Article(id=1154428671638102719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154428668001636939, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1691424000000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753166843566, onlineDateStr=2025-07-22, pubDate=1734624000000, pubDateStr=2024-12-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753166843566, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753166843566, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753166843566, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154428668001636939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, year='2024', volume='42', issue='12', pageStart='1563', pageEnd='1704', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753166842699, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753694519077, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156641903186666331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154428668001636939, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156641903186666332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154428668001636939, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1618, endPage=1626, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154428672133030593, articleId=1154428671638102719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, language=EN, title=Micro-site optimization of complex terrain ruggedness constrained wind farms based on im-proved discrete state transition algorithm, columnId=null, journalTitle=Renewable Energy Resources, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to solve the micrositing problem of wind farms under complex terrain, an optimization strategy based on improved discrete state transfer algorithm (RCDSTA) is proposed. Firstly, in order to solve the influence of ground flatness on fan placement, the terrain ruggedness index (TRI) is introduced to quantify the ground flatness numerically, and the points with excessive ruggedness are constrained. Secondly, a wind turbine layout optimization method based on discrete state transition algorithm (DSTA) is proposed to calculate power generation by multiwind downward threedimensional wake superposition, and the DSTA algorithm is improved to reduce the calculation time of fitness value, so as to shorten the calculation time of complex calculation optimization problems and improve the calculation efficiency. Finally, taking a wind farm with complex terrain in Xinjiang, China as an example, the algorithm is compared with the microscopic site selection results of genetic algorithm (GA) and engineering design under the background of the same terrain conditions and objective function. The simulation results show that the discrete state transition algorithm is more effective than the above two methods in providing a reasonable fan layout scheme considering the characteristics of terrain factors.

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为解决复杂地形下风电场微观选址问题,文章提出了一种基于改进离散状态转移算法(RCDSTA)的优化策略。首先,为解决地面平整度对风机安置的影响,引入崎岖度指数(TRI)将地面平整度进行数值量化,并对崎岖度过大的点进行约束处理;然后,提出一种基于离散状态转移算法(DSTA)的多风向下三维尾流叠加计算发电量的风机布局优化方法,并对离散状态转移算法进行改进,减少适应度值的计算时间,以缩短复杂计算优化问题的计算时长,提高计算效率;最后,以新疆某实际复杂地形风电场为例,在同一地形条件和目标函数背景下,将该算法与遗传算法(GA)和工程设计的微观选址结果进行比较。结果表明,在考虑地形因素特点的情况下,提供合理的风机布局方案,RCDSTA 比其他两种方法更有效。

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王聪(1989-),女,博士,副教授,博士生导师,研究方向为群智能优化算法的应用、电力系统稳定与控制。E-mail:
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Index that quantifies topographic heterogeneity[J]. Intermountain Journal of Sciences, 1999, 5(1-4): 23-27., articleTitle=Index that quantifies topographic heterogeneity, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1154428722238185823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428671638102719, awardId=2021YFB1507000, language=CN, fundingSource=科技部重点研发计划项目(2021YFB1507000), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1154428722313683298, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428671638102719, awardId=2022D01E33,2022D01C367, language=CN, fundingSource=新疆维吾尔自治区自然科学基金资助项目(2022D01E33,2022D01C367), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1154428722380792165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428671638102719, awardId=52267010, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(52267010), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1154428717414736027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428671638102719, 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journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428671638102719, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=16 wind downward Weibull parameter fitting, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
风向扇区/( )
348.75~11.25 1.4080 3.443 4
11.25~33.75 1.487 7 4.565 9
33.75~56.25 1.8894 7.708 3
56.25~78.75 1.9387 9.5825
78.75~101.25 1.650 7 8.1767
101.25~123.75 1.633 6 5.648 9
123.75~146.25 1.296 1 5.513 1
146.25~168.75 1.360 9 5.7893
168.75~191.25 1.680 8 4.3735
191.25~213.75 2.068 9 5.402 1
213.75~236.25 2.075 9 7.570 5
236.25~258.75 2.1481 9.534 0
258.75~281.25 2.156 2 9.634 1
281.25~303.75 1.783 7 9.8537
303.75~326.25 1.571 9 7.066 4
326.25~348.75 1.4972 3.481 6
), ArticleFig(id=1154428721726480716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428671638102719, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=16 风向下威布尔参数拟合, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
风向扇区/( )
348.75~11.25 1.4080 3.443 4
11.25~33.75 1.487 7 4.565 9
33.75~56.25 1.8894 7.708 3
56.25~78.75 1.9387 9.5825
78.75~101.25 1.650 7 8.1767
101.25~123.75 1.633 6 5.648 9
123.75~146.25 1.296 1 5.513 1
146.25~168.75 1.360 9 5.7893
168.75~191.25 1.680 8 4.3735
191.25~213.75 2.068 9 5.402 1
213.75~236.25 2.075 9 7.570 5
236.25~258.75 2.1481 9.534 0
258.75~281.25 2.156 2 9.634 1
281.25~303.75 1.783 7 9.8537
303.75~326.25 1.571 9 7.066 4
326.25~348.75 1.4972 3.481 6
), ArticleFig(id=1154428721785200974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428671638102719, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=RC-DSTA algorithm and GA algorithm parameter setting, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
RC-DSTA 参数设置 GA 参数设置
${SE} = {30}$ NIND=20
Maxiter=50 Maxgen = 50
${m}_{\mathrm{a}} = {1000}$ ${P}_{\mathrm{c}} = {0.7}$
${m}_{\mathrm{b}} = 1$ ${P}_{\mathrm{m}} = {0.1}$
${m}_{\mathrm{c}} = 1$
), ArticleFig(id=1154428721831338320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428671638102719, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=RC-DSTA 算法与 GA 算法参数设置, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
RC-DSTA 参数设置 GA 参数设置
${SE} = {30}$ NIND=20
Maxiter=50 Maxgen = 50
${m}_{\mathrm{a}} = {1000}$ ${P}_{\mathrm{c}} = {0.7}$
${m}_{\mathrm{b}} = 1$ ${P}_{\mathrm{m}} = {0.1}$
${m}_{\mathrm{c}} = 1$
), ArticleFig(id=1154428721906835794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428671638102719, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=Comparison of annual power generation of three arrangement methods, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
风机排布方法 年发电量/MW·h
GA 算法 1074 270.13
RC-DSTA 算法 1 075 284.23
专家经验法 1070 389.32
), ArticleFig(id=1154428721978138966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428671638102719, language=CN, label=表 3, caption=3 种排布方式年发电量对比, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
风机排布方法 年发电量/MW·h
GA 算法 1074 270.13
RC-DSTA 算法 1 075 284.23
专家经验法 1070 389.32
), ArticleFig(id=1154428722057830745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428671638102719, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=Some wind turbines position coordinates $\mathrm{m}$, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
风机编号 轴坐标 轴坐标 轴坐标
01 764 6112 608
02 3820 35 144 694
03 9168 3820 706
04 16808 19 100 736
05 18336 35 144 843
06 22 920 36672 822
07 38 200 35 144 800
08 40 492 25 976 770
09 51 952 35 144 865
10 55 008 35 144 873
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风机编号 轴坐标 轴坐标 轴坐标
01 764 6112 608
02 3820 35 144 694
03 9168 3820 706
04 16808 19 100 736
05 18336 35 144 843
06 22 920 36672 822
07 38 200 35 144 800
08 40 492 25 976 770
09 51 952 35 144 865
10 55 008 35 144 873
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基于改进离散状态转移算法的复杂地形崎岖度约束风电场微观选址优化
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刘佳惠 , 王聪 , 张宏立 , 马萍 , 李新凯
可再生能源 | 2024,42(12): 1618-1626
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可再生能源 | 2024, 42(12): 1618-1626
基于改进离散状态转移算法的复杂地形崎岖度约束风电场微观选址优化
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刘佳惠, 王聪 , 张宏立, 马萍, 李新凯
作者信息
  • 1 新疆大学 新疆 乌鲁木齐 830017

通讯作者:

王聪(1989-),女,博士,副教授,博士生导师,研究方向为群智能优化算法的应用、电力系统稳定与控制。E-mail:
Micro-site optimization of complex terrain ruggedness constrained wind farms based on im-proved discrete state transition algorithm
Jiahui Liu, Cong Wang , Hongli Zhang, Ping Ma, Xinkai Li
Affiliations
  • 1 Xinjiang University Urumqi 830017 China
出版时间: 2024-12-20
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为解决复杂地形下风电场微观选址问题,文章提出了一种基于改进离散状态转移算法(RCDSTA)的优化策略。首先,为解决地面平整度对风机安置的影响,引入崎岖度指数(TRI)将地面平整度进行数值量化,并对崎岖度过大的点进行约束处理;然后,提出一种基于离散状态转移算法(DSTA)的多风向下三维尾流叠加计算发电量的风机布局优化方法,并对离散状态转移算法进行改进,减少适应度值的计算时间,以缩短复杂计算优化问题的计算时长,提高计算效率;最后,以新疆某实际复杂地形风电场为例,在同一地形条件和目标函数背景下,将该算法与遗传算法(GA)和工程设计的微观选址结果进行比较。结果表明,在考虑地形因素特点的情况下,提供合理的风机布局方案,RCDSTA 比其他两种方法更有效。

风电场  /  微观选址  /  复杂地形  /  离散状态转移算法  /  崎岖度指数

In order to solve the micrositing problem of wind farms under complex terrain, an optimization strategy based on improved discrete state transfer algorithm (RCDSTA) is proposed. Firstly, in order to solve the influence of ground flatness on fan placement, the terrain ruggedness index (TRI) is introduced to quantify the ground flatness numerically, and the points with excessive ruggedness are constrained. Secondly, a wind turbine layout optimization method based on discrete state transition algorithm (DSTA) is proposed to calculate power generation by multiwind downward threedimensional wake superposition, and the DSTA algorithm is improved to reduce the calculation time of fitness value, so as to shorten the calculation time of complex calculation optimization problems and improve the calculation efficiency. Finally, taking a wind farm with complex terrain in Xinjiang, China as an example, the algorithm is compared with the microscopic site selection results of genetic algorithm (GA) and engineering design under the background of the same terrain conditions and objective function. The simulation results show that the discrete state transition algorithm is more effective than the above two methods in providing a reasonable fan layout scheme considering the characteristics of terrain factors.

wind farms  /  microscopic situation  /  complex terrain  /  discrete state transition algorithm (DSTA)  /  terrain ruggedness index(TRI)
刘佳惠, 王聪, 张宏立, 马萍, 李新凯. 基于改进离散状态转移算法的复杂地形崎岖度约束风电场微观选址优化. 可再生能源, 2024 , 42 (12) : 1618 -1626 .
Jiahui Liu, Cong Wang, Hongli Zhang, Ping Ma, Xinkai Li. Micro-site optimization of complex terrain ruggedness constrained wind farms based on im-proved discrete state transition algorithm[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2024 , 42 (12) : 1618 -1626 .
风能是一种清洁能源,随着 “碳达峰、碳中和” 目标的提出, 风电场变得越来越重要。风电场微观选址是指在风电场规划区域内, 结合风电场气象与地理数据并考虑风机间的相互尾流影响, 设计一种使风机在各种约束条件下能源利用率最优的风机布局方式 [ 1 ]
风电场微观选址设计分为专家经验布局和智能优化算法布局。专家经验布局常使用规则的排布方式,难以获得最优的风电场微观选址方案 [ 2 ] 。 随着人工智能的发展, 智能优化算法被应用于微观选址问题。文献[ 3 ]使用遗传算法(GA)求解了风电场微观选址优化问题。为得到更好的结果, 研究人员对 $\mathrm{{GA}}$ 进行了改进 [ 4 - 6 ] 。但 $\mathrm{{GA}}$ 运行后须通过局部搜索达到局部最优, 增加了基础算法的计算成本。因此,文献[ 7 , 8 ] 使用多种群遗传算法来更快地探索设计空间。此外, 针对平坦地形的风电场微观选址算法,如风力机尾流排斥优化算法 ${}^{pq}$ 、粒子群优化算法 [ 10 ] 等被相继提出。风机的输出功率主要受风速分布及风机摆放位置影响, 与地形坡度和周围环境有很大关系, 地形条件复杂地区会使风况复杂化, 提高了风电场微观选址的难度。随着新能源的大力并网, 陆上风电场的需求增加, 针对复杂地形的微观选址成为一个研究热点。文献 [ 11 ]基于 NCPSO 算法求解复杂地形风电场微观选址问题。文献 [ 12 , 13 ] 采用随机搜索算法,并提出了一种适应复杂地形条件的尾流模型和风电场布局的优化框架。为进一步提高计算效率, 文献[ 14 ] 提出了一种考虑风力功率密度和地形加速效应的改进遗传算法。
本文针对复杂地形风电场微观选址问题提出了一种新的选址方法, 该方法首次引入崎岖度指数(TRI)约束处理, 以排除某些地形过于崎岖的场地, 从而满足实际工程应用中风机安装对某些场地变量的要求, 并基于改进离散状态转移算法 (RC-DSTA)对多风向下复杂地形风电场风机布局进行优化, 产生使目标函数最优的排布方式。状态转移算法由于其状态变换算子具有可控性, 这使得每种算子均可以产生大小可控的规则邻域, 满足局部搜索、全局搜索和启发式搜索的功能需要。
气流经过风电机组后会产生尾流效应, 即在机组后的尾流区域内风速发生速度衰减。文献 [ 15 ]提出了线性尾流模型来评估风电场风机间的尾流效应( 图 1 )。
在给定风机的下游距离 ${x}^{\prime }{}_{i, j}$ 处,尾流的速度亏损及尾流半径可以估计为
$\frac{{V}_{i, j}}{{V}_{0}}= 1 -\frac{1 -\sqrt{1 -{C}_{\mathrm{t}}\left({V}_{0}\right)}}{{\left( 1 +\frac{{k}_{\mathrm{d}}\cdot {x}_{i, j}^{\prime }}{{R}_{\mathrm{r}}}\right)}^{2}}$
${R}_{i, j}= {k}_{\mathrm{d}}\cdot {x}^{\prime }{}_{i, j}+ {R}_{\mathrm{r}}$
式中: ${V}_{0}$ 为入流风速; ${V}_{i, j}$ 为给定风机的下游距离 ${x}^{\prime }{}_{i, j}$ 处的尾流区域内风速; ${C}_{\mathrm{t}}$ 为风机轮毂高度处与风速相关的推力系数; ${R}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 为风机半径; ${R}_{i, j}$ 为给定风机的下游距离 ${x}^{\prime }{}_{i, j}$ 处的尾流半径; ${k}_{\mathrm{d}}$ 为尾流衰减系数,与地形及气候条件有关。
在风电场中, 风机间的尾流相互影响并非完全遮挡,复杂地形下,由尾流影响导致的风速损失和尾流重合区域计算须考虑地形高度因素以及多台上游风机对下游风机的叠加影响 [ 16 , 17 ] 图 2 为尾流模型示意图。
根据 Jensen 尾流模型, 尾流产生的风速损失值与尾流影响下下游风机叶片扫过的面积成比例关系,可通过式(3)进行计算。
${V}_{i, j}= {V}_{0}\left({1 -\frac{1 -\sqrt{1 -{C}_{\mathrm{t}}\left({V}_{0}\right)}}{{\left( 1 +\frac{{k}_{\mathrm{d}}\cdot {x}^{\prime }{}_{i, j}}{{R}_{\mathrm{r}}}\right)}^{2}}\cdot \frac{{A}_{0}}{{A}_{\mathrm{r}}}}\right)$
式中: ${A}_{0}$ 为上游风机产生的尾流范围与下游风机叶片扫过区域的重合面积; ${A}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 为风机叶片扫过的面积。
风电场排布中, $n$ 台风机产生的叠加尾流对下游风机的风速损失可以表示为
${V}_{j,0}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{n}1 -\frac{{V}_{i, j}}{{A}_{0}}$
发电功率一般通过概率密度离散法进行计算 [ 18 ] ,本文将风向划分为 16 个方向,对每个风向内的风速数据进行双参数威布尔分布拟合,在某一风向扇区内,风速的概率密度 $g\left({\theta ,{v}_{0}}\right)$
$ g\left({\theta ,{v}_{0}}\right)= \frac{k\left(\theta \right)}{c\left(\theta \right)}{\left\lbrack \frac{{v}_{0}}{c\left(\theta \right)}\right\rbrack }^{k\left(\theta \right)- 1}\exp \left\{{-{\left\lbrack \frac{{v}_{0}}{c\left(\theta \right)}\right\rbrack }^{k\left(\theta \right)}}\right\}$
式中: $k\left(\theta \right), c\left(\theta \right)$ 均为风向扇区 $\theta$ 内的威布尔参数。
单台风机的年发电量 ${P}_{i}$
${P}_{i}= {8760}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{{16}}w\left({\theta }_{i}\right)\left\lbrack \begin{array}{l}{\int }_{{u}_{{out}- {in}}}^{{u}_{mod}}g\left({{\theta }_{i},{v}_{0}}\right) p\left( u\right)\mathrm{d}u +\\{\int }_{{u}_{int}}^{{u}_{{out}- {int}}}g\left({{\theta }_{i},{v}_{0}}\right) p\left( u\right)\mathrm{d}u \end{array}\right\rbrack $
式中: $w\left({\theta }_{i}\right)$$i$ 风向下的风向频率; $g\left({{\theta }_{i},{v}_{0}}\right)$$i$ 风向下的威布尔分布函数; $p\left( u\right)$ 为风机功率曲线拟合函数。
文献[ 19 ]提出了状态转移算法, 该算法以当前最优解为基础,通过采样方式,多次独立运行其设定的状态变换算子产生候选解集 [ 20 ] 。离散状态转移算法(DSTA)是用于求解自变量为离散变量的优化算法, 设计了交换、平移、对称和替换算子 4 种典型离散状态变换算子 [ 21 ] ,有效解决了背包问题 [ 22 ] 、员工指派问题 [ 23 ] 等典型离散优化问题。
交换变换算子为
${x}_{k + 1}= {A}_{k}^{\text{swap }}\left({m}_{\mathrm{a}}\right){x}_{k}$
式中: ${\mathbf{A}}_{k}^{\text{swap }}$ 为交换变换矩阵; ${m}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 为交换因子,控制交换元素的个数。
平移变换算子为
${x}_{k + 1}= {\mathbf{A}}_{k}^{\text{shift }}\left({m}_{\mathrm{b}}\right){x}_{k}$
式中: ${\mathbf{A}}_{k}^{\text{shift }}$ 为平移变换矩阵; ${m}_{\mathrm{b}}$ 为平移因子,控制移动元素的个数。
对称变换算子为
${x}_{k + 1}= {\mathbf{A}}_{k}^{\mathrm{{sym}}}\left({m}_{\mathrm{c}}\right){x}_{k}$
式中: ${\mathbf{A}}_{k}^{\text{sym }}$ 为对称变换矩阵; ${m}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 为对称因子,控制翻转变换元素的个数。
替换变换算子为
${x}_{k + 1}= {A}_{k}^{\mathrm{{sub}}}\left({m}_{\mathrm{d}}\right){x}_{k}$
式中: ${\mathbf{A}}_{k}^{\text{sub }}$ 为替换变换矩阵; ${m}_{\mathrm{d}}$ 为替换因子,控制候选解中替代变换元素的个数。
DSTA 在处理复杂问题时, 具有计算效率较低, 耗时长的缺点。为了提高复杂地形微观选址的效率问题,减少适应度函数的计算时长,在 4 种算子的基础上, 本文提出一种新的计算方式, 即 RC-DSTA, 对目标函数的计算进行历史方案保留及其相应适应度值记录,在迭代过程中将每种方案与历史方案进行比对, 若相同则直接调用记录的适应度数值, 以提高计算效率。适应度值调用方式如 图 3 所示。
现有风电场微观选址的约束一般为地理位置范围约束和风机间最小距离约束。而复杂地形下的风电场微观选址由于风机安装对某些场地变量的要求, 须排除某些不利的场地, 而作为地形异质性度量的 TRI 并未在风电场微观选址工程中进行应用。
本文为衡量风电场复杂地形的崎岖程度, 引入地形 TRI。该指数最早由文献[ 24 ]提出,作为地形异质性的度量, 其数值可以根据划分的网格高程数据进行计算。
给定沿横轴和纵轴方向的栅格尺寸为 ${\Delta x}$${\Delta y}$ ,则栅格 $\left({{x}_{i},{y}_{j}}\right)$ 处的 TRI 可根据其高程和周围 8 个栅格的高程值计算。
$\begin{array}{l}= \frac{1}{8}\cdot \left({2{\left({x}_{i}, y\right)}^{2}- 4{\left({x}_{i}, y\right)}^{2}+ 4}\right)\\\end{array}$
将 TRI 作为约束进行选址优化处理,从而满足实际工程应用中风机安装对某些场地变量的要求。
本文将 DSTA 算法应用在风电场微观选址问题上, 基于 RC-DSTA 算法的风电场微观选址是以年发电量最大为优化目标, 风机的位置坐标为优化变量,该算法步骤如下。
步骤 1: 根据地形高程与坐标数据计算每个栅格点的 TRI, 使用二进制编码方式对位置坐标进行编码, 将 TRI 过大的点剔除后生成初始排布。
初始解的优质性对优化结果的表现具有一定的影响, 本文通过初始解的约束, 在随机生成初始布局后,剔除崎岖度较差的点后将崎岖度较小的点进行填补,优化初始布局点的构成。对于栅格点位置,采用式(11)求出 TRI 值,对 TRI 的约束为 ${\mathrm{{TRI}}}_{\max }- \operatorname{TRI}\left({{x}_{i},{y}_{i}}\right)\geq 0$ , for $i = 1,2,\cdots ,{N}_{\text{wt }}\left({12}\right)$
步骤 2: 考虑复杂地形下风机间的尾流效应, 即引入地形数据, 得到风机间的高度差, 然后根据 Jensen 尾流模型, 通过式 (3) 分别计算 16 个风向下风电场内每个风机因上游风机尾流影响产生的风速损失值, 得到每个风机在尾流折减后的实际发电量。计算风电场排布方案中的年发电量数值, 并保存已计算的最大年发电量及其对应的排布方案。
在实际风电场中, 下游风力机可能会处于上游多个风机的尾流区域, 根据式(4)和式(6)计算 ${N}_{\mathrm{{wt}}}$ 台风机的年发电功率 ${P}_{\mathrm{{AEP}}}$
${P}_{\mathrm{{AEP}}}= {8760}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t = 1}}^{{N}_{\mathrm{{wt}}}}{p}_{i}= \\{8760}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t = 1}}^{{N}_{\mathrm{{at}}}}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{{16}}w\left({\theta }_{i, t}\right)\left\lbrack {{\int }_{{u}_{\mathrm{{out}}- \mathrm{{in}}}}^{{u}_{\mathrm{{out}}- \mathrm{{at}}}}g\left({{\theta }_{i, t},{v}_{0}}\right) p\left( u\right)\mathrm{d}u}\right\rbrack $
对目标函数及适应度值的计算进行历史采样保留及其相应适应度值记录, 在迭代过程中将每种采样与历史采样进行比对, 若相同则直接调用记录的适应度数值。
步骤 3: 判断停止条件, 符合条件, 算法结束; 否则,跳到步骤 4。
步骤 4: 在已知最优风机排布方案上更新风机位置。
风电场整体区域依据风机间最小距离作为网格长度进行划分, 对候选解风机位置坐标采用二进制排布的编码方式, 设置风机的坐标点编码为 1,未设置风机的坐标点编码为 0 , 在 RC-DSTA 算法的优化策略下, 将风机移动到新的位置, 形成新的风机排布方案。
二进制编码通过 DSTA 算法的 3 种典型离散状态变换算子进行变换, 各种算子的示意图如 图 4 所示。
步骤 5: 对更新位置的风机进行崎岖度约束修正, 返回步骤 2。
在风机位置坐标变换下, 有一定几率产生包含 TRI 较高的候选解。
在迭代的过程中, 对被选中的坐标点进行判断, 若包含 TRI 较高的点, 则对产生的候选解进行修正, 按照 TRI 大小进行排布, 剔除 TRI 大的位置, 再将 TRI 小的备选点填充进来, 然后返回步骤 2, 对已更新修正的排布方案进行风机间尾流效应计算和年发电量计算。
根据上述步骤, 基于 RC-DSTA 算法的风电场微观选址流程如 图 5 所示。
以新疆某复杂地形风电场微观选址为例, 在该风电场范围内布置 60 台 5 MW 风机。风电场东西长约 ${57}\mathrm{\;{km}}$ ,南北宽约 ${37}\mathrm{\;{km}}$ ,场址区域西北至东南走向地势较高,东北部和西南部地势略低,北部区域地形有一定起伏,海拔为 ${815}\sim {1050}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,场区地貌主要为戈壁滩。该风电场风向玫瑰图见 图 6 。 风向分为 16 个扇区,其双参数威布尔分布 CDF 拟合结果如 图 7 所示,参数数值见 表 1
风机为 WTG1 型风力发电机组,风机的轮毂高度为 ,叶轮直径为 ,风机的切入风速为 ,切出风速为 ,额定风速为 8.选用机型满足国家电网公司风电场接入电网技术规定(Q/GDW392-2009),具有低电压穿越能力和高电压穿越能力。
通过该风电场实例比较 RC-DSTA 算法、GA 算法及工程项目经验设计法的计算结果。针对 RC-DSTA 算法及 GA 算法的参数设置如 表 2 所示。
基于不同参数设置与迭代次数的试验, 得到专家经验法、GA 算法和 RC-DSTA 算法的风机布局结果( 图 8 )。
图 8 可知, 专家经验法的机组布置是较为规则的行列布置, 在 GA 算法与 RC-DSTA 算法的机组布置中,风机分布在风电场的各个区域,分布较不规则, 有的区域较为密集, 有的区域则分布较少。根据经验,海拔较高的地区风资源情况一般更好, 在考虑风机间尾流相互影响的情况下, 将风机尽量排布在风资源较好的位置,但与此同时,风机密集布置会产生较大的尾流损失而导致年发电量的减少。从布局结果上来看, RC-DSTA 算法布局后的风机安置地点较为平坦, 因此, 基于 RC-DSTA 算法优化后的风机排布方案会产生较好的经济效益, 避免密集排布产生较大尾流损失的问题。
3 种排布方式的年发电量如 表 3 所示。
表 3 可知, RC-DSTA 算法的年发电量比 GA 算法高出 1014.10 MW·h,比专家经验排布法高出 4894.91 MW·h。基于 RC-DSTA 算法的风机优化布局具有收敛速度快、寻优效果好的优势, 其部分风机的布局位置如 表 4 所示。
图 9 (a)为 RC-DSTA 算法和 GA 算法分别迭代 50 次的适应度值变化曲线。为验证解的最优性以及不同迭代次数对解最优值的影响, 再进行一定次数的迭代试验来分析验证此算法的收敛性与稳定性,因此选择迭代次数至 200 代,结果如 图 9 (b)所示。
由于 RC-DSTA 算法交替使用全局算子与局部算子进行寻优, 而 GA 算法每次迭代计算的方案数量取决于算法的种群规模, 优化过程须进行局部搜索来达到最近的局部最优,因此 RC-DSTA 算法的效率明显高于 GA 算法。RC-DSTA 算法解决此类问题比 GA 算法具有明显的优势, 其优化的收敛速度和收敛结果均有所提升。
RC-DSTA 算法在迭代前期已达到相对稳定的优化结果, 而 GA 算法在迭代结果体现上不具有稳定性且其最优解结果低于 RC-DSTA 算法。 由此可知, RC-DSTA 算法的优化结果具有良好的收敛性与稳定性, 并在初始值较差的情况下其优化结果远高于 GA 算法。
针对复杂地形风电场的微观选址, 本文提出的基于RC-DSTA 算法的优化策略具有优化效率高, 优化结果较好的特点, 并且引入的 TRI 约束处理可以排除某些地形过于崎岖的场地, 从而满足实际工程应用中风机安装对某些场地变量的约束,得到符合工程要求的微观选址方案。
①为解决地面平整度对于风机安置的影响, 引入 TRI 将地面平整度进行数值量化,并对崎岖度过大的点进行约束处理, 从而满足实际工程应用中风机安装对某些场地变量的要求。
②针对复杂地形风电场微观选址问题,本文采用的 RC-DSTA 算法考虑复杂地形的高度变化, 使用三维复杂地形尾流叠加影响的计算, 与实际复杂地形风电场微观选址的地理特点相符。
③仿真结果显示,基于 RC-DSTA 算法解决此类问题比其他算法具有更高的收敛速度和较好的收敛结果, 基于 RC-DSTA 算法的风机优化布局具有运算速度快、寻优效果好的优势。
  • 科技部重点研发计划项目(2021YFB1507000)
  • 新疆维吾尔自治区自然科学基金资助项目(2022D01E33,2022D01C367)
  • 国家自然科学基金(52267010)
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2024年第42卷第12期
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  • 接收时间:2023-08-08
  • 首发时间:2025-07-22
  • 出版时间:2024-12-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-08
基金
科技部重点研发计划项目(2021YFB1507000)
新疆维吾尔自治区自然科学基金资助项目(2022D01E33,2022D01C367)
国家自然科学基金(52267010)
作者信息
    1 新疆大学 新疆 乌鲁木齐 830017

通讯作者:

王聪(1989-),女,博士,副教授,博士生导师,研究方向为群智能优化算法的应用、电力系统稳定与控制。E-mail:
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