Article(id=1154428728563192009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154428727883714760, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1711036800000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-22, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753166857138, onlineDateStr=2025-07-22, pubDate=1732032000000, pubDateStr=2024-11-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753166857138, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753166857138, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753166857138, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154428727883714760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, year='2024', volume='42', issue='11', pageStart='1420', pageEnd='1562', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753166856976, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753694530898, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156641952767533916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154428727883714760, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156641952767533917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154428727883714760, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1503, endPage=1510, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154428728936485067, articleId=1154428728563192009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, language=EN, title=Investigation on the characteristics of vortex reconstructed wake, columnId=null, journalTitle=Renewable Energy Resources, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The rapid simulation of wake flow has important scientific significance and engineering application. In this paper, a fast calculation method is constructed based on the equation of vortex, and a plane wake is simulated and investigated based on this method. The reliability of this method is validated through comparison with results from previous studies. It is found that this fast calculation method can accurately simulate the formation and evolution of Karman vortex street in the wake region. Analysis of the wake profiles reveals that the positions at which different turbulence statistics reach a selfsimilar state vary, and a nonequilibrium selfsimilar region is observed upstream of the wake. The results of the present study not only enhance our understanding of turbulent wake characteristics, but also be of significance for engineering applications, such as predicting and controlling wind turbine wakes in wind farms.

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尾流场的快速计算具有重要的科学意义及工程应用价值。文章从涡量控制方程出发,构建了一种尾流快速计算方法,并基于快速计算方法对平板尾流进行了模拟分析。快速计算方法可以准确地模拟平板尾流区卡门涡街的形成与演化。通过与前人研究结果对比,验证了快速计算方法的可靠性。通过对尾流剖面进行分析,发现尾流场中不同湍流统计量达到自相似状态的位置并不相同,且在平板尾流上游区域存在一个非平衡态自相似区域。相关研究成果不仅有助于阐明湍流尾流特性,而且对风电场尾流预测与控制等工程应用场景具有重要指导意义。

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熊雪露(1993-),男,博士,讲师,研究方向为湍流尾流、风电场尾流及其协同优化控制。E-mail:

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熊雪露(1993-),男,博士,讲师,研究方向为湍流尾流、风电场尾流及其协同优化控制。E-mail:

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熊雪露(1993-),男,博士,讲师,研究方向为湍流尾流、风电场尾流及其协同优化控制。E-mail:

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涡量反演尾流场特性研究
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熊雪露 1 , 徐琛苑 2
可再生能源 | 2024,42(11): 1503-1510
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可再生能源 | 2024, 42(11): 1503-1510
涡量反演尾流场特性研究
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熊雪露1 , 徐琛苑2
作者信息
  • 1 南京理工大学 能源与动力工程学院 江苏 南京 210094
  • 2 国网江苏省电力有限公司 句容市供电分公司 江苏 镇江 212400
  • 熊雪露(1993-),男,博士,讲师,研究方向为湍流尾流、风电场尾流及其协同优化控制。E-mail:

Investigation on the characteristics of vortex reconstructed wake
Xuelu Xiong1 , Chenyuan Xu2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Energy and Power Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
  • 2 Jurong Power Supply Branch State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Co., Ltd. Zhenjiang 212400 China
出版时间: 2024-11-20
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尾流场的快速计算具有重要的科学意义及工程应用价值。文章从涡量控制方程出发,构建了一种尾流快速计算方法,并基于快速计算方法对平板尾流进行了模拟分析。快速计算方法可以准确地模拟平板尾流区卡门涡街的形成与演化。通过与前人研究结果对比,验证了快速计算方法的可靠性。通过对尾流剖面进行分析,发现尾流场中不同湍流统计量达到自相似状态的位置并不相同,且在平板尾流上游区域存在一个非平衡态自相似区域。相关研究成果不仅有助于阐明湍流尾流特性,而且对风电场尾流预测与控制等工程应用场景具有重要指导意义。

快速计算  /  离散涡  /  尾流  /  自相似  /  尾流模型

The rapid simulation of wake flow has important scientific significance and engineering application. In this paper, a fast calculation method is constructed based on the equation of vortex, and a plane wake is simulated and investigated based on this method. The reliability of this method is validated through comparison with results from previous studies. It is found that this fast calculation method can accurately simulate the formation and evolution of Karman vortex street in the wake region. Analysis of the wake profiles reveals that the positions at which different turbulence statistics reach a selfsimilar state vary, and a nonequilibrium selfsimilar region is observed upstream of the wake. The results of the present study not only enhance our understanding of turbulent wake characteristics, but also be of significance for engineering applications, such as predicting and controlling wind turbine wakes in wind farms.

fast calculation method  /  discrete vortex  /  wake  /  self-similarity  /  wake model
熊雪露, 徐琛苑. 涡量反演尾流场特性研究. 可再生能源, 2024 , 42 (11) : 1503 -1510 .
Xuelu Xiong, Chenyuan Xu. Investigation on the characteristics of vortex reconstructed wake[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2024 , 42 (11) : 1503 -1510 .
尾流场的快速计算具有重要的科学意义与工程应用价值。例如, 在风电场中, 上游风力机尾流使得下游风力发电效率降低而疲劳荷载有所增大,这一效应称之为尾流效应 [ 1 - 5 ] 。尾流效应是制约风电场发电效益及影响风电场整体疲劳寿命的主要因素,为了提高风电场效益,须要对尾流进行快速预测与控制。显然, 风力机尾流的快速计算是风电场尾流优化控制的前提。
传统的流场数值模拟方法, 如基于雷诺平均方程的数值模拟方法(Reynolds Average Navier-Stokes, RANS) [ 6 ] 、大涡模拟方法(Large Eddy Simulation, LES) [ 7 ] 等,不仅消耗大量的计算资源, 在现有硬件条件下, 计算速度远远不能满足尾流的快速预测与控制需求。离散涡方法[ 8 - 11 ]基于涡量守恒, 将连续分布的涡量离散为一系列涡核单元, 进而模拟流体的运动。该方法仅须要模拟流场中涡核单元的运动, 然后通过流动方程即可对速度场进行重构。离散涡方法具有原理简单、结果直观、计算效率高等优点,相关研究具有重要意义。 但尾流涡脱准则、离散涡流向演化等往往需要人为经验设置具体参数,普适性有待进一步提高。
尾流场的自相似性 [ 12 - 14 ] 是湍流研究中的一个典型流场特征, 也是风力机叶轮尾流分析模型 (Analytic Wake Model) [ 15 - 19 ] 建立的前提假设。目前尚无离散涡模拟所得尾流场自相似特性研究的相关报道。Vassilicos J C [ 20 ] 研究发现,在尾流区域存在一个非平衡态阶段, 在此阶段, 不同尺度间能量输运过程还没有达到平衡态, 离散涡方法通过涡核合并 [ 21 ] 来考虑拟序结构的成长演化,该方法能否准确模拟尺度间能量输运的平衡态也尚待研究。
本文从涡量控制方程出发,建立一种尾流快速计算方法, 并对平板尾流进行模拟。首先分析尾流区涡脱的形成与演化; 然后对尾流剖面进行分析, 研究尾流的自相似状态及其演化过程; 最后对尾流区湍动能输运平衡态进行分析, 探究该方法能否模拟尺度间能量输运的平衡态。
对于二维不可压缩粘性流动, 其流动控制方程为
$\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}+ \frac{\partial v}{\partial y}= 0 $
$\frac{\partial u}{\partial t}+ u\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}+ v\frac{\partial u}{\partial y}= -\frac{1}{\rho }\frac{\partial p}{\partial x}+ v\left({\frac{{\partial }^{2}u}{\partial {x}^{2}}+ \frac{{\partial }^{2}u}{\partial {y}^{2}}}\right)$
$\frac{\partial v}{\partial t}+ u\frac{\partial v}{\partial x}+ v\frac{\partial v}{\partial y}= -\frac{1}{\rho }\frac{\partial p}{\partial y}+ v\left({\frac{{\partial }^{2}v}{\partial {x}^{2}}+ \frac{{\partial }^{2}v}{\partial {y}^{2}}}\right)$
式中: $u, v$ 分别为 $x, y$ 方向的速度分量; $p$ 为压强; $\rho$ 为流体密度; $v$ 为运动粘度。
式 (2) 对 $x$ 求偏导,式 (3) 对 $y$ 求偏导,然后两式相减可得:
$\frac{\partial \omega }{\partial t}= -\mathbf{V}\cdot \nabla \omega + v{\nabla }^{2}\omega $
式中: $\mathbf{V}$ 为速度矢量, $\mathbf{V}= \left({u, v}\right);\omega$ 为涡量。
对于二维流动, $\omega$ 可以表示为
$\omega =\frac{\partial v}{\partial x}- \frac{\partial u}{\partial y}$
此时,引入一个流函数 $\psi$ ,满足 $u =\partial \psi /\partial y, v =$ $\partial \psi /\partial x$ ,则质量守恒方程(1)自动满足。将流函数 $\psi$ 代入式(5)中可以得到:
${\nabla }^{2}\psi =- \omega $
对于二维流场,如果 $\omega$ 已知,并假设流场无穷大, 则可以通过式(4)求解速度场。
$\mathbf{V}\left( r\right)= -\frac{1}{2\pi }{\int }_{R}\frac{{\omega }_{0}\left({{r}_{0}- r}\right)}{{\left| r -{r}_{0}\right|}^{2}}\mathrm{\;d}R + U $
式(7)即为毕奥-萨伐尔定律,其中: ${\omega }_{0}$ 为位置 ${r}_{0}$ 处涡量大小; $r$ 为速度计算点空间位置; $R$ 为流场计算域; $U$ 为附加无旋流场。
综上可见, 离散涡方法的核心在于如何模拟流场中涡核的生成、脱落与时空演化。
上述基本方程中所考虑的离散涡核尺寸为无穷小, 这将导致在流场中出现奇异点, 即随着与离散涡距离的减小,离散涡诱导速度急剧增大,在离散涡中心位置,速度趋近于无穷大,这显然与实际情况不符。为解决这一问题,通常假设离散涡涡核半径为一有限值, 离散涡涡量在涡核中按一定规律分布。本文选用 Vatistas’s 涡核模型 [ 22 ] ,该模型是一个与 Lamb-Oseen 涡 [ 23 ] 相似的模型,当假设涡核半径为 ${r}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 时,离散涡诱导速度场为
$ V\left( r\right)= -\frac{1}{2\pi }{\int }_{R}\frac{{\omega }_{0}\left({{r}_{0}- r}\right)}{\sqrt{{\left| r -{r}_{0}\right|}^{4}+ {r}_{\mathrm{c}}^{4}}}\mathrm{d}R $
式(4)等号右边第一项为对流项,第二项为粘性项, 将粘性项单独分离可得:
$\frac{\partial \omega }{\partial t}= v{\nabla }^{2}\omega $
式(9)与热扩散方程形式相同,其解为格林函数:
$\omega \left({r, t}\right)= \frac{1}{\sqrt{4\pi vt}}\exp \left({-\frac{{r}^{2}}{4vt}}\right)$
式(9)的解类似于一平均值为零、均方差为 ${\sigma }_{x}$ 的概率分布函数 $P$ :
$ P\left({{\eta }_{x}, t}\right)= \frac{1}{\sqrt{{2\pi }{\sigma }_{x}^{2}}}\exp \left({-\frac{{\eta }_{x}^{2}}{2{\sigma }_{x}^{2}}}\right)$
式中: ${\eta }_{x}$ 为概率分布函数 $P$ 的随机变量。
即可以通过涡核位置 $r$ 的随机脉动描述粘性的影响,涡核位置 $r$ 的随机脉动具体表达式为
${\Delta r}= {\left\lbrack 4v\ln \left(\frac{1}{P\sqrt{4\pi vt}}\right)\right\rbrack }^{1/2}$
可进一步将涡核位置随机脉动 ${\Delta r}$ 分解为 $x$ , $y$ 方向的随机脉动:
${\Delta x}= {\left\lbrack 4v\ln \left(\frac{1}{P\sqrt{4\pi vt}}\right)\right\rbrack }^{1/2}\cos Q $
${\Delta y}= {\left\lbrack 4v\ln \left(\frac{1}{P\sqrt{4\pi vt}}\right)\right\rbrack }^{1/2}\sin Q $
式中: $P, Q$ 为独立脉动参数, $P \in \left\lbrack {0,1}\right\rbrack , Q \in \left\lbrack {0,{2\pi }}\right\rbrack$
从式(13)和式(14)中可以看出,涡核位置脉动正比于运动粘度 $v$ ,即流体粘性越大,涡核位置脉动性越大,涡核之间的相互作用也越大,涡量耗散也越大, 流体趋近于层流状态, 这与物理规律相符。
因此, 涡核单元位置的时间演化可以表示为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{x}_{i}\left({t +{\Delta t}}\right)= {x}_{i}\left( t\right)+ {u}_{i}\left({\Delta t}\right)+ \Delta {x}_{i}\\{y}_{i}\left({t +{\Delta t}}\right)= {y}_{i}\left( t\right)+ {v}_{i}\left({\Delta t}\right)+ \Delta {y}_{i}\end{array}\right.$
本文基于离散涡方法, 结合 MATLAB 建立数值模拟算法, 对流体力学经典研究对象——平板绕流进行研究,如 图 1 所示。坐标系选取笛卡尔直角坐标系(x, y),其中, $x$ 为流向方向, $y$ 为横风方向,坐标原点设在平板中心位置。平板沿 $y$ 方向布置,平板宽度 $D = 1\mathrm{\;m}$ 。来流设为 $x$ 方向均匀层流来流,来流速度 ${U}_{\infty }= 1\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ ,以来流速度及平板宽度为特征尺度定义的雷诺数 ${Re}= {U}_{\infty }D/v ={6.7}\times {10}^{4}$ ,其中运动粘度 $v ={14.8}\times {10}^{-6}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{2}/\mathrm{s}$
图 1 所示,本文将平板离散为 $N ={50}$ 个单元(本文分别对比了 $N ={10},{20},{50},{100},{200}$ 的数值模拟结果,当选取 $N ={50}$ 时平板离散点数的增加对结果影响可以忽略不计), 每个单元的两端设置为边界控制点, 每个单元的中心位置设置为涡源点,为考虑边界层影响,涡源点在 $x$ 方向设置一微小偏移 ${\delta x}= \left({D/N}\right)/{50}$ 。此外,在平板两端还分别对称等间距布置了两个涡源点, 离散涡从平板两端交替脱落。
每一个时间步都有涡核从平板端部脱落, 从而随着计算时间的增长,离散涡的数量也将增多, 这将导致计算资源需求的增加。为了减小计算资源需求, 当两个离散涡满足如下关系时将其进行合并 [ 23 ] :
$\frac{\left|{\Gamma }_{i}{\Gamma }_{j}\right|}{\left|{\Gamma }_{i}+ {\Gamma }_{j}\right|}\frac{{\left|{z}_{i}- {z}_{j}\right|}^{2}}{\left|{\left({D}_{0}+ {d}_{i}\right)}^{1.5}{\left({D}_{0}+ {d}_{j}\right)}^{1.5}\right|} \leq {G}_{0}$
式中: ${\Gamma }_{i}$${z}_{i}$ 位置处离散涡涡量; ${\Gamma }_{j}$${z}_{j}$ 位置处离散涡涡量; ${d}_{i}$${z}_{i}$ 位置处离散涡距离固定边界最小距离; ${d}_{j}$${z}_{j}$ 位置处离散涡距离固定边界最小距离; ${D}_{0}$ , ${G}_{0}$ 为离散涡融合控制参数。
从式(16)中可以看出:只有当两个离散涡中至少有一个离散涡涡量很小, 两个离散涡间距离很小并且离固定边界很远时, 这两个离散涡才会发生融合;该离散涡融合方法对计算域总涡量大小及总涡量中心没有影响。
本文模拟所得某一瞬时时刻的离散涡分布如 图 2(a)所示。从 图 2(a)中可以明显观察到:平板尾流区存在正负交替分布的离散涡团, 随着流向距离的增大,正负涡团中心夹角从近似 ${45}^{\circ }$ 变为近似 ${180}^{\circ }$ ; 当 $x/D \approx {30}$ 时,正负涡团开始发生掺混, 涡团边界变得模糊, 即离散涡方法可以很好地模拟平板尾流卡门涡街的形成与演化。同一时刻的瞬时流向速度云图如 图 2(b) 所示。从 图 2(b) 中可以明显看出各个涡团所导致的速度脉动交替分布模式。涡核的引入也成功避免了速度场中奇异点的产生。
图 2(b)中还可以看出, 周期性卡门涡脱所诱导的流向速度分量在平板尾流区有一回流区形成。在此回流区布置一探针, 对速度时程信号进行测量,然后进行频谱分析,可以得到尾流的涡脱频率。本文在 $x/D = 5, y/D = 0$ 位置处布置一探针,对速度时程信号进行测量, 图 3 为该位置处流向速度脉动分量频谱图。
图 3 中可以看出, 频谱图存在一峰值频率, 对应于卡门涡街涡脱频率, 通常用量纲一参数斯特劳哈尔数 $\left({{St}= {fD}/{U}_{\infty }}\right)$ 表征卡门涡街涡脱频率,次数的量纲一卡门涡脱频率为 ${St}= {0.167}$ , 与前人研究结果相符 [ 24 , 25 ] 。从 图 3 中还可以看出, 随着频率的增大, 能量在尺度上的分布有所减小,这与湍流频谱的分布一致,即离散涡方法可以很好地模拟湍动能在不同尺度间的分布及能量的输运过程。从 图 3 中还可以观察到能谱 -5/3 区间的存在, 在该区域湍流尾流可能还没有达到充分发展,这与 Yasuda T [ 26 ] 在尾流近场湍流输运非平衡态区域观察到的能谱-5/3 区间相一致。
本节分析尾流剖面及其自相似特性, 研究尾流的自相似状态演化规律。
不同流向位置处速度亏损 ${\Delta U}= U -{U}_{\infty }$ 的展向分布剖面如 图 4(a) 所示, 速度亏损近似为高斯分布,在尾流中心位置 $\left({y/D = 0}\right)$ 处速度亏损最大,随着流向距离的增长, 由于尾流的恢复, 尾流速度亏损逐渐减小,尾流分布宽度逐渐增大。不同流向位置处雷诺切应力 $-\overline{{u}^{\prime }{v}^{\prime }}$ 的展向分布曲线如 图 4(b) 所示,不同于速度亏损的单峰分布, $-\overline{{u}^{\prime }{v}^{\prime }}$ 的展向分布剖面存在两个大小相同、方向相反的峰值, 对应于动量从尾流两侧向尾流中心输运。不同流向位置处雷诺正应力 $\overline{{u}^{\prime }{u}^{\prime }}$ 的展向分布曲线如 图 4(c) 所示,在尾流近场, $\overline{{u}^{\prime }{u}^{\prime }}$ 剖面存在两个峰值,对应于尾流两侧的剪切层,而在尾流远场, $\overline{{u}^{\prime }{u}^{\prime }}$ 只有一个峰值, 对应于剪切层的碰撞与融合。不同流向位置处的湍动能 $k =\left({\overline{{u}^{\prime }{u}^{\prime }}+ \overline{{v}^{\prime }{v}^{\prime }}}\right)/2$ 的展向分布曲线如 图4 $\left(\mathrm{\;d}\right)$ 所示,在尾流远场, $k$ 的展向分布剖面与 $\overline{{u}^{\prime }{u}^{\prime }}$ 的展向分布剖面类似,不同的是,在尾流近场, $k$ 的展向分布剖面也为单峰分布。
通过定义剖面的特征尺度对其进行归一化, 以分析尾流的自相似状态流向演化规律。此处, 速度亏损 ${\Delta U}$ 、雷诺切应力 $-\overline{{u}^{\prime }{v}^{\prime }}$ 及湍动能 $k$ 展向分布剖面的特征速度尺度定义为其剖面幅值, 具体表达式为
${U}_{s}\left( x\right)= \max \left\lbrack {{\Delta U}\left({x, y}\right)}\right\rbrack -\min \left\lbrack {{\Delta U}\left({x, y}\right)}\right\rbrack $
${R}_{s}\left( x\right)= \max \left\lbrack {\overline{{u}^{\prime }{v}^{\prime }}\left({x, y}\right)}\right\rbrack -\min \left\lbrack {\overline{{u}^{\prime }{v}^{\prime }}\left({x, y}\right)}\right\rbrack $
${K}_{s}\left( x\right)= \max \left\lbrack {k\left({x, y}\right)}\right\rbrack -\min \left\lbrack {k\left({x, y}\right)}\right\rbrack $
式中: ${U}_{s}\left( x\right),{R}_{s}\left( x\right),{K}_{s}\left( x\right)$ 分别为速度亏损 ${\Delta U}$ 、雷诺切应力 $-\overline{{u}^{\prime }{v}^{\prime }}$ 及湍动能 $k$ 展向分布剖面的特征速度尺度,其仅为流向坐标 $x$ 的函数。
此处,尾流特征长度尺度 $\delta$ 定义为动量积分长度:
$\delta =\frac{1}{{U}_{s}}{\int }_{0}^{\infty }{\Delta U}\mathrm{\;d}y $
归一化的速度亏损 ${\Delta U}$ 的展向分布剖面如 图5(a) 所示,当 $x/D \geq {10}$ 时,归一化速度亏损剖面近似重合在一起,即速度亏损剖面近似在 $x/D ={10}$ 位置处达到自相似状态。归一化雷诺切应力 $-\overline{{u}^{\prime }{v}^{\prime }}$ 的展向分布剖面如 图 5(b)所示,与速度亏损剖面类似,当 $x/D \geq {10}$ 时,归一化雷诺切应力剖面也能很好地重合在同一条曲线上。归一化雷诺正应力 $\overline{{u}^{\prime }{u}^{\prime }}$ 的展向分布剖面如 图 5(c) 所示, 不同于速度亏损剖面及雷诺切应力剖面,归一化雷诺正应力展向分布剖面在 $x/D \geq {30}$ 时才能较好地归一到一起。 须要注意的是,本文用的是 ${R}_{s}\left( x\right)$$\delta$ 进行归一化,也对比分析了采用 ${N}_{s}\left( x\right)\left\{{{N}_{s}\left( x\right)= \max \left\lbrack {\overline{{u}^{\prime }{u}^{\prime }}(x}\right.}\right.$ , $y)\rbrack -\min \left\lbrack {\overline{{u}^{\prime }{u}^{\prime }}\left({x, y}\right)}\right\rbrack \}$$\delta$ 进行归一化的效果,二者结果相似,为了节省篇幅,此处省略二者对比图。 归一化湍动能 $k$ 的展向分布剖面如 图 5(d) 所示, 其与速度亏损剖面及雷诺切应力剖面相类似,也是在 $x/D \geq {10}$ 时能很好地归一到同一条曲线上。
综上所述,速度亏损 ${\Delta U}$ 、雷诺切应力 $-\overline{{u}^{\prime }{v}^{\prime }}$ 及湍动能 $k$ 同时达到自相似 $(x/D ={10}$ 位置处进入自相似状态),且早于雷诺正应力 $\overline{{u}^{\prime }{u}^{\prime }}$ 及平板尾流在 $x/D ={25}$ 位置处进入自相似状态。速度亏损、雷诺应力及湍动能展向分布剖面的特征长度尺度相同。
上述分析表明,尾流在 $x/D ={25}$ 位置处进入自相似状态。本节进一步分析尾流在自相似区域内湍流输运的平衡态。
首先, 对常各向异性 (constant anisotropy) 假设 [ 27 ] 进行验证。雷诺切应力特征速度尺度 ${R}_{s}\left( x\right)$ 与湍动能特征速度尺度 ${K}_{s}\left( x\right)$ 的比值 ${R}_{s}/{K}_{s}$ 的流向变化如 图 6 所示。从 图 6 中可以看出,当 $x/D \geq {25}$ 时, ${R}_{s}/{K}_{s}$ 近似为一常数,即在尾流自相似区域,满足常各向异性假设。
进一步,对尾流动量积分守恒进行验证,以确定在尾流自相似区域压力梯度是否可以忽略。根据尾流自相似理论 [ 12 ] ,当尾流达到自相似状态且压力梯度可以忽略不计时,对于二维尾流,由动量积分守恒可得 ${U}_{s}\delta =$ constant。 ${U}_{s}\delta$ 的流向变化如 图 7 所示。从 图 7 中可以看出,当 $x/D \geq {25}$ 时, ${U}_{s}\delta$ 近似为一常数,即在尾流自相似区域内,压力梯度可以忽略不计。
根据尾流自相似理论 [ 14 ] ,可以通过分析湍流场特征速度尺度与平均场特征速度尺度的比值来研究不同尺度间湍动能输运的平衡态。 ${K}_{s}/{U}_{s}^{2}$ 的流向变化如 图 8 所示。从 图 8 中可以看出, 在尾流自相似区域 $\left({{25}\leq x/D \leq {50}}\right),{K}_{s}/{U}_{s}^{2}$ 并不是一个常数, 随着流向距离 $x$ 的增长, ${K}_{s}/{U}_{s}^{2}$ 近似线性增长,即在此自相似区域内,尾流处于非平衡态自相似阶段。
综上所述, 离散涡方法能很好地模拟尾流区不同尺度结构间能量输运的非平衡态, 即在尾流自相似区域上游, 尾流处于非平衡自相似状态, 在该区域平均场特征速度尺度标度律与湍流场特征速度尺度标度律不同。
本文从涡量控制方程出发,构建了一种流场快速计算方法, 并基于快速计算方法对平板尾流进行了模拟。通过与前人研究结果对比,验证了该方法的可靠性, 进一步基于模拟数据对平板尾流自相似状态与湍动能输运平衡态演化过程进行了分析,得到以下结论。
①该流场快速计算方法能准确模拟平板尾流, 如卡门涡街的形成与演化, 模拟所得尾流量纲一涡脱周期(斯特劳哈尔数)与其它实验及模拟结果符合很好, 且在尾流回流区脉动速度频率存在-5/3 区间。
②速度亏损 ${\Delta U}$ 、雷诺切应力 $-\overline{{u}^{\prime }{v}^{\prime }}$ 及湍动能 $k$ 几乎同时达到自相似,且早于雷诺正应力 $\overline{{u}^{\prime }{u}^{\prime }}$${\Delta U},- \overline{{u}^{\prime }{v}^{\prime }}$$k$$x/D ={10}$ 处进入自相似状态, $\overline{{u}^{\prime }{u}^{\prime }}$$x/D ={25}$ 处进入自相似状态。
③速度亏损、雷诺应力及湍动能剖面的特征速度尺度相同, 在尾流自相似区域尾流动量积分达到守恒, 且尾流自相似区域雷诺应力满足常各向异性假设。
④在尾流自相似区域上游, 尾流处于非平衡自相似状态, 在该区域平均场特征速度尺度标度律与湍流场特征速度尺度标度律不同。
  • 国家自然科学基金青年基金(52306249)
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2024年第42卷第11期
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  • 接收时间:2024-03-22
  • 首发时间:2025-07-22
  • 出版时间:2024-11-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-22
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国家自然科学基金青年基金(52306249)
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    1 南京理工大学 能源与动力工程学院 江苏 南京 210094
    2 国网江苏省电力有限公司 句容市供电分公司 江苏 镇江 212400
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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