Article(id=1154428674653803096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154428668001636939, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1683561600000, receivedDateStr=2023-05-09, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753166844285, onlineDateStr=2025-07-22, pubDate=1734624000000, pubDateStr=2024-12-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753166844285, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753166844285, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753166844285, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154428668001636939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, year='2024', volume='42', issue='12', pageStart='1563', pageEnd='1704', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753166842699, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753694519077, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156641903186666331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154428668001636939, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156641903186666332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154428668001636939, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1635, endPage=1641, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154428675559772762, articleId=1154428674653803096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, language=EN, title=Influence of SSI effect on the dynamic responses of next-generation large offshore wind tur-bines, columnId=null, journalTitle=Renewable Energy Resources, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to further reduce the cost of wind power, employing 15 MW or even higher capacity wind turbine has been the major development trend in the future wind energy market. This paper has developed the soil structure interaction model of the IEA 15 MW monopile wind turbine using a set of linear springs by improving the capability of FAST due to the demand of investigating the SSI effect on the dynamic responses of nextgeneration large offshore wind turbines. The nacelle vibration and bending moment of the support structure under normal power production and extreme conditions are obtained. The results indicate that the ignorance of SSI effect significantly underestimates the towertop and mudline bending moments under power production load cases. The SSI effect has an insignificant influence on the dynamic responses of the wind turbine under the extreme conditions. Specifically, the fatigue damage of the support structure at the mudline is only predicted with an error lower than 3% under the 50year return period extreme condition. Nonetheless, the SSI effect has a dominant influence for the low wind speed conditions. The tower top and mudline bending moments are underestimated by 37.6% and 20.1%, respectively, if the SSI effect is ignored. The axial mode of the foundation is activated, resulting in an intense nacelle vibration and a huge increase to the fatigue damage of the support structure. The study has verified that the SSI effect is mandatorily considered in the design of large offshore wind turbine structures.

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为进一步降低风力发电成本,采用15MW 及以上容量的风力机成为未来风电的主要发展趋势。为了研究土结构相互作用(Soil Structure Interaction,SSI)效应对下一代超大型海上风力机动力学响应特性的影响,文章通过对 FAST 二次开发,基于一组线性弹簧建立了单桩式 IEA 15 MW风力机的SSI模型,计算了常规发电工况以及极端停机工况下的机舱振动和支撑结构弯矩。计算结果表明:忽略SSI效应会导致发电工况下塔顶弯矩和泥面处支撑结构弯矩的预估值明显偏低,对极端停机工况下结构动力学响应影响不甚明显,考虑和忽略SSI效应时,50a一遇极端工况下的疲劳损伤相差不足3%;但在风速较低时,SSI效应的影响十分明显,在风速为8m/s的工况下,塔顶和泥面弯矩最大值的预估结果分别偏低 37.6%和20.1%;考虑SSI效应时,由于基础存在垂向运动,产生了较大的机舱振动,显著增大了支撑结构在泥面处的疲劳损伤。以上结果说明了设计超大型海上风力机时考虑SSI效应的必要性。

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杨阳(1992-),男,博士,副教授,研究方向为海上风电结构抗震设计及海上新能源利用技术。E-mail:
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模态 本文/Hz 偏差/%
一阶前后 0.141 0.139 1.41
二阶前后 1.007 0.936 7.05
一阶侧向 0.140 0.138 1.43
二阶侧向 0.947 0.874 7.71
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模态 本文/Hz 偏差/%
一阶前后 0.141 0.139 1.41
二阶前后 1.007 0.936 7.05
一阶侧向 0.140 0.138 1.43
二阶侧向 0.947 0.874 7.71
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风速/m 有义波高/m 谱峰周期/s 运行方式
4 1.10 8.52 正常运行
6 1.18 8.31 正常运行
8 1.32 8.01 正常运行
10 1.54 7.65 正常运行
12 1.84 7.44 正常运行
14 2.19 7.46 正常运行
16 2.60 7.64 正常运行
18 3.06 8.05 正常运行
20 3.62 8.52 正常运行
22 4.03 8.99 正常运行
24 4.52 9.45 正常运行
40 9.69 11.31 停机
50 16.65 18.50 停机
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风速/m 有义波高/m 谱峰周期/s 运行方式
4 1.10 8.52 正常运行
6 1.18 8.31 正常运行
8 1.32 8.01 正常运行
10 1.54 7.65 正常运行
12 1.84 7.44 正常运行
14 2.19 7.46 正常运行
16 2.60 7.64 正常运行
18 3.06 8.05 正常运行
20 3.62 8.52 正常运行
22 4.03 8.99 正常运行
24 4.52 9.45 正常运行
40 9.69 11.31 停机
50 16.65 18.50 停机
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SSI 效应对下一代大型海上风力机动力学响应特性影响
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冷平 1 , 吕娜 2 , 赖踊卿 2 , 何奔 2 , 杨阳 3
可再生能源 | 2024,42(12): 1635-1641
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可再生能源 | 2024, 42(12): 1635-1641
SSI 效应对下一代大型海上风力机动力学响应特性影响
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冷平1, 吕娜2, 赖踊卿2, 何奔2, 杨阳3
作者信息
  • 1 中国广核新能源控股有限公司 北京 100160
  • 2 中国电建集团华东勘测设计研究院 浙江 杭州 311100
  • 3 宁波大学 海运学院 浙江 宁波 315211

通讯作者:

杨阳(1992-),男,博士,副教授,研究方向为海上风电结构抗震设计及海上新能源利用技术。E-mail:
Influence of SSI effect on the dynamic responses of next-generation large offshore wind tur-bines
Ping Leng1, Na Lü2, Yongqing Lai2, Ben He2, Yang Yang3
Affiliations
  • 1 China General Nuclear Power New Energy Holding Co., Ltd. Beijing 100160 China
  • 2 China Power Construction East China Survey and Design Institute Hangzhou 311100 China
  • 3 Faculty of Maritime and Transportation Ningbo University Ningbo 315211 China
出版时间: 2024-12-20
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为进一步降低风力发电成本,采用15MW 及以上容量的风力机成为未来风电的主要发展趋势。为了研究土结构相互作用(Soil Structure Interaction,SSI)效应对下一代超大型海上风力机动力学响应特性的影响,文章通过对 FAST 二次开发,基于一组线性弹簧建立了单桩式 IEA 15 MW风力机的SSI模型,计算了常规发电工况以及极端停机工况下的机舱振动和支撑结构弯矩。计算结果表明:忽略SSI效应会导致发电工况下塔顶弯矩和泥面处支撑结构弯矩的预估值明显偏低,对极端停机工况下结构动力学响应影响不甚明显,考虑和忽略SSI效应时,50a一遇极端工况下的疲劳损伤相差不足3%;但在风速较低时,SSI效应的影响十分明显,在风速为8m/s的工况下,塔顶和泥面弯矩最大值的预估结果分别偏低 37.6%和20.1%;考虑SSI效应时,由于基础存在垂向运动,产生了较大的机舱振动,显著增大了支撑结构在泥面处的疲劳损伤。以上结果说明了设计超大型海上风力机时考虑SSI效应的必要性。

15 MW 海上风力机  /  极端工况  /  土-结构相互作用  /  动力学响应

In order to further reduce the cost of wind power, employing 15 MW or even higher capacity wind turbine has been the major development trend in the future wind energy market. This paper has developed the soil structure interaction model of the IEA 15 MW monopile wind turbine using a set of linear springs by improving the capability of FAST due to the demand of investigating the SSI effect on the dynamic responses of nextgeneration large offshore wind turbines. The nacelle vibration and bending moment of the support structure under normal power production and extreme conditions are obtained. The results indicate that the ignorance of SSI effect significantly underestimates the towertop and mudline bending moments under power production load cases. The SSI effect has an insignificant influence on the dynamic responses of the wind turbine under the extreme conditions. Specifically, the fatigue damage of the support structure at the mudline is only predicted with an error lower than 3% under the 50year return period extreme condition. Nonetheless, the SSI effect has a dominant influence for the low wind speed conditions. The tower top and mudline bending moments are underestimated by 37.6% and 20.1%, respectively, if the SSI effect is ignored. The axial mode of the foundation is activated, resulting in an intense nacelle vibration and a huge increase to the fatigue damage of the support structure. The study has verified that the SSI effect is mandatorily considered in the design of large offshore wind turbine structures.

15 MW offshore wind turbine  /  extreme condition  /  soil structure interaction  /  dynamic response
冷平, 吕娜, 赖踊卿, 何奔, 杨阳. SSI 效应对下一代大型海上风力机动力学响应特性影响. 可再生能源, 2024 , 42 (12) : 1635 -1641 .
Ping Leng, Na Lü, Yongqing Lai, Ben He, Yang Yang. Influence of SSI effect on the dynamic responses of next-generation large offshore wind tur-bines[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2024 , 42 (12) : 1635 -1641 .
我国东南沿海地区大陆架延伸长且水深较浅,特别适用于固定式单桩基础风力机。但海底土质相对松散, 导致海床处提供的支撑刚度下降, 在气动力作用下单桩基础与塔架组成的支撑结构更易发生弯曲变形, 从而进一步影响风电系统的动力学响应特性。因此, 设计单桩式海上风力机时必须考虑土-结构相互作用(Soil Structure Interaction, SSI)。
由于存在 SSI 效应, 实际环境条件下的海上风力机支撑结构动力特性与刚性基础假设下的动力特性不同,首先影响的便是结构的固有频率。文献[ 1 ]基于实测数据分析了多层土壤地质条件下 SSI 效应对单桩海上风力机动力学响应的影响, 发现 SSI 效应导致结构固有频率的实测值与设计值之间相差较大。文献[ 2 ]通过叶素动量理论和有限元软件相结合的方法, 分析了不同土壤下 SSI 效应对单桩海上风力机动力学特性的影响, 结果表明,在 SSI 效应的影响下,偏柔塔或偏刚塔的结构阻尼均会增大, 而固有频率下降。文献[ 3 ]基于 ANSYS 有限元软件平台, 在考虑基础土构耦合作用与叶片铺层设计特点的情况下,模拟分析了不同风速对风电机组结构模态特性的影响。文献[ 4 ] 研究了不同土质下 5 MW 风力机支撑结构的动力响应特性, 发现软土下的结构固有频率比硬土时低 33%,塔顶位移最大值为硬土时的 4 倍左右。 文献[ 5 ]通过 FAST 研究了非线性 Winkle 弹簧的 SSI 效应对 ${10}\mathrm{{MW}}$ 单桩海上风力机的动力学响应特性及疲劳损伤的影响, 发现 SSI 效应会显著影响单桩基础的疲劳寿命。文献[ 6 ]通过 ANSYS 软件分析了 10 MW 单桩风力机在 SSI 效应影响下的屈曲特性和风-浪-地震耦合动力响应特性。
为进一步降低风电的度电成本, 风力机尺寸和容量均须不断增大。因此,单机容量为 ${15}\mathrm{{MW}}$ 及以上的风力机将成为海上风电的主要机型。而已有文献中的研究对象仍以 5 MW 或 10 MW 机组为主,对于 ${15}\mathrm{{MW}}$ 及超大型海上风力机的研究相对较少。文献[ 7 ]研究了地震工况下 SSI 效应对某 15 MW 海上风力机载荷的影响, 结果表明, SSI 效应显著增大了地震诱导塔顶振动和结构载荷, 再次说明考虑 SSI 效应对于 ${15}\mathrm{{MW}}$ 海上风力机结构设计的必要性。但目前尚未开展 SSI 效应对极端环境条件及常规发电风速等更为普遍的设计工况下, 15 MW 海上风力机支撑结构振动和承载特性的影响研究。
为此, 本文通过对开源软件 FASTv7 进行二次开发, 通过修改其内置的用户自定义平台载荷程序,开发了 SSI 效应分析模块。以此计算考虑和忽略 SSI 效应时, IEA 15MW 风力机在常规发电工况和极端环境下的动力学响应, 定量分析 SSI 效应对支撑结构振动和承载的影响, 并评估其对单桩基础疲劳寿命预估结果的影响程度, 为下一代超大型海上风力机结构设计提供参考。
在国际能源署(IEA)的资助下, 美国可再生能源实验室(NREL)组织丹麦科技大学和缅因大学于 2020 年设计了用于海上风能利用的 15 MW 风力机 [ 8 ] ,称为 “IEA 15MW 风力机”。 图 1 为单桩式 IEA 15MW 风力机示意图。单桩直径为 ${10}\mathrm{\;m}$ , 桩厚从桩基处的 ${55.34}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 逐渐递减至桩顶处的 ${41.06}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 。单桩总长为 ${90}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,其中埋土深度为45 $\mathrm{m}$ ,静水面以上部分为 ${15}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,总质量约为 ${1318}\mathrm{t}$
该风力机轮毂高度为 ${150}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,风轮半径为 120 $\mathrm{m}$ ,对应的水面净空为 ${30}{\mathrm{\;m}}_{\circ }$ 额定风速和额定转速分别为 ${10.59}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$${7.56}\mathrm{r}/\mathrm{{min}}$ ,风轮旋转频率 $1\mathrm{P}$ 和叶片通过频率 $3\mathrm{P}$ 分别为 ${0.083}\sim {0.126}\mathrm{\;{Hz}},{0.250}\sim$ ${0.378}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ ,支撑结构一阶固有频率为 ${0.170}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ ,位于 1P~3P。风力机其他主要设计参数见文献[ 8 ]。
FAST v7 是 NREL 开发的用于风力机耦合仿真的计算软件, 可以用于固定式及漂浮式风力机气动-水动-结构-控制耦合动力学响应分析,其计算准确性得到了德国劳氏船级社认证和多个商用软件的比较验证。FAST 采用多体动力学方法建立叶片、塔架等柔性体与轮毂、机舱等刚性体的复杂耦合系统动力学模型, 将单桩基础和塔架视为刚性连接的统一支撑结构, 采用欧拉-伯努利梁理论和模态法建立其结构动力学模型。通过模态法将叶片和塔架的柔性变形简化为单自由度的模态振动, 并通过 Kane 方法建立风力机系统的动力学方程 . _
${F}_{i}^{* }+ {F}_{i}= 0 $
式中: ${F}_{i}^{* }$${F}_{i}$ 分别为第 $i$ 个自由度的广义惯性力和广义主动力。
${F}_{i}^{* }$ 由结构质量、加速度和偏速度组成,塔架结构的 ${F}_{\mathrm{T}}^{* }$
${F}_{\mathrm{T}}^{* }= -\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{N}{\int }_{0}^{H}{\rho }_{\mathrm{T}}\left( h\right)\cdot {v}_{i,\mathrm{\;T}}\left( h\right)\cdot {a}_{\mathrm{T}}\left( h\right)\cdot \mathrm{d}h $
式中: $H$ 为塔架总长度; ${\rho }_{\mathrm{T}}\left( h\right)$${a}_{\mathrm{T}}\left( h\right)$ 分别为塔架质量密度及加速度; ${v}_{i,\mathrm{\;T}}\left( h\right)$ 为第 $i$ 个自由度对应的偏速度。
${F}_{i}$ 为除惯性力以外的所有力,主要包括气动力 ${F}_{i,\mathrm{a}}$ 、弹性力 ${F}_{i,\mathrm{e}}$ 、重力 ${F}_{i,\mathrm{g}}$ 和阻尼力 ${F}_{i,\mathrm{\;d}}$
${F}_{i}= {F}_{i,\mathrm{a}}+ {F}_{i,\mathrm{e}}+ {F}_{i,\mathrm{g}}+ {F}_{i,\mathrm{d}}$
FAST 通过对应的模块计算得到结构主动力, 并代入式(1)中,从而求解对应自由度的惯性加速度, 并进一步求解叶片、机舱、塔架等结构部件的运动和载荷。
原始版本的 FAST 并不具备模拟 SSI 效应的功能,本文借助 UserPtfmLoad 子程序接口,通过对 FAST 进行二次开发 [ 10 ] ,在泥面处对基础进行截断, 泥面以下的桩身视为一组固定于泥面处的线性弹簧, 泥面以上结构为受到弹簧约束的悬臂梁结构, 单桩基础 SSI 模型如 图 2 所示。
单桩 IEA 15MW 风力机设计目标海域的土壤为精细砂土或碎石土,土壤剪切模量 ${G}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 和泊松比 ${v}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 分别为 ${140}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 和 0.4。根据 Arya-O’Neill 模型 [ 8 ] ,泥面处 6 个方向的弹簧刚度可以分别表示为
${K}_{x}= {K}_{y}= \frac{{32}\left({1 -{v}_{\mathrm{s}}}\right){G}_{\mathrm{s}}{r}_{0}}{7 - 8{v}_{\mathrm{s}}}\left\lbrack {1 +{0.55}\left({2 -{v}_{\mathrm{s}}}\right)\frac{h}{{r}_{0}}}\right\rbrack $
${K}_{z}= \frac{4{G}_{\mathrm{s}}{r}_{0}}{1 -{v}_{\mathrm{s}}}\left\lbrack {1 +{0.6}\left({1 +{v}_{\mathrm{s}}}\right)\frac{h}{{r}_{0}}}\right\rbrack $
${K}_{rx}= {K}_{ry}= \\\frac{8{G}_{\mathrm{s}}{r}_{0}^{3}}{3\left({1 -{v}_{\mathrm{s}}}\right)}\left\lbrack {1 +{1.2}\left({1 -{v}_{\mathrm{s}}}\right)\frac{h}{{r}_{0}}+ {0.2}\left({2 -{v}_{\mathrm{s}}}\right){\left(\frac{h}{{r}_{0}}\right)}^{3}}\right\rbrack \\{K}_{rz}= \frac{{16}{G}_{\mathrm{s}}{r}_{0}^{3}}{3}$
式中: ${K}_{x},{K}_{y},{K}_{z}$ 分别为纵向、侧向和垂向刚度; ${K}_{rx}$ , ${K}_{ry},{K}_{rz}$ 分别为绕 $x$ 轴 (面内)、 $y$ 轴 (面外) 和 $z$ 轴 (扭转)的土壤刚度; $h$${r}_{0}$ 分别为泥面下的长度和半径。
为验证所开发 SSI 模型的有效性, 通过商用软件 ABAQUS 计算了考虑 SSI 效应时的支撑结构固有频率, 并与本文结果进行比较, 支撑结构前四阶固有频率结果如 表 1 所示。由 表 1 可知, 本文模型计算得到的前后及侧向的一阶固有频率与 ABAQUS 计算结果之间的差异较小,相对误差仅有 1.4%左右,二阶固有频率的偏差分别为 7.05% 和 7.71%,依然低于 10%,说明本文基于 FAST 开发的模型较为准确地考虑了 SSI 效应。
根据海上风力机设计规范, 基于 IEC 标准建议的 Kaimal 湍流风谱模型,采用 TurbSim 生成仿真所需的三维湍流风场。时长为 ${1000}\mathrm{\;s}$ ,湍流风场以轮毂为中心,其宽度和高度分别为 ${300}\mathrm{\;m}$${295}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,可以覆盖整个风轮和塔架,保证叶片在塔架运动时不会超出风场边界范围。通过 P-M 波浪谱定义非规则波浪的频率成分分布规律, 采用 Airy 线性波浪理论计算不同水深处的压力系数、 波浪速度和加速度等运动参数, 再通过 Morison 方程计算波浪作用下的单桩水动力载荷。
为系统性地分析 SSI 效应对 15 MW 风力机的动力学响应特性的影响程度, 仿真工况包含常规发电工况和极端环境停机工况。运行风速为 4~ ${24}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ ,间隔为 $2\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ ,共 11 个工况;考虑重现期分别为 $1\mathrm{a}$${50}\mathrm{a}$ 的极端环境工况,对应的风速分别为 ${40}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$${50}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ ,此时风力机保持顺桨停机状态,即桨距角保持为 ${90}^{\circ }$ ,风轮转速为 0,并关闭发电机, 同时启动高速轴刹车装置以减小气动扭矩导致的空转效应。 表 2 为所有仿真工况的风速、 有义波高、谱峰周期和运行方式。
根据 IEC 标准相关要求, 固定式基础的海上风力机时域仿真时长应不低于 ${600}\mathrm{\;s}$ 。考虑到开机启动时存在瞬态效应, 因此设定每个工况的仿真时长为 ${1000}\mathrm{\;s}$ ,所有统计结果均忽略前 ${400}\mathrm{\;s}$ 的数据,仅保留后 ${600}\mathrm{\;s}$ 的有效仿真数据。文献[ 11 ] 的研究结果表明, 为保证时间推进的数值计算稳定性,仿真时间步长不高于 ${0.005}\mathrm{\;s}$ ,故本文仿真时间步长设为 0.002 s。
通过二次开发的 FAST 计算了 表 2 所示所有工况下 IEA 15 MW 风力机在考虑及忽略 SSI 效应时的动力学响应, 图 3 为所有工况下塔顶弯矩和泥面处结构弯矩最大值。由 图 3 可知: 不考虑 SSI 效应时,塔顶弯矩在风速为 ${16}\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}$ 以下工况的预测值均明显小于考虑 SSI 效应时; 在风速为 $8\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 工况下,考虑和忽略 SSI 效应时的塔顶弯矩最大值分别为 ${118.1}\mathrm{{MN}}\cdot \mathrm{m}$${73.7}\mathrm{{MN}}\cdot \mathrm{m}$ ,说明忽略 SSI 效应会导致塔顶弯矩最大值预估偏低 37.6%,设计结果偏于危险。
(b) 泥面处弯矩
忽略 SSI 效应也会导致泥面处的支撑结构弯矩最大值预估结果偏低, 但偏低比例小于塔顶弯矩。在风速为 ${16}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 及以上风速工况时, SSI 效应对支撑结构泥面处的弯矩影响较小,均小于 5%; 相反地, 在低风速时, SSI 效应对泥面处的弯矩影响十分明显,在风速分别为 $8\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$${12}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 的工况下, 忽略 SSI 效应导致泥面处弯矩最大值预测分别偏低 20.1%和 11.5%。
图 4 为机舱加速度在所有工况下的最大值统计结果。
图 4 可知: 在风速低于 ${16}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 的工况下, 考虑 SSI 效应时的机舱加速度远大于不考虑 SSI 效应时, 说明 SSI 效应显著增强了塔顶结构振动, 这是因为泥面处的刚度较低, 结构更易产生振动; 在风速为 $8\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 的工况下,忽略 SSI 效应时的预估结果偏低 ${88.6}\%$ ,仅为 ${0.32}\mathrm{\;m}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2}$ ,而考虑 SSI 效应时的机舱加速度峰值为 ${2.77}\mathrm{\;m}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2}$ ; 不考虑 SSI 效应时, 随着风速增大, 机舱加速度先增大后减小, 在风速为 $8\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 工况时达到最小值,这是因为该塔架结构的特殊设计,在 ${110}\mathrm{\;m}$ 高度处的壁厚最小。在自然重力作用下, 风轮存在向前倾覆的微小幅度。随着风速增大,在气动推力的作用下,风轮随塔架向后弯曲变形而逐渐恢复平衡, 因风轮重力导致的塔架弯曲一定程度上降低了气动载荷的作用。而当考虑 SSI 效应时,结构振动模态产生了变化,风速高于 $6\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 时所产生的气动推力即可平衡风轮重力导致的塔架弯曲。因此,当风力机处于未变桨状态下, 考虑 SSI 效应时的机舱加速度最小值出现在风速为 $6\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 的工况。
在风速为 ${12}\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}$ 的工况下,机舱加速度的时域变化如 图 5 所示。由 图 5 可知, 不考虑 SSI 效应时的前后机舱加速度波动幅度明显更小, 其标准差为 ${0.13}\mathrm{\;m}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2}$ ,而考虑 SSI 效应时的机舱前后加速度标准差为 ${0.42}\mathrm{\;m}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2}$ ,是忽略 SSI 效应时的 3.23 倍。 这主要是因为考虑 SSI 效应时, 支撑结构振动频率更低, 在风-浪载荷作用下更易产生振动。由于机组侧向气动力较小,支撑结构振动较弱, SSI 效应对机舱侧向加速度的影响几乎可以忽略。
通过对 图 5(a)的结果进行快速傅里叶变换, 得到机舱前后加速度频谱( 图 6 )。
图 6 可知:考虑 SSI 效应时, 支撑结构一阶弯曲频率和叶片通过频率对应的机舱加速度幅值均更大;当考虑SSI 效应时,基础垂向模态的贡献远大于支撑结构弯曲模态和叶片通过频率的贡献,其幅值接近 ${0.8}\mathrm{\;m}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2}$ ,是一阶弯曲频率对应幅值的 10 倍左右。在考虑 SSI 效应时,由于存在自由度, 基础与泥面在垂向并非刚性接触。在环境载荷作用下, 支撑结构在泥面处产生较大的垂向振动,进一步影响了塔架和机舱的振动。这一结果说明垂向SSI 效应对风力机结构动力学响应影响最为显著。
将泥面处支撑结构的轴向压力和面外弯矩转化为塔架截面的压应力, 通过计算各个工况下支撑结构在泥面处的压应力时序变化, 并进行雨流计数处理, 根据 DNV 标准中的 S-N 曲线 [ 12 ] ,计算得到各个工况下支撑结构在泥面处的疲劳损伤率,如 图 7 所示。
图 7 可知:考虑 SSI 效应后,各工况下支撑结构在泥面处的疲劳损伤均更大, 特别是风速低于 ${16}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 的工况,由于风力机未处于变桨状态,气动力对结构振动激发作用较大, 导致基础存在极为显著的垂向运动, 承受更大的垂向交变载荷, 因此结构疲劳损伤显著增大;高风速状态下,特别是停机工况下, 考虑 SSI 效应时疲劳损伤依然更大, 但是二者相差较小;50 a 一遇工况下二者结果仅相差 3%左右, 说明 SSI 效应对该风力机在极端环境工况下的疲劳损伤影响相对较小。
面对下一代超大型海上风力机设计需求, 本文通过对 FAST 二次开发, 采用一组线性弹簧建立了 ${15}\mathrm{{MW}}$ 海上风力机的 SSI 模型,并研究了 SSI 效应对常规发电工况和极端停机工况下单桩式 IEA 15MW 风力机支撑结构载荷的影响程度, 进一步基于 DNV 标准定量分析了不同风速工况下 SSI 效应对风力机结构疲劳损伤的影响, 得到以下结论。
①SSI 效应会显著增强机舱振动,但对极端风速环境下风力机的动力学响应影响相对较小。
②低风速下,气动载荷激励基础垂向运动,导致机舱加速度最大值增幅可达 3 倍,同时支撑塔架结构的载荷也明显增大, 泥面处的疲劳损伤增大数十倍。
③对于大型海上风力机基础设计,必须考虑 SSI 效应的影响,特别是垂向 SSI 效应。
  • 浙江省自然科学基金探索青年类项目(LQ22E090001)
  • 浙江省自然科学基金探索青年类项目(LQ23E090003)
  • 中国博士后科学基金(2022M722960)
  • 浙江省博士后科研择优资助项目
  • 国家自然科学基金(52271294)
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  • 接收时间:2023-05-09
  • 首发时间:2025-07-22
  • 出版时间:2024-12-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-05-09
基金
浙江省自然科学基金探索青年类项目(LQ22E090001)
浙江省自然科学基金探索青年类项目(LQ23E090003)
中国博士后科学基金(2022M722960)
浙江省博士后科研择优资助项目
国家自然科学基金(52271294)
作者信息
    1 中国广核新能源控股有限公司 北京 100160
    2 中国电建集团华东勘测设计研究院 浙江 杭州 311100
    3 宁波大学 海运学院 浙江 宁波 315211

通讯作者:

杨阳(1992-),男,博士,副教授,研究方向为海上风电结构抗震设计及海上新能源利用技术。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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