Article(id=1154428731113333263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154428727883714760, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1699372800000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753166857746, onlineDateStr=2025-07-22, pubDate=1732032000000, pubDateStr=2024-11-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753166857746, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753166857746, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753166857746, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154428727883714760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, year='2024', volume='42', issue='11', pageStart='1420', pageEnd='1562', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753166856976, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753694530898, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156641952767533916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154428727883714760, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156641952767533917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154428727883714760, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1554, endPage=1562, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154428731570512401, articleId=1154428731113333263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, language=EN, title=An optimization model of carbon emission reduction of multi-energy system considering the coordination of economy and reliability, columnId=null, journalTitle=Renewable Energy Resources, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Lowcarbon development of the power industry is an important measure for the dualcarbon goal. In order to promote carbon emission reduction and improve the economy, reliability and environmental protection of the multienergy system, an optimization model for the carbon emission reduction of the multienergy system considering the coordination of economy and reliability is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the coordination model of LowCarbon MultiEnergy System (LCMES) is established by analyzing the topology of the LCMES including electricity, gas and heat; Secondly, based on the fault characteristics of the energy conversion and storage equipment in the LCMES, the multistate reliability model of the LCMES is established; Then, under the conditions of operation constraints and reliability constraints, an optimization model of carbon emission reduction of the LCMES considering the coordination of economy and reliability is proposed with the objective of minimizing the operation cost and carbon emissions of multienergy system; Finally, it is verified by simulation numerical example that the multienergy system optimization model proposed in this paper can ensure the improvement of the operation reliability and economy of the multienergy system while achieving the carbon emission reduction.

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电力行业的低碳化发展是实现“双碳”目标的重要举措,为促进碳减排,实现多能源系统在经济性、可靠性、环保性方面的提升,文章提出了一种考虑经济性与可靠性相协调的多能源系统碳减排优化模型。首先,通过分析含电、气、热的低碳多能源系统(LowCarbon MultiEnergy System, LCMES)拓扑结构,建立 LCMES 协调模型;其次,基于LCMES 內各能源转换和存储设备故障特点,建立LCMES的多状态可靠性模型;再次,在LCMES 可靠性约束和运行约束条件下,以LCMES 的运行成本和碳交易成本最小为目标提出了考虑经济性与可靠性相协调的多能源系统碳减排优化模型;最后,通过算例仿真验证了文章提出的多能源系统优化模型能能够在实现碳减排的同时,保障多能源系统运行的可靠性及经济性的提升。

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寇汉鹏(1989-),男,工程师,研究方向为多能源系统运行优化。E-mail:

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寇汉鹏(1989-),男,工程师,研究方向为多能源系统运行优化。E-mail:

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寇汉鹏(1989-),男,工程师,研究方向为多能源系统运行优化。E-mail:

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Hulunbuir 021100 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154428756224631442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428731113333263, companyId=1154428756212048528, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 国网内蒙古东部电力有限公司 呼伦贝尔供电公司 内蒙古 呼伦贝尔 021100)]), AuthorCompany(id=1154428756270768787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428731113333263, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154428756279157396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428731113333263, companyId=1154428756270768787, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Shenyang Institute of Engineering Shenyang 110136 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154428756283351701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428731113333263, companyId=1154428756270768787, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 沈阳工程学院 辽宁 沈阳 110136)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1154428758942540540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428731113333263, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=The topology of the LCMES, figureFileSmall=zEmL7UZPLGWAh5lfBeTg6w==, figureFileBig=2bP4qITuBvI3wc2CYSMKWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154428759039009537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428731113333263, language=CN, label=图 1, caption=LCMES 的拓扑结构, figureFileSmall=zEmL7UZPLGWAh5lfBeTg6w==, figureFileBig=2bP4qITuBvI3wc2CYSMKWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154428759089341190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428731113333263, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Typical daily wind power and PV output of LCMES, figureFileSmall=9OiYaCBBUL4uVw0SpFaMkQ==, figureFileBig=p4gsYKV7qY0I62O6q4wsuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154428759156450057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428731113333263, language=CN, label=图 2, caption=LCMES 典型日内风电和光伏出力, figureFileSmall=9OiYaCBBUL4uVw0SpFaMkQ==, figureFileBig=p4gsYKV7qY0I62O6q4wsuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154428759227753230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428731113333263, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Typical daily load demand of LCMES, figureFileSmall=L2Jj09CPldVki3BT7Anp4g==, figureFileBig=Pt1RjibL8RmlaVytmsyeBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154428759278084880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428731113333263, language=CN, label=图 3, caption=LCMES 典型日内负荷需求, figureFileSmall=L2Jj09CPldVki3BT7Anp4g==, figureFileBig=Pt1RjibL8RmlaVytmsyeBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154428759345193749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428731113333263, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Comparison of energy supply reliability indicators of LCMES in two scenarios, figureFileSmall=IKu1dyKc0o9rdyzi9CrkyQ==, figureFileBig=Ldgb5cv4ls1xyQaLIsdonQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154428759403914008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428731113333263, language=CN, label=图 4, caption=两种场景下 LCMES 的供能可靠性指标对比结果, figureFileSmall=IKu1dyKc0o9rdyzi9CrkyQ==, figureFileBig=Ldgb5cv4ls1xyQaLIsdonQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154428759479411485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428731113333263, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Typical daily optimal operation curve of LCMES in two scenarios, figureFileSmall=FQHq7Rg3payCeAQrqcXPRw==, figureFileBig=Y1yKAuJO4XHoIfduAmoSjw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154428759554908959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428731113333263, language=CN, label=图 5, caption=两种场景下 LCMES 典型日优化曲线, figureFileSmall=FQHq7Rg3payCeAQrqcXPRw==, figureFileBig=Y1yKAuJO4XHoIfduAmoSjw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154428759617823522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428731113333263, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=State transition rate of devices, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 0
${t}_{\mathrm{c}}$ -0.003 0.002 0.001
${0.5}{t}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 0.020 -0.022 0.002
0 0.023 0.018 -0.041
), ArticleFig(id=1154428759747846950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428731113333263, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=设备的状态转移率, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 0
${t}_{\mathrm{c}}$ -0.003 0.002 0.001
${0.5}{t}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 0.020 -0.022 0.002
0 0.023 0.018 -0.041
), ArticleFig(id=1154428759810761512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428731113333263, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=The energy supply reliability index of multiple energy, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
供能可靠性指标 取值
$E{L}^{\max }/\mathrm{{MW}}$ 1.06
$H{L}^{\max }/\mathrm{{MW}}$ 0.55
$Q{L}^{\max }/\mathrm{{kg}}$ 90
$G{L}^{\max }/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ 130
), ArticleFig(id=1154428759903036202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428731113333263, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=多种能源供给的可靠性指标, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
供能可靠性指标 取值
$E{L}^{\max }/\mathrm{{MW}}$ 1.06
$H{L}^{\max }/\mathrm{{MW}}$ 0.55
$Q{L}^{\max }/\mathrm{{kg}}$ 90
$G{L}^{\max }/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ 130
), ArticleFig(id=1154428759961756460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428731113333263, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=The operation results of LCMES in two scenarios, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 场景一 场景二
运维成本/万元 2.13 2.29
能量调节收益/万元 1.25 1.86
购能成本/万元 2.64 1.04
环境成本/万元 1.26 1.38
负荷损失成本/万元 1.32 0.15
碳交易成本/万元 2.57 0.92
总运行成本/万元 8.67 3.94
碳排放量 $/{10}^{4}\mathrm{\;{kg}}$ 3.3 1.2
), ArticleFig(id=1154428760028865325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428731113333263, language=CN, label=表 3, caption=两种场景下 LCMES 的运行结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 场景一 场景二
运维成本/万元 2.13 2.29
能量调节收益/万元 1.25 1.86
购能成本/万元 2.64 1.04
环境成本/万元 1.26 1.38
负荷损失成本/万元 1.32 0.15
碳交易成本/万元 2.57 0.92
总运行成本/万元 8.67 3.94
碳排放量 $/{10}^{4}\mathrm{\;{kg}}$ 3.3 1.2
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考虑经济性与可靠性相协调的多能源系统碳减排优化模型
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寇汉鹏 1 , 步天龙 1 , 聂伟峰 1 , 高振 1 , 聂大禹 1 , 林盛 2
可再生能源 | 2024,42(11): 1554-1562
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可再生能源 | 2024, 42(11): 1554-1562
考虑经济性与可靠性相协调的多能源系统碳减排优化模型
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寇汉鹏1 , 步天龙1, 聂伟峰1, 高振1, 聂大禹1, 林盛2
作者信息
  • 1 国网内蒙古东部电力有限公司 呼伦贝尔供电公司 内蒙古 呼伦贝尔 021100
  • 2 沈阳工程学院 辽宁 沈阳 110136
  • 寇汉鹏(1989-),男,工程师,研究方向为多能源系统运行优化。E-mail:

An optimization model of carbon emission reduction of multi-energy system considering the coordination of economy and reliability
Hanpeng Kou1 , Tianlong Bu1, Weifeng Nie1, Zhen Gao1, Dayu Nie1, Sheng Lin2
Affiliations
  • 1 Hulunbuir Power Supply Company of State Grid East Inner Mongolia Power Co., Ltd. Hulunbuir 021100 China
  • 2 Shenyang Institute of Engineering Shenyang 110136 China
出版时间: 2024-11-20
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电力行业的低碳化发展是实现“双碳”目标的重要举措,为促进碳减排,实现多能源系统在经济性、可靠性、环保性方面的提升,文章提出了一种考虑经济性与可靠性相协调的多能源系统碳减排优化模型。首先,通过分析含电、气、热的低碳多能源系统(LowCarbon MultiEnergy System, LCMES)拓扑结构,建立 LCMES 协调模型;其次,基于LCMES 內各能源转换和存储设备故障特点,建立LCMES的多状态可靠性模型;再次,在LCMES 可靠性约束和运行约束条件下,以LCMES 的运行成本和碳交易成本最小为目标提出了考虑经济性与可靠性相协调的多能源系统碳减排优化模型;最后,通过算例仿真验证了文章提出的多能源系统优化模型能能够在实现碳减排的同时,保障多能源系统运行的可靠性及经济性的提升。

多能源系统  /  碳减排  /  可靠性  /  优化运行

Lowcarbon development of the power industry is an important measure for the dualcarbon goal. In order to promote carbon emission reduction and improve the economy, reliability and environmental protection of the multienergy system, an optimization model for the carbon emission reduction of the multienergy system considering the coordination of economy and reliability is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the coordination model of LowCarbon MultiEnergy System (LCMES) is established by analyzing the topology of the LCMES including electricity, gas and heat; Secondly, based on the fault characteristics of the energy conversion and storage equipment in the LCMES, the multistate reliability model of the LCMES is established; Then, under the conditions of operation constraints and reliability constraints, an optimization model of carbon emission reduction of the LCMES considering the coordination of economy and reliability is proposed with the objective of minimizing the operation cost and carbon emissions of multienergy system; Finally, it is verified by simulation numerical example that the multienergy system optimization model proposed in this paper can ensure the improvement of the operation reliability and economy of the multienergy system while achieving the carbon emission reduction.

multi-energy system  /  carbon emission reduction  /  reliability  /  optimal operation
寇汉鹏, 步天龙, 聂伟峰, 高振, 聂大禹, 林盛. 考虑经济性与可靠性相协调的多能源系统碳减排优化模型. 可再生能源, 2024 , 42 (11) : 1554 -1562 .
Hanpeng Kou, Tianlong Bu, Weifeng Nie, Zhen Gao, Dayu Nie, Sheng Lin. An optimization model of carbon emission reduction of multi-energy system considering the coordination of economy and reliability[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2024 , 42 (11) : 1554 -1562 .
随着全球化能源危机和温室气体过度排放导致的全球气候变化不断加剧,我国正在不断探索绿色、低碳、高效的能源系统结构和能源供应体系,进一步加快实现“双碳”战略目标,促进我国能源系统绿色低碳转型 [ 1 - 3 ] 。目前,在多能源系统中, 风电、光伏等可再生能源接入规模的不断提高,电制热、电制氢、氢转气等多能源转换设备和多能源存储设备的接入, 都给能源系统的结构和运行特性带来了根本性变化, 系统的调度运行面临巨大挑战 [ 4 - 6 ] 。为应对上述挑战,亟须研究考虑多能源系统安全性、经济性和环保性协同的灵活调度方法。
目前,国内外研究人员已针对含多能源转换与存储设备的多能源系统的供能特性、优化调度等方面展开了较多研究。文献[ 7 ]考虑多能源的协调互补特性, 基于多源储能系统的运行特性和多源负荷的综合需求响应研究, 建立了考虑需求响应的综合能源系统优化模型。文献[ 8 ]通过研究热电联供的能源架构,采用能量状态模型对常规电池储能和储热罐进行描述, 并对广义储能资源的调节特性进行了分析, 提出了基于广义储能资源和源荷双侧不确定性的多能源系统优化调度策略。文献[ 9 ]分析了用户的用能需求特性, 通过构建实时电价需求响应模型实现对用户错峰时移用能的引导能力, 将其作为综合需求响应参与系统调度,并在此基础上建立了电热集成系统优化模型。 文献[ 10 ]为实现综合能源系统经济性和灵活性的平衡, 采用区间数学形式对风电出力和负荷的不确定性进行描述, 提出了多能源系统区间优化运行模型。文献[ 11 ]考虑多能源系统频率失稳风险随新能源电源接入比例的增大持续上升, 通过研究系统内各类参与频率支撑设备调速器的死区与限幅环节,建立了电网频率动态时域离散化模型,基于此提出了主动支撑电网频率的多能源系统优化运行策略。文献[ 12 ]基于多能源负荷价格响应特性,建立了多能源负荷需求响应模型,通过对多能源系统需求侧售能价格和供给侧设备运行参数进行优化, 实现园区综合能源系统供需双侧协调优化运行。上述文献对含多种能源转化与存储设备的电力系统的供能特性、运行优化等方面进行了研究, 并取得了一定的成果, 为解决考虑经济性与可靠性相协调的多能源系统碳减排优化问题提供了一定的理论指导, 但多以经济性作为主要考量目标, 忽略了供能可靠性这一重要因素对多能源系统运行情况和碳减排能力的影响。如何通过量化多种类设备运行状态, 将设备故障跨系统传播这一重要特性纳入到多能源系统的优化运行以及提升系统碳减排能力的考量中具有重要意义。
本文提出了一种考虑经济性与可靠性相协调的多能源系统碳减排优化模型。首先,通过分析含电、气、热的 LCMES 拓扑结构,建立 LCMES 的协调模型;其次,考虑 LCMES 内各能源转换和存储设备的故障特点, 建立 LCMES 的多状态可靠性模型;再次,考虑运行约束、可靠性约束等, 以 LCMES 的运行成本和碳交易成本最小为目标提出考虑经济性与可靠性相协调的多能源系统碳减排优化模型;最后,通过算例仿真验证本文提出的多能源系统优化模型的经济性和有效性。
本文构建了由电锅炉、电制氢、甲烷化、燃料电池等多能源转换设备,以及储电、储热、储氢等多能源存储设备构成的低碳多能源系统 (LCMES), 通过多种能源转换和存储设备间的能量协调, 为 LCMES 中的多种类负荷提供能量支撑。LCMES 的拓扑结构如 图 1 所示。
LCMES 通过多能源转换与存储设备之间的高效协调来满足系统的电、热、气能量需求。本文通过耦合矩阵描述系统内多能源转换与存储设备之间多种能源耦合关系和系统的能量输入、输出特性,构建的多能源协调矩阵可表示为
$\left\lbrack \begin{array}{l}{L}^{\mathrm{e}}\\{L}^{\mathrm{h}}\\{L}^{\mathrm{g}}\end{array}\right\rbrack =\left\lbrack \begin{array}{l}{P}_{\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{S}}\\{P}_{\mathrm{h}}^{\mathrm{S}}\\{P}_{\mathrm{g}}^{\mathrm{S}}\end{array}\right\rbrack +\left\lbrack \begin{array}{l}{\delta }_{\mathrm{{ee}}}{\delta }_{\mathrm{{he}}}{\delta }_{\mathrm{{ge}}}\\{\delta }_{\mathrm{{eh}}}{\delta }_{\mathrm{{hh}}}{\delta }_{\mathrm{{gh}}}\\{\delta }_{\mathrm{{eg}}}{\delta }_{\mathrm{{hg}}}{\delta }_{\mathrm{{gg}}}\end{array}\right\rbrack \left\lbrack \begin{array}{l}{P}^{\mathrm{e}- \mathrm{{in}}}\\{P}^{\mathrm{h}- \mathrm{{in}}}\\{P}^{\mathrm{g}- \mathrm{{in}}}\end{array}\right\rbrack $
式中: ${P}^{\mathrm{e}- \mathrm{{in}}},{P}^{\mathrm{h}- \mathrm{{in}}},{P}^{\mathrm{g}- \mathrm{{in}}}$ 分别为 LCMES 输入电能、热能、天然气的功率; ${L}^{\mathrm{e}},{L}^{\mathrm{h}},{L}^{\mathrm{g}}$ 分别为 LCMES 输出电能、热能、天然气的功率; ${P}_{\mathrm{e}}{}^{\mathrm{S}},{P}_{\mathrm{h}}{}^{\mathrm{S}},{P}_{\mathrm{g}}{}^{\mathrm{S}}$ 分别为 LCMES 内储电、储热、储气设备的输出功率; $\delta$ 为多能源转换系数。(2)
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\delta_{\mathrm{ee}}=\alpha_{1}+\alpha_{2} \gamma_{\mathrm{hp}}\left(\beta_{1}+\beta_{2} \gamma_{\mathrm{q}}^{\mathrm{S}} \varepsilon_{1}\right) \gamma_{\mathrm{fc}} \\ \delta_{\mathrm{he}}=0 \\ \delta_{\mathrm{ge}}=\alpha_{6} \gamma_{\mathrm{mt}}^{\mathrm{e}} \\ \delta_{\mathrm{eh}}=\alpha_{3} \gamma_{\mathrm{eb}} \\ \delta_{\mathrm{hh}}=\alpha_{4} \\ \delta_{\mathrm{gh}}=\alpha_{6} \gamma_{\mathrm{mt}}^{\mathrm{h}} \\ \delta_{\mathrm{eg}}=\alpha_{2} \gamma_{\mathrm{hp}}\left(\beta_{3}+\beta_{2} \gamma_{\mathrm{q}}^{\mathrm{S}} \varepsilon_{2}\right) \gamma_{\mathrm{me}} \\ \delta_{\mathrm{hg}}=0 \\ \delta_{\mathrm{gg}}=\alpha_{5} \end{array}\right.$
式中: ${\alpha }_{1},{\alpha }_{2},{\alpha }_{3}$ 分别为系统输入电能分配给电能供应、P2G 设备、电锅炉的系数; ${\alpha }_{4}$ 为热能分配给热能供应设备的系数; ${\alpha }_{5},{\alpha }_{6}$ 分别为天然气分配给天然气供应设备、燃气轮机的系数; ${\beta }_{1},{\beta }_{2},{\beta }_{3}$ 分别为电制氢的氢气分配给燃料电池、储氢设备、甲烷化设备的系数; ${\varepsilon }_{1},{\varepsilon }_{2}$ 分别为储氢设备的氢气分配给燃料电池、甲烷化设备的系数; ${\gamma }_{\mathrm{{hp}}},{\gamma }_{\mathrm{{me}}}$ 分别为电制氢设备、甲烷化设备的运行效率; ${\gamma }_{\mathrm{q}}^{\mathrm{s}}$ 为储氢设备的放能效率; ${\gamma }_{\mathrm{{eb}}}$ 为电锅炉的电热转换效率; ${\gamma }_{\mathrm{{fc}}}$ 为燃料电池的运行效率; ${\gamma }_{\mathrm{{mt}}}^{\mathrm{h}},{\gamma }_{\mathrm{{mt}}}^{\mathrm{e}}$ 分别为燃气轮机的气转电和气转热效率。
LCMES 内的多种能源转换与存储设备的运行状态是否正常与系统能否满足多能源负荷需求紧密相关。因此,本文分别对 LCMES 内光伏等发电设备,电锅炉、电制氢、燃料电池等转换设备,储电、储热、储氢等存储设备的运行状态进行分析, 基于各类型设备的故障特点, 建立 LCMES 的多状态可靠性模型, 以动态反映多能源系统的实际运行状态, 实时保障系统能够通过设备间的协调来提升其供能可靠性和碳减排能力。
本文提出的 LCMES 内的多能源转换与存储设备包括:风力发电机、光伏电源、电锅炉、储热设备、燃气轮机、电制氢设备、储氢设备、甲烷化设备、储气设备、储电设备和燃料电池。设第 $u$ 个设备共 ${K}_{r}$ 个状态,该设备在第 $r$ 个状态时的供能出力为 ${P}^{\max }{}_{u, r}$ ,则第 $u$ 个多能源转换与存储设备的各个状态之间相互转换的状态转移矩阵 ${\mathbf{S}}_{u}$ 表示为
${\mathbf{S}}_{u}= {\left\lbrack \begin{matrix} 0 &{\varepsilon }_{1,2}& \cdots &{\varepsilon }_{1,{Kr}}\\{\lambda }_{2,1}& 0 &\cdots &{\varepsilon }_{2,{Kr}}\\\vdots &\vdots &\ddots &\vdots \\{\lambda }_{{Kr},1}& {\lambda }_{K,2}& \cdots & 0 \end{matrix}\right\rbrack }_{{Kr}\times {Kr}}$
式中: $\varepsilon ,\lambda$ 分别为第 $u$ 个多能源转换与存储设备的故障率和修复率,其下标表示设备发生状态转移。
$\varepsilon ,\lambda$ 主要参考文献[ 13 ]基于设备的各个状态下的持续时间和各个状态之间的转移次数进行估算,例如第 $u$ 个设备从状态 1 到状态 2 的故障率可表示为 ${\varepsilon }_{1,2}= {\varphi }_{1,2}/{T}_{1},{\varphi }_{1,2}$ 表示该设备从状态 1 转移到状态 2 的总次数, ${T}_{1}$ 表示该设备在状态 2 下的持续时间。
基于马尔科夫过程 [ 14 ] 描述多能源转换与存储设备各个状态之间的相互转换,第 $u$ 个设备在 $t$ 时刻第 $r$ 个状态时的概率 ${p}_{u, r}$ 可表示为
${p}_{u, r}= \Pr \left\{{{P}_{u, r}= {P}_{u, t}^{\max }}\right\}, r = 1,2,\cdots ,{K}_{r}$
式中: ${P}_{u, r}$ 为第 $u$ 个多能源转换与存储设备的可供能量。
假设第 $u$ 个多能源转换与存储设备的初始状态为正常工作状态 1 , 则该设备处于各个状态的概率可通过式(5)的微分方程进行求解。
$\begin{array}{l}\frac{\mathrm{d}{p}_{u, t}\left( t\right)}{\mathrm{d}t}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{n, m = 1}}^{{K - 1}}\left\lbrack {{\lambda }_{n, u}{p}_{u, n}\left( t\right)}\right\rbrack -{p}_{u,1}\left( t\right)\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{n, r}}^{K}{\varepsilon }_{1, n}\\\frac{\mathrm{d}{p}_{u, r}\left( t\right)}{\mathrm{d}t}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{n, m = 1}}^{{K - 1}}\left\lbrack {{\lambda }_{n, r},{p}_{u, n}\left( t\right)}\right\rbrack +\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{n, r = 1}}^{{\gamma - 1}}\left\lbrack {{\varepsilon }_{n, r},{p}_{u, n}\left( t\right)}\right\rbrack -\\\frac{\mathrm{d}{p}_{u, r}}{\mathrm{d}t}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{n, m = 1}}^{{K - 1}}\left\lbrack {{\lambda }_{n, m},{p}_{u, n}\left( t\right)}\right\rbrack , r = 1,2,\cdots ,{K}_{n - 1}\\\frac{\mathrm{d}{p}_{u, k}}{\mathrm{\;d}t}= -\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{n, m = 1}}^{{K - 1}}\left\lbrack {{\varepsilon }_{n, k},{p}_{u, n}\left( t\right)}\right\rbrack -{p}_{u, m}\left( t\right)\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{n = 1}}^{{K - 1}}{\lambda }_{n, m}\left( t\right)\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{n = 1}}^{{K - 1}}{\lambda }_{n, m}\end{array}$
2.2 考虑设备多状态特性的 LCMES 可靠性模型
考虑 LCMES 内发电设备、电锅炉、电制氢、 燃料电池等多能源转换设备,以及储电、储热、储氢设备之间的耦合关系,当电力系统、热力系统、 天然气系统、供氢设备中的某些或某个设备发生故障时会影响其它设备的正常运行, 甚至造成负荷的电能、热能、天然气的需求量不足。因此,本文综合各类型设备的故障特点, 建立了考虑设备多状态特性的 LCMES 可靠性模型。
当 LCMES 内电力系统的风电机组、光伏电源、燃料电池、燃气轮机、储电设备出现故障时,系统的供电能力不足, 会造成部分用电负荷削减, 影响电锅炉、电制氢等用电设备的正常运行。本文通过状态聚合在状态空间选取 LCMES 内电力系统的状态 ${r}^{\mathrm{e}}$ 并表示为
${r}^{\mathrm{e}}\in \left\{{\left\lbrack {{P}_{1,\mathrm{\;W}}^{\max },{P}_{1,\mathrm{{PV}}}^{\max },{P}_{1,\mathrm{{mt}}}^{\max },{P}_{1,\mathrm{{fc}}}^{\max },{P}_{1,\mathrm{S}- \mathrm{e}}^{\max }}\right\rbrack ,\cdots ,}\right.\\\left\lbrack {{P}_{{r}_{\mathrm{w}},\mathrm{W}}^{\max },{P}_{{r}_{\mathrm{{pv}}},\mathrm{{PV}}}^{\max },{P}_{{r}_{\mathrm{{mt}}},\mathrm{{mt}}}^{\max },{P}_{{r}_{\mathrm{{fc}}},\mathrm{{fc}}}^{\max },{P}_{{r}_{\mathrm{S}- \mathrm{e}},\mathrm{S}- \mathrm{e}}^{\max }}\right\rbrack ,\cdots ,\\\left\lbrack {{P}_{{K}_{\mathrm{w}}^{\prime },\mathrm{W}}^{\max },{P}_{{K}_{\mathrm{{PV}}}^{\prime },\mathrm{{PV}}}^{\max },{P}_{{K}_{\mathrm{{mt}}}^{\prime },\mathrm{{mt}}}^{\max },{P}_{{K}_{\mathrm{{fc}}}^{\prime },\mathrm{{fc}}}^{\max },{P}_{{K}_{\mathrm{S - e}}^{\prime },\mathrm{S}- \mathrm{e}}^{\max }}\right\rbrack \}$
式中: ${K}_{\mathrm{W}}^{r},{K}_{\mathrm{{PV}}}^{r},{K}_{\mathrm{{mt}}}^{r},{K}_{\mathrm{{fc}}}^{r},{K}_{\mathrm{S}- \mathrm{e}}^{r}$ 分别为风机、光伏、燃气轮机、燃料电池、储电设备的状态总量; ${P}_{{r}_{\mathrm{w}},\mathrm{W}}^{\max }$ , ${P}_{{r}_{\mathrm{{PV}}}^{\circ },\mathrm{{PV}}}^{\max },{P}_{{r}_{\mathrm{{sa}}}^{\circ },\mathrm{{mt}}}^{\max },{P}_{{r}_{\mathrm{{fe}}}^{\circ },\mathrm{{fc}}}^{\max },{P}_{{r}_{\mathrm{s - e}}^{\circ },\mathrm{S}- \mathrm{e}}^{\max }$ 分别为风机、光伏、燃气轮机、燃料电池、储电设备在状态 ${r}_{\mathrm{W}}^{\mathrm{e}},{r}_{\mathrm{{PV}}}^{\mathrm{e}},{r}_{\mathrm{{mt}}}^{\mathrm{e}},{r}_{\mathrm{{fc}}}^{\mathrm{e}}$ , ${r}_{\mathrm{S}- \mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{e}}$ 下的供电量。
LCMES 的供电损失量 $E{L}_{t}$ 为电力系统在 ${r}^{\mathrm{e}}$ 状态下的供电可靠性指标:
$ E{L}_{t}= \\\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{{r}^{e}= 1}}^{{R}^{e}}\left\lbrack {{L}_{t}^{\mathrm{e}}+ {P}_{\mathrm{{fc}}}^{{r}^{e}}+ {P}_{\mathrm{{mt}}- \mathrm{e}}^{{r}^{e}}- \left({{P}_{{r}_{\mathrm{w}},\mathrm{W}}^{{}^{\prime \prime \prime }}+ {P}_{{r}_{\mathrm{{pv}}},\mathrm{{PV}}}^{{}^{\prime \prime \prime \prime }}+ {P}_{{r}_{\mathrm{{mc}}}^{\prime },\mathrm{{mt}}}^{{}^{\prime \prime \prime \prime }}+ {P}_{{r}_{\mathrm{{fc}}}^{\prime },\mathrm{{fc}}}^{{}^{\prime \prime \prime \prime }}+ {P}_{{r}_{\mathrm{{sc}}},\mathrm{S}- \mathrm{e}}^{{}^{\prime \prime \prime \prime }}}\right)}\right\rbrack \\{p}_{\mathrm{{fc}},\mathrm{m}}^{r\mathrm{q}}\cdot {p}_{\mathrm{{mt}}- \mathrm{e}}^{r\mathrm{e}}\cdot {p}_{\mathrm{W}}^{r, t}\cdot {p}_{\mathrm{{PV}}}^{r, t}\cdot {p}_{\mathrm{{fc}}}^{r, t}\cdot {p}_{\mathrm{{mt}}- \mathrm{e}}^{r, t}\cdot {p}_{\mathrm{S}- \mathrm{e}}^{r, t}{K}_{r}$
式中: ${\kappa }_{r}$ 表示 LCMES 在 ${r}^{\mathrm{e}}$ 状态下是否须要削减电负荷,是则取 1,否则取 $0;{L}_{t}^{\mathrm{e}}$ 为 LCMES 在 $t$ 时刻电负荷的用能需求; ${p}_{\mathrm{W}}^{r, t},{p}_{\mathrm{{PV}}}^{r, t},{p}_{\mathrm{{fc}}}^{r, t},{p}_{\mathrm{{mt}}- \mathrm{e}}^{r, t},{p}_{\mathrm{S}- \mathrm{e}}^{r, t}$ 分别为风机、光伏、燃料电池、燃气轮机、储电设备在不同运行状态下的概率; ${P}_{\mathrm{{fc}}}^{{r}^{n}}$ 为燃料电池发电损失量; ${P}_{\mathrm{{mt}}- \mathrm{e}}^{{r}^{e}}$ 为燃气轮机发电损失量; ${p}_{\mathrm{{fc}},\mathrm{m}}^{{r}^{a}}$ 为燃料电池发电损失概率; ${p}_{\mathrm{{mt}- e}}^{{r}^{e}}$ 为燃气轮机发电损失概率; ${R}^{\mathrm{e}}$ 为系统的供电状态总数。
在故障状态下, 供电设备为满足电负荷的用电需求, 优先考虑减小电锅炉、电制氢设备的运行功率。电锅炉、电制氢在 ${r}^{\mathrm{e}}$ 状态下的概率 ${p}_{\mathrm{{eb}},\mathrm{{hp}}}^{{r}^{e}}$ 、产热损失量 ${P}_{\mathrm{{eb}}}^{{r}^{e}}$ 、产氢损失量 ${P}_{\mathrm{{hp}}}^{{r}^{e}}$
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{P}_{\mathrm{{eb}}}^{{r}^{e}}= \left({{L}_{t}^{\mathrm{e}}+ {P}_{\mathrm{{fc}}}^{{r}_{\mathrm{e}}}- {P}_{{r}_{\mathrm{w}},\mathrm{W}}^{\max }- {P}_{{r}_{\mathrm{{pv}}},\mathrm{{PV}}}^{\max }- {P}_{{r}_{\mathrm{{hd}}},\mathrm{{mt}}}^{\max }- {P}_{{r}_{\mathrm{{fc}}},\mathrm{F}}^{\max }- {P}_{{r}_{\mathrm{{sc}}},\mathrm{F}}^{\max }}\right){\kappa }_{r}^{\mathrm{e}}{\gamma }_{\mathrm{{eb}}}^{{r}^{e}}\\{P}_{\mathrm{{hp}}}^{{r}^{e}}= \left({{L}_{t}^{\mathrm{e}}+ {P}_{\mathrm{{fc}}}^{{r}_{\mathrm{c}}}- {P}_{{r}_{\mathrm{w}},\mathrm{W}}^{\max }- {P}_{{r}_{\mathrm{{pc}}},\mathrm{{PV}}}^{\max }- {P}_{{r}_{\mathrm{{mc}}},\mathrm{{HV}}}^{\max }- {P}_{{r}_{\mathrm{{hc}}},\mathrm{{ht}}}^{\max }- {P}_{{r}_{\mathrm{{fc}}},\mathrm{{fc}}}^{\max }}\right){\kappa }_{r}^{\mathrm{e}}{\gamma }_{\mathrm{{hp}}}^{{r}^{e}}\\{p}_{\mathrm{{eb},{hp}}}^{{r}^{e}}= {p}_{\mathrm{W}}^{{r}^{e}}\cdot {p}_{\mathrm{{PV}}}^{{r}^{e}}\cdot {p}_{\mathrm{{fc}}}^{{r}^{e}}\cdot {p}_{\mathrm{{mt}}}^{{r}^{e}}- {p}_{\mathrm{{kp}}}^{{r}^{e}}\cdot \end{array}\right.$
式中: ${\mu }_{\mathrm{{eb}}}^{{r}^{e}},{\mu }_{\mathrm{{hp}}}^{{r}^{e}}$ 分别为电锅炉、电制氢在 ${r}^{\mathrm{e}}$ 状态下供电量减少的分配系数。
同样地,供氢设备的状态 ${r}^{\mathrm{q}}$ 、供气设备的状态 ${r}^{\mathrm{g}}$ 、供热设备的状态 ${r}^{\mathrm{h}}$
${r}^{\mathrm{q}}\in \left\{{\left\lbrack {{P}_{1,\mathrm{{hp}}}^{\max },{P}_{1,\mathrm{\;S}- \mathrm{q}}^{\max }}\right\rbrack ,\cdots ,\left\lbrack {{P}_{{r}_{\mathrm{{hp}}}^{q},\mathrm{{hp}}}^{\max },{P}_{{r}_{\mathrm{S}- \mathrm{q}}^{q},\mathrm{\;S}- \mathrm{q}}^{\max }}\right\rbrack ,\cdots ,}\right.\\\left\lbrack {{P}_{{K}_{\mathrm{{bp}}},\mathrm{{hp}}}^{\max },{P}_{{K}_{\mathrm{S}- \mathrm{q}},\mathrm{S}- \mathrm{q}}^{\max }}\right\rbrack \}$
${r}^{\mathrm{g}}\in \left\{{\left\lbrack {{P}_{1,\text{ me }}^{\max },{P}_{1,\mathrm{\;S}- \mathrm{g}}^{\max }}\right\rbrack ,\cdots ,\left\lbrack {{P}_{{r}_{\text{me }}^{\mathrm{g}},\text{ me }}^{\max },{P}_{{r}_{\mathrm{S}- \mathrm{g}}^{\mathrm{g}},\mathrm{S}- \mathrm{g}}^{\max }}\right\rbrack ,\cdots ,}\right.\\\left\lbrack {{P}_{{K}_{\mathrm{{me}}},\mathrm{{me}}}^{\max },{P}_{{K}_{\mathrm{S}- \mathrm{g}},\mathrm{S}- \mathrm{g}}^{\max }}\right\rbrack $
${r}^{\mathrm{h}}\in \left\{{\left\lbrack {{P}_{1,\mathrm{\;{eb}}}^{\max },{P}_{1,\mathrm{\;m}\mathrm{t}}^{\max },{P}_{1,\mathrm{\;S}- \mathrm{h}}^{\max }}\right\rbrack ,\cdots ,}\right.\\\left.{\left\lbrack {{P}_{{r}_{\mathrm{{eb}}},\mathrm{{eb}}}^{\mathrm{{max}}},{P}_{{r}_{\mathrm{{rat}}},\mathrm{{mt}}}^{\mathrm{{max}}},{P}_{{r}_{S -\mathrm{h}},\mathrm{S}- \mathrm{h}}^{\mathrm{{max}}}}\right\rbrack ,\cdots ,\left\lbrack {{P}_{{K}_{\mathrm{{eb}}}^{\prime },\mathrm{{eb}}}^{\mathrm{{max}}},{P}_{{K}_{\mathrm{{mr}}}^{\prime },\mathrm{{mt}}}^{\mathrm{{max}}},{P}_{{K}_{\mathrm{{sb}}}^{\prime },\mathrm{S}- \mathrm{h}}^{\mathrm{{max}}}}\right\rbrack }\right\}$
式中: ${K}_{\mathrm{{hp}}}^{\mathrm{r}},{K}_{\mathrm{S}- \mathrm{q}}^{\mathrm{r}},{K}_{\mathrm{{me}}}^{\mathrm{r}},{K}_{\mathrm{S}- \mathrm{g}}^{\mathrm{r}},{K}_{\mathrm{{eb}}}^{\mathrm{r}},{K}_{\mathrm{{mt}}}^{\mathrm{r}},{K}_{\mathrm{s}- \mathrm{h}}^{\mathrm{r}}$ 分别为电制氢、储氢、甲烷化、储气、电锅炉、燃气轮机、储热设备的状态总量; ${P}_{{r}_{\mathrm{{bp}}}^{q},\mathrm{{hp}}}^{\mathrm{{max}}},{P}_{{r}_{\mathrm{s}- \mathrm{q}}^{q},\mathrm{S}- \mathrm{q}}^{\mathrm{{max}}}$ 分别为电制氢、储氢设备在状态 ${r}_{\mathrm{{hp}}}^{\mathrm{q}},{r}_{\mathrm{S}- \mathrm{q}}^{\mathrm{q}}$ 下的供氢量; ${P}_{{r}_{\mathrm{{me}}}^{\mathrm{s}},\mathrm{{me}}}^{\mathrm{{max}}},{P}_{{r}_{\mathrm{S}- \mathrm{g}}^{\mathrm{s}},\mathrm{S}- \mathrm{g}}^{\mathrm{{max}}}$ 分别为甲烷化、储气设备在状态 ${r}_{\mathrm{{me}}}^{\mathrm{g}},{r}_{\mathrm{S}- \mathrm{g}}^{\mathrm{g}}$ 下的供气量; ${P}_{{r}_{\mathrm{{cb}}},\mathrm{{eb}}}^{\max },{P}_{{r}_{\mathrm{{mt}}},\mathrm{{mt}}}^{\max },{P}_{{r}_{\mathrm{s}- \mathrm{h}},\mathrm{S}- \mathrm{h}}^{\max }$ 分别为电锅炉、燃气轮机、 储热设备在状态 ${r}_{\mathrm{{eb}}}^{\mathrm{h}},{r}_{\mathrm{{mt}}}^{\mathrm{h}},{r}_{\mathrm{S}- \mathrm{h}}^{\mathrm{h}}$ 下的供氢量。
供氢、供气、供热损失量 $Q{L}_{t}, G{L}_{t}, H{L}_{t}$ 分别为 ${r}^{\mathrm{q}},{r}^{\mathrm{g}},{r}^{\mathrm{h}}$ 状态下 LCMES 的氢气、天然气、热能供给可靠性指标:
$ Q{L}_{t}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{{r}^{q}= 1}}^{{R}^{q}}\left({{L}_{t}^{q}+ {P}_{\mathrm{{hp}}}^{{r}^{e}}- {P}_{{r}_{\mathrm{{hp}}}^{q},\mathrm{{hp}}}^{\max }- {P}_{{r}_{S - q}^{q}, S - q}^{\max }}\right){p}_{\mathrm{{eb}},\mathrm{{hp}}}^{{r}^{r}}{p}_{\mathrm{{hp}}}^{r, t}{r}_{r}^{r, t}{\kappa }_{r}^{q}$
$ G{L}_{t}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{{r}^{g}= 1}}^{{R}^{g}}\left({{L}_{t}^{\mathrm{g}}+ {P}_{\mathrm{{me}}}^{{r}^{q}}- {P}_{{r}_{\mathrm{{me}}},\mathrm{{me}}}^{\mathrm{{max}}}- {P}_{{r}_{\mathrm{S}- \mathrm{g}},\mathrm{S}- \mathrm{g}}^{\mathrm{{max}}}}\right){p}_{\mathrm{{fc}},\mathrm{{me}}}^{{r}^{q}}{p}_{\mathrm{{me}}}^{r, t}{p}_{\mathrm{S}- \mathrm{g}}^{r, t}{K}_{r}^{r}$
$ H{L}_{t}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{{r}^{\mathrm{h}}= 1}}^{{R}^{\mathrm{h}}}\left({{L}_{t}^{\mathrm{h}}+ {P}_{\mathrm{{eb}}}^{{r}^{\mathrm{e}}}+ {P}_{\mathrm{{mt}}- \mathrm{h}}^{{r}^{\mathrm{g}}}- {P}_{{r}_{\mathrm{{eh}}},\mathrm{{eb}}}^{\max }- {P}_{{r}_{\mathrm{{mt}}}^{\mathrm{h}},\mathrm{{mt}}}^{\max }- {P}_{{r}_{\mathrm{S - h}}^{\mathrm{h}},\mathrm{S}- \mathrm{h}}^{\max }}\right)\times \\{p}_{\mathrm{{eb}},\mathrm{{hp}}}{p}_{\mathrm{{mt}}}{p}_{\mathrm{{eb}}}{p}_{\mathrm{{eb}}}{p}_{\mathrm{{mt}}- \mathrm{h}}{p}_{\mathrm{S}- \mathrm{h}}{p}_{\mathrm{S}- \mathrm{h}}{\kappa }_{r}$
式中: ${R}^{\mathrm{q}},{R}^{\mathrm{g}},{R}^{\mathrm{h}}$ 分别为 LCMES 的供氢、供气、供热的状态总数; ${\kappa }_{r}^{\mathrm{q}},{\kappa }_{r}^{\mathrm{g}},{\kappa }_{r}^{\mathrm{h}}$ 分别表示 ${r}^{\mathrm{q}},{r}^{\mathrm{g}},{r}^{\mathrm{h}}$ 状态下是否须要削减氢、气、热负荷,是则取 1,否则取 0 ; ${L}_{t}^{\mathrm{q}},{L}_{t}^{\mathrm{h}},{L}_{t}^{\mathrm{g}}$ 分别为 LCMES 在 $t$ 时刻耗氢量,以及热负荷、气负荷的用能需求; ${p}_{\mathrm{{hp}}}^{r, t},{p}_{\mathrm{S}- \mathrm{q}}^{r, t},{p}_{\mathrm{{me}}}^{r, t},{p}_{\mathrm{S}- \mathrm{g}}^{r, t},{p}_{\mathrm{{eb}}}^{r, t}$ , ${p}_{\mathrm{{mt}- h}}^{r, t},{p}_{\mathrm{S - h}}^{r, t}$ 分别为电制氢设备、储氢设备、甲烷化设备、储气设备、电锅炉、燃气轮机、储热设备在不同运行状态下的概率; ${P}_{\mathrm{{me}}}^{{r}^{n}}$ 为甲烷化设备的产气损失量; ${P}_{\mathrm{{mt}}- \mathrm{h}}^{{r}^{\varepsilon }}$ 为燃气轮机的发热损失量。
若在 ${r}^{q}$ 状态下减小用氢设备的供给量,则燃料电池与甲烷化设备的发电损失量 ${P}_{\mathrm{{fc}}}^{{r}^{a}}$ 、产气损失量 ${P}_{\mathrm{{me}}}^{{r}^{a}}$ 及其概率 ${p}_{\mathrm{{fc}},\mathrm{{me}}}^{{r}^{a}}$
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{P}_{\mathrm{{fc}}}^{{r}^{q}}= \left({{L}_{t}^{q}+ {P}_{\mathrm{{hp}}}^{{r}_{\mathrm{{hp}}}}- {P}_{{r}_{{s}_{\mathrm{q}}},\mathrm{{hp}}}^{{r}_{\mathrm{{max}}}}- {P}_{{r}_{{s}_{\mathrm{q}}},\mathrm{S}- \mathrm{q}}^{\max }}\right){\kappa }_{r}^{q}{\mu }_{\mathrm{{fc}}}^{{r}^{q}}{\gamma }_{\mathrm{{fc}}}\\{P}_{\mathrm{{me}}}^{{r}^{q}}= \left({{L}_{t}^{q}+ {P}_{\mathrm{{hp}}}^{{r}_{\mathrm{{hp}}}}- {P}_{{r}_{{s}_{\mathrm{q}}},\mathrm{{hp}}}^{\max }- {P}_{{r}_{{s}_{\mathrm{q}}},\mathrm{S}- \mathrm{q}}^{\max }}\right){\kappa }_{r}^{q}{\mu }_{\mathrm{{me}}}^{{r}^{q}}{\gamma }_{\mathrm{{me}}}\\{P}_{\mathrm{{fc},{me}}}^{{r}^{r}}= {p}_{\mathrm{{hc}}}^{{r}^{r}}\cdot {v}_{\mathrm{{fc}}}{P}_{{s}_{\mathrm{q}},\mathrm{{qh}}}^{{r}^{r}}\end{array}\right.$
式中: ${\mu }_{\mathrm{{fc}}}^{{r}^{q}},{\mu }_{\mathrm{{me}}}^{{r}^{q}}$ 分别为燃料电池、甲烷化设备在 ${r}^{q}$ 状态下供氢量减小的分配系数。
若在 ${r}^{\varepsilon }$ 状态下为满足气负荷需求,考虑减少燃气轮机的供气量, 则燃气轮机的发电损失量 ${P}_{\mathrm{{mt}}- \mathrm{e}}^{{r}^{e}}$ 、发热损失量 ${P}_{\mathrm{{mt}}- \mathrm{h}}^{{r}^{e}}$ 及其概率 ${p}_{\mathrm{{mt}}}^{{r}^{e}}$
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{P}_{\text{mt-e }}^{{r}^{\varepsilon }}= \left({{L}_{t}^{\varepsilon }+ {P}_{\text{me }}^{{r}^{q}}- {P}_{{r}_{\text{me }}^{\varepsilon },\text{ me }}^{\max }- {P}_{{r}_{\text{ss }}^{\varepsilon },\text{ S-g }}^{\max }}\right){\kappa }_{r}^{\varepsilon }{\gamma }_{\text{mt }}^{\varepsilon }\\{P}_{\text{mt-h }}^{{r}^{\varepsilon }}= \left({{L}_{t}^{\varepsilon }+ {P}_{\text{me }}^{{r}^{q}}- {P}_{{r}_{\text{me }}^{\varepsilon },\text{ me }}^{\max }- {P}_{{r}_{\text{ss }}^{\varepsilon },\text{ S-g }}^{\max }}\right){\kappa }_{r}^{\varepsilon }{\gamma }_{\text{mt }}^{h}\\{P}_{\text{me }}^{{r}^{\varepsilon }}= {p}_{\text{me }}^{r, t}\cdot {P}_{{r}_{\text{me }}^{r},\text{ me }}^{r, t}\end{array}\right.$
为促进碳减排,实现 LCMES 在经济性、可靠性、环保性方面的提升,在可靠性约束、运行约束条件下, 以 LCMES 的运行成本和碳交易成本最小为目标提出了考虑经济性与可靠性相协调的多能源系统碳减排优化模型,充分协调 LCMES 内的多类型能源转换与存储设备之间的内部能量交互, 以及 LCMES 与外电、热、气网之间的外部交互,实现碳减排的同时提高系统运行的可靠性,提升系统的经济性。
① 运行成本 ${F}_{1}$
LCMES 在实际运行周期 $T$ 内的总运行成本 ${F}_{1}$ 包括运维成本 ${f}_{1}^{1}$ 、通过多种能源联络通道与外电、热、气网交互的调节收益 ${f}_{1}^{2}$ 、购能成本 ${f}_{1}^{3}$ 、污染物治理产生的环境成本 ${f}_{1}^{4}$ 、负荷损失成本 ${f}_{1}^{5}$
$\min {F}_{1}= {f}_{1}^{1}+ {f}_{1}^{2}+ {f}_{1}^{3}+ {f}_{1}^{4}+ {f}_{1}^{5}$
$\begin{array}{l}{f}_{1}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t = 1}}^{T}{c}_{\mathrm{{co}}}\left\lbrack {{P}_{e}^{\mathrm{w}}+ \left|{p}_{e}^{h}\right|}\right\rbrack +{f}_{1}+ {f}_{1}+ {f}_{1}+ {f}_{1}+ {f}_{1}\\{f}_{1}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t = 1}}^{T}{c}_{\mathrm{{co}}}\left\lbrack {{P}_{e}^{\mathrm{w}}+ \left|{p}_{e}^{h}\right|+ \left|{c}_{\mathrm{{co}}}^{h}\right|{P}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}^{\mathrm{w}}+ {c}_{\mathrm{{co}}}^{\mathrm{w}}\left|{P}_{e, t}^{\mathrm{w}}\right|}\right\rbrack \\{f}_{1}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t = 1}}^{T}\left({{c}_{\mathrm{{co}}}^{\mathrm{{bwp}}}{P}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}^{\mathrm{{bw}}}+ {c}_{\mathrm{{co}}}^{\mathrm{{bw}}}{P}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}^{\mathrm{{bw}}}+ {c}_{\mathrm{{co}}}^{\mathrm{w}}{P}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}^{\mathrm{{wv}}}+ {c}_{\mathrm{{co}}}^{\mathrm{w}}{P}_{\mathrm{{gc}}}^{\mathrm{{wv}}}}\right)\\{f}_{1}^{2}+ \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t = 1}}^{T}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{T}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{k = 1}}^{B}\left\lbrack {{E}_{cl}{c}_{\mathrm{w}}\left({{P}_{e, t}^{\mathrm{w}}+ \left|{p}_{e}^{h}\right|+ \left|{p}_{e}^{h}\right|+ \left|{p}_{e}^{h}\right|}\right)}\right\rbrack \\{f}_{2}^{2}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t = 1}}^{T}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{T}\left\lbrack {{E}_{cl}\left\lbrack {{E}_{cl}\left|{p}_{e}^{h}\right|+ \left|{p}_{e}^{h}\right|+ \left|{p}_{e}^{h}\right|+ \left|{p}_{e}^{h}\right|+ \left|{p}_{e}^{h}\right|}\right\rbrack }\right\rbrack \\\end{array}$
式中: ${c}_{\mathrm{{om}}}$ 为 LCMES 的单位运维成本; ${P}_{t}^{\mathrm{{om}}}$ 为单个维护周期内截至 $t$ 时刻多能源供给累计值; ${c}_{\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{{ex}}}$ , ${c}_{\mathrm{h}}^{\mathrm{{ex}}},{c}_{\mathrm{g}}^{\mathrm{{ex}}}$ 分别为 LCMES 为外电、热、气网提供能量调节的单位收益; ${P}_{\mathrm{e}, t}^{\mathrm{{ex}}},{P}_{\mathrm{h}, t}^{\mathrm{{ex}}},{P}_{\mathrm{g}, t}^{\mathrm{{ex}}}$ 分别为 LCMES 为外电、热、气网在 $t$ 时刻调节的电功率、热功率和天然气功率; ${c}_{\mathrm{e}}^{\text{buy }},{c}_{\mathrm{h}}^{\text{buy }},{c}_{\mathrm{q}}^{\text{buy }},{c}_{\mathrm{g}}^{\text{buy }}$ 分别为购买电、热、 氢、天然气的单位成本; ${P}_{\mathrm{e}, t}^{\mathrm{{buy}}},{P}_{\mathrm{h}, t}^{\mathrm{{buy}}},{P}_{\mathrm{q}, t}^{\mathrm{{buy}}},{P}_{\mathrm{g}, t}^{\mathrm{{buy}}}$ 分别为系统在 $t$ 时刻的外购电功率、热功率、氢功率、天然气功率; $B$ 为污染物种类总量; ${c}_{b},{\alpha }_{b}$ 分别为 $b$ 类污染物的单位治理成本和排放系数; ${P}_{\mathrm{e}, t}^{b},{P}_{\mathrm{h}, t}^{b}$ , ${P}_{\mathrm{q}, t}^{b},{P}_{\mathrm{g}, t}^{b}$ 分别为系统在 $t$ 时刻产生 $b$ 类污染物输出的电能、热能、氢气、天然气的功率; ${c}_{\mathrm{{EL}}},{c}_{\mathrm{{HL}}},{c}_{\mathrm{{QL}}}$ , ${c}_{\mathrm{{GL}}}$ 分别为损失的单位电、热、氢、天然气负荷成本。
② 碳交易成本 ${F}_{2}$
LCMES 在实际运行周期 $T$ 内的总碳交易成本 ${F}_{2}$ 包括 LCMES 与外电、热、气网的碳交易成本 ${f}_{2}^{1}$ 、LCMES 内部的碳交易成本 ${f}_{2}^{2}$ :
$\min {F}_{1}= {f}_{2}^{1}+ {f}_{2}^{2}$
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{f}_{2}^{1}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t = 1}}^{T}\left\lbrack {{c}_{\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{e}}{\theta }_{\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{c}}\left({\left|{P}_{\mathrm{e}, t}^{\mathrm{{ex}}}\right|+ {P}_{\mathrm{e}, t}^{\mathrm{{buy}}}}\right)+ {c}_{\mathrm{h}}^{\mathrm{c}}{\theta }_{\mathrm{h}}^{\mathrm{c}}\left({\left|{P}_{\mathrm{h}, t}^{\mathrm{{ex}}}\right|+ {P}_{\mathrm{h}, t}^{\mathrm{{buy}}}}\right)+ }\right.\\\left.{{c}_{\mathrm{g}}^{\mathrm{e}}{\theta }_{\mathrm{g}}^{\mathrm{c}}\left({\left|{P}_{\mathrm{g}, t}^{\mathrm{{ex}}}\right|+ {P}_{\mathrm{g}, t}^{\mathrm{{buy}}}}\right)}\right\rbrack \\{f}_{2}^{2}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t = 1}}^{T}\left\lbrack {{c}_{\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{c}}\left({{\theta }_{\mathrm{h}}^{\mathrm{c}}{P}_{\mathrm{h}, t}^{\mathrm{c}}- {C}_{\mathrm{t}}^{\mathrm{{all}}}}\right)- {\sigma }_{t}{c}_{\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{H}}\left({{\theta }_{\mathrm{m}}^{\mathrm{c}}{P}_{\mathrm{m}, t}^{\mathrm{c}}- {C}_{t}^{\mathrm{{all}}- \mathrm{H}}}\right)}\right\rbrack \end{array}\right.$
式中: ${c}_{\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{c}},{c}_{\mathrm{h}}^{\mathrm{c}},{c}_{\mathrm{g}}^{\mathrm{c}},{c}^{\mathrm{c}}$ 分别为 LCMES 与外电、热、气网,以及 LCMES 内部的单位碳交易成本; ${\theta }_{\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{c}},{\theta }_{\mathrm{h}}^{\mathrm{c}},{\theta }_{\mathrm{g}}^{\mathrm{c}}$ , ${\theta }_{\mathrm{{mt}}}^{\mathrm{c}}$ 分别为电、热、气联络通道和燃气轮机的单位电量碳排放系数; ${P}_{\mathrm{{mt}}, t}$ 为燃气轮机在 $t$ 时刻的运行功率; ${C}_{t}^{\mathrm{{all}}},{C}_{t}^{\mathrm{{all}}- \mathrm{H}}$ 分别为 LCMES 在 $t$ 时刻的碳配额和碳排放最高裕度; ${c}_{\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{H}}$ 为碳排放高于碳排放最高裕度时的单位惩罚成本; ${\sigma }_{t}$$0/1$ 变量,当碳排放高于碳排放最高裕度时取 1 , 否则取 0 。
①LCMES 的可靠性约束
本文基于设备与负荷多状态特性的 LCMES 可靠性模型, 计及多能源系统内多种能源转换与存储设备间的耦合关系, 当其中某一或多个设备发生故障时会对其它设备的运行状态产生一定影响, 制约 LCMES 内电力系统、热力系统、天然气系统能量供给的可靠性。因此, LCMES 的供能可靠性约束为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} E{L}_{t}\leq E{L}^{\max }\\ H{L}_{t}\leq H{L}^{\max }\\ Q{L}_{t}\leq Q{L}^{\max }\\ G{L}_{t}\leq G{L}^{\max }\end{array}\right.$
式中: $E{L}^{\max }, H{L}^{\max }, Q{L}^{\max }, G{L}^{\max }$ 分别为 LCMES 的电能、热能、氢气、天然气供给可靠性指标的最大值。
②功率平衡约束
$\begin{cases}{L}_{t}^{\mathrm{e}}= &{P}_{\mathrm{W}, t}+ {P}_{\mathrm{{PV}}, t}+ {P}_{\mathrm{{mt}}, t}+ {P}_{\mathrm{{fc}}, t}+ {P}_{\mathrm{S}- \mathrm{e}, t}+ \\& {P}_{\mathrm{e}, t}^{\mathrm{x}}+ {P}_{\mathrm{e}, t}^{\mathrm{{buy}}}- {P}_{\mathrm{{eb}}, t}- {P}_{\mathrm{{hp}}, t}\\{L}_{t}^{\mathrm{h}}= &{P}_{\mathrm{{eb}}, t}^{\mathrm{h}}+ {P}_{\mathrm{{mt}}, t}^{\mathrm{h}}+ {P}_{\mathrm{{Sh}}, t}^{\mathrm{h}}+ {P}_{\mathrm{h}, t}^{\mathrm{{cx}}}+ {P}_{\mathrm{h}, t}^{\mathrm{{buy}}}\\{P}_{\mathrm{{me}}, t}^{\mathrm{q}}+ {P}_{\mathrm{{re}}, t}^{\mathrm{q}}= &{P}_{\mathrm{{hp}}, t}^{\mathrm{q}}+ {P}_{\mathrm{g},- \mathrm{{af}}}^{\mathrm{q}}+ {P}_{\mathrm{q}, t}^{\mathrm{h}}+ {P}_{\mathrm{q}, t}^{\mathrm{{buy}}}\\{L}_{t}^{\mathrm{g}}= &{P}_{\mathrm{{gp}}, t}^{\mathrm{g}}+ {P}_{\mathrm{{gp}}, t}^{\mathrm{g}}+ {P}_{\mathrm{{gp}}, t}^{\mathrm{h}}+ {P}_{\mathrm{{ge}}, t}^{\mathrm{h}}+ {P}_{\mathrm{{ge}}, t}^{\mathrm{h}}\end{cases}$
式中: ${P}_{\mathrm{W}, t},{P}_{\mathrm{{PV}}, t},{P}_{\mathrm{{mt}}, t},{P}_{\mathrm{{fc}}, t},{P}_{\mathrm{S}- \mathrm{e}, t},{P}_{\mathrm{{eb}}, t},{P}_{\mathrm{{hp}}, t}$ 分别为风机、光伏、燃气轮机、燃料电池、储电设备、电锅炉和电制氢在 $t$ 时刻的运行功率; ${P}_{\mathrm{{eb}}, t}^{\mathrm{h}},{P}_{\mathrm{{mt}}, t}^{\mathrm{h}},{P}_{\mathrm{S}- \mathrm{h}, t}^{\mathrm{h}}$ 分别为 $t$ 时刻电锅炉、燃气轮机、储热设备的热出力; ${P}_{\mathrm{{hp}}, t}^{\mathrm{q}},{P}_{\mathrm{S}- \mathrm{q}, t}^{\mathrm{q}}$ 分别为电制氢和储氢设备在 $t$ 时刻的氢气出力; ${P}_{\mathrm{{me}}, t}^{\mathrm{q}},{P}_{\mathrm{{fe}}, t}^{\mathrm{q}}$ 分别为甲烷化设备、燃料电池在 $t$ 时刻消耗的氢气; ${P}_{\mathrm{{mt}}, t}^{\mathrm{g}}$ 为燃气轮机在 $t$ 时刻消耗的天然气; ${P}_{\mathrm{{me}}, t}^{\mathrm{g}},{P}_{\mathrm{S}- \mathrm{g}, t}^{\mathrm{g}}$ 分别为甲烷化设备和储气设备在 $t$ 时刻的气出力。
③联络线的功率约束
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{P}_{e}^{\mathrm{{ex}}- \min }\leq {P}_{e, t}^{\mathrm{{ex}}}\leq {P}_{e}^{\mathrm{{ex}}- \max }\\{P}_{h}^{\mathrm{{ex}}- \min }\leq {P}_{h, t}^{\mathrm{{ex}}}\leq {P}_{h}^{\mathrm{{ex}}- \max }\\{P}_{e}^{\mathrm{{ex}}- \min }\leq {P}_{e, t}^{\mathrm{{ex}}}\leq {P}_{e}^{\mathrm{{ex}}- \max }\end{array}\right.$
式中: ${P}_{\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{{ex}}- \max },{P}_{\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{{ex}}- \min },{P}_{\mathrm{h}}^{\mathrm{{ex}}- \max },{P}_{\mathrm{h}}^{\mathrm{{ex}}- \min },{P}_{\mathrm{g}}^{\mathrm{{ex}}- \max },{P}_{\mathrm{g}}^{\mathrm{{ex}}- \min }$ 分别为 LCMES 与外电、热、气网之间通过联络线进行交互的上限和下限。
④多能源转换设备的功率约束
$\begin{array}{l}{P}_{\mathrm{P}, t}^{\min }\leq {P}_{\mathrm{W}, t}\leq {P}_{\mathrm{W}, t}^{\max }\\{P}_{\mathrm{P},\mathrm{V}, t}^{\min }\leq {P}_{\mathrm{P},\mathrm{V}, t}\leq {P}_{\mathrm{P},\mathrm{V}, t}^{\max }\\{P}_{\mathrm{m}, t}^{\min }\leq {P}_{\mathrm{m}, t}\leq {P}_{\mathrm{m}, t}^{\max }\\{P}_{\mathrm{f},{c}_{t}, t}^{\min }\leq {P}_{\mathrm{f},{c}_{t}, t}\leq {P}_{\mathrm{c}, t}^{\max }\\{P}_{\mathrm{o}, t}^{\min }\leq {P}_{\mathrm{o}, t}\leq {P}_{\mathrm{o}, t}^{\max }\\{P}_{\mathrm{m}, t}^{\min }\leq {P}_{\mathrm{m}, t}\leq {P}_{\mathrm{m}, t}\end{array}$
式中: ${P}_{\mathrm{W}, t}^{\max },{P}_{\mathrm{W}, t}^{\min },{P}_{\mathrm{{PV}}, t}^{\max },{P}_{\mathrm{{PV}}, t}^{\min },{P}_{\mathrm{{mt}}, t}^{\max },{P}_{\mathrm{{mt}}, t}^{\min },{P}_{\mathrm{{fc}}, t}^{\max },{P}_{\mathrm{{fc}}, t}^{\min }$ , ${P}_{\mathrm{{eb}}, t}^{\max },{P}_{\mathrm{{eb}}, t}^{\min },{P}_{\mathrm{{hp}}, t}^{\max },{P}_{\mathrm{{hp}}, t}^{\min }$ 分别为风机、光伏、燃气轮机、 燃料电池、电锅炉、电制氢设备运行功率的上限和下限。
⑤多能源储能设备的容量和功率约束
储电、储热、储氢、储气设备的容量约束和功率约束形式相同:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{E}_{s}^{\min }\leq {E}_{s, t}\leq {E}_{s}^{\max }\\{\partial }_{t}^{s}{P}_{s}^{\min }\leq {P}_{s, t}\leq {\partial }_{t}^{s}{P}_{s}^{\max }\\{\partial }_{t}^{\mathrm{r}}{P}_{r}^{\min }\leq {P}_{\mathrm{r}, t}\leq {\partial }_{t}^{\mathrm{r}}{P}_{\mathrm{r}}^{\max }\\ 0 \leq {\partial }_{t}^{s}+ {\partial }_{r}^{\mathrm{r}}\leq 1 \end{array}\right.$
式中: ${E}_{\mathrm{s}}^{\max },{E}_{\mathrm{s}}^{\min }$ 分别为储能设备容量的上、下限; ${P}_{\mathrm{s}}^{\max }$ , ${P}_{\mathrm{s}}^{\min },{P}_{\mathrm{r}}^{\max },{P}_{\mathrm{r}}^{\min }$ 分别为储能设备储、放能量的上限和下限; ${E}_{\mathrm{s}, t},{P}_{\mathrm{s}, t},{P}_{\mathrm{r}, t}$ 分别为储能设备在 $t$ 时刻的容量和储、放功率; ${\vartheta }_{t}^{\mathrm{s}},{\vartheta }_{t}^{\mathrm{r}}$ 分别为储能设备在 $t$ 时刻的储、放状态,停运状态取 0,工作状态取 1。
多能源储能设备的储、放能功率与剩余容量关联约束形式可表示为
${S}_{t}^{\mathrm{S}}= {S}_{t - 1}^{\mathrm{S}}+ {\vartheta }_{t}^{\mathrm{s}}{\eta }_{\mathrm{s}}{P}_{\mathrm{s}, t}{\Delta t}- \frac{{\vartheta }_{t}^{\mathrm{r}}{P}_{\mathrm{r}, t}{\Delta t}}{{\eta }_{\mathrm{r}}}$
式中: ${\eta }_{\mathrm{s}},{\eta }_{\mathrm{r}}$ 分别为储能设备的储、放效率; ${\Delta t}$ 为运行时段; ${S}_{t}^{\mathrm{S}},{S}_{t - 1}^{\mathrm{S}}$ 分别为 $t, t - 1$ 时刻储能设备的剩余容量。
本文以我国蒙东某区域的实际碳排放数据、 多能源系统和多种类负荷运行数据为基础, 以文献[ 15 ]建立的改进 IEEE 39 节点电力系统、20 节点天然气系统、14 节点热力系统构成的算例仿真系统, 对考虑经济性与可靠性相协调的多能源系统碳减排优化模型进行仿真验证。
本文建立的多能源系统碳减排多目标优化问题中的优化变量包括各类型设备在 $t$ 时刻的运行状态、运行功率、启停系数、储能设备的储、放功率和储、放状态以及分配系数等, 并参考文献[ 16 ]采用 NSGA-II 进行求解。计算机配置为 Intel (R) XEON (R)Gold6136, 主频为 3.00 GHz, 内存为 ${96.0}\mathrm{{GB}}$ 。污染气体治理单价、污染气体排放系数、 峰谷平时段划分, 以及各时段运行成本和碳交易成本见文献[ 17 , 18 ];供能设备、多能源转换设备、 多能源储能设备的状态转移率如 表 1 所示, ${t}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 表示各类型设备的总供能容量。LCMES 的电能、热能、氢气、天然气供给的可靠性约束相关系数的取值如 表 2 所示。LCMES 内光伏和风电的装机容量分别为 ${10}\mathrm{{MW}}$${17}\mathrm{{MW}}$ ,日最大电负荷、热负荷、气负荷分别为 ${15},8\mathrm{{MW}},{2000}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{3}$ , LCMES 典型日内风电、光伏的出力和负荷用能需求分别如 图 2 ,3 所示。为验证本文提出的优化模型的有效性,设置了如下两种场景进行对比分析。场景一: 不考虑 LCMES 内设备的随机故障和某一个或多个设备发生故障对其它设备运行状态产生影响的传统优化调度模型;场景二:本文建立的考虑经济性与可靠性相协调的多能源系统碳减排优化模型。
本文分别计算了在典型日下多能源系统内电力系统、热力系统、天然气系统、供氢系统在两种场景中的供能可靠性指标,如 图 4 所示。通过分析 图 4 可以看出, 场景一中多能源系统的电能、热能、氢气、天然气供给可靠性指标分别在典型日内 $2 :{00}- 3 :{00},5 :{00}- 6 :{00},{18}: {00}- {19}: {00}$ 时段; $3 :{00}-$ $4 :{00},{20}: {00}- {21}: {00}$ 时段; $0 :{00}- 1 :{00}$ 时段, ${15}: {00}$ 和 17:00 左右; 6:00-8:00, 14:00-15:00 时段出现了越限情况, 多能源系统在实际运行中难以始终满足供能可靠性的要求。与场景一相比较,场景二的各类型供能可靠性指标均在可靠性约束范围内, 说明在多能源系统优化运行时将设备故障对自身和其它设备运行情况的影响考虑在内, 能够有效提升多能源系统运行的供能可靠性。
基于两种场景下 LCMES 典型日内优化运行情况, 得到 LCMES 的运维成本、能量调节收益、 负荷损失成本、碳交易成本等计算结果以及系统的碳排放量情况如 表 3 所示。LCMES 多种能源转换设备和存储设备在典型日内不同场景中的优化运行结果如 图 5 所示。
与场景一相比, 场景二基于对各类型设备运行状态的分析, 实时对多能源系统的供电、供热、 供气、供氢可靠性指标进行评估, 通过比较系统可靠性动态评估指标, 选择运行成本和碳交易成本最优的运行结果, 能够实时保障系统通过设备间的协调来提升系统的供能可靠性和碳减排能力。
结合 图 4 ,5表 3 分析场景一和场景二下 LCMES 的运行情况可知, 场景一下运行结果中的运维成本、环境成本低于场景二,但在实际运行中难以满足供能可靠性要求。因此,与场景一的运行结果相比,场景二的运维成本和环境成本虽然有所增加, 但是购能成本、负荷损失成本和碳交易成本均有明显降低, 并且为外网提供能量调节的收益有一定程度的提升, 场景二下 LCMES 的总运行成本比场景一降低了 54.6%,碳排放量比场景一降低了 63.6%。
综上所述, 本文提及的考虑经济性与可靠性相协调的多能源系统碳减排优化模型能够在多能源系统实际运行过程中综合考虑设备的运行状态,充分协调可调度资源,在实现系统可靠、经济运行的同时能够为外网提供更多的能源调节量, 有效提升系统的碳减排能力。
为促进电力行业的低碳化发展和经济性提升,进一步解决多种能源耦合系统内设备间故障影响引起的系统供能可靠性问题, 本文提出了一种考虑经济性与可靠性相协调的多能源系统碳减排优化模型。以蒙东某区域的实际碳排放数据、多能源系统和多种类负荷运行数据为基础, 通过算例仿真分析, 验证了综合考虑多类型设备故障特点的 LCMES 多状态可靠性模型在运行约束、可靠性约束下, 以 LCMES 的运行成本和碳排放量最小为目标建立的多能源系统碳减排优化模型, 能够有效降低系统的综合运行成本, 提高多能源系统的调节能力和碳减排能力。
  • 国家电网公司科技项目(526630220007)
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2024年第42卷第11期
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  • 接收时间:2023-11-08
  • 首发时间:2025-07-22
  • 出版时间:2024-11-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-08
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国家电网公司科技项目(526630220007)
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    1 国网内蒙古东部电力有限公司 呼伦贝尔供电公司 内蒙古 呼伦贝尔 021100
    2 沈阳工程学院 辽宁 沈阳 110136
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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