Article(id=1154428729783734479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154428727883714760, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1693152000000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753166857429, onlineDateStr=2025-07-22, pubDate=1732032000000, pubDateStr=2024-11-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753166857429, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753166857429, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753166857429, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154428727883714760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, year='2024', volume='42', issue='11', pageStart='1420', pageEnd='1562', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753166856976, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753694530898, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156641952767533916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154428727883714760, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156641952767533917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154428727883714760, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1458, endPage=1467, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154428730253496529, articleId=1154428729783734479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, language=EN, title=The analogue simulation and the control strategy analysis for the hybrid ground source heat pump system employed by the heat load dominat buildings, columnId=null, journalTitle=Renewable Energy Resources, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

As for the buildings that employs ground source heat pump (GSHP) systems for heating and cooling, the heat load is obviously higher than the cooling load, which can cause the temperature of underground medium to decrease gradually and therefore affect the heating performance of the system. This paper proposes a dualsource system in which an air source heat pump (ASHP) and a ground source heat pump (GSHP) jointly bear the heat load in winter, and proposes a novel load ratio control strategy that is better than the existing ones, and the strategy can be employed to overcome the drawbacks of single GSHP system effectively Take an office building as the research object, the TRNSYS simulation platform was used to complete the simulation calculation of building load, the mathematical models of both GSHP and ASHP units were established, and then the system modules of dual source system were established based on the simulation platform.With the objective of slowing down the temperature reduction of the subsurface medium, three strategies were designed around the dualsource system: time control, dry bulb temperature difference control and rated maximum load ratio control, and the parameters were output time by time. A comparative analysis of both a single GSHP system and a composite system showed that the composite system with a rated maximum load ratio of 70% control had the lowest soil temperature fluctuations over 10 years of operation. The research results of this paper can provide theoretical basis and technical guidance for the project of hrbrid GSHP system, and promote the popularization and application of geothermal energy technology.

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采用地源热泵系统进行供暖、制冷的建筑物热负荷明显高于冷负荷,从而影响系统的制热性能。文章构建了空气源热泵与地源热泵联合承担冬季热负荷的双源系统,并提出具有创新性的负载比控制策略,较已有的控制策略更有优势,且能够有效克服单一地源热泵系统的弊端。以某办公建筑为研究对象,采用TRNSYS 仿真平台完成建筑负荷的模拟计算,建立了地源和空气源热泵机组的数学模型,并基于仿真平台建立了双源系统的模块;以减缓降低地下介质温度为目标,基于双源系统制定时间控制、干球温差控制和额定最大负载比控制3种策略,逐时模拟输出各项参数。分析结果发现:干球温差为14℃和额定最大负载比为70%控制策略的复合系统具有最好的均衡土壤温度效果;将单一地源热泵和复合系统进行对比分析,在额定最大负载比为70%条件下,复合系统运行10a时土壤温度的波动最低。文章的研究结果可为地源热泵复合系统项目提供理论依据和技术指导,促进地热能技术的推广应用。

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张文科(1982-),男,博士,教授,主要从事地源热泵、建筑节能研究。E-mail:
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147-153., articleTitle=地铁车站空调系统瞬态能耗预测模型及应用研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1154428797966341091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428729783734479, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=14, authorNames=杨少刚, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=杨少刚. 基于 TRNSYS 地埋管地源热泵变流量系统仿真研究[D]. 济南: 山东建筑大学, 2016., articleTitle=基于 TRNSYS 地埋管地源热泵变流量系统仿真研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1154428798029255652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428729783734479, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=29, issue=4, pageStart=79, pageEnd=84, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=15, authorNames=王碧玲, 邹瑜, 宋业辉, journalName=建筑科学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王碧玲, 邹瑜, 宋业辉, 等. 基于数学模型的冷水机组节能量计算方法研究[J]. 建筑科学, 2013, 29(4): 79-84., articleTitle=基于数学模型的冷水机组节能量计算方法研究, refAbstract=null), 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figureFileSmall=uJKyoxPoWxYlC3IS3hG/pA==, figureFileBig=ENxaJ8Yi8VyjrTBlwKilNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154428795391038396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428729783734479, language=CN, label=图 5, caption=复合系统采用时间控制策略时仿真 1 a 的地埋管吸/放热量及能耗, figureFileSmall=uJKyoxPoWxYlC3IS3hG/pA==, figureFileBig=ENxaJ8Yi8VyjrTBlwKilNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154428795449758653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428729783734479, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=The changes of both temperature and COP when the composite system adopts time control strategy and the simulation period is 10 years, figureFileSmall=ru3nqlago2W2gJXIsb1g+w==, figureFileBig=TRWNojrzT7Chz3x/7LFR6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154428795504284606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428729783734479, language=CN, label=图 6, caption=复合系统采用时间控制策略时仿真 10 a 的温度及 COP 变化, 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exchangers when the temperature difference limit is ${14}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ and the simulation period is 1 year, figureFileSmall=WuggrhCgF8JymRyepiiTLg==, figureFileBig=A5HvuQ1OTTYkf1aYfcizuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154428795764331458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428729783734479, language=CN, label=图 8, caption=温差限值 ${14}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 时复合系统仿真 $1\mathrm{a}$ 的地埋管吸/放热量及能耗, figureFileSmall=WuggrhCgF8JymRyepiiTLg==, figureFileBig=A5HvuQ1OTTYkf1aYfcizuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154428795823051715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428729783734479, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=The changes of both temperature and COP when the composite system’s temperature difference limit is ${14}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ and the simulation period is 10 year, figureFileSmall=KCdPwZANX7egIKnXVNeHuw==, figureFileBig=FOsOUlPt+iDQNINbtm4T4A==, tableContent=null), 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load ratio is ${70}\%$ and the simulation period is 1 year, figureFileSmall=CGBhjElWrxzPRGZZ9Vms7g==, figureFileBig=oVpXa03C29/UeA/G2CDeFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154428796250870730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428729783734479, language=CN, label=图 12, caption=额定负载比为 ${70}\%$ 时复合系统仿真 ${10}\mathrm{a}$ 的温度及 $\mathbf{{COP}}$, figureFileSmall=CGBhjElWrxzPRGZZ9Vms7g==, figureFileBig=oVpXa03C29/UeA/G2CDeFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154428796305396683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428729783734479, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=6s1vjKDGPhK6jk7Wkhbn1g==, figureFileBig=BBjDkI23eOsJBtWCl9EpuA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154428796368311244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428729783734479, language=CN, label=图 13, caption=单一地源热泵与复合系统仿真 10 a 土壤温度变化 Fig. 13 The change of soil when the single ground source heat pump and the composite system are simulated for 10 years, figureFileSmall=6s1vjKDGPhK6jk7Wkhbn1g==, figureFileBig=BBjDkI23eOsJBtWCl9EpuA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154428796435420109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428729783734479, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=The thermal parameters of office building envelope, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
围护结构类型 参数 数值
外墙 传热系数 $/\mathrm{W} \cdot {\left( {\mathrm{m}}^{2} \cdot \mathrm{K}\right) }^{-1}$ 0.358
厚度/mm 380
屋顶 传热系数 $/\mathrm{W} \cdot {\left( {\mathrm{m}}^{2} \cdot \mathrm{K}\right) }^{-1}$ 0.294
厚度/mm 283
楼板 传热系数 $/\mathrm{W} \cdot {\left( {\mathrm{m}}^{2} \cdot \mathrm{K}\right) }^{-1}$ 0.631
厚度/mm 208
外窗 传热系数 $/\mathrm{W} \cdot {\left( {\mathrm{m}}^{2} \cdot \mathrm{K}\right) }^{-1}$ 1.736
太阳得热系数 0.212
), ArticleFig(id=1154428796485751758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428729783734479, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=办公建筑围护结构热工参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
围护结构类型 参数 数值
外墙 传热系数 $/\mathrm{W} \cdot {\left( {\mathrm{m}}^{2} \cdot \mathrm{K}\right) }^{-1}$ 0.358
厚度/mm 380
屋顶 传热系数 $/\mathrm{W} \cdot {\left( {\mathrm{m}}^{2} \cdot \mathrm{K}\right) }^{-1}$ 0.294
厚度/mm 283
楼板 传热系数 $/\mathrm{W} \cdot {\left( {\mathrm{m}}^{2} \cdot \mathrm{K}\right) }^{-1}$ 0.631
厚度/mm 208
外窗 传热系数 $/\mathrm{W} \cdot {\left( {\mathrm{m}}^{2} \cdot \mathrm{K}\right) }^{-1}$ 1.736
太阳得热系数 0.212
), ArticleFig(id=1154428796557054927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428729783734479, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=The coefficient of formula solving of heat capacity, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
0.911 9 ${1.056} \times {10}^{-3}$ $- {0.691} \times {10}^{-5}$ ${3.861} \times {10}^{-3}$ ${1.059} \times {10}^{-3}$ $- {1.457} \times {10}^{-4}$
), ArticleFig(id=1154428796619969488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428729783734479, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=制热量公式求解的各项系数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
0.911 9 ${1.056} \times {10}^{-3}$ $- {0.691} \times {10}^{-5}$ ${3.861} \times {10}^{-3}$ ${1.059} \times {10}^{-3}$ $- {1.457} \times {10}^{-4}$
), ArticleFig(id=1154428796678689745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428729783734479, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=The comparison of annual cost between single ground source heat pump system and composite system, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
系统形式 A B1 B2 B3
费用年值/元 38505 40 260 40 288 42672
), ArticleFig(id=1154428796737410002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428729783734479, language=CN, label=表 3, caption=单一地源热泵与复合系统的费用年值对比, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
系统形式 A B1 B2 B3
费用年值/元 38505 40 260 40 288 42672
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热负荷占优型建筑物地源热泵复合系统的仿真模拟及控制策略分析
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吴建华 1 , 高鹏 1 , 文兰 1 , 孙文峰 2 , 张文科 2
可再生能源 | 2024,42(11): 1458-1467
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可再生能源 | 2024, 42(11): 1458-1467
热负荷占优型建筑物地源热泵复合系统的仿真模拟及控制策略分析
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吴建华1, 高鹏1, 文兰1, 孙文峰2, 张文科2
作者信息
  • 1 山东省煤田地质局 第四勘探队 山东 潍坊 261201
  • 2 山东建筑大学 热能工程学院 山东 济南 250101

通讯作者:

张文科(1982-),男,博士,教授,主要从事地源热泵、建筑节能研究。E-mail:
The analogue simulation and the control strategy analysis for the hybrid ground source heat pump system employed by the heat load dominat buildings
Jianhua Wu1, Peng Gao1, Lan Wen1, Wenfeng Sun2, Wenke Zhang2
Affiliations
  • 1 The Fourth Prospecting Shandong Coal Geology Bureau Weifang 261201 China
  • 2 School of Thermal Engineering Shandong Jianzhu University Jinan 250101 China
出版时间: 2024-11-20
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采用地源热泵系统进行供暖、制冷的建筑物热负荷明显高于冷负荷,从而影响系统的制热性能。文章构建了空气源热泵与地源热泵联合承担冬季热负荷的双源系统,并提出具有创新性的负载比控制策略,较已有的控制策略更有优势,且能够有效克服单一地源热泵系统的弊端。以某办公建筑为研究对象,采用TRNSYS 仿真平台完成建筑负荷的模拟计算,建立了地源和空气源热泵机组的数学模型,并基于仿真平台建立了双源系统的模块;以减缓降低地下介质温度为目标,基于双源系统制定时间控制、干球温差控制和额定最大负载比控制3种策略,逐时模拟输出各项参数。分析结果发现:干球温差为14℃和额定最大负载比为70%控制策略的复合系统具有最好的均衡土壤温度效果;将单一地源热泵和复合系统进行对比分析,在额定最大负载比为70%条件下,复合系统运行10a时土壤温度的波动最低。文章的研究结果可为地源热泵复合系统项目提供理论依据和技术指导,促进地热能技术的推广应用。

复合系统  /  控制策略  /  土壤温度  /  数学模型

As for the buildings that employs ground source heat pump (GSHP) systems for heating and cooling, the heat load is obviously higher than the cooling load, which can cause the temperature of underground medium to decrease gradually and therefore affect the heating performance of the system. This paper proposes a dualsource system in which an air source heat pump (ASHP) and a ground source heat pump (GSHP) jointly bear the heat load in winter, and proposes a novel load ratio control strategy that is better than the existing ones, and the strategy can be employed to overcome the drawbacks of single GSHP system effectively Take an office building as the research object, the TRNSYS simulation platform was used to complete the simulation calculation of building load, the mathematical models of both GSHP and ASHP units were established, and then the system modules of dual source system were established based on the simulation platform.With the objective of slowing down the temperature reduction of the subsurface medium, three strategies were designed around the dualsource system: time control, dry bulb temperature difference control and rated maximum load ratio control, and the parameters were output time by time. A comparative analysis of both a single GSHP system and a composite system showed that the composite system with a rated maximum load ratio of 70% control had the lowest soil temperature fluctuations over 10 years of operation. The research results of this paper can provide theoretical basis and technical guidance for the project of hrbrid GSHP system, and promote the popularization and application of geothermal energy technology.

hybrid system  /  control strategy  /  soil temperature  /  mathematical models
吴建华, 高鹏, 文兰, 孙文峰, 张文科. 热负荷占优型建筑物地源热泵复合系统的仿真模拟及控制策略分析. 可再生能源, 2024 , 42 (11) : 1458 -1467 .
Jianhua Wu, Peng Gao, Lan Wen, Wenfeng Sun, Wenke Zhang. The analogue simulation and the control strategy analysis for the hybrid ground source heat pump system employed by the heat load dominat buildings[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2024 , 42 (11) : 1458 -1467 .
空调系统的冷、热源能耗通常可占到系统总能耗的 50% 以上 [ 1 ] ,采用可再生能源替代传统的化石燃料作冷、热源,不但可以减少碳排放,还能起到降本增效的作用。利用浅层地热能的地源热泵系统以其效率高、性能好、碳排放低等诸多优点, 在我国大部分地区得到推广和应用。《“十四五”建筑节能与绿色建筑发展规划》中指出, 截至 2025 年,全国新增地热能应用建筑面积达 1 亿 ${\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ 以上 [ 2 ] 。尽管地热能具有诸多优点,但对于热负荷占比较大的建筑类型, 地源热泵的长期运行会引起地埋管吸/放热的不均衡,导致地下土壤温度下降, 降低机组的制热性能。因此, 对于热负荷占优型的建筑物, 探索如何均衡土壤温度以及地热能与其他能源联合、高效供能势在必行。
早期曾有学者提出利用太阳能作为辅助热源与地源热泵联合运行 [ 3 ] 。Biglarian H [ 4 ] 以伊朗西北部寒冷气候区的独立住宅为目标建筑, 对比了地源热泵-太阳能复合系统、单一地源热泵、单一空气源热泵和燃气加热器的成本和环境效益, 结果表明,复合系统在全生命周期内具备较低的成本和最低的碳排放量。冯国会 [ 5 ] 针对严寒地区的某超低能耗建筑, 分析了太阳能跨季节蓄热和太阳能辅助供热两种不同系统的热泵机组性能和连续运行 ${10}\mathrm{a}$ 后的土壤温度,指出太阳能跨季节蓄热系统的机组 COP 较太阳能辅助供热系统的机组 COP 高出 10.37%,土壤温度也高出 1.86 °C。
尽管太阳能清洁且方便获取, 但其不稳定性影响了应用效果。与太阳能相比,空气作为一种低碳、清洁的辅助热源,来源稳定、运行更加平稳。将地源与空气源相结合, 不但可以克服单一系统运行的缺点, 还能提升整个系统的效率。Bottarelli M [ 6, 7 ] 设计了一种新型的板式换热器,将其用来从浅层土壤中吸取热量, 通过地源和空气源间歇运行的方式, 不但避免蒸发器冬季结霜, 也减少换热器的使用面积。Wang Y [ 8 ] 以寒冷地区的某酒店建筑为例, 提出一种新型储能耦合地源和空气源热泵的复合系统方案, 该复合系统以空气作为辅助热源并利用储能的方式实现电网移峰填谷的作用,运行成本仅为传统地源热泵的 58%。李科宏 [ 9 ] 以太原地区某建筑为案例设计了一套喷气增焓耦合地源热泵的复合系统,减少了12.5%的初投资,冬季的制热性能提升了 12.3%。唐天跻 [ 10 ] 分析了哈尔滨市的一个高速公路服务区中地源热泵和空气源热泵承担的最佳冷、热负荷比例,从经济性角度得出以地源热泵承担全部的冷负荷和 20%的热负荷为最佳模式。空气源热泵吸取的热量来源于室外充分流动的空气,不仅适用于热负荷占优型建筑, 还能满足仅制冷或供暖的需求。此外,空气源热泵系统安装维护方便、占地面积小, 可以安置在屋顶, 而地源热泵系统往往需要单独的机房安置 [ 11 , 12 ] 。因此,空气能应用的限制因素较少。
本文采用空气源热泵作为辅助系统, 与地源热泵在冬季共同承担热负荷, 而夏季完全用地源热泵为建筑物制冷。围绕地源热泵-空气源热泵这一复合系统, 建立了主要设备的模型且搭建了整个复合系统的仿真模拟平台, 探索了复合系统的控制策略, 并对单一地源热泵与复合系统进行了比较分析,揭示了采用复合系统的优势。
利用 Sketch up 创建沈阳地区某办公建筑的三维模型。该办公建筑包含 3 层, 长度、宽度和层高分别为 ${25},{10},3\mathrm{\;m}$ ,屋顶采用平屋顶的结构形式,整个办公建筑的空调面积为 ${750}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{2}$ ,该建筑为南北朝向,南北外墙的窗墙比为 40%, 东西外墙的窗墙比为 ${20}\%$ 。建筑物的三维模型如 图 1 所示。
该办公建筑的外墙由石灰水泥砂浆、钢筋混凝土和岩棉保温板构成,外表面为水泥粉刷墙面; 屋顶由无机保温砂浆、钢筋混凝土、沥青油毡和岩棉保温板构成,屋顶外表面为浅灰色外表面;楼板由橡木板、水泥砂浆、岩棉保温板和钢筋混凝土构成;外窗采用铝合金窗框的 Low-E 玻璃窗。办公建筑围护结构热工参数 [ 13 ] 表 1 所示。
选取沈阳市作为典型热负荷占优的代表城市,沈阳市位于北纬 ${41}^{\circ }{77}^{\prime }$ 、东经 ${123}^{\circ }{43}^{\prime }$ ,属于严寒气候区的 $\mathrm{C}$ 区,最冷月的平均温度为 $-{11.2}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ , 最热月的平均温度为 ${25.0}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$
采用 TRNSYS 软件中的 TRNBuild 进行建筑负荷的模拟计算,获得目标建筑的负荷 [ 13 ] 。根据前文的围护结构参数和室内设计参数, 在 TRNBuild 输出选项中,选择建筑逐时潜热量和显热量作为输出量。设定完成后, TRNBuild 调用 Simulation Studio 自动生成建筑负荷的仿真模型。其中当地气象条件是通过 Meteonorm 软件输出. tm2 格式的文件,以外部文件的形式导入到气象模块 Type15-6 中 [ 14 ] 。在 Simulation Studio 仿真界面中, 设定仿真时长为 ${8760}\mathrm{\;h}\left({1\mathrm{a}}\right)$ 、仿真步长为 $1\mathrm{\;h}$ ,进行逐时动态仿真模拟, 建筑负荷仿真模型及逐时负荷图如 图 2 所示。
热泵机组的数学模型通常分为理论模型和半经验模型。由于热泵机组结构复杂,包含压缩机、 蒸发器、冷凝器、节流阀和油分离器等部件,直接建立理论模型的方式计算量大且复杂, 当热泵机组类型变化时往往需要重新建模,普适性较差 [ 15 ] 。 而半经验模型则是根据半经验公式结合一定的实测样本求解得到的, 与理论模型相比, 半经验模型计算量较小,且可以根据样本的不同及时修正模型参数, 适应性较高。热泵机组的半经验模型较多, 如 GN 温度相关模型、简单线性模型、变二次模型、多元多项式回归模型等 [ 16 ] 。本文 Type216 地源热泵模块和 Type206 空气源热泵模块的数学模型均采用了 DOE-2 半经验公式拟合得到,该模型经过验证, 在 DOE-2, Energy Plus 等软件中均有广泛应用,具备较高的可靠性。
地源热泵机组的数学模型包含制热量的求解、机组功率的求解以及部分负荷率的求解 3 个部分。制热量的计算式为
${Q}_{\max }^{\mathrm{E}}= {Q}_{0}^{\mathrm{E}}\cdot {r}_{Q}$
式中: ${Q}_{\max }^{\mathrm{E}}$ 为热泵机组的最大制热量, $\mathrm{{kW}};{Q}_{0}^{\mathrm{E}}$ 为热泵机组的额定制热量, $\mathrm{{kW}};{r}_{Q}$ 为热泵机组制热量的修正系数, ${r}_{Q}$ 是热泵机组的蒸发器出口温度与冷凝器入口温度的函数, 其表达式为
${r}_{Q}= f\left({{T}_{\mathrm{{ci}}},{T}_{\mathrm{{wo}}}}\right)= {\alpha }_{1}+ {\beta }_{1}\cdot {T}_{\mathrm{{wo}}}+ \\{\gamma }_{1}\cdot {T}_{\mathrm{{wo}}}^{2}+ {\delta }_{1}\cdot {T}_{\mathrm{{ci}}}+ {\varepsilon }_{1}\cdot {T}_{\mathrm{{ci}}}^{2}+ {\zeta }_{1}\cdot {T}_{\mathrm{{wo}}}\cdot {T}_{\mathrm{{ci}}}$
式中: ${T}_{\mathrm{{wo}}}$ 为热泵机组蒸发器出口温度, $\mathrm{C};{T}_{\mathrm{{ci}}}$ 为热泵机组冷凝器入口温度, $\mathrm{C};{\alpha }_{1}\sim {\zeta }_{1}$ 均为待求解的系数。
机组功率的计算式为
$ P ={P}_{0}\cdot {r}_{P1}\cdot {r}_{P2}= f\left({{T}_{\mathrm{{wo}}},{T}_{\mathrm{{ci}}},\mathrm{{PLR}}}\right)$
式中: ${P}_{0}$ 为热泵机组的额定功率, $\mathrm{{kW}};{r}_{P1}$ 为满负荷下热泵机组额定功率的修正系数; ${r}_{P2}$ 为部分负荷下热泵机组额定功率的修正系数; PLR 为热泵机组部分负荷率。
将 PLR 作为单独变量考虑, 得到机组部分负荷率的计算式为
$ P ={P}_{0}\cdot {r}_{P1}\cdot {r}_{P2}= f\left({{T}_{\mathrm{{wo}}},{T}_{\mathrm{{ci}}}}\right)\cdot f\left(\mathrm{{PLR}}\right)$
${r}_{P1},{r}_{P2}$ 的计算式为
${r}_{P1}= {\alpha }_{2}+ {\beta }_{2}\cdot {T}_{\mathrm{{wo}}}+ {\gamma }_{2}\cdot {T}_{\mathrm{{wo}}}^{2}+ {\delta }_{2}\cdot {T}_{\mathrm{{ci}}}+ \\{\varepsilon }_{2}\cdot {T}_{\mathrm{{ci}}}^{2}+ {\zeta }_{2}\cdot {T}_{\mathrm{{wo}}}\cdot {T}_{\mathrm{{ci}}}\\{r}_{P2}= {\alpha }_{3}+ {\beta }_{3}\cdot \mathrm{{PLR}}+ {\gamma }_{3}\cdot {\mathrm{{PLR}}}^{2}$
式中: ${\alpha }_{2}\sim {\zeta }_{2},{\alpha }_{3}\sim {\gamma }_{3}$ 均为待求解的系数。
本文利用内蒙古毅科空调 EXLRSR 型螺杆式热泵机组的样本参数, 根据样本参数表中不同冷冻水进/出水温、冷却水进/出水温相对应的制热量修正系数,对数学模型进行拟合求解。
利用 Matlab 曲线拟合工具求解,得到制冷量的拟合曲线和各项系数如 图 3表 2 所示。
拟合得到的曲线确定系数 (R-square) 为 0.994 5, 接近 1, 标准差 (RMSE) 为 0.006 614, 接近0,拟合效果较好,可靠性较高。
与地源热泵机组的模型相比, 空气源热泵机组的模型考虑到机组结霜和除霜的影响。机组最大制热量为
${Q}_{\max }^{\mathrm{A}}= {Q}_{0}^{\mathrm{A}}\cdot {r}_{Q\mathrm{\;h}}\cdot {K}_{1}$
式中: ${Q}_{\max }^{\mathrm{A}}$ 为热泵机组的最大制热量, $\mathrm{{kW}};{Q}_{0}^{\mathrm{A}}$ 为热泵机组的额定制热量, $\mathrm{{kW}};{r}_{{Q}_{\mathrm{h}}}$ 为热泵机组制热量的修正系数; ${K}_{1}$ 为除霜时热泵机组最大制热量的修正系数, 根据《民用建筑供暖通风与空气调节设计规范》 [ 17 ] 按每小时除霜一次取 0.9,两次取 0.8, 本文取 0.9 。
制热量修正系数 ${r}_{{O}_{\mathrm{h}}}$ 计算过程的数学描述为
${r}_{Q\mathrm{\;h}}= f\left({{T}_{\mathrm{{amb}}},{T}_{\mathrm{c}}}\right)$
式中: ${T}_{\mathrm{{amb}}}$ 为室外环境温度, $\mathrm{C};{T}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 为机组冷凝器出水温度,℃。
热泵机组额定制热的 COP 的求解过程为
${\mathrm{{COP}}}_{\mathrm{h}}= {\mathrm{{COP}}}_{\mathrm{h},0}\cdot {r}_{\mathrm{{COPh}}}\cdot {\mathrm{{PLR}}}_{\mathrm{{COPh}}}\cdot {K}_{2}$
式中: ${r}_{\mathrm{{COPh}}}$ 为热泵机组 $\mathrm{{COP}}$ 的修正系数; ${\mathrm{{PLR}}}_{\mathrm{{COPh}}}$ 为机组部分负荷率下的 $\mathrm{{COP}}$ 修正系数; ${K}_{2}$ 为机组结霜时除霜的损失系数, 根据《空气源热泵结霜除霜损失系数的计算》取值为 0.96。
${r}_{\mathrm{{COPh}}}$,${\mathrm{{PLR}}}_{\mathrm{{COPh}}}$的计算式分别为
${r}_{\mathrm{{COPh}}}= f\left({{T}_{\text{amb }},{T}_{\mathrm{c}}}\right)$
${\mathrm{{PLR}}}_{\mathrm{{COPh}}}= f\left(\mathrm{{PLR}}\right)$
热泵机组的实际制热量为
${Q}_{\mathrm{h}}= C \cdot M \cdot \left({{T}_{\text{out }}- {T}_{\text{in }}}\right)/{3600}$
式中: ${Q}_{\mathrm{h}}$ 为机组实际制热量, $\mathrm{{kW}};C$ 为循环工质比热容, $\mathrm{{kJ}}/\left({\mathrm{{kg}}\cdot \mathrm{C}}\right);M$ 为循环工质流量, $\mathrm{{kg}}/\mathrm{h};{T}_{\text{out }}$ 为热泵机组出口水温度, ${}^{o}\mathrm{C};{T}_{\text{in }}$ 为热泵机组入口水温,℃。
${T}_{\text{out }}= {T}_{\text{hset }}\left({T}_{\text{hset }}\right.$ 为热泵机组出水设计温度)时, 若实际制热量小于机组最大制热量, 则机组出水温度可以维持在稳定的设计出水温度; 反之, 机组出水温度就会以 ${0.01}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 的差值降低,直到实际制热量与机组最大制热量相等, 此时的机组出水温度即为 ${T}_{\text{out }}$
机组的制热输入功率为
${P}_{\mathrm{h}}= {Q}_{\mathrm{h}}/{\mathrm{{COP}}}_{\mathrm{h}}$
热负荷占优型的建筑物, 地源热泵长期运行会导致土壤温度下降。针对这个问题,考虑在原有单一地源热泵的基础上增加空气源热泵辅助供暖,两种热泵系统共同承担热负荷,而夏季则由地源热泵单独制冷。供暖工况运行时,部分时段开启空气源热泵与地源热泵机组联合供暖;制冷工况运行时,仅地源热泵开启承担全部冷负荷。
在确定地源热泵-空气源热泵的复合系统容量时, 为保证系统在热负荷最大日的正常运行, 地源热泵额定制热量按照峰值热负荷选取, 其值为 ${102.10}\mathrm{{kW}}$ ;地埋管钻孔深度 ${100}\mathrm{m}$ 、孔间距 $5\mathrm{\;m}$ 、孔径 ${150}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ ;采用单 $\mathrm{U}$ 形管, $\mathrm{U}$ 形管导热系数为 ${0.44}\mathrm{\;W}/\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$ ,管外径为 ${32}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ ,管内径为 ${28}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ , 管内设计流速为 ${0.6}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ ;土壤导热系数为 ${1.6}\mathrm{\;W}/$ $\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$ ,土壤比热容为 ${2420}\mathrm{\;{kJ}}/\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$ ,填充材料导热系数为 ${2.0}\mathrm{\;W}/\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$ 。由于空气源热泵起辅助作用,容量选取不宜过大,其额定制热量按照峰值热负荷的 ${30}\%$ 选取,为 ${30.63}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ 。根据建筑负荷, 单一地源热泵系统总共设计了 18 个钻孔, 复合系统中地源热泵与单一地源热泵的钻孔数相同。用户侧水泵根据热泵机组的额定制热量选取, 设计供回水温差为 ${5}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,地源侧水泵按照地源热泵机组额定制冷量选取,设计供回水温差为 ${4}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$
复合系统的应用可减少地埋管自地下介质的取热量,缓解土壤的冷堆积。本文供暖工况设计 3 种控制策略, 以达到均衡土壤温度和提高机组性能的目的, 复合系统仿真平台如 图 4 所示。
根据沈阳地区的气候特点, 整个供暖期间的 11 月份和 3 月份的平均温度较高,故建筑物的热负荷相对较低, 若选择在此时段开启空气源辅助供暖,除了能够减少地埋管吸热量外,还兼顾了空气源热泵的性能。因此, 供暖工况时间控制策略选择在 11 月份与 3 月份开启空气源与地源热泵联合供暖,其余时段和制冷工况时仅地源热泵运行。 按照上述时间控制策略对复合系统仿真 1a, 逐时输出系统能耗以及地埋管累计吸/放热量情况,如 图 5 所示。
图 5 可知, 复合系统全年总能耗为 20.570 $\mathrm{{MW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}$ ,其中供暖季总能耗为 ${14.950}\mathrm{{MW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}$ ,全年地埋管累计吸热量为 ${28.085}\mathrm{{MW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}$ ,累计放热量为 20.123 MW·h,累计冷、热不平衡率为 28.35%。
对复合系统仿真 ${10}\mathrm{a}$ ,汇总输出各项逐时参数并分析逐年土壤温度(此处土壤温度指的是地埋管周围土壤的平均温度)、地埋管最高出水温度、机组COP 的变化情况如 图 6 所示。
图 6 可知, 土壤温度和地埋管最高出水温度逐年下降, 但随着时间的推移, 土壤温度和地埋管最高出水温度的下降趋缓。复合系统运行 10 a 后土壤温度降低了 0.64 ${}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,地理管最高出水温度降低至 ${7.77}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 。供暖季地源热泵机组 COP 与温度变化趋势相同,机组 COP 逐年下降但下降幅度逐渐减小, 运行至第 10 年机组最高 COP 下降了 0.06、机组平均 COP 下降了 0.12 、机组最低 COP 下降了 0.10。在系统能耗方面, 运行第 10 年的系统供暖能耗较第 1 年能耗仅增加 ${379.30}\mathrm{\;{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}$ , 系统制热 COP 下降 0.07 , 复合系统长期运行时系统的 COP 仍保持稳定。
由于湿球温度要低于干球温度, 且供暖季地埋管出水温度始终高于湿球温度, 供暖工况选用地埋管出水温度与干球温度的差值作为调控参数更合理。当地埋管出水温度与对应时刻干球温度的差值即干球温差低于某限值时开启空气源与地源热泵联合运行,设置的温差限值分别为2,4,6, $8,{10},{12},{14}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 。在不同干球温差控制下对复合系统进行模拟仿真 1a, 获得供暖季地埋管平均出水温度、土壤温度及系统 COP 的变化情况如 图 7 所示。
图 7 可知, 随着干球温差的增大, 土壤温度呈现缓慢上升趋势, 供暖季地埋管平均出水温度随之升高,但系统供暖 COP 不断下降。干球温差控制策略的温差限值为地埋管出水温度与室外干球温度的差值, 由于供暖季地埋管出水温度远高于室外干球温度, 空气源热泵的开启时间可随着温差限值的增加而增加, 而空气源热泵的供暖 COP 远低于地源热泵,因此系统供暖 COP 随干球温差增大而降低。与温差限值 2 ℃相比,温差限值 14 C时的供暖工况系统平均 COP 下降了 0.07 、地埋管平均出水温度升高了 ${0.54}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 、土壤温度也升高至 ${8.68}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 。故温差限值为 ${14}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 时复合系统均衡土壤温度效果更佳。选取温差限值中均衡土壤温度效果较好的 ${14}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 作为最佳温差,对复合系统仿真 $1\mathrm{a}$ ,统计复合系统的地埋管累计吸/放热量以及能耗情况,结果如 图 8 所示。
图 8 可知,干球温差 ${14}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 时复合系统全年总能耗为 ${20.815}\mathrm{{MW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}$ ,其中供暖季总能耗为 15.168 MW·h,地理管累计吸热量为 25.147 MW·h, 累计放热量为 20.142 MW·h,累计冷、热不平衡率为 19.90%。
对干球温差为 ${14}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 控制的复合系统仿真 ${10}\mathrm{a}$ , 得出地埋管最高出水温度、土壤温度、机组 COP 的逐年变化情况如 图 9 所示。
图 9 可知, 土壤温度和地埋管最高出水温度逐年下降,但下降幅度逐渐减小,运行 10a 复合系统土壤温度下降 0.36 °C。供暖季地源热泵 COP 均逐年下降,但下降幅度并不明显,与仿真第 1 年时相比地源热泵最高 COP 下降了 0.04 , 地源热泵平均 COP 和最低 COP 均下降了 0.06 。此外, 运行第 10 年的供暖能耗较第 1 年增加了 ${250.24}\mathrm{\;{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}$ ,系统供暖 COP 下降了 0.04。
供暖工况运行时设定机组额定的最大负载比,热负荷大部分由地源热泵承担,剩余部分热负荷由空气源热泵承担; 由于地源热泵机组额定最大负载比的不同, 机组的制热量和承担的热负荷不同,从而实现对地埋管吸热量的调控。设定额定负载比分别为 ${70}\%,{80}\%,{90}\%$${100}\%$ 。按照额定最大负载比 70%~100%,对复合系统分别进行模拟,对比不同负载比下的土壤温度、供暖季地埋管平均出水温度和系统供暖 COP, 如 图 10 所示。
图 10 可以看出:复合系统仿真 1 a 最高负载比与最低负载比的土壤温度相差 ${0.29}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ;地理管平均出水温度相差 ${1.21}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,地埋管出水温度变化较土壤温度变化更明显;供暖季系统 COP 相差 0.10。随着额定负载比的增大,复合系统中地源热泵承担的热负荷占比上升, 土壤温度和地埋管平均出水温度均下降,系统 COP 逐渐升高。这是由于额定负载比降低导致空气源承担的热负荷占比提高, 空气源热泵的供暖 COP 远低于地源热泵, 使得复合系统整体的 COP 随着负载比的降低而降低。额定负载比为 ${70}\%$ 时复合系统运行 $1\mathrm{a}$ ,地埋管的吸/放热量和总能耗如 图 11 所示。
图 11 分析得出,复合系统运行 $1\mathrm{a}$ 地埋管累计吸热量为 ${21.249}\mathrm{{MW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}$ ,累计放热量为 20.096 MW·h,累计冷、热不平衡率为 5.43%。在能耗上, 复合系统全年累计能耗为 ${20.692}\mathrm{{MW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}$ ,累计供暖能耗为 15.277 MW·h,系统供暖 COP 为 2.73。
当额定负载比为 ${70}\%$ 时,复合系统运行 ${10}\mathrm{a}$ 的土壤温度、地埋管最高出水温度和机组 COP 的变化如 图 12 所示。土壤温度和地埋管最高出水温度均逐年下降,但下降趋势趋缓;供暖季地源热泵机组的 COP 逐年降低;复合系统运行的土壤温度下降至 ${8.72}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,与仿真 $1\mathrm{a}$ 后的土壤温度相比仅下降 ${0.08}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 。仿真第 10 年的地埋管最高出水温度与第 1 年相比下降了 ${0.07}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,供暖季地源热泵最高和平均 COP 下降 0.01,最低 COP 下降 0.02。在能耗和系统供暖 COP 方面, 第 10 年的系统供暖能耗为 15.309 MW·h,较第 1 年增加了 31.74 $\mathrm{{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}$ ; 运行第 10 年的系统供暖 COP 为 2.72,与第 1 年相比下降了0.01。
对单一地源热泵以及 3 种控制策略的复合系统仿真 ${10}\mathrm{a}$ 得到的土壤温度变化如 图 13 所示。
图 13 可以看出, 针对热负荷占优型建筑的地源热泵系统, 冬季采用空气源辅助供暖可以有效缓解土壤温度下降。在 3 种控制策略中,额定最大负载比 70%控制的复合系统运行 10 a 的土壤温度最高,较单一地源热泵提升了 ${1.00}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ;其次是干球温差 ${14}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 控制的复合系统,运行 ${10}\mathrm{a}$ 较单一地源热泵提升了 ${0.60}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ;时间控制下运行 ${10}\mathrm{a}$ 的土壤温度在 3 种控制策略中最低,较单一地源热泵提升了 ${0.20}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$
此外, 可从经济性角度对单一地源热泵与 3 种控制策略的复合系统进行分析, 以费用年值作为经济性评价指标。造价方面地源热泵机组取700 元 $/\mathrm{{kW}}$ 、空气源热泵机组取500元 $/\mathrm{{kW}}$ 、钻孔费用 1 万元/孔。 $\mathrm{A},\mathrm{B}1,\mathrm{\;B}2,\mathrm{\;B}3$ 分别代表单一地源热泵、 时间控制策略时的复合系统、干球温差 14 ℃控制策略时的复合系统、额定最大负载比 70% 控制策略时的复合系统,计算结果如 表 3 所示。
表 3 可知, 复合系统较单一地源热泵系统的费用年值更高, 这是由于复合系统是在单一地源热泵基础上增加了空气源热泵机组, 初投资增加了, 并且空气源辅助供暖的运行费用更高, 因此, 复合系统费用年值大于单一地源热泵的费用年值。与单一地源热泵相比,时间控制下复合系统费用年值增加了 1755 元,干球温差 14℃控制下费用年值增加了 1783 元,额定最大负载比 70% 控制下费用年值增加了 4167 元。复合系统的采用,减缓了地下介质温度的逐年降低,对地下环境起到了一定程度的保护作用;否则,若一直采用单一地源热泵系统, 会最终导致地源热泵系统在冬季失效。因此,费用年值的增加是有价值的。
本文以采用地源热泵系统的热负荷占优型建筑物为研究对象, 为解决地源热泵长期运行土壤冷堆积的问题, 在原有地源热泵系统的基础上增设空气源辅助供暖,构成地源热泵与空气源并联的复合系统,夏季由地源热泵单独制冷,冬季则由地源热泵与空气源热泵联合供暖。研究结论可总结如下。
①建立了地源热泵和空气源热泵机组的数学模型, 基于地源热泵机组样本, 得到机组制热量的拟合曲线和数学模型的各项系数。
②对复合系统提出时间控制、干球温差控制和额定最大负载比控制 3 种控制策略,对不同控制策略下的复合系统分别进行系统建模和仿真模拟。结果表明, 干球温差控制策略中温差限值为 14 ℃时土壤温度较高,而额定最大负载比控制策略中负载比为 70%时土壤温度较高。
③对比单一地源热泵系统和 3 种控制策略下的复合系统,结果表明,额定最大负载比 70% 控制的土壤温度最高,运行 ${10}\mathrm{a}$ 后土壤温度较单一地源热泵提升了 ${0.20}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$
④与单一地源热泵相比,复合系统长期运行土壤温度下降幅度更低,地源热泵机组性能更高。 不可否认, 复合系统的费用年值高于单一的地源热泵系统,但从保护地源热泵系统长期有效运行的角度分析, 费用的增加是有意义的。
  • 潍坊市科学技术发展计划项目(2022ZJ1092)
  • 山东省煤田地质局重点科研专项(鲁煤地科字(2022)11号)
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2024年第42卷第11期
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  • 接收时间:2023-08-28
  • 首发时间:2025-07-22
  • 出版时间:2024-11-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-28
基金
潍坊市科学技术发展计划项目(2022ZJ1092)
山东省煤田地质局重点科研专项(鲁煤地科字(2022)11号)
作者信息
    1 山东省煤田地质局 第四勘探队 山东 潍坊 261201
    2 山东建筑大学 热能工程学院 山东 济南 250101

通讯作者:

张文科(1982-),男,博士,教授,主要从事地源热泵、建筑节能研究。E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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