Article(id=1154428732753306135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154428727883714760, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1684080000000, receivedDateStr=2023-05-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753166858137, onlineDateStr=2025-07-22, pubDate=1732032000000, pubDateStr=2024-11-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753166858137, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753166858137, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753166858137, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154428727883714760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, year='2024', volume='42', issue='11', pageStart='1420', pageEnd='1562', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753166856976, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753694530898, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156641952767533916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154428727883714760, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156641952767533917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154428727883714760, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1484, endPage=1490, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154428733248234010, articleId=1154428732753306135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, language=EN, title=Bearing characteristics of mono-column composite bucket for offshore wind turbine, columnId=null, journalTitle=Renewable Energy Resources, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A smallscale physical model test was conducted in sandy soil to investigate the bearing characteristics of a monocolumn composite bucket as a new type of offshore wind turbine foundation. In the experiment, a displacement controlled horizontal monotonic loading method was used, and the loading speed and pressure were selected as variables to obtain the horizontal bearing capacity load displacement curve. The experimental results show that the ultimate bearing capacity of the foundation is positively correlated with the loading speed and ballast mass; Summarized the variation law of pore water pressure in different compartments of the foundation during the loading process.

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文章针对一种新型海上风机基础型式的单柱复合筒型基础的承载特性,在砂土中进行了小比尺物理模型试验。试验中采用了位移控制的水平单调加载方式,选择加载速度与压载为变量,得到水平承载力荷载位移曲线。试验结果表明,基础极限承载力与加载速度和压载质量均呈正相关。得出了基础在加载过程中不同舱内孔隙水压力的变化规律。

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张浦阳(1978-),男,博士,副教授,研究方向为海上风电结构。E-mail:

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张浦阳(1978-),男,博士,副教授,研究方向为海上风电结构。E-mail:

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张浦阳(1978-),男,博士,副教授,研究方向为海上风电结构。E-mail:

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Ocean Engineering, 2012, 52: 75-82., articleTitle=Evaluation of vertical and horizontal bearing capacities of bucket foundations in clay, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1154428795932107171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428732753306135, awardId=52171274, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(52171274), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1154428791230292316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428732753306135, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154428791238680925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428732753306135, companyId=1154428791230292316, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Intelligent Construction and Operation Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154428791247069534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428732753306135, companyId=1154428791230292316, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 天津大学 水利工程智能建设与运维全国重点实验室 天津 300072)]), AuthorCompany(id=1154428791297401183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428732753306135, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154428791301595488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428732753306135, companyId=1154428791297401183, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Shanghai Investigation, Design & Research Institute Co., Ltd. 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工况 加载速度/mm 压载/kg 加载高度/m
1 1 0 1
2 0.5 0 1
3 0.1 0 1
4 0.01 0 1
5 1 20 1
6 1 40 1
7 1 0 1.2
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工况 加载速度/mm 压载/kg 加载高度/m
1 1 0 1
2 0.5 0 1
3 0.1 0 1
4 0.01 0 1
5 1 20 1
6 1 40 1
7 1 0 1.2
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海上风电单柱复合筒型基础承载特性
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张浦阳 1 , 张一博 1 , 校建东 2 , 乐丛欢 1 , 丁红岩 1
可再生能源 | 2024,42(11): 1484-1490
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可再生能源 | 2024, 42(11): 1484-1490
海上风电单柱复合筒型基础承载特性
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张浦阳1 , 张一博1, 校建东2, 乐丛欢1, 丁红岩1
作者信息
  • 1 天津大学 水利工程智能建设与运维全国重点实验室 天津 300072
  • 2 上海勘测设计研究院有限公司 上海 200335
  • 张浦阳(1978-),男,博士,副教授,研究方向为海上风电结构。E-mail:

Bearing characteristics of mono-column composite bucket for offshore wind turbine
Puyang Zhang1 , Yibo Zhang1, Jiandong Xiao2, Conghuan Le1, Hongyan Ding1
Affiliations
  • 1 State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Intelligent Construction and Operation Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
  • 2 Shanghai Investigation, Design & Research Institute Co., Ltd. Shanghai 200335 China
出版时间: 2024-11-20
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文章针对一种新型海上风机基础型式的单柱复合筒型基础的承载特性,在砂土中进行了小比尺物理模型试验。试验中采用了位移控制的水平单调加载方式,选择加载速度与压载为变量,得到水平承载力荷载位移曲线。试验结果表明,基础极限承载力与加载速度和压载质量均呈正相关。得出了基础在加载过程中不同舱内孔隙水压力的变化规律。

海上风电  /  单柱复合筒  /  孔隙水压力  /  承载力  /  压载

A smallscale physical model test was conducted in sandy soil to investigate the bearing characteristics of a monocolumn composite bucket as a new type of offshore wind turbine foundation. In the experiment, a displacement controlled horizontal monotonic loading method was used, and the loading speed and pressure were selected as variables to obtain the horizontal bearing capacity load displacement curve. The experimental results show that the ultimate bearing capacity of the foundation is positively correlated with the loading speed and ballast mass; Summarized the variation law of pore water pressure in different compartments of the foundation during the loading process.

offshore wind power  /  single-column composite bucket  /  pore water pressure  /  bearing capacity  /  ballast
张浦阳, 张一博, 校建东, 乐丛欢, 丁红岩. 海上风电单柱复合筒型基础承载特性. 可再生能源, 2024 , 42 (11) : 1484 -1490 .
Puyang Zhang, Yibo Zhang, Jiandong Xiao, Conghuan Le, Hongyan Ding. Bearing characteristics of mono-column composite bucket for offshore wind turbine[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2024 , 42 (11) : 1484 -1490 .
风能作为一种可再生能源, 其发展形势一直备受世界各国关注 [ 1 ] 。海上风电具有风力强、风场范围广等显著优势,我国沿海风场资源丰富,海上风电开发具有光明的发展前景 [ 2 ]
相比于陆上风机,海上风机基础将承受上部结构所传下来的更大的水平力和弯矩, 同时要受到比陆上环境更恶劣的波浪、水流、海水腐蚀等影响 [ 3 ] 。海上风机基础型式主要包括单桩基础、重力式基础、导管架基础、吸力筒基础以及浮式基础等 [ 4 - 8 ] 。其中,吸力筒基础被认为是最具有发展潜力的一种基础 [ 9 ]
吸力筒基础是一种底部开口,下沉时筒与地基土之间形成密闭环境, 依靠抽取筒内负压实现基础沉贯的一种结构。文献[ 10 - 13 ]提出了复合筒型基础,筒的直径较大、筒高较小,筒上部采用弧形过渡段连结塔筒, 筒内以蜂窝状的分舱结构分成 7 个舱。该复合筒结构可以实现陆上整体预制安装、海上整机托运等过程 [ 14 ] ,并且在负压下沉的过程中, 可以通过调节各舱压力, 实现控制下沉速度、基础调平等目标 [ 15 ]
单柱复合筒型基础结构是在底部吸力筒为全钢制的分舱筒的基础上, 过渡段采用单柱的型式连结底部筒顶及上部塔筒结构, 同时适当调整分舱筒的各舱大小比例, 该结构具有自身结构强度高, 适用于较大水深等优势。
针对筒型基础的承载特性, 国内外已有一定研究。文献[ 16 ]利用有限元软件计算分析了竖向荷载、水平荷载作用下单筒基础的地基破坏形式。 文献[ 17 ]运用有限元软件分析了在斜向荷载作用下筒型基础的承载力特性。文献[ 18 ]利用有限元模型分析了筒型基础在复合荷载作用下的极限承载力,得到了 $\mathrm{V}- \mathrm{H}- \mathrm{T}$ 复合荷载下的空间破坏包络面。文献[ 19 ]利用大比尺模型进行了淤泥质黏土中的水平承载力试验, 得到了复合筒型基础在水平荷载作用下的极限承载力和土压力分布特征。文献[ 20 ]利用离心机模拟了竖向动荷载作用下粘土中吸力式筒型基础的水平荷载与力矩荷载耦合作用。文献[ 21 ]通过三维有限元分析, 得到了均质饱和软黏土不同高径比筒型基础的竖向、水平极限承载力。
已有的研究方法多为数值模拟方法, 而采用物理模型试验的研究较少。本文进行了小比尺物理模型试验, 通过不同工况下的单调荷载试验结果, 分析了单柱复合筒型基础在砂土中的承载特性。
本试验所使用的土体是广泛采用的福建标准砂,具有一定的代表性。将砂土均匀置于 ${2.0}\mathrm{\;m}\times$ ${2.0}\mathrm{\;m}\times {1.2}\mathrm{\;m}$ 的土箱中。单柱复合筒模型筒裙高度为 ${17}\mathrm{\;{cm}}$ ,为消除底部边界效应,土箱中砂土高度约为 ${70}\mathrm{\;{cm}}$图 1 所示为试验所使用的土箱以及砂土。
本文参照广东阳江风电场安装的原型(已有 16 台单柱复合筒结构成功在 ${30}\mathrm{\;m}$ 以上水深的广东阳江风电场应用),采用 $1 :{60}$ 的比尺制作了试验模型,模型采用全钢制。模型总高为 ${60}\mathrm{\;{cm}}$ , 筒裙高度为 ${17}\mathrm{\;{cm}}$ ,筒顶盖厚度为 $5\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ ,复合筒直径为 ${60}\mathrm{\;{cm}}$ 。物理模型及筒内分舱情况如 图 2 所示。中间圆形舱直径为 ${17}\mathrm{\;{cm}}$ ,筒壁与各分舱板厚度均为 $2\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 。单柱型过渡段与筒体之间用肋板加强, 顶部法兰用来安装加载杆。模型总质量为 ${40}\mathrm{\;{kg}}$
试验中所使用的传感器主要包括孔压计、拉线位移计和拉力传感器。
孔压计共 12 个,编号 1~7 的孔压计对应位于 $1 \sim 7$ 各舱中心,高度为土面以下 $1 \sim 2\mathrm{\;{cm}}$ 处;编号 8~10 的孔压计对应位于 1,6,7 舱中心,高度为土面以下 ${17}\mathrm{\;{cm}}$ 处; 编号 11,12 的孔压计分别位于水平加载方向 1,6 舱外 $5\mathrm{\;{cm}}$ ,高度为土面以下 ${17}\mathrm{\;{cm}}$ 处。在制备土体时,将孔压计预埋在预定下沉位置的土中。 图 3 为基础各舱编号以及孔压计分布情况。
拉线位移计和拉力传感器位于加载点处, 用于测量记录加载过程中的位移荷载变化过程。 图 4 为加载时使用的拉线位移计和拉力传感器。
试验采用单调加载的方式, 加载方向为正对 1 号舱方向。
试验中共有 3 个控制变量, 分别从单调加载速度、压载情况和加载高度 3 个方面研究基础承载规律,共有 7 种工况 ( 表 1 )。
单柱复合筒型基础在沉放过程结束后, 通过孔压计及土压力计继续监测, 待各项数据平稳后再进行承载试验, 从而在较大程度上减少下放过程对土体的扰动影响。
基础在不同高度下进行单调加载所得出的水平拉力与加载点位移的关系曲线如 图 5 所示。由 图 5 可知:当加载点位移较小时,水平拉力与位移基本呈线性关系;当加载点位移超过 ${10}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 时,曲线出现明显拐点,此时随着加载点位移增大,水平拉力增幅较小,地基稳定性遭到破坏,无法提供足够的承载力,筒型基础也将发生失稳破坏。
筒型基础承受水平荷载时, 主要通过将水平荷载转化为弯矩作用于下部筒体上。当水平加载高度升高时, 极限承载力明显降低, 此现象与实际规律相符合。
基础在不同单调加载速度下得到的水平拉力与加载点位移的关系曲线如 图 6 所示。
图 6 可知,随着加载速度的减小,基础结构的极限承载力也逐渐减小,原因是砂土中渗流现象较为明显,在较慢的水平加载速率下,复合筒中的土体与筒外一定范围内的土体中的孔隙水产生较长时间的渗流运动, 从而在一定程度上减小了筒与筒裙外部土体的结合紧密程度, 使土体与筒壁之间的正压力与侧摩阻力减小,进而减小了基础的极限承载力。
由于单柱复合筒型基础是一种类重力式结构,因此对存在压载进行试验具有重要意义。基础在无压载和存在压载的情况下得到的水平拉力与加载点位移的关系曲线如 图 7 所示。
图 7 可知:在存在压载的情况下,单柱复合筒型基础的极限承载力会有显著提高, 且随着压载质量的增加,基础的极限承载力会进一步提升; 当压载质量达到结构本身的质量时, 结构承载力提升约 50%。
压载工况的承载力试验结果与重力式结构的一般承载力特性相符合。但是, 在存在压载的情况下, 结构对地基的竖向承载力的要求也会相应地提升,有待进一步的试验或结合有限元模型进行深入研究。
单柱复合筒在正常工作的过程中, 主要承受上部结构所传递的较大的弯矩荷载。此时,结构基础部分根据弯矩方向可以分为受拉向和受压向, 承载力主要来自于结构自重、基础与土体接触而产生的主被动土压力、侧摩阻力和舱内土体的土骨架的有效应力等。其中,结构发生位移会导致舱内土体整体变形, 从而产生一定的超孔隙水压力, 使土骨架承受的有效应力减少, 严重时会导致砂土液化,丧失承载能力。
本文通过埋置传感器的方法直接测得舱内、 外对应位置处的超孔隙水压力。在复合筒水平加载过程中,筒内、外孔隙水压力均会发生变化,受压侧和受拉侧的变化规律也不相同。
在同组工况下, 不同舱的孔隙水压力变化情况均不相同, 同一舱内不同水深位置的孔隙水压力变化也不相同。通过对工况 1 所得数据进行分析,总结在加载过程中单柱复合筒内、外各处孔隙水压力变化的规律。
基础在工况 1 下得到的孔压计 1~7 的数值与加载点位移的关系曲线如 图 8 所示。其中 4 号孔压计出现损坏,图中不予显示。
图 8 可知: 在加载点位移较小时, 1 舱、2 舱、3 舱出现了不同程度的孔隙水压力累积现象, 原因是这些舱位于结构受压区, 舱内土体发生挤压,导致舱内的孔隙水压力产生积累;当位移达到一定值后,继续加载,孔隙水压力呈现缓慢减小的状态, 原因是此时结构基本达到极限承载力所对应的位移,继续增大位移,结构受拉侧筒体与底部土体逐渐产生分离, 增强了各舱底部之间的渗流作用, 致使结构受压侧筒内的超孔隙水压力得到释放; 在加载过程中, 1 舱孔隙水压力的累积程度明显大于 2 舱和 3 舱,这是由于 1 舱位于离结构旋转中心更远的位置,受压效果更加明显。
在加载全程, 5 舱和 6 舱的孔隙水压力均呈现消散的状态, 并且在加载点位移较小时以较快的速度消散, 随后趋于平缓, 呈现出明显的受拉区特征。但是,与受压区不同的是,随着加载点位移的增加,受拉区舱内发生孔压消散后,并没有逐渐恢复的趋势。
在加载过程初期, 7 舱产生较小的孔隙水压力累积现象,随后消散至负值。这说明,中舱在结构发生较小旋转位移时表现出受压区的特征, 在旋转位移较大时又呈现出受拉区的特征。产生这种情况与加载过程中结构的旋转中心位置有关, 这说明,在该工况下,结构的旋转中心从受拉侧逐渐向受压侧移动。
基础在工况 1 下得到的 1 舱内、外与 6 舱内、 外的孔隙水压力数值与加载点位移的关系曲线如 图 9 ,10 所示。
图 9 可知:在加载点位移增大过程中,1 舱内、外土体的孔隙水压力均发生累积现象,筒内的孔隙水压力累积程度较为明显且随着加载点位移增加逐渐减小;筒外土体表面的孔隙水压力随着加载点位移增大几乎不发生变化。
图 10 可知: 6 舱筒内、外土体的孔隙水压力均发生一定程度的消散, 筒内的孔隙水压力消散程度随加载点位移增加逐渐减小;筒外土体表面的孔隙水压力随加载点位移增大几乎不发生变化。这与 1 舱所呈现的规律相同。
产生上述结果的原因为, 筒盖顶部为不排水的边界条件, 因此 1 舱附近土体中的渗流通道为由筒内至筒底再到筒外, 6 舱与之相反。而作为渗流路径的起点与终点, 1 舱和 6 舱舱顶处所产生的孔隙水压力变化量是最大的。从孔压计11,12 (对应位置 1 舱外与 6 舱外)的数据可以看出,在砂土地基中,筒结构在加载点位移增大过程中对筒外土体的扰动较小。
基础在工况 1 下得到的 7 舱顶部与底部的孔隙水压力变化情况如 图 11 所示。由 图 11 可知, 顶部与底部孔隙水压力均表现出累积-复原-消散的规律, 但随着加载点位移增加, 孔隙水压力累积与消散的绝对值明显减小。
当水平单调加载速度存在差异时,同一位置上的孔隙水压力变化情况会存在差异。
图 12 ,13 为基础在不同加载速度下得到的 1 舱内的 1 号孔压计和 6 舱内的 6 号孔压计数据与加载点位移的关系曲线。
图 12 ,13 可知:随着加载速度的减小,1 舱内孔隙水压力累积的最大值逐渐减小,在加载速度为 ${0.1}\mathrm{\;{mm}}/\mathrm{s}$${0.01}\mathrm{\;{mm}}/\mathrm{s}$ 时,1 舱内孔隙水压力几乎不发生累积; 在结构受拉侧, 6 舱的对应位置, 孔隙水压力在累积或消散程度上的变化规律与 1 舱相同。出现这种规律的原因是,对于渗透系数较大的砂土,加载速度的减弱使渗流现象更加明显,使整个土体中的孔隙水仅能在很小的范围内变化。
基础在不同压载工况下得到的 1 舱内的 1 号孔压计数据与加载点位移的关系曲线如 图 14 所示。
图 14 可知, 随着压载质量的增加, 1 舱的孔压累积逐渐减弱,同时超孔隙水压力开始消散的时间随着压载质量的增加而减小。试验结果表明,增加结构自重时,可以有效减少受压侧舱内的超孔隙水压力累积。
本文通过单柱复合筒小比尺物理模型试验研究其承载特性,分析了试验结果,得出以下结论。
①结构在砂土地基中的极限承载力随着加载速度的减小而减小。
②单柱复合筒是一种类似重力式结构,在存在压载的工况下, 结构的承载力明显提高, 且承载力的大小与压载质量成正比。
③在水平单调荷载作用下,单柱复合筒受压区和受拉区舱内的孔隙水压力存在明显差异。受压区呈现超孔隙水压力的积累与渐渐消散的特征,受拉区则呈现孔隙水压力逐渐减小但随着加载点位移增大不恢复的特征。在加载点位移增大过程中,同一舱内的孔隙水压力累积和消散程度逐渐减小。中舱在加载过程中的孔隙水压力变化表现出先累积再恢复最后消散的特征,这与结构运动过程中旋转中心位置的变化有关。
④不同加载速度下,随着加载速度的减小, 各舱内孔隙水压力的变化幅度也随之减小,当加载速度为 ${0.01}\mathrm{\;{mm}}/\mathrm{s}$ 时,舱内孔隙水压力几乎不变。不同压载情况下,随着压载质量的增加,各舱内孔隙水压力的变化幅度也逐渐减小。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52171274)
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  • 接收时间:2023-05-15
  • 首发时间:2025-07-22
  • 出版时间:2024-11-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-05-15
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国家自然科学基金(52171274)
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    1 天津大学 水利工程智能建设与运维全国重点实验室 天津 300072
    2 上海勘测设计研究院有限公司 上海 200335
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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