Article(id=1154428730714874382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154428727883714760, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1712678400000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753166857650, onlineDateStr=2025-07-22, pubDate=1732032000000, pubDateStr=2024-11-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753166857650, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753166857650, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753166857650, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154428727883714760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, year='2024', volume='42', issue='11', pageStart='1420', pageEnd='1562', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753166856976, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753694530898, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156641952767533916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154428727883714760, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156641952767533917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154428727883714760, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1546, endPage=1553, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154428731151082000, articleId=1154428730714874382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, language=EN, title=Estimation method of rotational inertia of power system and virtual inertia of new energy based on Bayesian inference, columnId=null, journalTitle=Renewable Energy Resources, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
In the context of new power systems, represented by renewable energy sources such as wind and solar, low system inertia and high uncertainty have led to prominent issues with grid frequency stability. While new energy sources with virtual inertia control have improved frequency stability to some extent in lowinertia grids, they have simultaneously increased the difficulty of inertia assessment in the grid. Addressing the challenge where traditional online inertia monitoring methods struggle to accurately estimate synchronous machine rotational inertia alongside virtual inertia from new energy sources, this paper proposes a comprehensive estimation method for rotational and virtual inertia in power systems based on multiimportance sampling and Bayesian inference without requiring any linear assumptions. This approach utilizes local measurements from PMUs (Phasor Measurement Units) within a Bayesian inference framework and employs multiimportance sampling algorithms to sample from the nonGaussian posterior distribution of inertia parameters, ensuring the accuracy of inertia estimation. Simulation results demonstrate that this method exhibits high precision in online inertia estimation for both synchronous and asynchronous generators and can be widely applied in novel electric power systems dominated by new energy sources.
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在新型电力系统背景下,以风光为代表的可再生能源导致系统惯性水平低、不确定性强,电网频率稳定性问题凸显。基于虚拟惯量控制的新能源虽然在一定程度上提升了低惯量电网的频率稳定性,但同时增加了电网惯量评估难度。针对传统电网在线惯量监测方式难以准确估量同步机转动惯量和新能源虚拟惯量的问题,文章在无需任何线性假设的前提下,提出一种基于多重重要性采样—贝叶斯推理的电力系统转动惯量和虚拟惯量综合估计方法。基于相量测量单位(PMU)局部测量信息和贝叶斯推理框架,通过多重重要性采样算法抽样获得惯量参数的非高斯后验分布,从而保证惯量估计准确性。仿真结果表明,该方法在同步和非同步发电机的在线惯量估计方面均具备较高的精度,可推广应用于以新能源为主导的新型电力系统。
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黄海东(1972-),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事电力系统的调度运行与自动化等研究工作。E-mail: 220232981@seu.edu.cn。
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黄海东(1972-),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事电力系统的调度运行与自动化等研究工作。E-mail: 220232981@seu.edu.cn。
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1 State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Company Nanjing 210000 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154428774700539952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428730714874382, companyId=1154428774687957038, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
1 国网江苏省电力有限公司 江苏 南京 210000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1154428774755065908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428730714874382, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154428774763454517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428730714874382, companyId=1154428774755065908, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
2 Southeast University Nanjing 210096 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154428774767648822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428730714874382, companyId=1154428774755065908, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
2 东南大学 江苏 南京 210096)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1154428777460392063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428730714874382, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=
Synchronous generator schematic, figureFileSmall=ugVa+zAACgyHrUCiZDW1rw==, figureFileBig=Zws1vQo+yWS/lWWJfK4eCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154428777531695233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428730714874382, language=CN, label=图 1, caption=
同步发电机原理图, figureFileSmall=ugVa+zAACgyHrUCiZDW1rw==, figureFileBig=Zws1vQo+yWS/lWWJfK4eCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154428777586221187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428730714874382, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=
Single-line diagram of a VSG connected to grid, figureFileSmall=W2EUAhBiQrU7K1Xhzp9W5A==, figureFileBig=oFKYuAb+edLnpIaE11c/LA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154428777636552837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428730714874382, language=CN, label=图 2, caption=
构网型虚拟同步机并网单线图, figureFileSmall=W2EUAhBiQrU7K1Xhzp9W5A==, figureFileBig=oFKYuAb+edLnpIaE11c/LA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154428777691078791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428730714874382, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=
Block diagram of active power control loop in a GFM power converter, figureFileSmall=6iT0onledhtIbrvz/S1YnA==, figureFileBig=U6x5/4gaM3cWG71u5z21Yg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154428777745604745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428730714874382, language=CN, label=图 3, caption=
构网型虚拟同步机有功功率控制回路框图, figureFileSmall=6iT0onledhtIbrvz/S1YnA==, figureFileBig=U6x5/4gaM3cWG71u5z21Yg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154428777808519307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428730714874382, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=
Block diagram of reactive power control loop in a GFM power converter, figureFileSmall=2M53eXzXor4vm+Yr4lQoiQ==, figureFileBig=uLXftI+TXf39r1fK3TuygA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154428777863045261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428730714874382, language=CN, label=图 4, caption=
构网型虚拟同步机无功功率控制回路框图, figureFileSmall=2M53eXzXor4vm+Yr4lQoiQ==, figureFileBig=uLXftI+TXf39r1fK3TuygA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154428777925959823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428730714874382, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=
Schematic diagram of multiple importance sampling algorithm, figureFileSmall=q8sDeuDJvAuH4++R+LIyQg==, figureFileBig=9H3+SzliG6RM+OodHXOg5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154428777980485777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428730714874382, language=CN, label=图 5, caption=
多重重要性采样算法原理图, figureFileSmall=q8sDeuDJvAuH4++R+LIyQg==, figureFileBig=9H3+SzliG6RM+OodHXOg5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154428778047594643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428730714874382, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=
Topology of the IEEE-39 bus system with grid-forming power converters, figureFileSmall=+CgfUn9iN8j4IDKyBij0TQ==, figureFileBig=NOrCEYx8yPzN89wfL1qn6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154428778110509203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428730714874382, language=CN, label=图 6, caption=
装有构网型虚拟同步机的 IEEE-39 母线系统拓扑, figureFileSmall=+CgfUn9iN8j4IDKyBij0TQ==, figureFileBig=NOrCEYx8yPzN89wfL1qn6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154428778160840852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428730714874382, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=
Plots of posterior probability density function of inertia parameters ${\mathbf{H}}^{\prime }$, figureFileSmall=fdz+SDilscu4VMkARUxrVA==, figureFileBig=uht6tsTJvHu4Z3xtbmJHGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154428778211172502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428730714874382, language=CN, label=图 7, caption=
惯量参数 ${\mathbf{H}}^{\prime }$ 的后验概率密度函数, figureFileSmall=fdz+SDilscu4VMkARUxrVA==, figureFileBig=uht6tsTJvHu4Z3xtbmJHGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154428778274087064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428730714874382, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=
Plots of posterior probability density function of inertia parameters $\mathbf{H}$ after increasing the amount of renewable energy sources, figureFileSmall=/C4DClNaR+o9/+YPespUMA==, figureFileBig=dHSsonEIigJaYW/3TwB4Tg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154428778324418714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428730714874382, language=CN, label=图 8, caption=
增加可再生能源数量后的惯量参数 ${H}^{\prime }$ 的后验概率密度函数, figureFileSmall=/C4DClNaR+o9/+YPespUMA==, figureFileBig=dHSsonEIigJaYW/3TwB4Tg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154428778378944668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428730714874382, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=
Contour plots of inertia parameters ${\mathbf{H}}^{\prime }$ obtained by the multiple importance sampling algorithm, figureFileSmall=AU85kpo3oJhtmVQ7Te4CKQ==, figureFileBig=ZLgwR1qDslOsil44cLCnEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154428778467025054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428730714874382, language=CN, label=图 9, caption=
多重重要性采样算法得到的惯量参数 ${\mathbf{H}}^{\prime }$ 的等高线图, figureFileSmall=AU85kpo3oJhtmVQ7Te4CKQ==, figureFileBig=ZLgwR1qDslOsil44cLCnEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154428778521551008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428730714874382, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Comparison of inertia estimation results between IS algorithm and MIS algorithm, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 惯量 | 先验值 | 真实值 | 重要性采样算法 | 多重重要性采样算法 |
| 最大后验点 | 误差1% | 最大后验点 | 误差1% |
| ${H}_{1}\left( s\right)$ | 525.0 | 500.0 | 516.80 | 3.36 | 509.64 | 1.93 |
| ${H}_{2}\left( s\right)$ | 29.0 | 30.3 | 30.23 | 0.24 | 31.17 | 2.86 |
| ${H}_{3}\left( s\right)$ | 34.0 | 35.8 | 35.93 | 0.36 | 34.73 | 2.98 |
| ${H}_{4}\left( s\right)$ | 27.5 | 28.6 | 27.92 | 2.34 | 28.60 | 0.01 |
| ${H}_{5}\left( s\right)$ | 24.5 | 26.0 | 26.18 | 0.66 | 25.37 | 2.41 |
| ${H}_{6}\left( s\right)$ | 36.0 | 34.8 | 34.59 | 0.61 | 34.48 | 0.92 |
| ${H}_{7}\left( s\right)$ | 28.0 | 26.4 | 26.77 | 1.39 | 26.52 | 0.44 |
| ${H}_{8}\left( s\right)$ | 25.5 | 24.3 | 24.88 | 2.40 | 24.13 | 0.71 |
| ${H}_{9}\left( s\right)$ | 4.8 | 5.0 | 4.83 | 3.92 | 5.11 | 1.69 |
| ${H}_{10}\left( s\right)$ | 5.0 | 5.3 | 5.28 | 0.40 | 5.22 | 1.49 |
), ArticleFig(id=1154428778592854177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428730714874382, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=
重要性采样算法和多重重要性采样算法的惯量估计结果比较, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 惯量 | 先验值 | 真实值 | 重要性采样算法 | 多重重要性采样算法 |
| 最大后验点 | 误差1% | 最大后验点 | 误差1% |
| ${H}_{1}\left( s\right)$ | 525.0 | 500.0 | 516.80 | 3.36 | 509.64 | 1.93 |
| ${H}_{2}\left( s\right)$ | 29.0 | 30.3 | 30.23 | 0.24 | 31.17 | 2.86 |
| ${H}_{3}\left( s\right)$ | 34.0 | 35.8 | 35.93 | 0.36 | 34.73 | 2.98 |
| ${H}_{4}\left( s\right)$ | 27.5 | 28.6 | 27.92 | 2.34 | 28.60 | 0.01 |
| ${H}_{5}\left( s\right)$ | 24.5 | 26.0 | 26.18 | 0.66 | 25.37 | 2.41 |
| ${H}_{6}\left( s\right)$ | 36.0 | 34.8 | 34.59 | 0.61 | 34.48 | 0.92 |
| ${H}_{7}\left( s\right)$ | 28.0 | 26.4 | 26.77 | 1.39 | 26.52 | 0.44 |
| ${H}_{8}\left( s\right)$ | 25.5 | 24.3 | 24.88 | 2.40 | 24.13 | 0.71 |
| ${H}_{9}\left( s\right)$ | 4.8 | 5.0 | 4.83 | 3.92 | 5.11 | 1.69 |
| ${H}_{10}\left( s\right)$ | 5.0 | 5.3 | 5.28 | 0.40 | 5.22 | 1.49 |
), ArticleFig(id=1154428778668351651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428730714874382, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=
Estimation result of MIS algorithm under more renewable energy, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 惯量 | 先验值 | 真实值 | 多重重要性采样算法 |
| 最大后验点 | 误差/% |
| ${H}_{1}\left( s\right)$ | 525.0 | 500.0 | 511.18 | 2.23 |
| ${H}_{2}\left( s\right)$ | 29.0 | 30.3 | 29.54 | 2.51 |
| ${H}_{3}\left( s\right)$ | 34.0 | 35.8 | 34.84 | 2.67 |
| ${H}_{4}\left( s\right)$ | 27.5 | 28.6 | 29.34 | 2.47 |
| ${H}_{5}\left( s\right)$ | 24.5 | 26.0 | 25.70 | 1.16 |
| ${H}_{6}\left( s\right)$ | 36.0 | 34.8 | 35.73 | 2.69 |
| ${H}_{7}\left( s\right)$ | 8.0 | 7.5 | 7.94 | 0.81 |
| ${H}_{8}\left( s\right)$ | 7.5 | 7.1 | 7.39 | 1.43 |
| ${H}_{9}\left( s\right)$ | 4.8 | 5.0 | 4.88 | 2.79 |
| ${H}_{10}\left( s\right)$ | 5.0 | 5.3 | 5.28 | 0.41 |
), ArticleFig(id=1154428778731266213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428730714874382, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=
更多可再生能源接入下的多重重要性采样算法估计结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 惯量 | 先验值 | 真实值 | 多重重要性采样算法 |
| 最大后验点 | 误差/% |
| ${H}_{1}\left( s\right)$ | 525.0 | 500.0 | 511.18 | 2.23 |
| ${H}_{2}\left( s\right)$ | 29.0 | 30.3 | 29.54 | 2.51 |
| ${H}_{3}\left( s\right)$ | 34.0 | 35.8 | 34.84 | 2.67 |
| ${H}_{4}\left( s\right)$ | 27.5 | 28.6 | 29.34 | 2.47 |
| ${H}_{5}\left( s\right)$ | 24.5 | 26.0 | 25.70 | 1.16 |
| ${H}_{6}\left( s\right)$ | 36.0 | 34.8 | 35.73 | 2.69 |
| ${H}_{7}\left( s\right)$ | 8.0 | 7.5 | 7.94 | 0.81 |
| ${H}_{8}\left( s\right)$ | 7.5 | 7.1 | 7.39 | 1.43 |
| ${H}_{9}\left( s\right)$ | 4.8 | 5.0 | 4.88 | 2.79 |
| ${H}_{10}\left( s\right)$ | 5.0 | 5.3 | 5.28 | 0.41 |
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