近壁面采用标准壁面函数;
④换热器区域设为多孔介质模型,多孔介质的粘性阻力系数 $1/\alpha$${678313}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{-2}$ ,惯性阻力系数 ${C}_{2}$${2.641}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{-1}$
在建立物理模型和数值模拟计算时必然存在误差,比如迭代误差、离散误差和近似误差。其中随着网格密度的不断增加, 离散误差会逐渐降低, 但同时会使迭代误差和舍入误差增加。因此, 划分网格密度并不是越密越好, 密度过大、过小都会对结果造成影响产生误差。所以,为了保持计算精度, 确定合适的网格密度, 在划分网格数量时须进行网格独立性检验。
对物理模型进行网格划分, 采用网格尺寸为 ${20}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ ,网格数为 63 万,为了验证网格独立性,分别划分了网格尺寸为 ${15}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$${10}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 的体网格, 网格数分别为 106 万和 302 万。以常规空气源热泵室外侧换热器迎风面速度值作为参考值, 网格数量分别为 63 万、106 万和 302 万时参考值如 图 2 所示。
结果表明, 网格数量从 63 万增大到 106 万和 302 万时,模拟结果变化很小,误差小于 ${10}\%$ 。所以, 63 万网格数量可满足模拟计算精度要求。
图 3 为常规空气源热泵风机垂直截面速度矢量图。
图 3 可知: 空气从常规空气源热泵两侧进入,与换热器对流换热后从顶部由轴流风机引出, 内部无明显涡流区域; 速度矢量在热泵内部存在分层现象,由下到上速度矢量逐渐增大,底部距风机较远速度矢量大小主要集中在 $1 \sim 3\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ ,顶部距风机较近速度矢量大小集中在 $4 \sim 7\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ ,且越靠近风机,速度矢量梯度变化越大。
图 4 为常规空气源热泵风机垂直截面速度场云图。
图 4 可知: 常规空气源热泵内部速度分层现象明显,底部距风机最远速度较小,速度主要集中在 $1 \sim 3\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ ;顶部距风机最近速度最大,速度主要集中在 $4 \sim 7\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ ,且在风机顶部存在小范围的速度突变区域,整体速度跨度最大可达 ${13}\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}$ ;热泵内部气流受到 $\mathrm{V}$ 型换热器的影响,空气通过换热器狭窄的翅片流道后,空气流速增大。
图 5 为常规空气源热泵换热器表面速度场。
图 5 可知: 换热器换热面速度分层和速度不均匀现象明显,越靠近风机,速度梯度变化越大;换热面顶部距离风机较近,空气流速较大,速度主要集中在 $2 \sim 3\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ ;换热面底部距离风机较远,空气流速较小,速度主要集中在 0~2 m/s;受到风机的影响, 换热器顶部存在两个对称的高速区域,速度主要集中于 $3 \sim 5\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$
本次测试对象为常规空气源热泵实验机,尺寸为 ${1060}\mathrm{\;{mm}}\times {2000}\mathrm{\;{mm}}\times {2243}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ ,如 图 6 所示。实验机主要由风侧翅片管换热器、涡旋压缩机、电子膨胀阀、板式换热器和轴流风机组成,其中风侧翅片管换热器是由两个对称的翅片管换热器组成的 V 型换热器。
依据 GB/T 18430.1-2007《蒸气压缩循环冷水 (热泵) 机组第 1 部分:工业或商业用及类似用途的冷水(热泵)机组》制定实验方案,本次实验的实验工况: 热源侧干球温度为 ${7}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,使用侧出口水温为 45 °C。
空气源热泵实验机测试在焓差实验室进行。 测试的项目主要有制热量等系统数据和气流组织相关数据, 其中气流组织相关数据通过对机组侧板进行打孔并布置相应测点, 测量了换热器迎面风速、换热器两侧压降、热泵内部速度场等参数。
打孔孔径为 $3\mathrm{\;{cm}}$ ,打孔位置分布见 图 7 。测量前,用布胶带将所有孔粘起来并覆盖一层保温棉, 测量时再将布胶带和保温棉撕下, 测完再迅速粘上。
将机组内部空间沿长度方向平均分为 3 个截面,如 图 8 所示,本次实验将测量风机正下方的截面 1 内部对应测点的换热器压降、速度。
根据换热器迎风面实际尺寸 $({1840}\mathrm{\;{mm}}\times$ ${1000}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ )进行测点布置。将迎风面在高度方向平均分为 10 段, 取位于风机中心正下方截面 1 的 10 个点为速度测点, 见 图 9
气流组织测量装置如下:
①风速测量。空气流速测量使用 testo425 热线风速仪,伸缩式手柄最长可达 820 mm,量程为 0~20 m/s,精度为±0.03 m/s+5%测量值;
②压力测量。伊莱科 ELM116-OAC 压差传感器,量程为 0~100 Pa,精度为±1.0%。
图 10 为室外侧换热器迎面风速实测值与模拟值对比。横坐标为中轴线相对位置, 0 处为中轴线的最高处,距离风机最近, $1\mathrm{\;m}$ 处为中轴线最低处, 距离风机最远。
图 11 为热泵内部截面 1 测点1,4,7,10,12 处速度实测值与模拟值对比。横坐标为内部测点所在直线的相对位置, 0 处为直线的最高处, $1\mathrm{\;m}$ 处为直线的最低处。
图 10 ,11 可知,实测值和模拟值的趋势规律完全相同, 空气流速均随着相对位置的不断增加而降低。 0 处距离风机最近,风速最大; $1\mathrm{\;m}$ 处距离风机最远,风速最小;空气流速的实测值普遍略高于模拟值, 考虑到实验仪器和操作过程中各种因素的影响,误差在可接受范围内。
图 12 为热泵内部截面 1 测点3,6,9,11,12 处换热器两侧压降实测值与模拟值对比。横坐标为中轴线相对位置,0 处为中轴线最高处, $1\mathrm{\;m}$ 处为中轴线最低处。
图 12 可知,换热器两侧压降的模拟值与实测值趋势相同,随着中轴线相对位置的逐渐增大, 换热器两侧压降逐渐减小。这是因为,随着中轴线相对位置的逐渐增大, 距离风机越远, 风速越小, 换热器两侧压降也越小。
热泵空气侧换热量计算式为
$ Q =\frac{{q}_{\mathrm{m}}\left({{h}_{\mathrm{a}2}- {h}_{\mathrm{a}1}}\right)}{{V}_{\mathrm{n}}\left({1 +{W}_{\mathrm{n}}}\right)} $
式中: $Q$ 为制热量, $\mathrm{W};{q}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 为空气流量, ${\mathrm{m}}^{3}/\mathrm{s};{h}_{\mathrm{{al}}}$ 为蒸发器进口空气焓值, $\mathrm{J}/\mathrm{{kg}};{h}_{\mathrm{a}2}$ 为蒸发器出口空气焓值, $\mathrm{J}/\mathrm{{kg}};{V}_{\mathrm{n}}$ 为蒸发器出口湿空气对应干空气比容, ${\mathrm{m}}^{3}/\mathrm{{kg}}$${W}_{\mathrm{n}}$ 为蒸发器出口干空气中对应的含水量, g/kg。
图 13 为热泵空气侧换热量实测值与模拟值对比。
图 13 可知,热泵空气侧换热量模拟值略低于实测值。造成误差的原因主要有两点: ①对模型进行简化时将风机简化为速度出口平面, 使得通过换热器的空气流量的模拟值略低于实测值;② 实验测量过程中,换热器两侧布置的压力测量软管和热泵内部架点所需的尼龙绳等实验仪器对换热器的气流组织造成了影响, 空气在掠过实验仪器时, 使周围区域速度小幅度提升, 速度增大导致换热器局部区域表面对流传热系数也增大, 在一定程度上增强了换热器的换热能力。但模型简化和实验仪器造成的实验值与模拟值的误差小于 15%, 在可接受范围内。
综上所述,通过对换热器迎面风速、热泵内部测点速度、换热器两侧压降和空气侧换热量实验值和模拟值 3 组数据的对比,验证了本文所建立的室外侧换热器数学模型的正确性。
常规空气源热泵室外侧换热器在制热运行中,换热器迎面存在风速不均匀性过大现象。为了解决这个问题,本文提出两种新型室外侧换热器结构(单倒型结构和双倒型结构)方案,并在翅片上喷涂太阳能吸收涂层吸收太阳能。单倒型和双倒型太阳能+空气能一体化热泵物理模型分别如 图 14 ,15所示。
通过计算得到了 3 种热泵(常规空气源热泵、 单倒型和双倒型太阳能+空气能一体化热泵)室外侧换热器的主要参数, 对比研究了换热器迎面风速不均匀度、换热器表面平均对流换热系数和空气侧换热量,最终确定最佳的换热器布置形式。
换热器迎面风速不均匀性是衡量机组换热性能的重要参数。空气流场分布不均,会导致换热面各点对流换热系数和温度的差异较大, 从而影响换热器的换热性能,降低热泵的性能系数。
为了量化分析换热器迎面风速不均匀程度大小,引入数学中相对标准偏差的概念。以换热器迎面风速的相对标准偏差值作为换热器迎面风速不均匀度, 计算式为
$\varepsilon ={\left\lbrack \frac{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{n}{\left(\frac{{v}_{i}- \bar{v}}{v}\right)}^{2}}{n - 1}\right\rbrack }^{\frac{1}{2}}$
式中: $\varepsilon$ 为换热器迎面风速不均匀度; ${v}_{i}$ 为该面上的速度 $,\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s};\overrightarrow{v}$ 为换热器表面平均风速 $,\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s};n$ 为面的个数。
将换热器平面平均分为很多小面, 以每个小面的平均风速作为该面的风速值, 将所有小面的风速值与换热器表面的平均风速进行对比, 计算换热器迎面风速不均匀度。
图 16 为热泵室外侧换热器迎面风速不均匀度比较。
图 16 可知:常规空气源热泵室外侧换热器迎面风速不均匀现象较为严重,不均匀度高达 0.691 ; 太阳能+空气能一体化热泵室外侧换热器的单倒结构和双倒结构均能在一定程度上改善换热器迎面风速不均匀现象, 其中双倒型结构改善效果更为明显, 双倒型结构外侧换热器迎面风速不均匀度为 0.376 , 内侧换热器迎面风速不均匀度低至 0.115 ,其在常规空气源热泵的基础上将热泵室外侧换热器迎面风速不均匀度分别降低了 46% 和 ${83}\%$
换热器表面对流换热系数是衡量机组换热性能的重要参数, 直接决定了机组换热量的大小。换热器表面对流换热系数计算式为
${h}_{0}= \frac{\dot{j}{\rho }_{\mathrm{a}}{u}_{\max }{c}_{\mathrm{{pa}}}}{P{r}^{2/3}}$
式中: ${\rho }_{\mathrm{a}}$ 为空气密度, $\mathrm{{kg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3};{c}_{\mathrm{{pa}}}$ 为空气比热容, $\mathrm{J}/\mathrm{{kg}};{u}_{\max }$ 为最大风速, $\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}$
分别计算出各个小面的表面对流换热系数, 根据面积加权平均计算出换热器表面平均对流换热系数,计算式为
${\bar{h}}_{0}= \frac{{h}_{0i}\times {a}_{i}}{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{n}{a}_{i}}$
式中: ${\bar{h}}_{0}$ 为换热器表面平均对流换热系数, $\mathrm{W}/$ $\left({{\mathrm{m}}^{2}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right);{h}_{0i}$ 为该面上的表面对流换热系数, $\mathrm{W}/$ $\left({{\mathrm{m}}^{2}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right);{a}_{i}$ 为该面的面积, ${\mathrm{m}}^{2};n$ 为面的个数。
图 17 为不同热泵室外空气换热器表面平均对流换热系数的比较。
图 17 可知:单倒型热泵室外侧换热器表面平均对流换热系数比常规空气源热泵稍低;双倒型热泵外侧换热器表面平均对流换热系数为 53.5 $\mathrm{W}/\left({{\mathrm{m}}^{2}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$ ,与常规空气源热泵相比提高了 18%; 双倒型热泵内侧换热器由于距风机较远风速较低,表面平均对流换热系数与常规空气源热泵相比,降低了 8%。
将模拟结果带入式(10)中,计算热泵空气侧换热量,结果见 图 18
图 18 可知,单倒型和双倒型太阳能+空气能一体化热泵室外侧换热器空气侧换热量均远高于常规空气源热泵。在换热器面积、风机型号和数量相同的情况下,双倒型结构室外侧换热器换热量高于单倒型, 这是因为双倒型结构室外侧换热器的迎面风速不均匀度更低和表面平均对流换热系数更高, 使得换热器的换热性能也优于单倒型结构。
综上所述, 双倒型结构的室外侧换热器在换热器迎面风速不均匀度、换热器表面平均对流换热系数和换热器空气侧换热量上均优于常规型和单倒型结构,所以,太阳能+空气能一体化热泵室外侧换热器的布置形式确定为双倒型结构。
本文建立了室外侧换热器数学模型, 对常规空气源热泵室外侧换热器气流组织和换热性能进行了模拟和实验研究, 结果证明了数学模型的正确性。构建了太阳能+空气能一体化热泵的两种室外侧换热器, 并对这两种结构换热器的气流组织及换热性能进行模拟研究,结论如下。
①将常规空气源热泵室外侧换热器内部速度场、迎面风速、换热器两侧压降和空气侧换热量的实验值与模拟值进行对比,结果表明,实验值与模拟值趋势完全相同且最大误差小于 15%, 证明了所建立的室外侧换热器数学模型的正确性。
②单倒型结构和双倒型结构的太阳能+空气能一体化热泵室外侧换热器均能在一定程度上改善室外侧换热器迎面风速不均匀现象, 其中双倒型结构改善效果更为明显,外侧换热器迎面风速不均匀度为 0.376 , 内侧换热器迎面风速不均匀度低至 0.115 ,对比常规空气源热泵室外侧换热器迎面风速的不均匀度分别降低了 46%和 83%。
③双倒型太阳能+空气能一体化热泵外侧换热器的表面平均对流换热系数为 ${53.5}\mathrm{\;W}/\left({{\mathrm{m}}^{2}\cdot }\right.$ K),与常规空气源热泵相比提高了 18%;内侧换热器由于距风机较远风速较低, 表面平均对流换热系数为 ${41.6}\mathrm{\;W}/\left({{\mathrm{m}}^{2}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$ ,与常规空气源热泵相比降低了 8%。
④在换热器面积、风机型号和数量相同的情况下, 双倒型室外侧换热器换热性能优于单倒型, 换热量提高了 ${5.4}\%$
本研究可提高热泵换热器换热效率, 降低系统能耗, 为太阳能耦合空气能一体化热泵相关研究提供理论支撑。
  • 山西省科技攻关计划(202101060301015)
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2024年第42卷第11期
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  • 接收时间:2023-05-14
  • 首发时间:2025-07-22
  • 出版时间:2024-11-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-05-14
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山西省科技攻关计划(202101060301015)
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    1 中核第七研究设计院有限公司 山西 太原 030024
    2 太原理工大学 土木工程学院 山西 太原 030024

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田琦(1966-),男,博士,教授,主要从事建筑节能与可再生能源应用研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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