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This research investigated the effects of adding zerovalent iron (ZVI), activated carbon (AC) and magnetite (Mt)on the performance and microbiological properties of twophase anaerobic digestion of food waste. The results indicated that the addition of ZVI in the acidogenic reactor with AC and Mt in the methanogenic reactor showed the best effect on the anaerobic digestion performance. In the acidogenic reactor, the addition of ZVI increased the total volatile fatty acid concentration by 46.4%~47.9% compared with the control group, which provided better initial condition for the methanogenic reactor and significantly shortened the retardation time.In the methanogenic reactor, the addition of AC and Mt improved the stability of system, and the cumulative methane production was increased by 28.1%~68.4% compared with the control group.

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文章选取3种典型外源投加物零价铁(ZVI)、活性炭(AC)和磁铁矿(Mt),在中温条件下研究其对厨余垃圾两相厌氧消化体系性能的影响。研究结果表明:在酸化相中投加 ZVI,在甲烷相中投加 AC 和 Mt,对厌氧消化体系性能具有最佳的影响效果;在酸化相中投加 ZVI后,总挥发性脂肪酸含量较对照组提高了 46.4%~47.9%,为体系的产甲烷阶段提供了更好的初始条件,明显缩短了产甲烷延滞时间;在厌氧消化体系中投加 AC 和 Mt可以提高系统的产甲烷性能,相比对照组,各试验组的累积产甲烷量提高了28.1%~68.4%;AC和Mt对厌氧消化的促进作用主要发挥在产甲烷阶段。

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李秀金(1965-),男,博士,教授,研究方向为固体废弃物处理与资源化。E-mail:
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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428671264809662, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154428696841675520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428671264809662, companyId=1154428696837481215, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154428696850064129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428671264809662, companyId=1154428696837481215, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 北京化工大学 化工资源有效利用国家重点实验室 环境科学与工程系 北京 100029)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1154428699467309870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428671264809662, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Schematic diagram of batch anaerobic digestion system, figureFileSmall=MuYmy8r7b2jlegkkZ5F+zA==, figureFileBig=JFOnDENw/ENSl6GSodaJxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154428699521835824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428671264809662, language=CN, label=图 1, caption=批式厌氧消化装置示意图, figureFileSmall=MuYmy8r7b2jlegkkZ5F+zA==, figureFileBig=JFOnDENw/ENSl6GSodaJxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154428699588944690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428671264809662, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Variation of $\mathrm{{pH}}$ in the acidogenic reactors during anaerobic digestion, figureFileSmall=EdzTVNzylVNu80STqIaIXA==, figureFileBig=kDCu4KA9iCRhbOIVbkKWiw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154428699647664947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428671264809662, language=CN, label=图 2, caption=厌氧消化酸化相体系 $\mathrm{{pH}}$ 值随酸化时间的变化, figureFileSmall=EdzTVNzylVNu80STqIaIXA==, figureFileBig=kDCu4KA9iCRhbOIVbkKWiw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154428699697996596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428671264809662, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Variation of TVFAs concentration in the acidogenic reactors during anaerobic digestion, figureFileSmall=nO4/hzU1bVJuilOVMBlG/A==, figureFileBig=9mxFsGzXFsI9KJvuT0hIEg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154428699752522549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428671264809662, language=CN, label=图 3, caption=厌氧消化酸化相体系 TVFAs 含量随酸化时间的变化, figureFileSmall=nO4/hzU1bVJuilOVMBlG/A==, figureFileBig=9mxFsGzXFsI9KJvuT0hIEg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154428699802854198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428671264809662, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Biogas production capacity in different groups during asnaerobic digestion, figureFileSmall=hpM22MNRrOzf4hLBERRkNw==, figureFileBig=K8D/9Wv/LJNfJ8fJuAfkdA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154428699865768759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428671264809662, language=CN, label=图 4, caption=厌氧消化体系产气能力随甲烷化时间的变化, figureFileSmall=hpM22MNRrOzf4hLBERRkNw==, figureFileBig=K8D/9Wv/LJNfJ8fJuAfkdA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154428699928683320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428671264809662, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Anaerobic digestion performance of food waste, figureFileSmall=sDni4bC4oaT/dDPrPSm6cg==, figureFileBig=6xegmQo4AdoWyfqc//QpJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154428699991597881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428671264809662, language=CN, label=图 5, caption=厨余垃圾厌氧消化体系出料性质, figureFileSmall=sDni4bC4oaT/dDPrPSm6cg==, figureFileBig=6xegmQo4AdoWyfqc//QpJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154428700041929530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428671264809662, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Basic physical and chemical properties of substrate and inoculum, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 厌氧消化底物 接种物
TS/% 25.0 31.4
VS/% 20.3 12.0
pH 值 5.26 8.12
氨氮含量/mg $\cdot {\mathrm{L}}^{-1}$ 246 2310
碱度/mg $\cdot {\mathrm{L}}^{-1}$ 1860 2000
COD 含量/mg $\cdot {\mathrm{L}}^{-1}$ 8021
还原糖含量 $/\mathrm{{mg}} \cdot {\mathrm{L}}^{-1}$ 13.5
蛋白质含量/mg $\cdot {\mathrm{L}}^{-1}$ 3.9
), ArticleFig(id=1154428700113232699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428671264809662, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=底物和接种物的基本理化性质, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 厌氧消化底物 接种物
TS/% 25.0 31.4
VS/% 20.3 12.0
pH 值 5.26 8.12
氨氮含量/mg $\cdot {\mathrm{L}}^{-1}$ 246 2310
碱度/mg $\cdot {\mathrm{L}}^{-1}$ 1860 2000
COD 含量/mg $\cdot {\mathrm{L}}^{-1}$ 8021
还原糖含量 $/\mathrm{{mg}} \cdot {\mathrm{L}}^{-1}$ 13.5
蛋白质含量/mg $\cdot {\mathrm{L}}^{-1}$ 3.9
), ArticleFig(id=1154428700176147260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428671264809662, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Experiment design, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别 酸化相 甲烷相
投加物 投加量/g 投加物 投加量/g
CK
ZVI ZVI 2
ZA-1 ZVI+AC $2 + {0.2}$
ZA-2 ZVI 2 AC 0.2
ZM-1 ZVI+Mt $2 + {0.2}$
ZM-2 ZVI 0.2 Mt 0.2
ZAM-1 $\mathrm{{ZVI}} + \mathrm{{AC}} + \mathrm{{Mt}}$ $2 + {0.2} + {0.2}$
ZAM-2 ZVI 2 $\mathrm{{AC}} + \mathrm{{Mt}}$ ${0.2} + {0.2}$
), ArticleFig(id=1154428700234867517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428671264809662, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=试验设计, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别 酸化相 甲烷相
投加物 投加量/g 投加物 投加量/g
CK
ZVI ZVI 2
ZA-1 ZVI+AC $2 + {0.2}$
ZA-2 ZVI 2 AC 0.2
ZM-1 ZVI+Mt $2 + {0.2}$
ZM-2 ZVI 0.2 Mt 0.2
ZAM-1 $\mathrm{{ZVI}} + \mathrm{{AC}} + \mathrm{{Mt}}$ $2 + {0.2} + {0.2}$
ZAM-2 ZVI 2 $\mathrm{{AC}} + \mathrm{{Mt}}$ ${0.2} + {0.2}$
), ArticleFig(id=1154428700297782078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428671264809662, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=Methane production efficiency in different groups, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别 单位质量 产甲烷量 提高率
CK 174 22
ZVI 223 28.2 21
ZA-1 264 51.7 18
ZA-2 269 54.6 17
ZM-1 257 47.7 19
ZM-2 259 48.9 18
ZAM-1 283 62.6 16
ZAM-2 293 68.4 16
), ArticleFig(id=1154428700352308031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428671264809662, language=CN, label=表 3, caption=各组产甲烷效率, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别 单位质量 产甲烷量 提高率
CK 174 22
ZVI 223 28.2 21
ZA-1 264 51.7 18
ZA-2 269 54.6 17
ZM-1 257 47.7 19
ZM-2 259 48.9 18
ZAM-1 283 62.6 16
ZAM-2 293 68.4 16
), ArticleFig(id=1154428700419416896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428671264809662, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=Material conversion efficiency in different groups $\%$, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别 TS 降解率 VS 降解率 还原糖 降解率 COD 降解率
CK 58.7 61.7 61.7 83.6
ZVI 64.4 65.0 69.3 86.0
ZA-1 72.6 75.1 83.0 90.3
ZA-2 73.0 75.5 83.2 90.9
ZM-1 71.2 75.5 79.2 90.8
ZM-2 72.2 76.9 79.7 90.5
ZAM-1 77.8 82.1 90.4 94.2
ZAM-2 79.0 83.4 91.0 94.3
), ArticleFig(id=1154428700469748545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428671264809662, language=CN, label=表 4, caption=各组的物质降解率, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别 TS 降解率 VS 降解率 还原糖 降解率 COD 降解率
CK 58.7 61.7 61.7 83.6
ZVI 64.4 65.0 69.3 86.0
ZA-1 72.6 75.1 83.0 90.3
ZA-2 73.0 75.5 83.2 90.9
ZM-1 71.2 75.5 79.2 90.8
ZM-2 72.2 76.9 79.7 90.5
ZAM-1 77.8 82.1 90.4 94.2
ZAM-2 79.0 83.4 91.0 94.3
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导电材料对厨余垃圾两相厌氧消化性能的影响
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姜妍希 1 , 王欣姿 1 , 王喜彤 1 , 李秀金 1
可再生能源 | 2024,42(12): 1563-1569
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可再生能源 | 2024, 42(12): 1563-1569
导电材料对厨余垃圾两相厌氧消化性能的影响
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姜妍希1, 王欣姿1, 王喜彤1, 李秀金1
作者信息
  • 1 北京化工大学 化工资源有效利用国家重点实验室 环境科学与工程系 北京 100029

通讯作者:

李秀金(1965-),男,博士,教授,研究方向为固体废弃物处理与资源化。E-mail:
Effects of adding conductive materials on the performance during two-phase anaerobic digestion of food waste
Yanxi Jiang1, Xinzi Wang1, Xitong Wang1, Xiujin Li1
Affiliations
  • 1 State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
出版时间: 2024-12-20
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文章选取3种典型外源投加物零价铁(ZVI)、活性炭(AC)和磁铁矿(Mt),在中温条件下研究其对厨余垃圾两相厌氧消化体系性能的影响。研究结果表明:在酸化相中投加 ZVI,在甲烷相中投加 AC 和 Mt,对厌氧消化体系性能具有最佳的影响效果;在酸化相中投加 ZVI后,总挥发性脂肪酸含量较对照组提高了 46.4%~47.9%,为体系的产甲烷阶段提供了更好的初始条件,明显缩短了产甲烷延滞时间;在厌氧消化体系中投加 AC 和 Mt可以提高系统的产甲烷性能,相比对照组,各试验组的累积产甲烷量提高了28.1%~68.4%;AC和Mt对厌氧消化的促进作用主要发挥在产甲烷阶段。

厨余垃圾  /  厌氧消化  /  零价铁  /  活性炭  /  磁铁矿

This research investigated the effects of adding zerovalent iron (ZVI), activated carbon (AC) and magnetite (Mt)on the performance and microbiological properties of twophase anaerobic digestion of food waste. The results indicated that the addition of ZVI in the acidogenic reactor with AC and Mt in the methanogenic reactor showed the best effect on the anaerobic digestion performance. In the acidogenic reactor, the addition of ZVI increased the total volatile fatty acid concentration by 46.4%~47.9% compared with the control group, which provided better initial condition for the methanogenic reactor and significantly shortened the retardation time.In the methanogenic reactor, the addition of AC and Mt improved the stability of system, and the cumulative methane production was increased by 28.1%~68.4% compared with the control group.

food waste  /  anaerobic digestion  /  zero-valent iron  /  activated carbon  /  magnetite
姜妍希, 王欣姿, 王喜彤, 李秀金. 导电材料对厨余垃圾两相厌氧消化性能的影响. 可再生能源, 2024 , 42 (12) : 1563 -1569 .
Yanxi Jiang, Xinzi Wang, Xitong Wang, Xiujin Li. Effects of adding conductive materials on the performance during two-phase anaerobic digestion of food waste[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2024 , 42 (12) : 1563 -1569 .
随着经济高速发展和人民生活水平的显著提高,我国生活垃圾产量急剧上升。截至 2021 年,我国生活垃圾清运量达到 24869 万 $\mathrm{t}$ ,其中一半以上为厨余垃圾。厨余垃圾是指居民日常生活及食品加工、餐饮服务等过程中产生的有机废弃物, 主要包括丢弃的残羹剩饭、茶渣果皮、蛋壳骨头等。 由于我国丰富的饮食文化和多样化的饮食习惯, 厨余垃圾不仅产量高,成分也十分复杂。从组成成分来看,厨余垃圾主要包括水分、蛋白质、淀粉、纤维素、脂类和无机盐等,这就导致厨余垃圾具有高油脂、高有机质、高盐和高含水量的理化特性,在运输过程中极易发生腐烂变质, 存在散发恶臭、滋生虫蝇和有害病菌等问题,对人体健康危害巨大。 对厨余垃圾采取不当的处理方式会造成土壤、水体的二次污染,还会产生 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$${\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}$ 加重温室效应 [ 1 ] 。因此,厨余垃圾面临着资源化、减量化、无害化等亟须解决的问题。
厌氧消化技术主要是利用厌氧微生物自身代谢活动降解厨余垃圾中的有机质, 同时还可以将其转化为 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$${\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}$ 等能源物质。相比传统的焚烧、填埋等处理方式, 该技术具有环境与能源的双重效益 [ 2 ] 。然而,在实际工程应用中,厨余垃圾厌氧消化的效果不佳。有研究表明: 干式厌氧消化可以很好地解决系统抗冲击负荷能力差、容积产气率低和渗滤液产量高且处理难等问题; 两相厌氧消化可以为水解酸化细菌和产甲烷菌分别提供各自所需的最适生存环境,从而缩短产甲烷延滞期。 此外, 近年来的研究也发现, 向厌氧消化体系中添加导电材料可以显著提高系统性能 [ 3 ] 。Liu Y [ 4 ] 发现, 在厌氧消化体系酸化阶段加入零价铁 (ZVI), 可提高甲烷产量 77%。Kong X [ 5 ] 发现,向厌氧消化体系中添加 ZVI 后,乙酸占比增加,转化丙酸和丁酸的产甲烷菌活性提高,产甲烷延滞期缩短。王粟 [ 6 ] 发现,向厌氧消化体系中加入碳基材料,可以有效提高系统缓冲能力,缩短 27.5%~95.7%的产甲烷迟滞期,并提升产甲烷效率。Zhang J [ 7 ] 发现, 添加活性炭(AC)的厨余垃圾产甲烷速率明显提高,比对照组提高了 ${150}\%$ 。Jia T [ 8 ] 在研究磁铁矿 (Mt)强化活性污泥厌氧消化性能时发现, Mt 使体系累积产气量比空白组提高了 28%。
目前,有关外源投加物对厌氧消化影响的研究主要集中在投加物种类和剂量方面, 而有关厌氧消化不同阶段联合外源投加物对两相厌氧消化性能影响的研究还少有报道。基于此,本研究以厨余垃圾为底物, 选择 ZVI, AC 和 Mt 3 种投加物, 采用不同投加方法, 进行了中温两相厌氧消化批式试验, 探究其对系统产气效果及消化性能的影响。
ZVI(400 目,纯度 $>{98}\%$ )购于 Aladdin 公司, AC(200 目) 和 Mt(纯度 >99%) 购于 Macklin 公司。 厨余垃圾取自北京化工大学食堂,连续取样3d后混合均匀,粉碎后部分直接装自封袋于 $-{20}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 冰箱储存备用, 部分经自然晾晒后装自封袋于 -20℃冰箱储存备用,将未晾晒的和晾晒后的厨余垃圾混合,作为厌氧消化底物,控制底物含固率为 25%。接种物为董村的餐厨干式发酵物, 取回后置于 35 °C恒温水箱内驯化备用。底物和接种物的基本理化性质见 表 1
本研究采用批式两相厌氧消化方式, 在实验室搭建如 图 1 所示的厌氧消化装置。厌氧消化装置主要由总容积为 ${500}\mathrm{\;{mL}}$ 的厌氧消化反应器(蓝盖瓶)、总容积为 ${1000}\mathrm{\;{mL}}$ 的气体计量瓶、集水槽和恒温水箱组成, 通过橡胶管、玻璃泡和玻璃三通连接。试验采用排水集气法收集产生的气体。
在反应过程中控制体系含固率为 25%, 温度为(35±1) ${}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 。通过改变 ZVI, AC 和 Mt 组合的投加方法, 共设计 8 组试验, 如 表 2 所示。取含固率为 ${25}\%$ 的干湿混合厨余垃圾 ${40}\mathrm{\;g}$ ,加入相应剂量投加物,搅拌均匀作为厌氧消化底物。水解酸化阶段每 ${24}\mathrm{\;h}$ 测定体系的 $\mathrm{{pH}}$ 值、总挥发性脂肪酸 (TVFAs) 组分和含量。产酸发酵 7 d 后向酸化出料中加入相应剂量投加物,并按照 1:3 的接种比 (底物和接种物的总固体质量比)加入相应质量接种物, 充分搅拌, 确保体系内物质混合均匀。将反应器置于(35±1)℃恒温水箱中进行为期 ${30}\mathrm{\;d}$ 的中温厌氧消化,每 24 h 记录产气量并测定气体成分。厌氧消化结束后测定出料的总固体(TS)含量、挥发性固体 (VS) 含量、氨氮含量、碱度、pH 值、TVFAs 含量、COD 含量和还原糖含量。每组试验设 3 个平行。
TS和VS含量采用重量差减法(GB/T 14415-2007)进行测定。使用 Mettler Toledo 型 pH 计测定 值。使用岛津 型气相色谱仪对 TVFAs 进行分析, 仪器配备火焰离子检测器, 载气为氮气,检测器温度、进样口温度和柱温分别为 。通过岛津 型气相色谱仪进行气体组分的测定, 仪器配备热导检测器, 载气为氩气,进样口、柱烘箱和检测器温度分别为 。使用 HI83206 型高精度多参数测定仪测定氨氮含量。采用滴定法测定碱度。使用 UV2200 型紫外分光光度计测定还原糖含量(DNS 法)。借助 DRB 200 型标准 COD 消解器用快速消解分光光度法(HJ/T 399-2007)测定 COD 含量。
厌氧消化系统酸化相的 $\mathrm{{pH}}$ 值随时间的变化如 图 2 所示。
图 2 可以看出:所有体系的 $\mathrm{{pH}}$ 值均呈现出先下降后上升的变化趋势;各试验组(不含对照组,下同)的初始 $\mathrm{{pH}}$ 值为 ${6.9}\sim {7.1}$ ,高于对照组的 5.2; 各试验组在酸化 $1\mathrm{\;d}$ 后即达到了最低 $\mathrm{{pH}}$ 值 (5.7~6.6),而对照组在第 2 天达到最低 $\mathrm{{pH}}$ 值 (4.6),远低于水解酸化细菌代谢活动的最佳 $\mathrm{{pH}}$ 值 (6.5) [ 9 ] ,这可能是各试验组的水解酸化效率高于对照组的原因。只有在酸化相和甲烷相保持良好动态平衡的状态下, 两相厌氧消化体系才会获得更高的产甲烷效率。各试验组酸化 $7\mathrm{\;d}$ 后的 $\mathrm{{pH}}$ 值为 ${6.6}\sim {7.0}$ ,而对照组酸化 $7\mathrm{\;d}$ 后的 $\mathrm{{pH}}$ 值为 5.6,低于产甲烷菌的最适 $\mathrm{{pH}}$${\left({7.3}\sim {8.0}\right)}$ [ 10 ] ,这可能是对照组后续产甲烷阶段产甲烷菌活性低、体系产甲烷延滞期长和产甲烷效率低的原因。试验组相对较适的 $\mathrm{{pH}}$ 值能够为后续甲烷化阶段提供有利的初始条件。
TVFAs 含量是反应体系水解酸化效率的主要指标, 其组成可以代表体系的酸化发酵类型。不同投加物条件下, 酸化相的 TVFAs 含量随时间的变化如 图 3 所示。
图 3 可以看出:在 $7\mathrm{\;d}$ 的酸化过程中,空白组的 TVFAs 含量呈现出先缓慢上升后小幅度下降的变化趋势, 并在第 5 天达到最高含量 12573 $\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}$ ; 试验组的 TVFAs 含量整体上均呈现出先增长后下降的变化趋势,并在第 3~4 天取得最高含量;ZVI 组、ZA-1 组、ZM-1 组和 ZAM-1 组的最高 TVFAs 含量分别为 18413,18803,18543,18618 $\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}$ ,较对照组的最高 TVFAs 含量提高了 ${46.4}\%\sim$ 47.9%。对各试验组的 TVFAs 含量进行对比分析后发现, $\mathrm{{ZA}}- 1$ 组、 $\mathrm{{ZM}}- 1$ 组和 $\mathrm{{ZAM}}- 1$ 组的最高 TVFAs 含量和 ZVI 组的最高 TVFsA 含量相差不大, 说明主要是 3 种投加物中的 ZVI 对厌氧消化体系的水解酸化起到促进作用。对厌氧消化体系的 TVFAs 组成进行分析后发现, 乙酸占比在 74.1% 以上, 表明厌氧消化体系发生的是乙酸型发酵。这与郭昌梓 [ 11 ] 和 Kong X [ 12 ] 的研究结果相一致。
在为期 ${30}\mathrm{\;d}$ 的厌氧消化产甲烷过程中,各组的日产甲烷量、甲烷含量和累积产甲烷量的变化情况如 图 4 所示。
图 4(a) 可以看出:所有试验组第 1 个日产甲烷量高峰均出现在第 2~4 天, 产气量为 20~50 $\mathrm{{mL}}$ ,各组之间差别较小; ZVI 组第二个日产甲烷量峰值出现在第 17 天,较对照组提前了 $3\mathrm{\;d}$ ,其他试验组的第二个日产甲烷量峰值普遍出现在第 9~11 天,较对照组提前了 ${10}\mathrm{\;d}$ 左右,用时明显缩短,这表明投加 ZVI, AC 和 Mt 缩短了产甲烷延滞期。
除日产甲烷量峰值外, 甲烷含量也可以很好地反映体系产甲烷的启动速度。由 图 4(b) 可以看出,试验组的甲烷含量在 $9 \sim {11}\mathrm{\;d}$ 即达到 ${70}\%$ ,而对照组达到相同甲烷含量的时间是试验组的 2 倍, 这表明投加物有效提升了体系的产甲烷能力和启动速度。其中 $\mathrm{{AC}}$$\mathrm{{Mt}}$ 可以促进体系中 VFAs 的消耗, 避免了 VFAs 过度积累, 从而更好地保持了水解酸化和产甲烷之间的动态平衡, 并且由于二者自身较大的比表面积和强导电性等特点, 使其能够为厌氧消化过程中的微生物提供聚集场所,也能够通过促进微生物种间电子传递,进一步提高体系的产甲烷效率 [ 13 , 14 ]
图 4(c) 可以看出:所有试验组的累积产甲烷量较对照组均有极大的提高, 产气效果最佳的 ZAM-2 组的累积产甲烷量为 ${2065}\mathrm{\;{mL}}$ ,较对照组提高了 68.4%;其他试验组较对照组的提高效果从低到高依次为 $\mathrm{{ZVI}},\mathrm{{ZM}}- 1,\mathrm{{ZM}}- 2,\mathrm{{ZA}}- 1,\mathrm{{ZA}}- 2$ 组和 ZAM-1 组,累积产甲烷量分别为 1569,1808 , ${1820},{1856},{1892},{2043}\mathrm{\;{mL}}$ ,比对照组提高了 28.1%~62.6%。
各组的产甲烷效率如 表 3 所示。由 表 3 可以看出:试验组的单位质量 VS 产甲烷量为 223~293 $\mathrm{{mL}}/\mathrm{g}$ ,比对照组的 ${174}\mathrm{\;{mL}}/\mathrm{g}$ 提高了 ${28.2}\%\sim {68.4}\%$ ; 产气能力最佳的 ZAM-2 组同时具有最高的单位质量 $\mathrm{{VS}}$ 产甲烷量 $\left({{293}\mathrm{\;{mL}}/\mathrm{g}}\right)$ ,比对照组提高了 ${68.4}\%{}_{0}{T}_{80}$ 表示达到 ${80}\%$ 累积甲烷产量的时间,是体现系统产甲烷速率的指标。通过分析发现,试验组的 ${T}_{80}$ 均较对照组有所提前,其中 $\mathrm{{ZAM}}- 1$ 和 ZAM-2 两组的 ${T}_{80}$ 均为 ${16}\mathrm{\;d}$ ,比对照组提前了 6 d,用时减少了 ${27.3}\%$ ,而其他试验组的 ${T}_{80}$ 比对照组提前了 2~4 d。
物质降解率可以很好地反映体系内有机质的降解程度。本研究中厨余垃圾厌氧消化甲烷相的物质降解率如 表 4 所示。
表 4 可以看出: $\mathrm{{ZAM}}- 2$ 组的 TS 和 VS 降解率最高,分别为 79.0% 和 83.4%,分别比对照组的 TS 和 VS 降解率提高了 20.3% 和 21.7%;最高 COD 和还原糖降解率也出现在 ZAM-2 组, 分别为 94.3%和 91.0%。试验组更高的物质降解率代表厌氧消化体系内有机物质降解比对照组更加彻底, 这可能是其具有更高产甲烷效率的原因。
对厌氧消化甲烷相体系的出料性质进行研究, 结果如 图 5 所示。由 图 5 可以看出: 对照组和试验组最终的 $\mathrm{{pH}}$ 值均在 8.0 以上; 各组的最终 TVFAs 含量均在 ${600}\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}$ 以下,远低于酸化相的 TVFAs 含量, 说明酸化相与甲烷相保持了良好的动态平衡,未出现 VFAs 的过度积累。对照组最终的 TVFAs 含量为 ${526}\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}$ ,而试验组最终的 TV-FAs 含量处于更低值,为 ${270}\sim {380}\mathrm{{mg}}/{\mathrm{L}}_{\circ }$ 这一现象对应了试验组更高的累积产甲烷量, 说明投加物促进了产甲烷菌对 VFAs 的代谢利用。由 图 5(c),(d)可以看出, 试验组具有更低的碱度和氨氮含量, 这可能是由于碱度和氨氮中和了一部分 VFAs, 有效提升了系统缓冲能力,同时导致试验组的 $\mathrm{{pH}}$ 值略高于对照组。
①在厨余垃圾两相厌氧发酵的酸化相中加入 ZVI 可以提高水解酸化速率,达到更适宜酸化的 $\mathrm{{pH}}$ 范围,为水解酸化细菌提供更好的生存环境, 促进了厨余垃圾中的有机物向小分子物质的转化, 最高 TVFAs 含量相比对照组提高了 47.9%, 为后续产甲烷相提供充足原料。
② 在厨余垃圾两相厌氧发酵体系中加入 $\mathrm{{AC}},\mathrm{{Mt}}$ 可以缩短达到日产甲烷峰值的时间并提升系统的产甲烷能力。相比对照组,试验组达到日产甲烷峰值的时间仅为对照组的一半, 累积甲烷产量也较对照组提高了 28.2%~68.4%。ZVI 联合投加 $\mathrm{{AC}}$$\mathrm{{Mt}}$$\mathrm{{ZAM}}- 1$ 组和 $\mathrm{{ZAM}}- 2$$\mathrm{{TS}}$ 降解率分别为 77.8% 和 79.0%,较对照组和其他试验组提高 4.8%~20.3%; VS 降解率分别为 82.1% 和 83.4%,较对照组和其他试验组提高 5.2%~21.7%。
  • “十三五”国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFC1900903)
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2024年第42卷第12期
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  • 接收时间:2023-04-22
  • 首发时间:2025-07-22
  • 出版时间:2024-12-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-04-22
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“十三五”国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFC1900903)
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    1 北京化工大学 化工资源有效利用国家重点实验室 环境科学与工程系 北京 100029

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李秀金(1965-),男,博士,教授,研究方向为固体废弃物处理与资源化。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
种数
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占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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