Article(id=1154428675182289604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154428668001636939, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1703692800000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753166844411, onlineDateStr=2025-07-22, pubDate=1734624000000, pubDateStr=2024-12-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753166844411, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753166844411, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753166844411, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154428668001636939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, year='2024', volume='42', issue='12', pageStart='1563', pageEnd='1704', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753166842699, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753694519077, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156641903186666331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154428668001636939, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156641903186666332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154428668001636939, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1661, endPage=1670, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154428675790463685, articleId=1154428675182289604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, language=EN, title=Optimization scheduling of distribution networks considering carbon emission flow and staged carbon trading, columnId=null, journalTitle=Renewable Energy Resources, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Under the context of "dual carbon," an optimization scheduling model considering carbon emission flow and staged carbon trading mechanism is proposed in this paper to promote the lowcarbon economic operation of distribution networks. Firstly, the participation of distribution networks in the carbon trading market is taken into account, and the theory of carbon emission flow is introduced to determine the carbon emission status of each node within the distribution network. Subsequently, the stochastic states of electric vehicles are determined using the Monte Carlo algorithm, and the carbon quota of power generation equipment is obtained based on the entropy weight method. Simultaneously, a carbon quota model for electric vehicles is constructed, and a staged carbon trading mechanism is applied to model electric vehicles, photovoltaic units, wind power generation, and thermal power units. Finally, the system is optimized using an improved particle swarm optimization algorithm, with the objectives of minimizing the system operating cost and maximizing the system carbon income. The proposed model is verified through case studies conducted on an improved IEEE33 node distribution network system, where four operating scenarios are set. The research results demonstrate that the proposed model reduces carbon emissions by 539.43 tons, and the amount of wind and light discarded is reduced by 555.27 kW·h, which also makes the system's carbon revenue increase by 79.627 9 yuan.

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文章考虑碳排放流和阶梯式碳交易机制,提出了优化调度模型以促进配电网低碳经济运行。该模型首先考虑配电网参与碳交易市场,引入碳排放流理论得到配网内各节点的碳排放情况;然后,提出利用蒙特卡洛算法得到电动汽车的随机状态,基于熵权法得到发电设备的碳配额情况。同时构建电动汽车的碳配额模型,并结合阶梯式碳交易机制建立电动汽车、光伏、风力和火电机组的碳排放模型;最后,以最小化系统运作成本和最大化系统碳收益为双目标,使用改进的PSO优化算法对系统进行求解。设置了4种运行场景对改进的 IEEE33 节点配网系统进行算例仿真。实验结果表明,所提模型碳排放减少 539.43 t、消纳量增加 555.27 kW·h、系统碳收益增加7962.79元。

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张倩(1984-),女,教授,研究方向为微电网、配电网故障诊断、负荷及新能源功率预测等。E-mail: 。
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机组 最大 出力 kW 最小 出力 kW 成本参数 , 元 元 碳排放 强度 启停 成本 元
1 130 30 0.002,16.6,700 0.99 500
2 162 45 0.003 98, 19.7 , 350 1.02 900
3 80 20 0.007 12,22.3,370 1.05 170
4 85 25 0.000 79, 27.7 , 480 1.06 260
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机组 最大 出力 kW 最小 出力 kW 成本参数 , 元 元 碳排放 强度 启停 成本 元
1 130 30 0.002,16.6,700 0.99 500
2 162 45 0.003 98, 19.7 , 350 1.02 900
3 80 20 0.007 12,22.3,370 1.05 170
4 85 25 0.000 79, 27.7 , 480 1.06 260
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汽车 类型 起始充电 时刻 充电时长 分布 每日行驶 里程分布 充电 次数
私家车 $N\left( {9,{12}}\right)$ $\log N\left( {{3.2},{0.882}}\right)$ 1
$N\left( {{14},{22}}\right)$ $N\left( {-{2.3737},{0.882}}\right)$
$N\left( {{19},{22}}\right)$ $N\left( {-{0.2253},{0.882}}\right)$
公交车 $N\left( {{14},{12}}\right)$ $N\left( {{0.1597},{0.352}}\right)$ $\log N\left( {{4.4},{0.352}}\right)$
N(23,12) $N\left( {{0.7475},{0.352}}\right)$ 2
出租车 $N\left( {4,{12}}\right)$ $N\left( {{13},{12}}\right)$ $N\left( {-{0.4737},{0.352}}\right)$ $\log N\left( {{5.1},{0.352}}\right)$ 2
), ArticleFig(id=1154428718895325404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428675182289604, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=电动汽车的随机状态, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
汽车 类型 起始充电 时刻 充电时长 分布 每日行驶 里程分布 充电 次数
私家车 $N\left( {9,{12}}\right)$ $\log N\left( {{3.2},{0.882}}\right)$ 1
$N\left( {{14},{22}}\right)$ $N\left( {-{2.3737},{0.882}}\right)$
$N\left( {{19},{22}}\right)$ $N\left( {-{0.2253},{0.882}}\right)$
公交车 $N\left( {{14},{12}}\right)$ $N\left( {{0.1597},{0.352}}\right)$ $\log N\left( {{4.4},{0.352}}\right)$
N(23,12) $N\left( {{0.7475},{0.352}}\right)$ 2
出租车 $N\left( {4,{12}}\right)$ $N\left( {{13},{12}}\right)$ $N\left( {-{0.4737},{0.352}}\right)$ $\log N\left( {{5.1},{0.352}}\right)$ 2
), ArticleFig(id=1154428718954045662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428675182289604, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=Optimization results under different scenarios 元, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
成本 类型 优化结果
情景 1 情景 2 情景 3 情景 4
运行成本 17 603.5 17 686.64 17 651.49 17707.57
碳交易成本 -430.51 1 268.47 -4.03 7 532.28
), ArticleFig(id=1154428719004377312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428675182289604, language=CN, label=表 3, caption=不同情景下的优化结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
成本 类型 优化结果
情景 1 情景 2 情景 3 情景 4
运行成本 17 603.5 17 686.64 17 651.49 17707.57
碳交易成本 -430.51 1 268.47 -4.03 7 532.28
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考虑碳排放流和阶梯式碳交易的配电网优化调度
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王大鑫 1, 2 , 张倩 1, 3 , 郑诗程 4 , 华玉婷 5 , 崔华虎 6
可再生能源 | 2024,42(12): 1661-1670
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可再生能源 | 2024, 42(12): 1661-1670
考虑碳排放流和阶梯式碳交易的配电网优化调度
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王大鑫1, 2, 张倩1, 3 , 郑诗程4, 华玉婷5, 崔华虎6
作者信息
  • 1 安徽大学 电气工程与自动化学院 安徽合肥 230601
  • 2 安徽大学 教育部电能质量工程研究中心 安徽合肥 230601
  • 3 安徽大学 工业节电与用电安全安徽省重点实验室 安徽合肥 230601
  • 4 安徽工业大学 电气与信息工程学院 安徽马鞍山 243032
  • 5 合肥综合性国家科学中心能源研究院 安徽省能源实验室 安徽合肥 230031
  • 6 安徽大学 工业节电与电能质量控制安徽省级协同创新中心 安徽合肥 230601

通讯作者:

张倩(1984-),女,教授,研究方向为微电网、配电网故障诊断、负荷及新能源功率预测等。E-mail: 。
Optimization scheduling of distribution networks considering carbon emission flow and staged carbon trading
Daxin Wang1, 2, Qian Zhang1, 3 , Shicheng Zheng4, Yuting Hua5, Huahu Cui6
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Electrical Engineering and Automation Anhui University Hefei 230601 China
  • 2 Engineering Research Center of Power Quality, Ministry of Education Anhui University Hefei 230601 China
  • 3 Anhui Key Laboratory of Industrial Energy-Saving and Safety Anhui University Hefei 230601 China
  • 4 School of Electrical and Information Engineering Anhui University of Technology Ma'anshan 243032 China
  • 5 Institute of Energy Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center Hefei 230031 China
  • 6 Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Industrial Energy-Saving and Power Quality Control Anhui University Hefei 230601 China
出版时间: 2024-12-20
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文章考虑碳排放流和阶梯式碳交易机制,提出了优化调度模型以促进配电网低碳经济运行。该模型首先考虑配电网参与碳交易市场,引入碳排放流理论得到配网内各节点的碳排放情况;然后,提出利用蒙特卡洛算法得到电动汽车的随机状态,基于熵权法得到发电设备的碳配额情况。同时构建电动汽车的碳配额模型,并结合阶梯式碳交易机制建立电动汽车、光伏、风力和火电机组的碳排放模型;最后,以最小化系统运作成本和最大化系统碳收益为双目标,使用改进的PSO优化算法对系统进行求解。设置了4种运行场景对改进的 IEEE33 节点配网系统进行算例仿真。实验结果表明,所提模型碳排放减少 539.43 t、消纳量增加 555.27 kW·h、系统碳收益增加7962.79元。

碳排放流  /  碳交易  /  电动汽车  /  经济调度  /  改进的PSO 算法

Under the context of "dual carbon," an optimization scheduling model considering carbon emission flow and staged carbon trading mechanism is proposed in this paper to promote the lowcarbon economic operation of distribution networks. Firstly, the participation of distribution networks in the carbon trading market is taken into account, and the theory of carbon emission flow is introduced to determine the carbon emission status of each node within the distribution network. Subsequently, the stochastic states of electric vehicles are determined using the Monte Carlo algorithm, and the carbon quota of power generation equipment is obtained based on the entropy weight method. Simultaneously, a carbon quota model for electric vehicles is constructed, and a staged carbon trading mechanism is applied to model electric vehicles, photovoltaic units, wind power generation, and thermal power units. Finally, the system is optimized using an improved particle swarm optimization algorithm, with the objectives of minimizing the system operating cost and maximizing the system carbon income. The proposed model is verified through case studies conducted on an improved IEEE33 node distribution network system, where four operating scenarios are set. The research results demonstrate that the proposed model reduces carbon emissions by 539.43 tons, and the amount of wind and light discarded is reduced by 555.27 kW·h, which also makes the system's carbon revenue increase by 79.627 9 yuan.

carbon emission stream  /  carbon trading  /  electric vehicles  /  economic dispatch  /  improved PSO algorithm
王大鑫, 张倩, 郑诗程, 华玉婷, 崔华虎. 考虑碳排放流和阶梯式碳交易的配电网优化调度. 可再生能源, 2024 , 42 (12) : 1661 -1670 .
Daxin Wang, Qian Zhang, Shicheng Zheng, Yuting Hua, Huahu Cui. Optimization scheduling of distribution networks considering carbon emission flow and staged carbon trading[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2024 , 42 (12) : 1661 -1670 .
据统计,我国碳排放总量超过 80%来自于能源行业,其中能源行业中超过 40%来自于电力行业 [ 1 , 2 ] 。因此,通过降低电力行业的碳排放,有望加快我国实现“双碳”目标的进程。
近年来, 国内的研究者开始探索如何计量电力系统的碳排放, 以更好地了解电力行业的碳排放情况。文献[ 3 ]根据潮流计算,定义关键的矩阵和向量, 确立碳排放流在电力系统不同位置的具体数值。文献[ 4 ]深入分析电力系统内碳排放流的分布特点和机理特征, 定义了 2 个分布因子和 3 种关联矩阵。文献[ 5 ]为克服碳排放流分配不均的问题, 提出了基于网络分解的实时碳排放流计算方法。上述研究对于促进电力系统低碳化有一定的效果, 但未能提出有效的激励策略促进用户侧减排。碳交易机制与发电设备的结合旨在降低区域碳排放,提高风光消纳额能力,促进经济绿色发展。目前对于碳排放权的分配方法主要有历史排放量法、发电量分配法以及发电碳强度分配法 [ 6 - 8 ] 。 在新型电力系统不断发展的环境下, 历史排放量法和发电量分配法会降低新能源企业参与交易的积极性, 发电碳强度分配法会降低传统能源企业参与交易的积极性 [ 9 - 11 ] 。运用熵值法对碳配额进行初步分配, 充分考虑了系统内部的客观属性和多种不同因素之间的相互作用, 实现了对各类企业的碳配额最优处理 [ 12 , 13 ] 。文献[ 14 ]为促进风力发电的消纳以及减少碳排放总量, 建立包含碳交易机制的含风电电力系统的热-电联合优化模型。文献[ 15 ]针对传统的碳交易机制, 提出了阶梯式碳交易机制, 能更好地促进碳减排。目前, 研究电力系统的低碳转型大都未考虑电动汽车作为充电负荷对电力系统调度的影响。电动汽车充电负荷参与的优化调度,可降低系统的碳排放 [ 16 , 17 ] 。文献 [ 18 ]为补偿电池损耗导致的电池退化成本, 建立的电动汽车碳交易收益补偿电池退化成本的动态机制提高了电动汽车的节能减排效益。文献 [ 19 , 20 ] 对电动汽车的调度进行研究,通过优化引导可有效提高电力系统运行经济性, 促进可再生能源的消纳。
上述研究从不同角度考虑了电动汽车在系统内部的影响, 但是仍须综合考虑上述各方面因素的影响。本文基于以上研究成果, 综合考虑了碳排放流理论和阶梯式碳交易机制, 构建一个包含电动汽车、光伏、风电以及火电机组的碳交易模型; 然后考虑了电动汽车的随机性对配电网优化调度的影响, 旨在实现以最小化弃光弃风成本、机组运行成本和购能成本, 并将系统碳交易收益最大化作为系统运行目标的优化调度。采用改进的 PSO 算法, 将系统运行成本最小和系统碳收益最大化作为双目标进行优化, 求得 Pareto 解集后, 利用模糊隶属度函数求得最优折衷解; 最后, 比较分析了 4 种不同情况下的运行数据, 证明了本文所提优化模型的可行性和经济性。
本文提出一种考虑碳排放流和碳交易的补偿方法, 配网系统网架结构如 图 1 所示。配网侧的负荷和电动汽车由配电网内的 3 种发电设备和外电网进行供电。假设发电产生的 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 是随着电潮流虚拟成“碳排放流”,通过配电网的网架结构直至用户侧。
电力系统碳排放的计算是在潮流计算后形成,可将节点碳势 [ 3 ] 类比于节点电压进行碳排放计算。节点碳势向量表达式为
${\mathbf{E}}_{\mathrm{N}}= {\left({\mathbf{P}}_{\mathrm{N}}- {\mathbf{P}}_{\mathrm{B}}^{\mathrm{T}}\right)}^{-1}{\mathbf{P}}_{\mathrm{G}}^{\mathrm{T}}{\mathbf{E}}_{\mathrm{G}}$
式中: ${\mathbf{E}}_{\mathrm{N}}$ 为节点碳势向量; ${\mathbf{E}}_{\mathrm{G}}$ 为发电机碳排放强度向量; ${\mathbf{P}}_{\mathrm{N}}$ 为节点有功通量矩阵; ${\mathbf{P}}_{\mathrm{B}}$ 为支路潮流分布矩阵; ${\mathbf{P}}_{\mathrm{G}}$ 为机组注入分布矩阵 [ 3 ]
根据发电机组在系统内的具体位置及其注入的碳流量, 决定各个发电机组对此节点的碳流贡献情况,可得到机组-节点关联矩阵 [ 4 ]
${\mathbf{R}}_{\mathrm{U}- \mathrm{n}}= \operatorname{diag}\left({\mathbf{E}}_{\mathrm{G}}\right)\operatorname{diag}\left({{\mathbf{P}}_{\mathrm{G}}{\mathbf{\xi }}_{\mathrm{G}}^{\mathrm{T}}}\right)\mathbf{D}$
式中: ${\mathbf{R}}_{\mathrm{U}- \mathrm{n}}$ 为机组-节点关联矩阵; ${\mathbf{\xi }}_{\mathrm{G}}$ 为全部元素均为 1 的 $N$ 维行向量; $\mathbf{D}$ 为输出分布因子矩阵。
利用电网内各发电机组和负荷的分布情况, 结合节点有功通量矩阵的定义, 可得到机组-负荷关联矩阵 [ 4 ]
${\mathbf{R}}_{\mathrm{U}- \mathrm{L}}= {\mathbf{R}}_{\mathrm{U}- \mathrm{n}}\operatorname{diag}\left({\mathbf{P}}_{\mathrm{L}}\right){P}_{\mathrm{N}}^{-1}$
式中: ${\mathbf{R}}_{\mathrm{U}- \mathrm{L}}$ 为机组-负荷关联矩阵; ${\mathbf{P}}_{\mathrm{L}}$ 为节点负荷向量。
本文利用熵权法求出机组的发电量、单位发电标准煤耗、火电比重、发电碳强度的权重, 然后整合成一个综合指标来确定每台机组的碳配额情况。
发电量是一个正向指标 [ 13 ] ,它可以标准化为
${r}_{mn}= \frac{{x}_{mn}- \frac{\min }{m}{x}_{mn}}{\frac{\max }{m}{x}_{mn}- \frac{\min }{m}{x}_{mn}}$
式中: ${r}_{mn}$ 为第 $m$ 个设备第 $n$ 个正向指标的规范值; ${x}_{mn}$ 为第 $n$ 项指标 $m$ 个发电设备的发电量; ${}_{m}^{\min }{x}_{mn}$ 为第 $n$ 项指标 $m$ 个发电设备的最小值; ${}_{m}^{\max }{x}_{mn}$ 为第 $n$ 项指标 $m$ 个发电设备的最大值。
机组的单位发电标准煤耗、火电比重、发电碳强度为负准则,数值越大,应给予的补贴越少。负面指标可以标准化为
${r}^{\prime }{}_{mn}= \frac{{}_{m}^{\max }{x}_{mn}- {x}_{mn}}{{}_{m}^{\max }{x}_{mn}- {}_{m}^{\min }{x}_{mn}}$
式中: ${r}_{mn}^{\prime }$ 为第 $m$ 个发电设备第 $n$ 个负向指标的规范值。
正向指标的规范值 ${r}_{mn}$ 和负向指标的规范值 ${r}^{\prime }{}_{mn}$ 统称为 ${R}_{\mathrm{{mn}}\circ }$
${R}_{mn}= \left\{\begin{array}{l}{r}_{mn}\\{r}^{\prime }{}_{mn}\end{array}\right.$
$n$ 个指标的熵 ${e}_{n}$
${e}_{n}= -\ln {\left({30}\right)}^{-1}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{m}\left\lbrack {\frac{{R}_{mn}}{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{m}{R}_{mn}}\ln \left(\frac{{R}_{mn}}{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{m}{R}_{mn}}\right)}\right\rbrack $
$n$ 个指标的权重 ${w}_{n}$
${w}_{n}= \frac{1 -{e}_{n}}{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{n}\left({1 -{e}_{n}}\right)} $
$m$ 个发电设备的综合评估参数:
${I}_{m}= {w}_{1}{P}_{m1}+ {w}_{2}{P}_{m2}+ \cdots +{w}_{n}{P}_{mn}$
式中: ${I}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 为第 $m$ 个发电设备的综合评估参数; ${w}_{\mathrm{n}}$ 为第 $n$ 个指标的权重; ${P}_{mn}$ 为第 $m$ 个发电设备第 $n$ 个指标占全部指标的比值。
$m$ 个发电设备的分派比重 ${v}_{m}$
${v}_{m}= \frac{{I}_{m}}{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{m = 1}}^{{10}}{I}_{m}}$
$m$ 个发电设备的碳配额 ${q}_{m}$
${q}_{m}= B \times {v}_{m}$
式中: $B$ 为地区总碳排放配额。
火电机组的碳排放受到自身出力的影响, 而光伏和风电属于新能源发电, 运行过程中不会产生任何形式的碳排放。由于光伏和风电具有随机性, 为保证光伏、风电并网的安全运行, 须要增加火电机组的出力,使得火电机组的碳排放量增加。 将光伏和风电导致火电机组碳排放量增加的部分纳入光伏和风电的碳交易成本, 以此形成对火电机组的碳排放补偿。于是,光伏总碳排放 ${Q}_{\cdot t}$ 和风电总碳排放 ${Q}_{\mathrm{w}t}$ 分别为
${Q}_{\mathrm{v}t}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{x}{l}_{i}\lambda {P}_{\text{vit }}$
${Q}_{\mathrm{w}t}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{y}{l}_{i}\lambda {P}_{\mathrm{w}{it}}$
式中: ${l}_{i}$ 为火电机组 $i$ 单位电量的碳排放强度; $\lambda$ 为火力发电机组的新能源备用系数; ${P}_{\mathrm{v}{it}}$ 为光伏电厂 $i$ 的发电出力; ${P}_{\text{wit }}$ 为风电 $i$ 的发电功率。
考虑到部分碳捕集电厂是由火电厂改造而来的,那么碳捕集电厂便可通过其低碳特性来减少碳排放, 同时增加碳交易的收益。于是, 电厂的减碳计算式为
${E}_{\mathrm{{ab}}}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{z}{l}_{i}{P}_{i\mathrm{t}}{KL}$
式中: ${E}_{\mathrm{{ab}}}$ 为含碳捕集装置的火电机组减排量; $K$ 为碳捕集效率; $L$ 为烟气分流比。
在考虑碳捕集装置的火电机组碳排放 ${Q}_{et}$
${Q}_{\mathrm{e}t}= \left\{\begin{array}{l}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{n}{l}_{i}\left\lbrack {{P}_{it}- \lambda \left({{P}_{\mathrm{v}t}+ {P}_{\mathrm{w}t}}\right)}\right\rbrack \\\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{z}{l}_{i}\left\lbrack {{P}_{it}- \lambda \left({{P}_{\mathrm{v}t}+ {P}_{\mathrm{w}t}}\right)}\right\rbrack -{E}_{\mathrm{{ab}}}\end{array}\right.$
式中: ${P}_{it}$ 为火电机组 $i$$t$ 时刻的发电出力; ${P}_{vt}$ 为光伏发电在 $t$ 时刻的发电功率; ${P}_{\mathrm{w}t}$ 为风力发电在 $t$ 时刻的发电功率; $n$ 为不含碳捕集装置的火电机组; $z$ 为包含碳捕集设备的火电机组。
根据上述模型可进一步得到发电设备的碳交易量为
${C}_{m}= {Q}_{m}- {q}_{m}$
式中: ${C}_{m}$ 为第 $m$ 个发电设备的碳交易量; ${Q}_{m}$ 为第 $m$ 个发电设备的碳排放量。
阶梯式定价机制规定了系统在碳市场进行交易时的交易区间和不同交易区间的单位碳价。随着系统碳排放量的增加,单位碳价 ${\varepsilon }^{\prime }$$\alpha$ 为幅度依次增长。当 ${C}_{m}\leq 0$ 时,即实际碳排放量小于碳配额, 系统可以通过碳交易市场对外出售碳配额来获得收益,碳价为基价 ${\varepsilon }^{\prime }$
阶梯式碳交易机制下单位碳价 ${\varepsilon }^{\prime }$ 与碳交易量的关系见 图 2
图中 $d$ 为碳交易量的区间长度。
图 2 可知,碳交易成本为
${f}_{\text{price }}= \left\{\begin{matrix}\varepsilon {C}_{m},& {C}_{m}\leq d \\\varepsilon \left({1 +\alpha }\right)\left({{C}_{m}- d}\right)+ {\varepsilon d},& d \leq {C}_{m}\leq {2d}\\\varepsilon \left({1 +{2\alpha }}\right)\left({{C}_{m}- {2d}}\right)+ \varepsilon \left({2 +\alpha }\right) d,& {2d}\leq {C}_{m}\leq {3d}\\\varepsilon \left({1 +{3\alpha }}\right)\left({{C}_{m}- {3d}}\right)+ \varepsilon \left({3 +{3\alpha }}\right) d,& {3d}\leq {C}_{m}\leq {4d}\\\varepsilon \left({1 +{4\alpha }}\right)\left({{C}_{m}- {4d}}\right)+ \varepsilon \left({4 +{6\alpha }}\right) d,& {C}_{m}\geq {4d}\end{matrix}\right.$
式中: ${f}_{\text{price }}$ 为碳交易成本。
由于电动汽车存在不同类别和充电方式的差异性, 因此选取了私家车、出租车和公交车存在较大出行规律的汽车,并对它们的出行特征和充电特性进行研究, 以确定在不同充电模式下的最佳充电策略。为了确定电动汽车是否允许在一定时间内充、放电以及电动汽车开始参与优化调度时的荷电状态, 须要对各电动汽车的行驶状态进行随机模拟。利用起始充电容量、每日行驶里程和起始充电时刻对电动汽车的随机状态进行模拟, 各指标的概率分布函数为
$ f\left({t}_{1}\right)= \frac{1}{{\sigma }_{1}\sqrt{2\pi }}\exp \left\lbrack {-\frac{{\left({t}_{1}- {\mu }_{1}\right)}^{2}}{2{\sigma }_{1}^{2}}}\right\rbrack $
$ f\left( s\right)= \frac{1}{s \cdot {\sigma }_{2}\sqrt{2\pi }}\exp \left\lbrack {-\frac{{\left(\ln s -{\mu }_{2}\right)}^{2}}{2{\sigma }_{2}^{2}}}\right\rbrack $
$ f\left({t}_{2}\right)= \frac{1}{{\sigma }_{3}\sqrt{2\pi }}\exp \left\lbrack {-\frac{{\left({t}_{2}- {\mu }_{3}\right)}^{2}}{2{\sigma }_{3}^{2}}}\right\rbrack $
电动汽车碳配额为
${Q}_{i, t}= {S}_{i, t}\cdot {E}_{\mathrm{{gas}}}+ {P}_{\mathrm{{dis}}, i, t}\cdot {E}_{\mathrm{{th}}}$
式中: ${Q}_{i, t},{S}_{i, t}$ 分别为电动汽车在 $t$ 时刻获得的碳配额和行驶距离; ${E}_{\text{gas }}$${E}_{\text{th }}$ 分别为燃料汽车单位里程碳排放系数和火电厂单位发电量碳排放系数。
本文假设碳配额免费分配给用户, 并且用户可以通过出售碳配来额获得收益, 其碳交易收益为
${f}_{\mathrm{{EV}}}^{\text{price }}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{u}{w}_{\mathrm{q}, t}\cdot {Q}_{i, t}$
式中: ${f}_{\mathrm{{EV}}}^{\text{price }}$ 为电动汽车的碳交易收益; ${w}_{\mathrm{q}, t}$$t$ 时刻碳交易时的单位碳价; $u$ 为区域内电动汽车的总数。
本文综合考虑配电网的购电成本、阶梯式碳交易成本和弃光弃风成本, 以配电网运行成本最小和碳交易收益最大为运行目标。
①配电网的综合运行成本
${F}_{1}= \min \left({{f}_{1}+ {f}_{\mathrm{p},\text{ loss }}+ {f}_{\mathrm{w},\text{ loss }}+ {f}_{\text{buy }, i, t}}\right)$
式中: ${F}_{1}$ 为总运行成本; ${f}_{1}$ 火电机组成本; ${f}_{\mathrm{p},\text{ loss }}$ 为弃光成本; ${f}_{\mathrm{w},\text{ loss }}$ 为弃风成本; ${f}_{\text{buy }, i, t}$ 为购电成本。
火电机组运行成本
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{f}_{1}= {C}_{1}+ {C}_{2}\\{C}_{1}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t = 1}}^{T}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{N}{u}_{it}\left({{a}_{i}{P}_{it}^{2}+ {b}_{i}{P}_{it}+ {c}_{i}}\right)\\{C}_{2}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t = 1}}^{T}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{N}{G}_{i}\left\lbrack {{u}_{it}\left({1 -{u}_{i, t - 1}}\right)+ {u}_{i, t - 1}\left({1 -{u}_{it}}\right)}\right\rbrack \end{array}\right.$
式中: ${C}_{1},{C}_{2}$ 分别为火电机组正常运行成本与启动关停成本; ${u}_{it}$$i$ 机组 $t$ 时刻机组运转情况 ( 1 为开机,0 为停转); $N$ 为机组数量; $T$ 为调度周期; ${a}_{i}$ 为二次项成本系数; ${b}_{i}$ 为一次项成本系数; ${c}_{i}$ 为常数项成本系数; ${G}_{i}$ 为机组启停成本 [ 21 ]
弃光、弃风成本分别为
${f}_{\mathrm{p},\text{ loss }}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{n = 1}}^{{N}_{\mathrm{p}}}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t = 1}}^{T}{\lambda }_{\text{ploss }}\left({{P}_{\mathrm{p}{tt}}^{\text{pre }}- {P}_{\mathrm{{pn}}t}}\right){\Delta t}$
${f}_{\mathrm{w},\text{ loss }}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{n = 1}}^{{N}_{\mathrm{w}}}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t = 1}}^{T}{\lambda }_{\text{wloss }}\left({{P}_{\mathrm{{wt}}t}^{\text{wre }}- {P}_{\mathrm{{wn}}t}}\right){\Delta t}$
式中: ${N}_{\mathrm{p}}$${N}_{\mathrm{w}}$ 分别为光伏和风电接入系统数量; ${\lambda }_{\text{ploss }}$${\lambda }_{\text{wloss }}$ 分别为弃光、弃风惩罚价格; ${P}_{\text{put }}^{\text{pre }}$${P}_{\text{put }}$ 分别为 $t$ 时刻光伏预测发电功率和光伏实际发电功率; ${P}_{\mathrm{w}{tt}}^{\mathrm{{wre}}}$${P}_{\mathrm{w}{tt}}$ 分别为 $t$ 时刻风电预测发电功率和风电实际发电功率; ${\Delta t}$ 为优化调度时的时间间隔 [ 22 - 24 ]
购电成本为
${f}_{\text{buy }, i, t}= {w}_{\text{buy }, t}\cdot {P}_{\text{cha }, i, t}$
式中: ${w}_{\text{buy }, t}$$t$ 时刻的电价; ${P}_{\text{cha }, i, t}$ 为第 $i$ 辆车 $t$ 时刻的充电功率 [ 22 ]
②配电网的碳交易收益
${F}_{2}= \max \left({{f}_{\mathrm{{EV}}}^{\text{price }}- {f}_{\mathrm{T},\text{ price }}- {f}_{\mathrm{{PV}},\text{ price }}- {f}_{\mathrm{{WP}},\text{ price }}}\right)$
式中: ${F}_{2}$ 为碳交易收益; ${f}_{\mathrm{T}\text{, price }}$ 为火电机组碳交易成本; ${f}_{\mathrm{{PV}},\text{ price }}$ 为光伏碳交易成本; ${f}_{\mathrm{{WP}},\text{ price }}$ 为风电碳交易成本。
①系统功率平衡约束
$\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{N}{P}_{it}+ \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{{N}_{\mathrm{p}}}{P}_{\mathrm{{pn}}t}+ \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{{N}_{\mathrm{w}}}{P}_{\mathrm{{wn}}t}= {P}_{\mathrm{l}t}+ \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{k}{P}_{\mathrm{{cha}}, i, t}$
式中: ${P}_{lt}$$t$ 时刻系统接入的负荷。
②光伏出力约束
$ 0 \leq {P}_{\mathrm{{pn}}t}\leq {P}_{\mathrm{{PV}}}^{\max }$
式中: ${P}_{\mathrm{{PV}}}^{\max }$ 为光伏输出功率上限。
③火电机组运行约束
${P}_{i,\min }\leq {P}_{it}\leq {P}_{i,\max }$
式中: ${P}_{i,\max },{P}_{i,\min }$ 分别为火电机组 $i$ 出力的上、下限。
${r}_{\mathrm{d}i}\leq {P}_{it}- {P}_{i, t - 1}\leq {r}_{\mathrm{u}i}$
式中: ${r}_{\mathrm{u}i},{r}_{\mathrm{d}i}$ 分别为火电机组 $i$ 最大向上、下爬坡率。 ④电动汽车运行约束
${SO}{C}_{i, t + 1}= {SO}{C}_{i, t}+ \left({{\eta }_{\mathrm{c}}{P}_{\mathrm{{cha}}, i, t}- {P}_{\mathrm{{dis}}, i, t}/{\eta }_{\mathrm{d}}- {P}_{\mathrm{{tra}}, i, t}}\right)/{E}_{\mathrm{{bat}}, i}(\\{P}_{\mathrm{{tra}}, i, t}= {S}_{i, t}\cdot {p}_{\mathrm{s}, i}$
式中: ${\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{i, t},{P}_{\mathrm{{tra}}, i, t}$ 分别为第 $i$ 台电动汽车 $t$ 时刻的荷电状态和功耗; ${\eta }_{\mathrm{c}},{\eta }_{\mathrm{d}}$ 分别为电动汽车的充、放电效率; ${S}_{i, t}$ 为第 $i$ 台电动汽车的日行驶里程。
${\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\min }\leq {\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{i, t}\leq {\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\max }$
${\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{i,{t}_{00}}= {0.9}$
式中: ${\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\max },{\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\min }$ 分别为电动汽车荷电状态的最大、小值; ${SO}{C}_{i,{t}_{int}}$ 为充电结束时的 ${SOC}$ 数值。
$\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t = 1}}^{T}{P}_{\mathrm{{cha}}, i, t}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t = 1}}^{T}{P}_{\mathrm{{dis}}, i, t}+ {P}_{\mathrm{{tra}}, i, t}$
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} 0 \leq {P}_{\mathrm{{cha}}, i, t}\leq {P}_{\mathrm{{cha}}, i, t}^{\max }\\ 0 \leq {P}_{\mathrm{{dis}}, i, t}\leq {P}_{\mathrm{{dis}}, i, t}^{\max }\end{array}\right.$
式中: ${P}_{\mathrm{{cha}}, i, t}^{\max },{P}_{\mathrm{{dis}}, i, t}^{\max }$ 分别为充、放电功率的最大值。
本文提出计及光伏、风电、火电以及电动汽车的配电网低碳经济优化调度模型, 此模型的具体求解过程 [ 25 - 28 ] 图 3 所示。
本文采用精英策略改进的 PSO 算法对双目标问题进行求解。在算法求解过程中, 通过增加变异因子和 Pareto 档案保持粒子多样性,利用精英策略搜索机制避免了粒子早熟收敛 [ 29 ] ,这些改进措施能够有效提高算法的全局搜索能力和收敛速度。采用模糊隶属度函数来求解不同情景下 Pareto 解集中的满意度, 每个场景中满意度值最大的就是最优折衷解 [ 26 ] 。模糊隶属度函数的计算式为
${\omega }_{i}= \left\{\begin{array}{ll} 1,& {F}_{i}< {F}_{i\min }\\\frac{{F}_{i\max }- {F}_{i}}{{F}_{i\max }- {F}_{i\min }},& {F}_{i\min }\leq {F}_{i}\leq {F}_{i\max }\\ 0,& {F}_{i\max }\leq {F}_{i}\end{array}\right.$
式中: ${\omega }_{i}$ 为第 $i$ 个优化目标的模糊隶属度函数; ${F}_{i}$ 为第 $i$ 个目标函数的结果; ${F}_{i\max }$${F}_{i\min }$ 分别为第 $i$ 个目标函数的最大值和最小值。
本文以改进的 IEEE-33 节点配电系统进行案例仿真,在节点2,7,11,29分别接入 4 台火电机组 $\mathrm{G}1,\mathrm{\;G}2,\mathrm{\;G}3,\mathrm{\;G}4$ ,拓扑结构如 图 4 所示。
将此节点系统的调度划分为以 ${24}\mathrm{\;h}$ 为一个周期的时间段,并以 $1\mathrm{\;h}$ 为单位时间间隔进行调度。此区域内的负荷、光伏、风电出力预测结果和分时电价见 图 5
火电机组的各类运行参数见 表 1 。不同类型电动汽车的驾驶特性见 表 2 。碳价增长率为 25%, 碳交易基价为 250 元/t,区间长度为 $2{t}_{\circ }$ 此区域内现有汽车保有量为 7000 辆, 电动汽车占比约为 10%,其中私家车、出租车和公交车的数量比约为 ${0.65}: {0.25}: {0.1}$ [ 19 ]
为了对比验证文中所提的考虑碳排放流与阶梯式碳交易机制的配电网优化调度模型的有效性,本文设置了 4 种对比情景。情景 1: 传统碳交易机制, 电动汽车不进行碳交易; 情景 2: 传统碳交易机制, 电动汽车进行碳交易; 情景 3: 阶梯式碳交易机制, 电动汽车不进行碳交易; 情景 4: 阶梯式碳交易机制, 电动汽车进行碳交易。每个情景进行优化求解, 得到对应的 Pareto 前沿解集, 这些解的分布情况见 图 6 。采用模糊隶属度函数, 得到了各情景的最优折衷解, 并将具体结果整理在 表 3 中。
对比情景 1 和情景 2 可知, 考虑电动汽车参与的碳交易后, 系统运行成本升高 83.14 元, 碳收益增加 1699.98 元。这是由于电动汽车在充电时已支付过费用, 不须额外购买碳配额, 因此系统内电动汽车产生的碳配额全部通过碳市场进行交易, 从而增加系统的碳收益。对比情景 1 和情景 3 可知,考虑阶梯式碳交易机制后,虽系统的碳收益增加了 426.48 元,但相较于传统碳交易机制,多余的碳配额在碳市场交易中的获利更大。最后,通过对比情景 1 和情景 4 ,系统的运行成本增加 104.07 元,系统内的碳交易成本增加 7962.79 元。 通过上述结果可见, 考虑阶梯式碳交易机制和电动汽车参与碳交易后, 虽然系统内的运行成本略有增加, 但是获得碳收益更加明显。
图 7 为上述对比情景下,风电和光伏的消纳数据情况。对比情景 1 和情景 2 , 系统内考虑电动汽车,可增加配网内新能源发电的消纳量。对比情景 1 和情景 3 , 在考虑碳交易机制后, 风电和光伏的消纳量均出现了一定程度的增长。因此, 在系统内增加电动汽车和碳交易机制后, 促进了配网系统对新能源的消纳, 使得光伏和风电的消纳量进一步增加。
图 8 为 4 种运行情况下的每小时碳排放数据。由 图 8 可知, 10:00-16:00, 由于系统内负荷的急剧增加, 使系统内的碳排放明显增加。虽然 图 5 中光伏和风电的预测值较大, 但是系统内新能源的消纳量不够,使得碳排放量处于较大的状态。 17:00-22:00,系统内负荷的预测值处于上升阶段, 但是这一时间段的光伏和风电的消纳量较大, 从 17:00 开始系统内总碳排放量处于逐渐下降的趋势。
本文构建了考虑碳排放流和阶梯式碳交易机制的配电网优化调度模型, 对提高新能源消纳以及低碳经济调度具有积极作用,得到以下结论。
①考虑电动汽车参与交易和阶梯式碳交易机制后,可增加系统内风电和光伏的消纳量,并且具有更优良的低碳性能和经济效益。
②运用碳排放流和阶梯式碳交易机制进行配电网的优化调度具有更大的低碳潜力, 使得运行成本增长 104.07 元, 碳收益增加 7962.79 元, 弃风弃光量减少 ${555.27}\mathrm{\;{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}$ ,碳排放量减少 539.43 t。
③当配网系统内提供碳交易价格较高时, 可通过电动汽车的碳配额在碳市场进行交易, 利用碳收益补偿充电费用。
  • 安徽省自然科学基金资助项目(2108085UD01)
  • 2022年度高校与合肥综合性国家科学中心协同创新项目(GXXT-2022-023)
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2024年第42卷第12期
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  • 接收时间:2023-12-28
  • 首发时间:2025-07-22
  • 出版时间:2024-12-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-28
基金
安徽省自然科学基金资助项目(2108085UD01)
2022年度高校与合肥综合性国家科学中心协同创新项目(GXXT-2022-023)
作者信息
    1 安徽大学 电气工程与自动化学院 安徽合肥 230601
    2 安徽大学 教育部电能质量工程研究中心 安徽合肥 230601
    3 安徽大学 工业节电与用电安全安徽省重点实验室 安徽合肥 230601
    4 安徽工业大学 电气与信息工程学院 安徽马鞍山 243032
    5 合肥综合性国家科学中心能源研究院 安徽省能源实验室 安徽合肥 230031
    6 安徽大学 工业节电与电能质量控制安徽省级协同创新中心 安徽合肥 230601

通讯作者:

张倩(1984-),女,教授,研究方向为微电网、配电网故障诊断、负荷及新能源功率预测等。E-mail: 。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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