Article(id=1154428728965845196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154428727883714760, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13224/j.cnki.jasp.20220346, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1682438400000, receivedDateStr=2023-04-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753166857233, onlineDateStr=2025-07-22, pubDate=1732032000000, pubDateStr=2024-11-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753166857233, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753166857233, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753166857233, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154428727883714760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, year='2024', volume='42', issue='11', pageStart='1420', pageEnd='1562', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753166856976, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753694530898, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156641952767533916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154428727883714760, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156641952767533917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154428727883714760, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1449, endPage=1457, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154428729372692685, articleId=1154428728965845196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, language=EN, title=Performance analysis of the SOFC-GT hybrid power system fueled with NH3, columnId=null, journalTitle=Renewable Energy Resources, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Design a marine ammonia fuel SOFCGT hybrid power system based on the power requirements of ships, and establish a detailed model of the hybrid power system. Analyze the influence characteristics of ammonia decomposition conversion rate of ammonia decomposer under changes in ammonia flow rate and inlet temperature. Under the limiting conditions of fuel cell temperature gradient, compressor surge safety zone, and turbine inlet temperature, the operational performance of the hybrid power system was analyzed. The effects of ammonia flow rate and ammonia decomposer inlet temperature on the performance of the hybrid power system were studied. The main conclusions are as follows: the output power of the hybrid power system reaches 350.5 kW, and the power generation efficiency reaches 62.40%. When the inlet temperature is above 1 050 K, the conversion rate of ammonia decomposition is close to 100%. The ammonia decomposition conversion rate shows a decreasing trend with the increase of flow rate. When the inlet temperature is high, the influence of flow rate on the decrease of ammonia decomposition conversion rate gradually decreases. When the ammonia flow rate gradually approaches 1.80 mol/s, the performance of fuel cells, gas turbines, and systems gradually increases with the increase of ammonia flow rate. However, the ammonia flow rate in the system should not be too high. When the ammonia flow rate reaches 1.80 mol/s, the turbine inlet temperature has exceeded the safe operating range. When other operating conditions are design conditions, the overall performance of the system improves as the inlet temperature of the ammonia decomposition reactor gradually increases to 1 129 K.

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文章设计了以氨为燃料的船用 SOFCGT 混合动力系统,建立了混合动力系统的模型。对氨流量和氨分解器入口温度对氨分解转化率的影响进行了分析,并在燃料电池温度梯度、压气机喘振安全区和透平入口温度等限制条件下,研究了氨流量和氨分解器入口温度对混合动力系统性能的影响。研究结果表明:混合动力系统的输出功率可达到350.5 kW,发电效率可达到62.40%;当氨分解器入口温度高于1050K时,氨分解转化率接近100%;其他运行条件不变时,氨分解转化率随氨流量的提升呈降低趋势,当氨分解器入口温度较高时,氨流量对氨分解转化率下降的影响逐渐减小;当氨流量逐渐接近1.80 mol/s时,燃料电池、燃气轮机以及系统的性能均随着氨流量的提升而逐渐升高,但氨流量不宜过高,当氨流量达到 1.80 mol/s时,透平入口温度已超出安全运行范围;在其他运行条件为设计工况时,随着氨分解器入口温度逐渐升至1129K,系统整体性能随之提升。

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吕小静(1985-),女,博士,副教授,研究方向为燃料电池/燃气轮机混合动力系统,智慧能源系统及智能控制技术。E-mail:
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Energy, 2015, 91: 10-19., articleTitle=Effect of operating parameters on a hybrid system of intermediate -temperature solid oxide fuel cell and gas turbine, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1154428771311538878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428728965845196, awardId=51806137, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然基金委青年基金项目(51806137), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1154428766492283418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428728965845196, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154428766496477722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428728965845196, companyId=1154428766492283418, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 China-UK Low Carbon College Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 201306 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154428766504866332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154428769491210904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428728965845196, language=CN, label=图 2, caption=氨分解器转化率与入口温度的关系, figureFileSmall=hEY1qGibSOPH7ui1IYhjUA==, figureFileBig=wirwYyDfpKRTfe1T6RnJcw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154428769562514075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428728965845196, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Effect of decomposition tube inlet temperature on tube outlet temperature, figureFileSmall=1fvzIfDy84tI8ApXmIWbkQ==, figureFileBig=7C58MSsS7pBuvJmaCLrZQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154428769650594462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428728965845196, language=CN, label=图 3, caption=氨分解器出口温度与入口温度的关系, figureFileSmall=1fvzIfDy84tI8ApXmIWbkQ==, figureFileBig=7C58MSsS7pBuvJmaCLrZQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154428769721897633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428728965845196, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Effect of decomposition tube flow rate on ammonia decomposition rate with different inlet temperature, figureFileSmall=vvjL8Jqtl/Mpjn9GQw7+Rg==, figureFileBig=I7dyhJFK4NrR9WN9OaDBKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154428769889669794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428728965845196, language=CN, label=图 4, caption=不同温度下氨分解器转化率与入口流量的关系, figureFileSmall=vvjL8Jqtl/Mpjn9GQw7+Rg==, figureFileBig=I7dyhJFK4NrR9WN9OaDBKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154428769965167269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428728965845196, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=The influence of ammonia flow rate on system performance, figureFileSmall=aTJt/uVjIMVXu3VB/QrKAA==, figureFileBig=R7HP+AbrQzKPBTMn53jjRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154428770137133735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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caption=Operating parameters effects on system efficiency and system power, figureFileSmall=fI0gwlJDTPJZVre0WczPbg==, figureFileBig=RhLSIYQkJWkAMX1+HQyVsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154428770611090096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428728965845196, language=CN, label=图 7, caption=运行参数对系统效率、系统功率的影响对比, figureFileSmall=fI0gwlJDTPJZVre0WczPbg==, figureFileBig=RhLSIYQkJWkAMX1+HQyVsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154428770665616049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428728965845196, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Parameters of the SOFC mathematic model, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
电池长度/m 0.4
燃料通道高度/m 0.001
阳极厚度 $/{\mu \mathrm{m}}$ 500
电解质厚度/μm 20
电池宽度/m 0.1
空气通道高度/m 0.001
阴极厚度 $/{\mu \mathrm{m}}$ 50
双极板厚度 $/\mathrm{{\mu m}}$ 500
阳极电导率/ ${\left( \Omega \cdot \mathrm{m}\right) }^{-1}$ ${8.0} \times {10}^{4}$
阴极电导率/ ${\left( \Omega \cdot \mathrm{m}\right) }^{-1}$ ${8.4} \times {10}^{3}$
阳极扩散系数 $/{\mathrm{m}}^{2} \cdot \mathrm{s}$ ${3.66} \times {10}^{-5}$
阴极扩散系数 $/{\mathrm{m}}^{2} \cdot \mathrm{s}$ ${1.37} \times {10}^{-5}$
单电池数量 1950
工作压力/MPa 0.4
燃料利用率 $/\%$ 75
工作温度/K 973~1 073
平均电流密度 $/\mathrm{A} \cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ 5000
), ArticleFig(id=1154428770824999603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428728965845196, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=固态氧化物燃料电池数学模型参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
电池长度/m 0.4
燃料通道高度/m 0.001
阳极厚度 $/{\mu \mathrm{m}}$ 500
电解质厚度/μm 20
电池宽度/m 0.1
空气通道高度/m 0.001
阴极厚度 $/{\mu \mathrm{m}}$ 50
双极板厚度 $/\mathrm{{\mu m}}$ 500
阳极电导率/ ${\left( \Omega \cdot \mathrm{m}\right) }^{-1}$ ${8.0} \times {10}^{4}$
阴极电导率/ ${\left( \Omega \cdot \mathrm{m}\right) }^{-1}$ ${8.4} \times {10}^{3}$
阳极扩散系数 $/{\mathrm{m}}^{2} \cdot \mathrm{s}$ ${3.66} \times {10}^{-5}$
阴极扩散系数 $/{\mathrm{m}}^{2} \cdot \mathrm{s}$ ${1.37} \times {10}^{-5}$
单电池数量 1950
工作压力/MPa 0.4
燃料利用率 $/\%$ 75
工作温度/K 973~1 073
平均电流密度 $/\mathrm{A} \cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ 5000
), ArticleFig(id=1154428770892108469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428728965845196, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Performances of the ammonia fueled SOFC-GT hybrid system, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
电池电压/V 0.704 5
SOFC 功率/kW 272.4
燃气轮机功率/kW ${39.5} \times 2$
系统功率/kW 350.5
压气机耗功/kW 39.82
透平做功/kW 80.70
SOFC 发电效率1% 42.35
系统发电效率1% 62.40
), ArticleFig(id=1154428771038909111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428728965845196, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=以氨为燃料的 SOFC-GT 混合动力系统性能参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
电池电压/V 0.704 5
SOFC 功率/kW 272.4
燃气轮机功率/kW ${39.5} \times 2$
系统功率/kW 350.5
压气机耗功/kW 39.82
透平做功/kW 80.70
SOFC 发电效率1% 42.35
系统发电效率1% 62.40
), ArticleFig(id=1154428771089240761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428728965845196, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=Each node parameter of ammonia fueled SOFC-GT hybrid system, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
节点 温度 K 压力 质量流量 流量 mol/s 流量 mol/s 流量 mol/s 流量 mol/s 流量 mol/s
1 298.0 0.101 0.27 0 0 7.395 1.966 0
2 444.9 0.323 0.27 0 0 7.395 1.966 0
3 298.0 0.101 0.27 0 0 7.395 1.966 0
4 444.9 0.323 0.27 0 0 7.395 1.966 0
5 444.9 0.323 0.54 0 0 14.79 3.932 0
6 686.1 0.32 0.54 0 0 14.79 3.932 0
7 239.0 1.96 0.03 1.776 0 0 0 0
8 637.2 1.94 0.03 1.776 0 0 0 0
9 637.2 0.32 0.03 1.776 0 0 0 0
10 720.9 0.316 8 0.03 1.776 0 0 0 0
11 1129.0 0.3136 0.03 1.776 0 0 0 0
12 941.5 0.3129 0.03 0 2.268 0.876 0 0
13 1016.0 0.316 8 0.54 0 0 14.79 2.947 0
14 1016.0 0.309 8 0.03 0 0.658 8 0.876 0 1.969
15 1 220.0 0.3125 0.57 0 0 15.67 2.618 2.627 8
16 1174.0 0.306 2 0.57 0 0 15.67 2.618 2.627 8
17 956.6 0.101 0.285 0 0 7.835 1.309 1.3139
18 956.6 0.101 0.285 0 0 15.67 2.618 2.627 8
19 956.6 0.101 0.57 0 0 15.67 2.618 2.627 8
20 734.6 0.101 0.57 0 0 15.67 2.618 2.627 8
21 725.4 0.101 0.57 0 0 15.67 2.618 2.627 8
22 681.5 0.101 0.57 0 0 15.67 2.618 2.627 8
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节点 温度 K 压力 质量流量 流量 mol/s 流量 mol/s 流量 mol/s 流量 mol/s 流量 mol/s
1 298.0 0.101 0.27 0 0 7.395 1.966 0
2 444.9 0.323 0.27 0 0 7.395 1.966 0
3 298.0 0.101 0.27 0 0 7.395 1.966 0
4 444.9 0.323 0.27 0 0 7.395 1.966 0
5 444.9 0.323 0.54 0 0 14.79 3.932 0
6 686.1 0.32 0.54 0 0 14.79 3.932 0
7 239.0 1.96 0.03 1.776 0 0 0 0
8 637.2 1.94 0.03 1.776 0 0 0 0
9 637.2 0.32 0.03 1.776 0 0 0 0
10 720.9 0.316 8 0.03 1.776 0 0 0 0
11 1129.0 0.3136 0.03 1.776 0 0 0 0
12 941.5 0.3129 0.03 0 2.268 0.876 0 0
13 1016.0 0.316 8 0.54 0 0 14.79 2.947 0
14 1016.0 0.309 8 0.03 0 0.658 8 0.876 0 1.969
15 1 220.0 0.3125 0.57 0 0 15.67 2.618 2.627 8
16 1174.0 0.306 2 0.57 0 0 15.67 2.618 2.627 8
17 956.6 0.101 0.285 0 0 7.835 1.309 1.3139
18 956.6 0.101 0.285 0 0 15.67 2.618 2.627 8
19 956.6 0.101 0.57 0 0 15.67 2.618 2.627 8
20 734.6 0.101 0.57 0 0 15.67 2.618 2.627 8
21 725.4 0.101 0.57 0 0 15.67 2.618 2.627 8
22 681.5 0.101 0.57 0 0 15.67 2.618 2.627 8
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以NH3 为燃料的船用 SOFC-GT 混合动力系统特性分析
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郑天石 1 , 吕小静 1 , 翁一武 2 , 马翼 2
可再生能源 | 2024,42(11): 1449-1457
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可再生能源 | 2024, 42(11): 1449-1457
以NH3 为燃料的船用 SOFC-GT 混合动力系统特性分析
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郑天石1, 吕小静1 , 翁一武2, 马翼2
作者信息
  • 1 上海交通大学 中英国际低碳学院 上海 201306
  • 2 上海交通大学 机械与动力工程学院 上海 200240

通讯作者:

吕小静(1985-),女,博士,副教授,研究方向为燃料电池/燃气轮机混合动力系统,智慧能源系统及智能控制技术。E-mail:
Performance analysis of the SOFC-GT hybrid power system fueled with NH3
Tianshi Zheng1, Xiaojing Lü1 , Yiwu Weng2, Yi Ma2
Affiliations
  • 1 China-UK Low Carbon College Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 201306 China
  • 2 School of Mechanical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
出版时间: 2024-11-20 doi: 10.13224/j.cnki.jasp.20220346
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文章设计了以氨为燃料的船用 SOFCGT 混合动力系统,建立了混合动力系统的模型。对氨流量和氨分解器入口温度对氨分解转化率的影响进行了分析,并在燃料电池温度梯度、压气机喘振安全区和透平入口温度等限制条件下,研究了氨流量和氨分解器入口温度对混合动力系统性能的影响。研究结果表明:混合动力系统的输出功率可达到350.5 kW,发电效率可达到62.40%;当氨分解器入口温度高于1050K时,氨分解转化率接近100%;其他运行条件不变时,氨分解转化率随氨流量的提升呈降低趋势,当氨分解器入口温度较高时,氨流量对氨分解转化率下降的影响逐渐减小;当氨流量逐渐接近1.80 mol/s时,燃料电池、燃气轮机以及系统的性能均随着氨流量的提升而逐渐升高,但氨流量不宜过高,当氨流量达到 1.80 mol/s时,透平入口温度已超出安全运行范围;在其他运行条件为设计工况时,随着氨分解器入口温度逐渐升至1129K,系统整体性能随之提升。

氨燃料  /  固体氧化物燃料电池  /  燃气轮机  /  船用SOFC-GT  /  氨分解器

Design a marine ammonia fuel SOFCGT hybrid power system based on the power requirements of ships, and establish a detailed model of the hybrid power system. Analyze the influence characteristics of ammonia decomposition conversion rate of ammonia decomposer under changes in ammonia flow rate and inlet temperature. Under the limiting conditions of fuel cell temperature gradient, compressor surge safety zone, and turbine inlet temperature, the operational performance of the hybrid power system was analyzed. The effects of ammonia flow rate and ammonia decomposer inlet temperature on the performance of the hybrid power system were studied. The main conclusions are as follows: the output power of the hybrid power system reaches 350.5 kW, and the power generation efficiency reaches 62.40%. When the inlet temperature is above 1 050 K, the conversion rate of ammonia decomposition is close to 100%. The ammonia decomposition conversion rate shows a decreasing trend with the increase of flow rate. When the inlet temperature is high, the influence of flow rate on the decrease of ammonia decomposition conversion rate gradually decreases. When the ammonia flow rate gradually approaches 1.80 mol/s, the performance of fuel cells, gas turbines, and systems gradually increases with the increase of ammonia flow rate. However, the ammonia flow rate in the system should not be too high. When the ammonia flow rate reaches 1.80 mol/s, the turbine inlet temperature has exceeded the safe operating range. When other operating conditions are design conditions, the overall performance of the system improves as the inlet temperature of the ammonia decomposition reactor gradually increases to 1 129 K.

ammonia fuel  /  solid oxide fuel cell  /  gas turbine  /  marine SOFC-GT  /  ammonia decomposer
郑天石, 吕小静, 翁一武, 马翼. 以NH3 为燃料的船用 SOFC-GT 混合动力系统特性分析. 可再生能源, 2024 , 42 (11) : 1449 -1457 . DOI: 10.13224/j.cnki.jasp.20220346
Tianshi Zheng, Xiaojing Lü, Yiwu Weng, Yi Ma. Performance analysis of the SOFC-GT hybrid power system fueled with NH3[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2024 , 42 (11) : 1449 -1457 . DOI: 10.13224/j.cnki.jasp.20220346
目前,海洋装备的动力系统正在向“无碳化”、“高效化”发展, 其性能优劣直接影响到海洋装备的航速适应性、续航力等工作指标。因此, 发展面向未来低碳航运需求的高效动力系统是海洋装备领域急需解决的关键任务之一[ 1 ]。
固体氧化物燃料电池/燃气轮机(Solid Oxide Fuel Cells-Gas Turbine, SOFC-GT)混合动力系统的效率高达 70% 以上,且具有燃料多样、近零碳排放等优点 [ 2 ] 。将该技术应用于船舶,不仅可以提升续航能力 30%以上,还可以降低船舶载油量以及热信号和声波信号的干扰,同时不存在污染物排放的问题。目前,世界各海洋强国均在积极推进此先进船舶动力技术的发展 [ 3 ] 。作为无碳燃料,氨具有储能密度高、热值较高、易储存运输等优势, 可作为较好的储氢介质 [ 4 ] 。国际能源机构(IEA)《2020 能源展望》报告显示,预计到 2060 年,将有 60%以上的新船会使用氨或氢燃料,因此,以氨为燃料的船用 SOFC-GT 混合动力系统具有广阔的发展前景。
针对氨燃料 SOFC-GT 混合动力系统的研究,徐乐根 [ 5 ] 设计了直氨燃料的 $\mathrm{{SOFC}- {GT}}$ 混合动力系统并建立了仿真模型, 结果表明, 该系统的净发电效率为 ${56.85}\%$ 。刘艳 [ 6 ] 对氨以外重整形式通入质子交换膜燃料电池 (Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells, PEMFC) 发电进行了研究, 指出该混动系统在 4 种换热器排布方式下的热效率为 42.10%~45.46%。Quach Thai-Quyen [ 7 ] 对以氨为燃料的 SOFC-内燃机发电系统进行了研究, 结果表明, SOFC-内燃机系统的效率为 60.9%,比独立燃料电池系统的效率 $\left({{54.7}\%}\right)$${6.2}\%$ 。Al-Hamed K H [ 8 ] 提出,可将氨作为火车用 SOFC-GT 混合动力发电系统的燃料并以内重整形式制氢,仿真计算结果表明,该混动系统的效率可达 58.7%, 可满足机车设计峰值功率的 94.5%。Ryu B [ 9 ] 设计了氨燃料内重整 $\mathrm{{SOFC}- {GT}}$ 系统,数学模型计算结果表明,直接通入氨或氢作为燃料的混合动力系统的效率分别为 60.96%和 64.46%。
目前,学界在氨分解、SOFC-GT 特性与机理、 氨燃料 SOFC 发电系统等方面具有一定的研究基础, 但结合船用运行环境与负荷特性的研究尚不明确。因此, 本研究以某型号船的负荷特性为基准, 构建了以氨为燃料的船用 SOFC-GT 混合动力系统,该系统综合考虑了电池热裂解、压气机喘振等部件安全运行、不同运行模式下氨分解影响机制、系统的运行性能等因素,研究结果可为发展 “无碳化”、“高效化”的船舶动力系统技术提供理论支撑。
本文设计的以氨为燃料的 SOFC-GT 混合动力系统主要由中温型燃料电池、燃气轮机、催化燃烧室、氨催化分解器、液氨罐、氨蒸发器、若干个换热器组成,其结构如 图 1 所示。图中数字 1~22 对应混合动力系统的相应节点。
该混动系统的工作原理如下: 液氨罐中储存的氨经过蒸发器蒸发为氨气,先经调压罐调压,后经过两个换热器升温, 再通入氨分解器制取氢气, 氢气通入 SOFC 电池堆与压气机送入的空气进行反应并发电, 剩余燃料进入燃烧室, 将尾气升温并送入透平做功发电。
氨分解反应器具有管式结构, 氨分解催化剂颗粒被填充在管中, 氨气在管状固定床中进行分解, 整个反应器在绝热状态下运行, 反应器利用通入气体的热量来维持氨分解反应。
氨分解器为细管形状,由 30 个反应管组成, 管内壁涂布催化剂颗粒, 反应过程中利用通入气体的热量将分解器加热至反应温度, 在适合的反应条件下,反应器尾部将得到分解反应生成的 ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$
假设反应器床层空隙率恒定, 催化剂颗粒均匀。对于变分子反应,结合衡算方程和压力分布, 通过理想气体状态方程计算固定床表观线速度 [ 10 ] 。 各物质浓度沿反应器管程的浓度由式(1)计算。
$\frac{\mathrm{d}\left({{u}_{\mathrm{t}}\cdot {C}_{\mathrm{t}, i}}\right)}{\mathrm{d}z}= {v}_{\mathrm{t}, i}\cdot r\left({\mathrm{{NH}}}_{3}\right)\left\lbrack {{T}_{\mathrm{t}},{p}_{\mathrm{t}}\left({\mathrm{{NH}}}_{3}\right)}\right\rbrack \cdot \left({1 -\varphi }\right) $
式中: ${u}_{\mathrm{t}}$ 为各物质流速, $\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s};{C}_{\mathrm{t}, i}$ 为各物质摩尔浓度, mol/L; $z$ 为管程长度, $\mathrm{m};{v}_{\mathrm{t}, i}$ 为各物质化学计量数; $r\left({\mathrm{{NH}}}_{3}\right)$${\mathrm{{NH}}}_{3}$ 分解反应速率, $\%;{T}_{\mathrm{t}}$ 为管程温度, $\mathrm{K};{p}_{\mathrm{t}}\left({\mathrm{{NH}}}_{3}\right)$${\mathrm{{NH}}}_{3}$ 管程分压, $\mathrm{{MPa}};\varphi$ 为床层孔隙率,%。
${T}_{\mathrm{t}}$ 由式 (2) 计算。
$\frac{\mathrm{d}{T}_{\mathrm{t}}}{\mathrm{d}z}= \frac{{h}_{\mathrm{t}}\left({{T}_{\text{wall }}- {T}_{\mathrm{t}}}\right)\cdot \frac{\pi {d}_{\mathrm{r}}}{{A}_{\mathrm{t}}}{\Delta H}\left({\mathrm{{NH}}}_{3}\right)\left({T}_{\mathrm{t}}\right)\cdot r\left({\mathrm{{NH}}}_{3}\right)\left\lbrack {{T}_{\mathrm{t}},{p}_{\mathrm{t}}\left({\mathrm{{NH}}}_{3}\right)}\right\rbrack \cdot \left({1 -\varphi }\right)\cdot {\rho }_{\text{cat }}}{{u}_{\mathrm{t}}\cdot {C}_{\mathrm{p},\mathrm{m},\mathrm{g},\mathrm{t}}\cdot \sum {C}_{\mathrm{t}, i}}$
式中: ${h}_{\mathrm{t}}$ 为反应管壁换热系数, $\mathrm{W}/\left({{\mathrm{m}}^{2}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right);{T}_{\text{wall }}$ 为反应器管壁温度, $\mathrm{K};{d}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 为反应管直径, $\mathrm{m};{A}_{\mathrm{t}}$ 为反应管截面积, ${\mathrm{m}}^{2};{\Delta H}$ 为反应焓变, $\mathrm{{kJ}}/\mathrm{{mol}};{\rho }_{\text{cat }}$ 为催化剂密度, $\mathrm{{kg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3};{C}_{\mathrm{p},\mathrm{m},\mathrm{g},\mathrm{t}}$ 为对应成分气相状态下单位质量定压比热容,下角标 $\mathrm{t}$ 代表反应器管程内。
床层压降通过 Ergun 方程进行计算 [ 11 ] ,使用氨分解反应器进行氨分解的反应动力学由式(3) 计算 [ 12 ]
$ r\left({\mathrm{{NH}}}_{3}\right)\left\lbrack {{T}_{\mathrm{t}},{p}_{\mathrm{t}}\left({\mathrm{{NH}}}_{3}\right)}\right\rbrack =\\{3.636}\times {10}^{6}\cdot \exp \left({-\frac{206000}{R{T}_{\mathrm{t}}}}\right)\cdot {p}_{\mathrm{t}}\left({\mathrm{{NH}}}_{3}\right)$
根据动力装置的燃料需求量设置氨分解反应器模型的设计参数,其中催化剂为 $\mathrm{{Ni}}- \mathrm{{Pt}}/{\mathrm{{Al}}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ ,催化剂密度为 ${2000}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ ,管径为 ${20}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ ,管长为 ${0.5}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,床层孔隙率为 ${48}\%$ ,单反应管氨流量为 0.059 2 mol/s,反应管数量为 30。
本文采用阳极支撑的平板式 SOFC 数学模型, 为使 SOFC 数学模型易于构建与求解, 模型做以下假设:所有气体均为理想气体,系统内无气体泄漏; 电池电化学反应中只考虑了 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ 的氧化还原反应; 电池堆中每一个单电池的输出电压均是相等的; 反应物和生成物中各个组分混合均匀,均为理想气体的混合物;化学反应处于平衡状态。
SOFC 数学模型由电化学模型与热力学模型组成, 电化学模型主要负责计算电池电压、功率等运行参数, 热力学模型负责计算电池的运行温度等参数。电化学反应方程详见文献[ 13 ]。
燃料电池产生的电功最大值 $W$ 取决于反应过程的吉布斯自由能 ${\Delta G}$ ,数值上等于其负值,单位为 $\mathrm{{kW}}$
$ W =- {\Delta G}= {E}_{\mathrm{r}}\cdot Q ={E}_{\mathrm{r}}\cdot n \cdot F $
式中: ${E}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 为燃料电池的电动势, $\mathrm{V};Q$ 为电荷, $\mathrm{C};n$ 为迁移电子数, mol; $F$ 为法拉第常数, $\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{{mol}}$
在 SOFC 的电化学反应中, 燃料电池的实际开路电压低于理论值, 有激活极化、欧姆极化、浓度极化 3 种类型的损耗会导致开路电压下降。 活化极化与表面过电位和反应速率有关,可通过非线性 Butler-Volmer 方程确定;欧姆损失、浓差损失、极化损失的计算参考文献[ 14 ]。在 SOFC 数学模型的热力学模型部分, 基于质量守恒、能量守恒等原理计算流体的各项物性参数, 进而获得电池出口流体温度等物性参数。热力学模型主要由质量守恒方程与能量守恒方程组成。在 SOFC 内部阴极与阳极反应通道之间存在质量守恒, 即部分反应物通过通道之间传递后其总量不变。同时, SOFC 在电化学反应过程中会产生热量, 假设电池密封性与热绝缘性良好, 电池出口温度、单电池输出功率、发电效率等的计算参考文献[ 15 ]。
SOFC 模型参数根据动力系统对功率的需求以及单电池片的性能进行设置, 具体参数如 表 1 所示。
燃气轮机的数学模型主要由压气机、透平等元件构成。压气机特性仿真基于特性曲线图, 可以用压比 ${\pi }_{\mathrm{c}}$ 、绝热效率 ${\eta }_{\mathrm{c}}$ 、折合转速 ${\bar{n}}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 和折合流量 ${\bar{m}}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 描述压气机的工作特性 [ 15 ] 。压气机出口温度 ${T}_{2}^{* }$ 、出口压力 ${P}_{2}^{* }$ 、消耗功率 ${W}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 的计算参考文献 [ 16 ]。
透平的数学建模与压气机类似, 同样用压比 ${\pi }_{\mathrm{t}}$ 、绝热效率 ${\eta }_{\mathrm{t}}$ 、折合流量 ${\bar{m}}_{\mathrm{t}}$ 和折合转速 ${\bar{n}}_{\mathrm{t}}$ 描述透平在设计与非设计工况下的做功特性。同样, 将透平特性曲线中的数据采用最小二乘法拟合计算透平的流量和效率。透平出口的温度 ${T}_{4}^{* }$ 和输出功 ${W}_{\mathrm{t}}$ 的计算参考文献[ 17 ]。
本文所用燃气轮机的压气机采用离心式, 压气机和透平特性曲线详见文献[ 17 ]。燃气轮机参数根据选用机型的设计需求进行设置, 其中压比为 3.2,燃气流量为 ${0.27}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/\mathrm{s}$ ,压气机效率为 ${80}\%$ , 透平效率为 ${82}\%$ ,透平入口温度为 ${1173}\mathrm{\;K}$ ,透平出口压力为 ${323}\mathrm{{kPa}}$
混合动力系统运行的主要限制条件包括燃料电池温度梯度、压气机喘振安全区和透平入口温度等。燃料电池的工作温度以及最大温度梯度均受到材料的限制。为防止工作点偏离设计工况发生喘振,压气机的喘振裕度一般应大于 15%。具体限制条件:燃料电池温度梯度 $\left({\varepsilon }_{\max }\right)$ 小于 ${10}\mathrm{\;K}/\mathrm{{cm}}$ , 燃料电池工作温度(T)为 ${873}\sim {1123}\mathrm{\;K}$ ,压气机喘振裕度 $\left({S}_{\mathrm{M}}\right)$ 大于 ${15}\%$ ,透平入口温度 $\left({T}_{\mathrm{{IT}}}\right)$${1023}\sim$ ${1223}\mathrm{\;K}$
目标船型为运行于长江两岸的某型号汽渡船, 该船原设计采用柴油发电机进行发电, 推进形式为电推进,船长为 ${76.5}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,船宽为 ${14.7}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,设计载重为 ${700}\mathrm{t}$ ,主推进电动机额定功率为 350 $\mathrm{{kW}}$
本文的混合动力系统基于船舶功率需求进行匹配, 仿真运行结果见 表 2
表 2 可知, 该混合动力系统的功率为 ${350.5}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ ,可满足对应船型的功率需求,即在最大功率的运行工况下可输出约 ${350}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ 电能。发电效率为 ${62.40}\%$ ,透平入口压力为 ${0.306}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ ,膨胀比约为 3.06,透平入口温度为 ${1174}\mathrm{\;K}$ ;燃料电池入口压力为 ${0.313}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ ,工作温度为 ${941.5}\mathrm{\;K}$ ,入口和出口两端温差为 ${231}\mathrm{\;K}$ ,对应的温度梯度为 1.86 $\mathrm{K}/\mathrm{{cm}}$ ;压气机的喘振裕度为 ${25.08}\%$ 。以上参数均满足燃气轮机的要求, 说明混合动力系统参数选取合理。
基于上述数学模型,使用 Matlab/Simulink 软件构建氨分解器、SOFC/GT 系统、换热器等组件的模型, 并根据 图 1 的系统结构将各组件的模型结合,完成混合系统的模型构建。该模型在 Matlab/Simulink 软件中运行后, 仿真计算得出混动系统各节点的参数, 详见 表 3
由于本文的混合动力系统选用的氨分解器未设计加热装置,氨分解反应过程中所需热量均来自入口的氨, 因此需要足够的入口温度使氨分解器转化率维持在较高水平。在单个反应器通入氨的设计流量 $\left({{0.0592}\mathrm{\;{mol}}/\mathrm{s}}\right)$ 条件下,氨分解器对 ${\mathrm{{NH}}}_{3}$ 的分解转化率如 图 2 所示。由 图 2 可知,当入口温度高于 ${1050}\mathrm{\;K}$ 时,氨分解转化率接近 100%。
由于氨分解器出口温度涉及到混合动力系统后续元件的运行工况, 因此, 氨分解器出口温度对混合动力系统的性能影响较大。氨分解器出口温度随入口温度的变化如 图 3 所示。
图 3 可知: 当入口温度提升至约 ${700}\mathrm{\;K}$ 后, 出口温度随入口温度的升高而提升的速率减缓, 主要由于在入口温度超过 ${700}\mathrm{\;K}$ 后,氨分解反应进行得更充分, 在反应过程中的吸热量随着氨分解转化率的提高而升高; 当入口温度提升至约 ${1050}\mathrm{\;K}$ 以上时,出口温度的提升速率恢复到入口温度在 ${700}\mathrm{\;K}$ 以下的水平,主要由于入口温度在 ${1050}\mathrm{\;K}$ 以上时,氨分解反应进行完全,不再提升吸热量并扩大出、入口温降幅度。
在氨分解反应器中, 入口流量将影响氨分子与催化剂接触的时间, 若流量过高将降低氨分子与催化剂接触的时间,进而影响反应转化率。本文对不同温度下氨分解器转化率与入口流量的关系进行了探究, 结果见 图 4
图 4 可知, 氨分解转化率呈现出随流量提升而降低的趋势, 但是, 当入口温度较高时, 该趋势逐渐趋于平缓,主要原因是高温提升了氨分解反应器转化率,氨分解过程对催化剂的依赖减小。
作为系统唯一的氢源, 氨在混合动力系统中经过分解反应制氢,其流量大小对系统的性能影响较大。在保持燃料电池电流密度、氨分解反应压力、氨分解器入口温度等条件不变的情况下, 氨流量变化对混合动力系统性能的影响如 图 5 所示。
图 5(a),(b)可知, 随着氨流量的增加, 电池出口温度和电压均有所增加, 因为当氨流量增加时, 经过分解反应生成的氢气流量增加, 使进入到燃烧室的可燃成分增加, 进而使出口温度升高, 系统各部件的温度均有一定程度的升高, 引起电池工作温度的升高。在此情况下, 欧姆极化和电极极化的电阻减少,电池的能斯特电势上升,使电池输出电压升高, 输出功率增加, 电池效率也因此提升。
图 5(c),(d)可知: 透平入口温度和燃气轮机输出功率均随着氨流量的增加而逐渐增加, 这是因为氨流量提升促使更多氢气被转化,进入到催化燃烧室的可燃成分增加, 释放较多的热量导致透平入口温度增加; 系统输出功率与发电效率均随着氨流量的增加而逐渐增加。当氨流量在 1.74 ~1.788 mol/s 小幅改变时,系统运行参数均符合 1.5 节中系统安全运行的限制条件,系统可安全运行, 从仿真结果 ( 表 3 ) 可以看出, 适当提高氨流量有利于提升系统各节点的运行温度, 进而提高系统的性能。然而,当氨流量达到 ${1.80}\mathrm{\;{mol}}/\mathrm{s}$ 时, 透平入口温度已超过系统安全运行的限制条件, 对系统运行的安全性存在不利影响。因此, 氨流量可在设计工况流量 $\left({{1.776}\mathrm{\;{mol}}/\mathrm{s}}\right)$ 上、下小幅调整,但不宜过高。
氨分解器入口温度对氨分解制氢的转化率起到关键影响,进而对系统运行性能产生影响。在电流密度不变、氨流量在设计工况的条件下, 氨分解器入口温度变化对系统性能的影响如 图 6 所示。
图 6(a), (b) 可知, 随着氨分解器入口温度的增加, 电池出口温度和电压均有所增加, 这是因为入口温度提升后,氨分解反应转化率逐渐升高, 分解得到的氢气量增多, 使得系统各部件温度均升高,进而引起电池工作温度的升高。在此情况下, 极化电阻下降, 输出电压和输出功率增加, 电池效率也因此提升。
图 6(c), (d)可知: 透平入口温度和燃气轮机输出功率均随着氨分解器入口温度的增加而逐渐增加, 这是因为氨分解器入口温度的提升使氨分解反应转化率提升,进入到催化燃烧室的可燃成分增加,释放较多的热量导致透平入口温度增加; 系统输出功率与发电效率均随着氨分解器入口温度的增加而逐渐增加, 而增速在入口温度超过 ${1050}\mathrm{\;K}$ 之后逐渐放缓,主要由于入口温度小于 ${1050}\mathrm{\;K}$ 时,入口温度的提升会促进氨分解反应转化率提升,促使系统中可用氢气流量增大,从而提升燃料电池、燃气轮机的做功输出, 并进一步促进系统各节点升温。而氨分解器入口温度超过 ${1050}\mathrm{\;K}$ 后,氨分解转化率接近 ${100}\%$ ,系统中的氢流量不会进一步增大。
入口温度和氨流量的无量纲变化量对系统效率和系统功率的影响如 图 7 所示。
图 7 可知, 氨分解器入口温度对混动系统性能影响较大,温度升高可提升氨分解转化率,从而提高系统中氢流量。当入口温度的无量纲变化量从 -0.25 增加到 0 (即从 850 K 增加到 1129 K)时,系统效率从 15.01%增加至 62.40%,系统功率从 ${84.31}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ 增加至 ${350.50}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ ;相较于入口温度, 氨流量对混动系统性能影响较小, 当氨流量的无量纲变化量从-0.25 增加到 0 (即从 1.346 mol/s 提升至 ${1.788}\mathrm{\;{mol}}/\mathrm{s}$ )时,系统效率从 ${60.80}\%$ 增加至 ${62.40}\%$ ,系统功率从 ${258.80}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ 增加至350.50 $\mathrm{{kW}}$
本文以氨为燃料, 建立了 SOFC-GT 混合动力系统的详细模型。在燃料电池温度梯度、压气机喘振安全区和透平入口温度等限制条件下, 分析了混合动力系统的运行性能, 研究了氨流量和氨分解器入口温度对混合动力系统性能的影响, 得出如下结论。
①SOFC-GT 混合动力系统以氨为燃料,输出功率为 ${350.5}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ ,发电效率为 ${62.40}\%$ ,具有较好的性能。
② 当入口温度高于 ${1050}\mathrm{\;K}$ 时,氨分解转化率接近 100%;随着氨流量的提升,氨分解转化率呈降低趋势, 当入口温度较高时, 氨流量对氨分解转化率下降的影响逐渐减小。
③当氨流量在设计工况附近变化时,燃料电池、燃气轮机以及系统的性能均随着氨流量的提升而逐渐升高。但氨流量不宜过高,当氨流量达到 1.80 mol/s 时, 透平入口温度已超出安全运行范围,因此应避免较高的氨流量。
④在设计工况运行条件下,随着氨分解反应器入口温度逐渐升至 ${1129}\mathrm{\;K}$ ,入口温度的提升有利于系统整体性能的提升, 但在入口温度超过 ${1050}\mathrm{\;K}$ 后,继续升温对系统性能的促进作用减弱。
  • 国家自然基金委青年基金项目(51806137)
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doi: 10.13224/j.cnki.jasp.20220346
  • 接收时间:2023-04-26
  • 首发时间:2025-07-22
  • 出版时间:2024-11-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-04-26
基金
国家自然基金委青年基金项目(51806137)
作者信息
    1 上海交通大学 中英国际低碳学院 上海 201306
    2 上海交通大学 机械与动力工程学院 上海 200240

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吕小静(1985-),女,博士,副教授,研究方向为燃料电池/燃气轮机混合动力系统,智慧能源系统及智能控制技术。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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