Article(id=1154428729481744590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154428727883714760, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1709568000000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753166857357, onlineDateStr=2025-07-22, pubDate=1732032000000, pubDateStr=2024-11-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753166857357, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753166857357, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753166857357, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154428727883714760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, year='2024', volume='42', issue='11', pageStart='1420', pageEnd='1562', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753166856976, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753694530898, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156641952767533916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154428727883714760, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156641952767533917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154428727883714760, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1518, endPage=1526, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154428730010226896, articleId=1154428729481744590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, language=EN, title=Research on capacity configuration methods for wind-solar-hydrogen microgrids based on distributionally robust optimization, columnId=null, journalTitle=Renewable Energy Resources, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

As a clean and lowcarbon energy system, the integration of wind, solar, and hydrogen microgrids plays an essential role in facilitating the transformation of energy structures and enhancing energy utilization efficiency. This paper investigates the capacity configuration issues of wind, photovoltaic, and hydrogen storage microgrid systems. A model of the windsolarhydrogen microgrid system has been developed, taking into account the uncertainties in wind and solar outputs. Based on historical data, typical daily scenarios are selected using an improved Kmeans clustering algorithm, and the uncertainty probability distributions are jointly constrained by both the 1norm and infinity norm within a confidence set. This study proposes a twostage distributionally robust model for the capacity configuration of windsolarhydrogen microgrids. The first stage determines the capacity of each component with the goal of minimizing investment costs, while the second stage aims to minimize operational costs. The solution to the model is derived through the application of the ColumnandConstraint Generation (C&CG) algorithm. The results indicate that the model can achieve a rational configuration of capacity, and it enhances the energy utilization efficiency and economic performance of the windsolarhydrogen microgrid.

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风光氢微电网对推动能源转型及提高能源利用效率具有重要的作用。文章对风电、光伏、氢储能微网系统的容量配置问题进行了研究,构建了风光氢微电网系统模型,考虑到风电、光伏出力不确定性,基于历史数据,通过改进 Kmeans 聚类算法选取典型日场景,并采用综合范数1范数和∞范数共同约束不确定性概率分布置信集合。文章建立了风光氢微电网容量配置两阶段分布鲁棒模型,第一阶段确定各设备容量,以投资成本最低为目标,第二阶段以运行成本最小为目标,该模型通过列与约束生成(Column and Constraint Generation, C&CG)算法实现求解。结果表明,该模型能取得合理的容量配置,且能提高风光氢微电网的能源利用率和经济性。

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赵辉(1963-),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,研究方向为电力系统及其自动化、新能源控制技术与应用。E-mail:
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language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=氢储能), Keyword(id=1154428770321683112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428729481744590, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=分布鲁棒), Keyword(id=1154428770380403370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428729481744590, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=容量配置), Keyword(id=1154428770439123629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428729481744590, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=不确定性)], refs=[Reference(id=1154428773844898547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428729481744590, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=42, issue=8, pageStart=2806, pageEnd=2819, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=张智刚, 康重庆, journalName=中国电机工程学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张智刚, 康重庆. 碳中和目标下构建新型电力系统的挑战与展望[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2022, 42(8): 2806-2819., articleTitle=碳中和目标下构建新型电力系统的挑战与展望, 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7, caption=风光氢系统日运行图, figureFileSmall=tpBWJhyccGoV4qZnuZ4qjg==, figureFileBig=J6L0pXy6qnkEfRX2e+y1hw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154428772288811738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428729481744590, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Equipment parameters, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值 参数 数值
${c}_{\mathrm{{inv}},1}$ /元 $\cdot {\left( \mathrm{{kW}} \cdot \mathrm{h}\right) }^{-1}$ 4500 $r$ 0.06
${c}_{\text{inv },2}$ /元 $\cdot {\left( \mathrm{{kW}} \cdot \mathrm{h}\right) }^{-1}$ 4000 $Y$ 18
${c}_{\mathrm{{inv}},3}$ /元 $\cdot {\left( \mathrm{{kW}} \cdot \mathrm{h}\right) }^{-1}$ 1500 ${\gamma }_{0}$ 0.02
${c}_{\mathrm{{inv}},4}$ /元 $\cdot {\left( \mathrm{{kW}} \cdot \mathrm{h}\right) }^{-1}$ 1 200 ${\gamma }_{1}$ 0.01
${c}_{\mathrm{{inv}},5}$ /元 $\cdot {\left( \mathrm{{kW}} \cdot \mathrm{h}\right) }^{-1}$ 2500 ${P}_{\text{grid }}/\mathrm{{kW}}$ 165
), ArticleFig(id=1154428772339143388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428729481744590, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=设备参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值 参数 数值
${c}_{\mathrm{{inv}},1}$ /元 $\cdot {\left( \mathrm{{kW}} \cdot \mathrm{h}\right) }^{-1}$ 4500 $r$ 0.06
${c}_{\text{inv },2}$ /元 $\cdot {\left( \mathrm{{kW}} \cdot \mathrm{h}\right) }^{-1}$ 4000 $Y$ 18
${c}_{\mathrm{{inv}},3}$ /元 $\cdot {\left( \mathrm{{kW}} \cdot \mathrm{h}\right) }^{-1}$ 1500 ${\gamma }_{0}$ 0.02
${c}_{\mathrm{{inv}},4}$ /元 $\cdot {\left( \mathrm{{kW}} \cdot \mathrm{h}\right) }^{-1}$ 1 200 ${\gamma }_{1}$ 0.01
${c}_{\mathrm{{inv}},5}$ /元 $\cdot {\left( \mathrm{{kW}} \cdot \mathrm{h}\right) }^{-1}$ 2500 ${P}_{\text{grid }}/\mathrm{{kW}}$ 165
), ArticleFig(id=1154428772406252254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428729481744590, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Real-time electricity prices, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时段 购电价格/元 售电价格/元
$0 : {00} - 6 : {00}$ ${23} : {00} - 0 : {00}$ 0.3 0.29
$7 : {00} - {10} : {00}$ ${14} : {00} - {16} : {00}$ 0.6 0.49
${11} : {00} - {13} : {00}$ 17:00-22:00 1.1 0.76
), ArticleFig(id=1154428772460778208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428729481744590, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=实时电价, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时段 购电价格/元 售电价格/元
$0 : {00} - 6 : {00}$ ${23} : {00} - 0 : {00}$ 0.3 0.29
$7 : {00} - {10} : {00}$ ${14} : {00} - {16} : {00}$ 0.6 0.49
${11} : {00} - {13} : {00}$ 17:00-22:00 1.1 0.76
), ArticleFig(id=1154428772553052898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428729481744590, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=DRO model optimization results, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年综合 成本 元 风电 容量 光伏 容量 电解槽 kW 储氢罐 燃料 电池 年弃能 成本 元
99.502 7 576 154 148 365 147 0
), ArticleFig(id=1154428772615967459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428729481744590, language=CN, label=表 3, caption=DRO 模型优化结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年综合 成本 元 风电 容量 光伏 容量 电解槽 kW 储氢罐 燃料 电池 年弃能 成本 元
99.502 7 576 154 148 365 147 0
), ArticleFig(id=1154428772662104804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428729481744590, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=Result comparison between DRO and deterministic models, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 确定性模型 本文模型
年综合成本/10 ${}^{4}$ 106.426 9 99.502 7
年投资成本/10 ${}^{4}$ 41.791 2 42.004 4
年弃能成本/元 0 0
年购电成本 $/{10}^{4}$ 75.422 5 68.848 2
年售电收益 $/{10}^{4}$ 1.746 5 3.9923
年售氢收益/ ${10}^{4}$ 9.040 3 7.3576
), ArticleFig(id=1154428772729213669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428729481744590, language=CN, label=表 4, caption=DRO 与确定性模型对比, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 确定性模型 本文模型
年综合成本/10 ${}^{4}$ 106.426 9 99.502 7
年投资成本/10 ${}^{4}$ 41.791 2 42.004 4
年弃能成本/元 0 0
年购电成本 $/{10}^{4}$ 75.422 5 68.848 2
年售电收益 $/{10}^{4}$ 1.746 5 3.9923
年售氢收益/ ${10}^{4}$ 9.040 3 7.3576
), ArticleFig(id=1154428772796322534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428729481744590, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=Result comparison between DRO and, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
uncertainty methods
参数 随机规划 本文模型 鲁棒优化
年综合成本 88.628 8 99.502 7 119.731 2
年投资成本 53.825 4 42.004 4 42.449 0
年弃能成本 11.913 6 0 26.330 1
年购电成本 49.603 2 68.848 2 66.430 8
年售电收益 20.968 3 3.992 3 8.1787
年售氢收益 5.7451 7.357 6 7.300 0
), ArticleFig(id=1154428772863431399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428729481744590, language=CN, label=表 5, caption=DRO 与不确定方法对比分析, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
uncertainty methods
参数 随机规划 本文模型 鲁棒优化
年综合成本 88.628 8 99.502 7 119.731 2
年投资成本 53.825 4 42.004 4 42.449 0
年弃能成本 11.913 6 0 26.330 1
年购电成本 49.603 2 68.848 2 66.430 8
年售电收益 20.968 3 3.992 3 8.1787
年售氢收益 5.7451 7.357 6 7.300 0
), ArticleFig(id=1154428773001843432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428729481744590, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=Result comparison under different confidence levels, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年综合成本/10 元
0.2 99.419 0 99.422 6 99.424 1
0.6 99.421 1 99.439 9 99.446 3
0.95 99.427 0 99.447 2 99.5027
), ArticleFig(id=1154428773056369385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428729481744590, language=CN, label=表 6, caption=不同置信度下结果对比, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年综合成本/10 元
0.2 99.419 0 99.422 6 99.424 1
0.6 99.421 1 99.439 9 99.446 3
0.95 99.427 0 99.447 2 99.5027
), ArticleFig(id=1154428773106701034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428729481744590, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=Result comparison between composite norms and $\infty$ -norms, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年综合成本/10 元
综合范数
0.2 99.427 0 130.277 6
0.5 99.441 3 130.277 6
0.99 99.502 7 130.277 6
), ArticleFig(id=1154428773161226987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428729481744590, language=CN, label=表 7, caption=综合范数与 $\infty$ -范数结果对比, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年综合成本/10 元
综合范数
0.2 99.427 0 130.277 6
0.5 99.441 3 130.277 6
0.99 99.502 7 130.277 6
), ArticleFig(id=1154428773219947244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428729481744590, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=Result comparison between composite norms and 1-norm, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年综合成本 元
综合范数
0.2 99.433 2 99.443 9
0.5 99.436 1 99.443 9
0.99 99.4420 99.443 9
), ArticleFig(id=1154428773282861805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428729481744590, language=CN, label=表 8, caption=综合范数与 1-范数结果对比, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年综合成本 元
综合范数
0.2 99.433 2 99.443 9
0.5 99.436 1 99.443 9
0.99 99.4420 99.443 9
), ArticleFig(id=1154428773337387758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428729481744590, language=EN, label=Table 9, caption=Allocation results under different carbon prices, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氢储能投资成本下降幅度1% 风电容量/kW·h 光伏容量/kW·h 电解槽/kW·h 储氢罐/m 燃料电池/kW 年综合成本/10 元
0 576 154 148 365 147 99.5027
10 573 151 152 372 151 95.799 1
20 570 149 155 378 156 93.1390
30 568 148 158 380 159 91.308 2
), ArticleFig(id=1154428773408690927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428729481744590, language=CN, label=表 9, caption=不同氢储能投资成本下配置结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氢储能投资成本下降幅度1% 风电容量/kW·h 光伏容量/kW·h 电解槽/kW·h 储氢罐/m 燃料电池/kW 年综合成本/10 元
0 576 154 148 365 147 99.5027
10 573 151 152 372 151 95.799 1
20 570 149 155 378 156 93.1390
30 568 148 158 380 159 91.308 2
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基于分布鲁棒优化的风光氢微电网容量配置方法研究
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伊国通 1, 2 , 赵辉 1, 2 , 王红君 1, 2 , 岳有军 1, 2
可再生能源 | 2024,42(11): 1518-1526
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可再生能源 | 2024, 42(11): 1518-1526
基于分布鲁棒优化的风光氢微电网容量配置方法研究
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伊国通1, 2, 赵辉1, 2 , 王红君1, 2, 岳有军1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 天津理工大学 电气工程与自动化学院 天津 300384
  • 2 天津市复杂系统控制理论及应用重点实验室 天津 300384

通讯作者:

赵辉(1963-),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,研究方向为电力系统及其自动化、新能源控制技术与应用。E-mail:
Research on capacity configuration methods for wind-solar-hydrogen microgrids based on distributionally robust optimization
Guotong Yi1, 2, Hui Zhao1, 2 , Hongjun Wang1, 2, Youjun Yue1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Electrical Engineering and Automation Tianjin University of Technology Tianjin 300384 China
  • 2 Tianjin Key Laboratory of Control Theory and Application for Complex Systems Tianjin 300384 China
出版时间: 2024-11-20
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风光氢微电网对推动能源转型及提高能源利用效率具有重要的作用。文章对风电、光伏、氢储能微网系统的容量配置问题进行了研究,构建了风光氢微电网系统模型,考虑到风电、光伏出力不确定性,基于历史数据,通过改进 Kmeans 聚类算法选取典型日场景,并采用综合范数1范数和∞范数共同约束不确定性概率分布置信集合。文章建立了风光氢微电网容量配置两阶段分布鲁棒模型,第一阶段确定各设备容量,以投资成本最低为目标,第二阶段以运行成本最小为目标,该模型通过列与约束生成(Column and Constraint Generation, C&CG)算法实现求解。结果表明,该模型能取得合理的容量配置,且能提高风光氢微电网的能源利用率和经济性。

微电网  /  氢储能  /  分布鲁棒  /  容量配置  /  不确定性

As a clean and lowcarbon energy system, the integration of wind, solar, and hydrogen microgrids plays an essential role in facilitating the transformation of energy structures and enhancing energy utilization efficiency. This paper investigates the capacity configuration issues of wind, photovoltaic, and hydrogen storage microgrid systems. A model of the windsolarhydrogen microgrid system has been developed, taking into account the uncertainties in wind and solar outputs. Based on historical data, typical daily scenarios are selected using an improved Kmeans clustering algorithm, and the uncertainty probability distributions are jointly constrained by both the 1norm and infinity norm within a confidence set. This study proposes a twostage distributionally robust model for the capacity configuration of windsolarhydrogen microgrids. The first stage determines the capacity of each component with the goal of minimizing investment costs, while the second stage aims to minimize operational costs. The solution to the model is derived through the application of the ColumnandConstraint Generation (C&CG) algorithm. The results indicate that the model can achieve a rational configuration of capacity, and it enhances the energy utilization efficiency and economic performance of the windsolarhydrogen microgrid.

microgrid  /  hydrogen energy  /  distributionally robust  /  capacity configuration  /  uncertainty
伊国通, 赵辉, 王红君, 岳有军. 基于分布鲁棒优化的风光氢微电网容量配置方法研究. 可再生能源, 2024 , 42 (11) : 1518 -1526 .
Guotong Yi, Hui Zhao, Hongjun Wang, Youjun Yue. Research on capacity configuration methods for wind-solar-hydrogen microgrids based on distributionally robust optimization[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2024 , 42 (11) : 1518 -1526 .
随着能源生产和消费模式的革新,新能源为主导的电力系统在电网中的比例逐步提高, 光伏和风电等可再生能源正逐渐成为能源转型的关键力量 [ 1 ]
氢能与氢燃料电池和储氢技术结合后,可减少弃风、弃光现象并稳定电网波动 [ 2 , 3 ] 。文献[ 4 ]通过改进求解算法对风光氢储系统配置问题进行了优化。文献[ 5 ]提出了一种风光氢储能的混合微电网系统,采用多准则优化设计和混合蛙跳算法,减少了总能量损失, 提高了系统的可靠性。文献[ 6 ] 针对孤岛微电网提出了一种考虑电氢耦合的混合储能微电网容量配置方法, 有效提高了系统经济性和可靠性。文献[ 7 ]在容量优化配置模型中引入功率交互约束模型, 结果表明, 合适的功率约束可以提高系统稳定性并降低成本。文献[ 8 ]建立了风氢耦合模型,并证明了模型的经济性和可行性,减少了碳排放。上述研究在微电网容量配置方面进行了优化, 但未能综合考虑风光发电不确定性对氢储能容量配置带来的规划不合理问题。由于风电和光伏出力的不确定性, 现有研究采用随机优化(Stochastic Optimization, SO)、鲁棒优化(Robust Optimization, RO)和分布鲁棒优化(Distribu-tionally Robust Optimization, DRO)对系统中的不确定性进行建模。其中分布鲁棒优化综合了 SO 与 $\mathrm{{RO}}$ 的特点,通过优化最不利的概率分布,以增强决策的鲁棒性。文献[ 9 ]通过考虑需求响应的不确定性, 提出了基于分布鲁棒优化的变电站规划方法。文献[ 10 ]为协调可再生能源发电的综合需求响应和不确定性, 建立了数据驱动的两阶段分布鲁棒模型。文献[ 11 ]为应对风电或光伏出力的不确定性,构建了两阶段 DRO 调度模型。大多数研究采用分布鲁棒解决微电网运行过程的调度决策问题,而利用分布鲁棒解决风光氢微电网建设初期的容量配置优化问题少有研究。容量配置优化问题还涉及到对各分布式电源容量的合理分配及投资建设成本, 本文在确定各分布式电源的容量配置基础上,模拟不同场景下运行状态和功率输出, 在取得投资成本最低情况下优化运行成本。
本文为解决微电网建设初期的容量配置问题,考虑到风光氢能源的清洁性,构建了风光氢能源系统模型,并计及风光出力的不确定性,基于历史数据, 利用手肘法和轮廓系数法共同确定改进的 K-means 算法的聚类数量, 进而得到典型场景, 建立范数约束不确定概率分布集合, 确定在最不利概率分布下的配置方案。构建两阶段分布式鲁棒优化模型, 第一阶段以投资成本最小为目标, 第二阶段以运行成本最小为目标,利用 $\mathrm{C}\&\mathrm{{CG}}$ 算法对两阶段模型进行求解。
本文基于历史数据进行聚类分析,分别对风、 光历史数据进行处理,选取典型日的出力场景。为获取具有代表性的典型场景, 本文对场景数据进行了聚类分析。聚类的数量选择对分析结果有着决定性的影响, 不同的聚类数量直接关系到聚类质量、典型场景的准确反映以及后续分析的精确度和稳定性。本文通过联合轮廓系数与手肘法判断最优的聚类场景个数。
本文通过改进 K-means 聚类算法, 对风光场景进行识别并聚类 [ 12 - 17 ] 。主要步骤包括:① 确定聚类数量 $k$ ,从所有场景中随机选取一个作为首个聚类中心 A1; ②计算其余场景与已有聚类中心 (起初为 A1)的欧氏距离,将距离最远的场景作为新的聚类中心, 以此类推, 计算所有场景到所有聚类中心的距离总和, 选取能使该总和最大化的场景作为下一聚类中心,直至达到 $k$ 个; ③将每个未分类的场景分配给最近的聚类中心, 形成初步聚类,随后,更新每个聚类中心为该聚类内所有场景的平均值; ④定义聚类总误差 $E$ 为所有场景到其聚类中心的距离平方和。若连续两次迭代误差变化小于设定阈值,则认为已达到收敛,停止迭代并确定聚类结果;若未收敛,则返回③继续。
本文所研究的微电网系统主要包括风电机组、光伏阵列、氢储能系统(电解槽、储氢罐、燃料电池)、负荷、变流器和逆变器等,微电网结构如 图 1 所示。
本文建立以风光氢微电网系统年综合成本最低为目标, 目标函数为
$\min {C}_{\mathrm{{all}}}= {C}_{\mathrm{{inv}}}+ {C}_{\mathrm{{rep}}}+ {C}_{\mathrm{{buy}}}+ {C}_{\text{waste }}- {C}_{\text{sellH }2}- {C}_{\text{selle }}$
式中: ${C}_{\text{all }},{C}_{\text{inv }},{C}_{\text{rep }}$ 分别为风光氢系统年综合总成本、年投资成本、年维护折旧成本; ${C}_{\text{buy }},{C}_{\text{waste }},{C}_{\text{sellH2 }}$ , ${C}_{\text{selle }}$ 分别为年购电成本、年弃风/弃光惩罚成本、 年售氢收益、年售电收益。
系统年投资成本为
${C}_{\text{inv }}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{5}{E}_{\text{cap }, i}{c}_{\text{inv }, i}\frac{r{\left( 1 + r\right)}^{Y}}{{\left( 1 + r\right)}^{Y}- 1}$
式中: $r$ 为贴现率; $Y$ 为使用年限; ${E}_{\mathrm{{cap}}, i}\left({i = 1,2,\cdots 5}\right)$ 分别为风电、光伏、电解槽、储氢罐、燃料电池的总装机容量; ${c}_{\mathrm{{inv}}, i}\left({i = 1,2,\cdots 5}\right)$ 分别为风电、光伏、电解槽、储氢罐、燃料电池的单位容量投资成本。
年维护折旧成本为
${C}_{\mathrm{{rep}}}= {C}_{\mathrm{{inv}}}\cdot \left({{\gamma }_{0}+ \frac{1 -{\gamma }_{1}}{Y}}\right)$
式中: ${\gamma }_{0}$ 为运维成本系数; ${\gamma }_{1}$ 为残值系数。
年购电成本为
${C}_{\text{buy }}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{s = 1}}^{{N}_{s}}{365}\cdot {p}_{s}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t = 1}}^{{24}}\left({{P}_{s, t}^{\text{buy }}{c}_{s, t}^{\text{buy }}}\right)$
式中: ${N}_{s}$ 为场景集合; ${P}_{s, t}^{\text{buy }},{c}_{s, t}^{\text{buy }}$ 分别为在场景 $s$$t$ 时刻的购电功率、电价; ${p}_{s}$ 为场景 $s$ 可能发生的概率。
弃风、弃光惩罚成本为
${C}_{\text{waste }}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{s = 1}}^{{N}_{s}}{365}\\{p}_{s}\left\lbrack {\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t = 1}}^{{24}}{c}_{s, t}^{\mathrm{{WT}}}\left({{P}_{s, t}^{\mathrm{{WT}},\text{ est }}- {P}_{s, t}^{\mathrm{{WT}}}}\right)+ \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t = 1}}^{{24}}{c}_{s, t}^{\mathrm{{PV}}}\left({{P}_{s, t}^{\mathrm{{PV}},\text{ est }}- {P}_{s, t}^{\mathrm{{PV}}}}\right)}\right\rbrack $
式中: ${c}_{s, t}^{\mathrm{{WT}}},{c}_{s, t}^{\mathrm{{PV}}}$ 分别为在 $s$ 场景下 $t$ 时刻的弃风价格和弃光价格; ${P}_{s, t}^{\mathrm{{WT}},\text{ est }},{P}_{s, t}^{\mathrm{{PV}},\text{ est }}$ 分别为风电、光伏预测出力值; ${P}_{s, t}^{\mathrm{{WT}}},{P}_{s, t}^{\mathrm{{PV}}}$ 分别为在 $s$ 场景下 $t$ 时刻的实际风力发电量、光伏发电量。
售氢售电收益为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{C}_{\text{sellH }2}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{s = 1}}^{{N}_{s}}{365}\cdot {p}_{s}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t = 1}}^{{24}}\left({{H}_{s, t}^{\text{sell }}{h}_{s, t}^{\text{sell }}}\right)\\{C}_{\text{sell }}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{s = 1}}^{{N}_{s}}{365}\cdot {p}_{s}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t = 1}}^{{24}}\left({{P}_{s, t}^{\text{sell }}{c}_{s, t}^{\text{sell }}}\right)\end{array}\right.$
式中: ${H}_{s, t}^{\text{sell }},{h}_{s, t}^{\text{sell }}$${P}_{s, t}^{\text{sell }},{c}_{s, t}^{\text{sell }}$ 分别为在 $s$ 场景下 $t$ 时刻的可售氢气量、售氢价格和可售电量、售电价格。
风光氢微电网容量配置优化模型的约束条件包括各设备的装机容量约束、氢储能系统约束、储氢容量约束、购/售电量约束、功率平衡约束。
风电、光伏、电解槽、储氢罐、燃料电池的安装设备容量不得超过最大值,避免浪费过多容量,同时也了节约成本,即:
$ 0 \leq {E}_{\text{cap }, i}\leq {E}_{\text{maxcap }, i}$
式中: ${E}_{\text{maxap }, i}\left({i = 1,2,\cdots 5}\right)$ 分别为风电、光伏、电解槽、储氢罐、燃料电池的最大安装设备容量。
2.3.2 氢储能系统约束
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} 0 \leq {P}_{s, t}^{\mathrm{{EC}}}\leq {\beta }_{s, t}^{\mathrm{{EC}}}{P}_{\max }^{\mathrm{{EC}}}\\ 0 \leq {P}_{s, t}^{\mathrm{{FC}}}\leq {\beta }_{s, t}^{\mathrm{{FC}}}{P}_{\max }^{\mathrm{{FC}}}\\{\beta }_{s, t}^{\mathrm{{EC}}}+ {\beta }_{s, t}^{\mathrm{{FC}}}\leq 1 \end{array}\right.$
式中: ${\beta }_{s, t}^{\mathrm{{EC}}},{\beta }_{s, t}^{\mathrm{{FC}}}$ 分别为电解槽和燃料电池状态系数,工作时为 1,不工作时为 $0;{P}_{s, t}^{\mathrm{{EC}}},{P}_{s, t}^{\mathrm{{FC}}}$ 分别为在 $s$ 场景下 $t$ 时刻的电解槽功率和燃料电池功率; ${P}_{\max }^{\mathrm{{EC}}},{P}_{\max }^{\mathrm{{FC}}}$ 分别为电解槽和燃料电池的最大功率。
2.3.3 储氢容量约束
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{E}_{s, t + 1}^{\mathrm{{HST}}}= {E}_{s, t}^{\mathrm{{HST}}}+ {\beta }_{s, t}^{\mathrm{{EC}}}{P}_{s, t}^{\mathrm{{EC}}}{\eta }_{\mathrm{{EC}}}- {\beta }_{s, t}^{\mathrm{{FC}}}\frac{{P}_{s, t}^{\mathrm{{FC}}}}{{\eta }_{\mathrm{{FC}}}}\\{0.15}{E}_{\max }^{\mathrm{{HST}}}\leq {E}_{s, t}^{\mathrm{{HST}}}\leq {0.95}{E}_{\max }^{\mathrm{{HST}}}\end{array}\right.$
式中: ${E}_{s, t}^{\mathrm{{HST}}}$ 为在 $s$ 场景下 $t$ 时刻的储氢罐的储氢量; ${\eta }_{\mathrm{{EC}}}$ 为电解槽电解效率,本文取 ${0.7};{\eta }_{\mathrm{{FC}}}$ 为燃料电池效率,本文取 ${0.5};{E}_{\max }^{\mathrm{{HST}}}$ 为储氢罐最大储氢量。 2.3.4 功率平衡约束
${P}_{s, t}^{\mathrm{{WT}}}+ {P}_{s, t}^{\mathrm{{PV}}}- {P}_{s, t}^{\mathrm{{EC}}}+ {P}_{s, t}^{\mathrm{{FC}}}+ {P}_{s, t}^{\mathrm{{buy}}}- {P}_{s, t}^{\mathrm{{sell}}}= {P}_{s, t}^{\mathrm{{load}}}$
式中: ${P}_{s, t}^{\text{load }}$ 为在 $s$ 场景下 $t$ 时刻的负荷需求。
2.3.5 购、售电约束
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} 0 \leq {P}_{s, t}^{\text{buy }}\leq {P}_{\text{grid }}\\ 0 \leq {P}_{s, t}^{\text{sell }}\leq {P}_{\text{grid }}\\{\beta }_{s, t}^{\text{buy }}+ {\beta }_{s, t}^{\text{sell }}\leq 1 \end{array}\right.$
式中: ${P}_{\text{grid }}$ 为联络线允许传输功率值; ${\beta }_{s, t}^{\text{buy }},{\beta }_{s, t}^{\text{sell }}$ 分别为在 $s$ 场景下 $t$ 时刻的购、售电状态, ${\mathbf{\beta }}_{s, t}^{\text{buy }}$ 为 1 表示购电,0 表示不购电, ${\beta }_{s, t}$ 为 1 表示售电,0 表示不售电。
本文通过构建基于数据驱动的两阶段分布鲁棒模型,基于风光历史数据,选取典型场景,建立范数约束不确定概率分布集合, 以处理风力发电和光伏发电的不确定性问题。第一阶段求取不同设备的投资及维护成本,其变量通过 $\mathbf{X}$ 表示,包括风力、光伏发电设备及氢储能系统各设备容量。 第二阶段求取运行成本,变量通过 ${\mathbf{y}}_{s}$ 表示,包括各设备的出力情况、运行状态、购电量、售氢、售电量等,在第一阶段的策略基础上进行模拟运行。本文构建的模型为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\mathop{\min }\limits_{{x \in X}}\mathbf{A}\mathbf{X}+ \mathop{\max }\limits_{{{p}_{s}\in {\Omega }^{\prime }}}\left\lbrack {\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{s = 1}}^{{N}_{s}}{p}_{s}\mathop{\min }\limits_{{{y}_{s}\in Y\left({x,{\xi }_{s}}\right)}}\left({\mathbf{B}{\mathbf{y}}_{s}+ \mathbf{C}{\mathbf{\xi }}_{s}}\right)}\right\rbrack \\\text{ s.t.}\;\mathbf{D}\mathbf{x}\leq \mathbf{d}\\\;\mathbf{E}{\mathbf{y}}_{s}\leq \mathbf{e},\forall s \\\;\mathbf{E}{\mathbf{y}}_{s}= {\mathbf{f}}_{s}\cdot {\mathbf{f}}_{s}\end{array}\right.$
式中: $\mathbf{A}$ 为第一阶段常量集合; $\mathbf{{AX}}$ 为年投资成本与年维护折旧成本之和,对应式 (2),(3); ${\mathbf{{By}}}_{s}+ {\mathbf{{C\xi }}}_{s}$ 为年运行成本; ${\Omega }^{p}$${p}_{s}$ 满足的集合; ${\mathbf{\xi }}_{s}$ 为第 $s$ 个场景下风电、光伏预测出力值;式(12)中第一条约束条件代表第一阶段装机数量约束;第二、三条约束条件表示第二阶段运行变量的等式和不等式约束。
为使得场景概率 ${p}_{s}$ 更符合真实概率分布,引入范数对此进行约束,本文采用 1-范数和 $\infty -$ 范数。约束下的 ${p}_{s}$ 满足集合:
${\mathbf{\Omega }}^{p}= \left\{\begin{array}{l}{p}_{s}\geq 0, s = 1,\cdots ,{N}_{s}\\\frac{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{s = 1}}^{{N}_{s}}{p}_{s}= 1}{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{s = 1}}^{{N}_{s}}\left|{{p}_{s}- {p}_{s}^{0}}\right|} \leq {\theta }_{1}\\\frac{\max }{{\theta }_{1}}\left|{{p}_{s}- {p}_{s}^{0}}\right|\leq {\theta }_{2}\end{array}\right.$
式中: ${p}_{s}^{0}$ 为聚类后的初始概率; ${\theta }_{1},{\theta }_{\infty }$ 分别为在 $1 -$ 范数和 $\infty$ -范数约束下的场景概率偏离度。
本文将原问题拆分成主问题和子问题的组合,以便于对模型的求解,并采用 C&CG 算法进行迭代求解, 其流程如 图 2 所示。
本文基于西北某地风光历史数据, 以全年 ${365}\mathrm{\;d}$ ,采样间隔为 $1\mathrm{\;h}$ 的 8760 个数据进行聚类选取典型日出力场景。在选取合适的聚类数量上, 通过采用轮廓系数法和手肘法共同确定典型日。 结果如 图 3 ,4 所示。
通过手肘法确定风光典型日出力场景时,可以看出, 在聚类数量为 4 时存在拐点。由轮廓系数法确定风光典型日出力场景时, 尽管当聚类数量为 2 时, 平均轮廓系数值最大, 但由手肘法可以看出, 聚类数量为 2 时, 此时的簇内误差平方和较大,说明并不是最佳的聚类数量。综合两种方法, 确定风光场景最佳聚类数量为 4。
通过改进 K-means 聚类算法得到典型场景, 不同典型日下风光出力值如 图 5 ,6 所示。
本文在 Matlab R2020b 环境下搭建数据驱动的两阶段分布鲁棒模型,采用 C&CG 算法对模型分段求解, 通过调用 Yalmip 工具箱中的 Gurobi 商业求解器对模型进行求解。设备参数相关参数见 表 1
购电、售电价格采用实时电价, 见 表 2 。氢气售价参考文献[ 18 ]。
设置本文构建的两阶段分布鲁棒模型的置信水平 ${\alpha }_{1}= {0.95},{\alpha }_{\infty }= {0.95}$ ,场景数 $M ={365}$ 。得到包括年综合成本、运行成本、弃风、弃光成本、购、售电成本、设备装机容量结果如 表 3 所示。
优化配置下的风光氢微电网系统日运行结果如 图 7 所示。
结合 表 3图 7 可知, 两阶段 DRO 优化配置下的风光氢微电网没有弃风、弃光现象,说明各设备的容量配置合理,对风光资源的利用率高,电能得到充分利用。在风光发电满足负荷仍有盈余时, 剩余电力可以通过电解槽制氢将电能储存,在风、 光发电量无法满足负荷需求时, 燃料电池将氢气转换为电能。风、光盈余电力在满足电解槽最大制氢功率后,还可将剩余电力进行出售,由于合理的配置,系统实现了对可再生能源及电能地充分利用。
为验证本文构建的两阶段分布鲁棒模型的有效性, 通过与不同模型下的配置结果进行对比分析。
在确定性模型下, 不考虑风电和光伏出力的不确定性, 直接取历史数据的均值作为风电和光伏的出力场景,目标函数仍为年综合成本最小,求取确定性模型下的各设备容量的最优配置。确定性模型结构为单层, 无须采用分段求解, 可直接调用Gurobi 求解器进行求解。DRO 与确定性模型对比结果如 表 4 所示。
表 4 中可以看出, 由于确定性模型未考虑风、光不确定性,导致其配置结果中年综合成本较高,且确定性模型的年购电成本高于本文方法, 但售氢收益高。两种方法下弃风、弃光成本为零, 说明由于存在氢储能系统, 使得盈余电能得到了充分利用。
将本文模型与 $\mathrm{{SO}}$$\mathrm{{RO}}$ 模型进行对比分析, 本文分布鲁棒与 SO 模型、RO 模型均为两阶段。 不同模型下的优化结果如 表 5 所示 [ 19 ]
表 5 可知, 从年综合成本来看, 随机规划方法取得的成本最低, 本文的分布鲁棒模型其次, 鲁棒优化方法下取得的成本最高。这是由于随机规划方法的结果可看做是在每个场景下的期望值的加权和, 相当于不同概率、不同场景下的所有确定性模型的累积, 虽然随机规划最终的成本最低, 但其配置结果中的弃风、弃光成本较高, 且年投资成本较高, 所以随机规划方法下的配置结果并不理想。鲁棒优化方法下的年综合成本为三者中最高, 由于鲁棒优化考虑到风、光出力的最恶劣情况,导致其配置结果下的年综合成本最高, 弃风、弃光成本最高。本文方法下取得的配置结果, 虽然年综合成本不是最低, 但年投资成本最低, 且无弃风、弃光成本,能源利用率高。
本文采用的综合范数即 1 - 范数与 $\infty$ -范数, 通过二者联合对不确定性概率分布置信集合进行约束,不同的置信度会对优化配置结果产生影响, 通过调节不同置信度, 分析在不同置信度下的年综合成本, 结果如 表 6 所示。
表 6 可以看出,随着 1 - 范数和 $\infty -$ 范数的增大,年综合成本也在增加。由于 1-范数和 $\infty$ -范数的增大使得置信区间增大。即使得模型中的风、 光出力不确定性增大, 模型保守度变高, 因此须要考虑到更为恶劣情况下的配置结果, 最终获得更为恶劣的期望值。
为进一步分析综合范数约束和在仅考虑一种范数约束下的区别,取综合范数下 ${\alpha }_{\infty }= {0.95},{\alpha }_{1}$ 分别为0.2,0.5,0.99,与仅考虑 $\infty$ -范数 ${\alpha }_{\infty }= {0.95}$ 的计算结果进行对比,结果如 表 7 所示。
取综合范数下 ${\alpha }_{1}= {0.5},{\alpha }_{\infty }$ 分别为0.5,0.8,0.99, 与仅考虑 1-范数 ${\alpha }_{1}= {0.5}$ 的计算结果进行对比,结果如 表 8 所示。
分析不同范数约束下的结果, 可以看出, 在综合范数约束下可取得更低的成本, 经济性更好, 而仅考虑 1 - 范数或 $\infty$ - 范数约束下的成本较高,说明在只考虑单个范数约束下模型保守度高。导致其成本高, 在综合范数约束下的模型保守度更低。
通过控制氢储能系统中的电解槽、储氢罐、燃料电池的投资成本, 分析在不同投资成本下(控制投资成本下降幅度), 氢储能对微电网容量配置的影响, 结果如 表 9 所示。
表 9 可以看出, 氢储能投资成本下降, 导致风电、光伏容量下降,而氢储能系统容量增大,说明系统倾向于增加氢储能系统容量来满足负荷需求,同时也是为了更好地消纳风电、光电。
本文考虑到风光出力的不确定性, 基于分布鲁棒建立了风光氢微网容量配置模型,通过算例分析, 得出以下结论: ①通过寻找最大轮廓系数并联合手肘法,选取合理的聚类场景个数,两种方法的结合可以减小因采用单一方法而导致的主观因素影响, 结合两种方法可以更准确地判断合适的聚类数量; ②基于分布鲁棒方法构建的模型相比于确定性方法、随机规划方法和鲁棒优化所构建的模型, 求解结果更为理想, 分布鲁棒模型在考虑到最恶劣的场景后,即取得更好经济性,又具备更好的鲁棒性;③在分布鲁棒模型中,考虑综合范数约束比仅考虑 1-范数或 $\infty$ -范数约束下的年综合成本更低, 结果更具经济性。随着氢储能投资成本的降低, 系统倾向增加氢储能容量, 系统年综合成本降低。
  • 天津市自然科学基金重点项目(08JCZDJC18600)
  • 天津市教委重点基金项目(2006ZD32)
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  • 接收时间:2024-03-05
  • 首发时间:2025-07-22
  • 出版时间:2024-11-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-05
基金
天津市自然科学基金重点项目(08JCZDJC18600)
天津市教委重点基金项目(2006ZD32)
作者信息
    1 天津理工大学 电气工程与自动化学院 天津 300384
    2 天津市复杂系统控制理论及应用重点实验室 天津 300384

通讯作者:

赵辉(1963-),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,研究方向为电力系统及其自动化、新能源控制技术与应用。E-mail:
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