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The article focuses on corn stover as the research subject and prepares black titanium dioxide (RTiO2) photocatalyst using the sodium borohydride reduction method. Through comparisons of different pretreatment results, the alkali photocatalytic pretreatment technology was selected. With the yield of reducing sugar and the main components of corn stalks as evaluation indicators, the study explores the impact of various factors, including photocatalyst concentration, reaction time, H2O2 concentration, and NaOH concentration, on the pretreatment effectiveness. The FTIR, XRD, and SEM analyses show that, compared with other pretreatment methods, the physical properties and microstructure of corn stover undergo significant changes after alkaline photocatalytic pretreatment, the lignin removal rate is effectively improved is effectively improved, which favors the subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis of corn stover.

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文章以玉米秸秆为研究对象,采用硼氢化钠还原法制备了黑二氧化钛(RTiO2)光催化剂,通过不同预处理结果对比,确定选用碱光催化预处理技术。以还原糖产量和玉米秸秆主要组分为评价指标,探究不同光催化剂浓度、反应时间、H2O2浓度和 NaOH 浓度对秸秆预处理效果的影响。通过 FTIR, XRD 和 SEM 分析表明,与其他预处理技术相比,经过碱光催化预处理后,玉米秸秆的物理性能和微观结构发生了明显变化,木质素去除率有效提升,有利于玉米秸秆的后续酶解。

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党钾涛(1988-),男,博士,讲师,研究方向为生物质资源化利用技术。E-mail:
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胡建军(1977-),男,博士,教授,研究方向为生物质资源化利用技术。E-mail:

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碱光催化预处理对玉米秸秆酶解糖化影响的研究
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胡建军 1, 2 , 何志 1, 2 , 张全国 1, 2 , 党钾涛 1, 2 , 赵淑蘅 1, 2
可再生能源 | 2024,42(12): 1593-1601
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可再生能源 | 2024, 42(12): 1593-1601
碱光催化预处理对玉米秸秆酶解糖化影响的研究
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胡建军1, 2 , 何志1, 2, 张全国1, 2, 党钾涛1, 2 , 赵淑蘅1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 河南农业大学 机电工程学院 河南 郑州 450002
  • 2 河南农业大学 农业农村部可再生能源新材料与装备重点实验室 河南 郑州 450002
  • 胡建军(1977-),男,博士,教授,研究方向为生物质资源化利用技术。E-mail:

通讯作者:

党钾涛(1988-),男,博士,讲师,研究方向为生物质资源化利用技术。E-mail:
Study on the effect of alkali photocatalytic pretreatment on enzymatic saccharification of corn stover
Jianjun Hu1, 2 , Zhi He1, 2, Quanguo Zhang1, 2, Jiatao Dang1, 2 , Shuheng Zhao1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou 450002 China
  • 2 Key Laboratory of New Materials and Facilities for Rural Renewable Energy Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou 450002 China
出版时间: 2024-12-20
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文章以玉米秸秆为研究对象,采用硼氢化钠还原法制备了黑二氧化钛(RTiO2)光催化剂,通过不同预处理结果对比,确定选用碱光催化预处理技术。以还原糖产量和玉米秸秆主要组分为评价指标,探究不同光催化剂浓度、反应时间、H2O2浓度和 NaOH 浓度对秸秆预处理效果的影响。通过 FTIR, XRD 和 SEM 分析表明,与其他预处理技术相比,经过碱光催化预处理后,玉米秸秆的物理性能和微观结构发生了明显变化,木质素去除率有效提升,有利于玉米秸秆的后续酶解。

玉米秸秆  /  黑二氧化钛  /  光催化  /  碱性条件  /  预处理

The article focuses on corn stover as the research subject and prepares black titanium dioxide (RTiO2) photocatalyst using the sodium borohydride reduction method. Through comparisons of different pretreatment results, the alkali photocatalytic pretreatment technology was selected. With the yield of reducing sugar and the main components of corn stalks as evaluation indicators, the study explores the impact of various factors, including photocatalyst concentration, reaction time, H2O2 concentration, and NaOH concentration, on the pretreatment effectiveness. The FTIR, XRD, and SEM analyses show that, compared with other pretreatment methods, the physical properties and microstructure of corn stover undergo significant changes after alkaline photocatalytic pretreatment, the lignin removal rate is effectively improved is effectively improved, which favors the subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis of corn stover.

corn stover  /  black titanium dioxide  /  photocatalysis  /  alkaline conditions  /  pretreatment
胡建军, 何志, 张全国, 党钾涛, 赵淑蘅. 碱光催化预处理对玉米秸秆酶解糖化影响的研究. 可再生能源, 2024 , 42 (12) : 1593 -1601 .
Jianjun Hu, Zhi He, Quanguo Zhang, Jiatao Dang, Shuheng Zhao. Study on the effect of alkali photocatalytic pretreatment on enzymatic saccharification of corn stover[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2024 , 42 (12) : 1593 -1601 .
化石能源燃烧释放的产物会对人类健康和生态环境造成损害 [ 1 , 2 ] ,生物质资源的开发利用可以促进能源系统向低碳型系统转型。其中, 生物精炼生化路线可以将木质纤维素中的碳水聚合物 (纤维素和半纤维素) 水解为简单的小分子糖, 然后将其转化为生物燃料和生物基化学品, 研究人员认为这种可持续发展的炼制模式能够替代传统的化石炼制产品链 [ 3 - 5 ] 。然而,由于木质纤维素的结构复杂与生物可及性较低, 限制了其工业化生产 [ 6 ] ,因此,生物质预处理方法对提高木质纤维素利用率和生物基产品收率至关重要。
为了克服木质纤维素结构的高稳定性, 有效地分离出可利用的木质纤维素组分, 提高生物质原料对微生物的生物可及性, 研究人员已开发出多种解聚和分解木质纤维素基质的预处理方法, 这些方法主要包括物理、化学、生物以及组合预处理方法 [ 7 , 8 ] 。光催化反应可以利用太阳光,能够在常温、常压下运行,被认为是极具潜力的预处理方法之一 [ 9 ] 。生物质光催化原料研究主要集中于木质素、纤维素、纤维素衍生物、天然木质纤维素和具有不同功能的平台化学品(木质素模型化合物、葡萄糖等),所得产物用于生产芳香化学品 (香兰素和香兰素酸)、燃料和其他化学品,还可以将其矿化为 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ [ 10-12 ] 。目前,将光催化技术应用于天然木质纤维素预处理的报道较少。Lu $\mathrm{Y}$ 采用 ${\mathrm{{TiO}}}_{2}/\mathrm{{UV}}/{\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ 光催化对稻壳进行解聚,鉴定出 172 种可溶性有机化合物,但含量较少 [ 13 ] 。文献[ 14 ] 首次使用紫外光催化辅助 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ 对造纸剩余的剑麻渣进行预处理, $\mathrm{{UV}}/{\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ 工艺可以有效脱除木质纤维素原料中的木质素和半纤维素, 从而极大地促进了剑麻渣的酶解利用。本文在对天然的玉米秸秆进行预处理实验时,发现在低的 $\mathrm{{pH}}$ 值下并不能保持较高的木质素去除率, 同时在工业生产中,存在 $\mathrm{{UV}}/{\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ 光催化体系中 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ 无法回收利用的问题, 而在非均相光催化体系中可以将光催化剂分离回收利用,使其应用更加有利。 ${\mathrm{{TiO}}}_{2}$ 作为绿色光催剂受到人们的广泛关注, 但实际应用中也存在一些问题,例如禁带宽度较宽,电子-空穴对的快速重组,导致可见光利用率不高。自掺杂改性通过引入Ti ${}^{3 +}$ 和氧空位(Ov)使 ${\mathrm{{TiO}}}_{2}$ 表现出的优异性能已引起人们的关注 [ 15 ]
光催化预处理对木质纤维素中的木质素有一定的解聚效果, 但是考虑到整个工艺的经济性、环保性以及天然木质纤维素的复杂结构, 本文将光催化与碱预处理有效地结合, 以确保高效去除木质素。通过硼氢化钠还原改性 ${\mathrm{{TiO}}}_{2}$ 自身结构,增强其激发光生电子的能力。以该光催化剂参与碱光催化预处理, 通过单因素实验探究光催化剂浓度、反应时间、 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ 浓度和碱浓度对预处理效果的影响规律, 并对预处理前后玉米秸秆进行表征分析, 进而实现碱光催化预处理对玉米秸秆高效水解的目标。
本实验中的待测样品为玉米秸秆, 取自中国河南省郑州市。将玉米秸秆清洗、干燥、粉碎,过 40 目筛, 干燥并储存。玉米秸秆的主要成分为 33.3%的纤维素、22.3%的半纤维素和 19.0%的木质素。
在真空环境中利用硼氢化钠和二氧化钛混合制备自掺杂二氧化钛。制备过程: 称取质量比为 $1 : 2$ 的硼氢化钠和二氧化钛混合均匀,将混合物放置到石英方舟中; 在氛围炉中和氩气氛围下, 以 $5\mathrm{\;{min}}/{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 的升温速率升温到 ${500}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,保温 $2\mathrm{\;h}$ ,使混合物在氛围炉中发生还原反应;反应结束后自然冷却,得到黑色二氧化钛。
称取 ${3.0}\mathrm{\;g}$ 玉米秸秆,放入 ${200}\mathrm{\;{mL}}$ 石英反应器中,加入 ${100}\mathrm{\;{mL}}$ 去离子水,调整光催化剂浓度、碱浓度、 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ 浓度和反应时间,对玉米秸秆进行预处理。其他实验条件:磁力搅拌器转速为 ${400}\mathrm{r}/\mathrm{{min}}$ ;紫外线灯放置在距离石英玻璃侧面10 $\mathrm{{cm}}$ 处,紫外线灯功率为 ${500}\mathrm{\;W}$ ,增强溶液的透过性。玉米秸秆经预处理后, 用去离子水冲洗固体残渣, 直到残渣表面为中性和没有光催化剂残留。将残渣放入 ${80}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 烘箱中干燥 $6\mathrm{\;h}$ ,干燥后称重储存,用于后续样品成分分析与酶解反应。
用纤维素酶消化预处理前后的样品。Cellic Ctec2 酶的实际活性是基于 61 个滤纸单位 (FPU/ mL)的滤纸酶活性,在 pH=4.8 和温度 ${50}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 下,使用 Whatman 号定性滤纸作为底物。将 ${0.5}\mathrm{\;g}$ 酶与 ${25}\mathrm{{mL}}$ 柠檬酸和 $\mathrm{{pH}}= 5$ 的柠檬酸钠缓冲液混合进行酶消化。缓冲液中的底物质量浓度保持在 2%。 以每克干生物质 12.2 FPU 的负荷加入 Cellic Ctec2 酶。在(50±0.3)℃的温度下,使用恒温水浴振荡器以 ${150}\mathrm{r}/\mathrm{{min}}$ 的速度进行 ${48}\mathrm{\;h}$ 的酶消化。 在缓冲液中添加 $1\mathrm{\;g}/\mathrm{L}$ 的四环素,抑制酶消化过程中的微生物污染。在反应结束时,通过离心收集样品。使用 3,5-二硝基水杨酸(DNS)比色法测定样品的酶消化产物中还原糖的含量, 由于还原糖中含有六碳糖和五碳糖等多种混合小分子糖,因此以葡萄糖为还原糖进行标定, 根据式(1)将样品在 ${540}\mathrm{\;{nm}}$ 处的吸光度转化为葡萄糖含量。根据式 (2)计算还原糖得率。
$ y ={0.8106x}\left({{R}^{2}= {0.9945}}\right)$
${y}_{1}= \frac{y}{{m}_{1}}$
式中: $y$ 为还原糖(以葡萄糖计)的含量, $\mathrm{{mg}};x$ 为波长在 ${540}\mathrm{\;{nm}}$ 处的吸光度; ${y}_{1}$ 为还原糖得率, $\%$ ; ${m}_{1}$ 为原料质量, ${m}_{1}= 3\mathrm{\;g}$
采用美国可再生能源实验室(NREL)推荐的方法测定了玉米秸秆中纤维素、半纤维素和木质素的相对含量 [ 16 ] 。称取 ${300}\mathrm{{mg}}$ 待测样品,倒入 ${100}\mathrm{\;{mL}}$ 水解瓶中,然后缓慢加入 $3\mathrm{\;{mL}}$ 质量浓度为 ${72}\%$${\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{{SO}}}_{4}$ ,使待测样品与 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{{SO}}}_{4}$ 充分接触, 然后将水解瓶放置在 ${30}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 的水浴锅中进行磁力搅拌 $1\mathrm{\;h}$ 。反应后,将 ${84}\mathrm{\;{mL}}$ 去离子水加入水解瓶中,充分摇动,放置到高压灭菌锅中在 ${121}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 下继续反应 $1\mathrm{\;h}$ 。样品完全水解后,用恒重 $\mathrm{G}3$ 砂芯漏斗进行固液分离。过滤后的砂芯漏斗在 ${105}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 下干燥,并称重(记为 ${m}_{3}$ ),在 ${575}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 下煅烧 $4\mathrm{\;h}$ ,然后冷却至室温并再次称重(记为 ${m}_{4}$ ),根据式(3) 可以计算出样品中木质素的含量。取 $5\mathrm{\;{mL}}$ 水解液样品,添加 ${1.9}\mathrm{\;{mL}}$ 质量浓度为 $8\%$ 的氢氧化钠溶液,将 $\mathrm{{pH}}$ 调节至 $2 \sim 3$ ,添加去离子水定容到 10 $\mathrm{{mL}}$ 。通过过滤头过滤样品,然后使用安捷伦- HPX-87H 色谱柱 $({300}\times {7.8}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ , Bio-rad, Richmond, CA, USA) 和高效液相色谱(HPLC) 测定水解液样品中还原糖含量, 以葡萄糖和木糖分别作为纤维素和半纤维素水解后糖含量的内标, 校准标准线方程见式(4),(5)。根据式(6),(7)计算纤维素和半纤维素含量。
${C}_{\mathrm{L}}= \frac{{m}_{3}- {m}_{4}}{{m}_{2}}\times {100}\%$
${y}_{2}= {1205.5}{x}_{2}- {0.9551}\left({{R}^{2}= {0.9999}}\right)$
${y}_{3}= {1154.2}{x}_{3}+ {30.79}\left({{R}^{2}= {0.9996}}\right)$
${C}_{\mathrm{C}}= \frac{n \times {\rho }_{\mathrm{g}}\times V \times {0.9}}{{m}_{2}}\times {100}\%$
${C}_{\mathrm{H}}= \frac{n \times {\rho }_{\chi }\times V \times {0.88}}{{m}_{2}}\times {100}\%$
${y}_{4}= \frac{y}{{m}_{1}\left({\frac{{C}_{\mathrm{C}}}{0.9}+ \frac{{C}_{\mathrm{H}}}{0.88}}\right)} \times {100}\%$
式中: ${y}_{2}$ 为葡萄糖浓度, $\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{{mL}};{x}_{2}$ 为葡萄糖峰面积; ${y}_{3}$ 为木糖浓度, $\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{{mL}};{m}_{2}$ 为待测样品质量, ${m}_{2}= {300}\mathrm{{mg}};n$ 为稀释倍数, $n = 2;{\rho }_{\mathrm{g}}$ 为玉米秸秆酸水解液中葡萄糖的浓度, $\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{{mL}};{\rho }_{\chi }$ 为玉米秸秆酸水解液中木糖的浓度, $\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{{mL}};V$ 为玉米秸秆酸水解液体积, $V = 3 +{84}= {87}\mathrm{\;{mL}};{C}_{\mathrm{C}}$ 为纤维素含量, $\%$ ; ${C}_{\mathrm{H}}$ 为半纤维素含量, $\%;{C}_{\mathrm{L}}$ 为木质素含量, $\%;{y}_{4}$ 为糖化率,%。
采用 X 射线衍射 (XRD, Rigaku Ultima IV) 测定预处理前后玉米秸秆的结晶度以及制备的光催化剂晶型。采用傅里叶变换红外(FT-IR)光谱仪 (美国 Thermo Scientific Nicolet iS5)分析预处理前后玉米秸秆中纤维素、半纤维素和木质素中化学键的变化情况。采用紫外可见近红外漫反射仪 (UV-VIis DRS,岛津 UV-3600i Plus)对制备的光催化剂进行光谱表征。采用 $\mathrm{X}$ 射线光电子能谱仪 (XPS, Thermo Scientific K-Alpha)对制备的光催化剂进行元素组成鉴定以及化学态分析。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM,德国 ZEISS Gemini 300)观察预处理前后玉米秸秆的结晶度以及制备的光催化剂的表面结构。
图 1 (a) 可见, 自掺杂制备的黑二氧化钛的禁带宽度由 3.34 减小到 2.85 ,对可见光的吸收有明显的提升,提高了可见光的光能利用率。自掺杂制备的黑二氧化钛结构中存在 1 个或多个相同的缺陷,如Ti ${}^{3 +}$ 和氧空位(Ov),这是导致黑二氧化钛性能优异的主要原因 [ 15 ] 。由 图 1 (b) 可见,本实验自掺杂制备的黑二氧化钛为金红石和锐钛矿的混合物, 锐钛矿含量较高。锐钛矿衍射峰分别位于 25.3,37.1,37.8,38.7,48.2,53.9,55.1,62.8,69.0, ${70.5},{75.2}^{\circ }$ ; 金红石衍射峰分别位于27.4,36.1, ${41.2},{54.3},{56.6},{69.8}^{\circ }$ 。有研究表明,混合少量的金红石对锐钛矿 ${\mathrm{{TiO}}}_{2}$ 光催化剂活性起到一定的促进作用。黑二氧化钛 XRD 峰强度减弱, 说明二氧化钛的结晶度下降, 无定型态的二氧化钛含量上升,不利于电子-空穴复合,因此光催化剂的活性有所提高。由 图1(c1) 可以看出, $\mathrm{O}/\mathrm{{Ti}}= {0.59}$ ,明显低于 2 , 说明光催化剂样品表面有一定的氧空位。 由 图1(c2) 可以看出,黑二氧化钛的 XPS 图谱在 ${458.3}\mathrm{{eV}}$${464.24}\mathrm{{eV}}$ 处的轨道特征峰对应于Ti ${}^{4 +}$ 离子,且含量较多; 在 ${457.74}\mathrm{{eV}}$${463.29}\mathrm{{eV}}$ 处的两个特征峰对应于Ti ${}^{3 +}$ 离子,说明二氧化钛能通过硼氢化钠还原生成一定量的Ti ${}^{3 +}$ 离子,这可能是造成二氧化钛颜色变化的原因。由 图1(c3) 可以看出,在 ${529.64}\mathrm{{eV}}$ 处的强峰对应于金属氧化物 $\mathrm{{Ti}}- 0$ ,在 ${531.77}\mathrm{{eV}}$ 处的特征峰对应于羟基氧 (H-O-C)。
通过调整光催化的反应条件, 研究不同预处理对玉米秸秆酶解的影响, 结果如 图 2 所示。仅采用光催化预处理玉米秸秆时,酶解还原糖产量有小幅度的提升,说明光催化预处理对玉米秸秆结构有一定的破坏作用, 光催化产生的羟基自由基对木质素有降解作用,但是这种降解作用有限, 因此只能少量去除玉米秸秆表面的木质素,不能对纤维素的结晶区域造成破坏。以黑二氧化钛为光催化剂时,酶解还原糖得率为 8.64%,酶解还原糖得率提高了 13.1%。在预处理过程中,玉米秸秆间接利用了光能,光能转化率达到 ${10}\%$ 左右。 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ 氧化剂通过抑制电子-空穴重新结合,猝灭导带电子来提高光催化效率。同时,在催化剂表面猝灭导带电子或者提供额外的氧原子作为电子形成氧化性极强的超氧化物自由基离子, 也提高了光催化效率。因此,在添加 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ 氧化剂时,预处理后玉米秸秆酶解得到的还原糖含量有所提高, 但此时还原糖得率仍然较低,仅为 11.6%。在木质纤维素生物组分中, 半纤维素和纤维素形成的天然糖基平台, 较木质素更重要, 因为二者具有很高的微生物可利用性 [ 17 ] 。当光催化和碱性预处理相结合时, 玉米秸秆还原糖得率达到 87.8%,既能保证高的还原糖得率,又减少碱的使用量,因此碱光催化预处理是有效的玉米秸秆预处理方式。
图 3 可知, 在黑二氧化钛为光催化剂的反应体系中,随着光催化剂浓度的升高,玉米秸秆酶解还原糖含量先增加后减少。当反应中添加的黑二氧化钛质量浓度为 0.15%时, 还原糖得率达到最大值,为 87.8%,糖化率为 94.4%。这是因为在紫外光照射下, 黑二氧化钛产生更多的羟基自由基,使得光催化预处理作用加强。当黑二氧化钛浓度过高时, 酶解还原糖含量降低, 木质素含量升高,这说明增加光催化剂的用量并不能持续地产生羟基自由基。添加过量的黑二氧化钛会导致溶液的透光度降低, 使得紫外光利用效率降低, 还会导致黑二氧化钛光催化剂聚集沉积在玉米秸秆表面,使光不能与玉米秸秆接触,反应物可接触性活性位点减少,影响光催化预处理反应的进行。过量的黑二氧化钛还会附着在玉米秸秆上,造成碱对玉米秸秆的预处理受阻,对后续酶与玉米秸秆接触也会造成一定影响。对预处理后的玉米秸秆进行成分分析, 结果表明, 随着光催化剂用量的增加, 木质素含量先减少后增加, 纤维素含量先增加后减少。纤维素含量在黑二氧化钛质量浓度为 0.15%时达到最大值,为 52.6%,此时木质素含量为 4.5%,半纤维素含量为 31.5%。这说明经过预处理后玉米秸秆中木质素基本被脱除, 玉米秸秆结构明显被破坏,纤维素酶对玉米秸秆中纤维素和半纤维素的可及性增加,酶解还原糖产量升高。随着光催化剂浓度的上升, 预处理后玉米秸秆中木质素含量增加,纤维素含量减少,这主要是因为溶液的光透过性变差, 降低了预处理效果。
在黑二氧化钛质量浓度为 0.15% 的条件下, 探究预处理时间对玉米秸秆酶解的影响。由 图 4 可知,随着预处理时间的延长,还原糖产量在 $1 \sim 6\mathrm{\;h}$ 增加明显,而后缓慢增加,这说明在其他反应条件不变的情况下,单一延长光催化时间并不能无限提升玉米秸秆还原糖含量, 并且随着反应时间的延长,纤维素和半纤维素的含量损失增加,造成玉米秸秆的整体利用率不高。因此, 确定最佳反应时间为 $6\mathrm{\;h}$ ,预处理后纤维素和半纤维素含量总计为 84.6%, 酶解还原糖得率最高为 89.8%, 酶解糖化率为 97.1%。
图 5 所示,在黑二氧化钛质量浓度为 0.15%, 光催化时间为 $6\mathrm{\;h}$ 的条件下,对玉米秸秆进行碱光催化,探究 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ 浓度对预处理玉米秸秆酶解的影响。由 图 5 可知,随着 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ 浓度增加,玉米秸秆酶解产生的还原糖含量呈先升高后下降的趋势。添加 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ 导致还原糖含量提高的原因是一方面 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ 抑制了黑二氧化钛光催化剂的电子、空穴的复合,同时在紫外光下 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ 的自身分解也提高了羟基自由基的浓度; 另一方面 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ 在碱性溶液中生成超氧阴离子自由基, 提高了活性氧化物的浓度。在 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ 浓度偏高时,还原糖含量出现明显的下降,这是因为 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ 增多导致碱浓度下降,影响了预处理反应的进行。在较低 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ 浓度下,经黑二氧化钛光催化剂预处理后玉米秸秆的纤维素含量有小幅度增加,在较高 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ 浓度下,纤维素消耗过多,造成玉米秸秆的纤维素含量降低。
碱浓度是反应体系中的一个关键因素, 因为它影响 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ 的稳定性和活性。为探究碱浓度对预处理玉米秸秆酶解的影响, 在黑二氧化钛质量浓度为 ${0.15}\%$ ,光催化时间为 $6\mathrm{\;h},{\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ 质量浓度为 1.75%条件下,对玉米秸秆进行碱光催化反应,结果如 图 6 所示。在低碱浓度下, 光催化预处理玉米秸秆后酶解还原糖产量较低,与未处理的玉米秸秆相比, 没有明显的提升, 这表明单独的光催化预处理玉米秸秆的效果有限。随着碱浓度的增加,光催化预处理的效果得到明显的提升,酶解还原糖含量逐渐增加, 这是因为碱光催化预处理玉米秸秆后木质素含量下降, 纤维素的相对含量得到提升。此外, 提高碱浓度可以提高活性自由基的含量, 活性自由基是脱木质素的主要物质。
预处理前后玉米秸秆 FR-IR 光谱如 图 7 (a) 所示。由 图 7 (a) 可以看出,波数 ${3300}{\mathrm{\;{cm}}}^{-1}$ 处的吸收峰为 $\mathrm{O}- \mathrm{H}$ 群拉伸振动(含氢键)峰,由于预处理后纤维素保留较好,光谱变化不明显 [ 18 ] 。在 1733cm ${}^{-1}$${1249}{\mathrm{\;{cm}}}^{-1}$ 处的峰值分别对应于 $\mathrm{C}= \mathrm{O}$$\mathrm{C}- \mathrm{O}$ 拉伸 [ 6 ] ,在经光催化和光催化 $/{\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ 体系预处理后, 峰值增强, 这主要是由于秸秆表面的灰尘或不稳定的结构脱落, 使木质素表面无杂质, 结构更加突出; 在经碱光催化预处理后样品在这两处的吸收峰消失, 表明预处理有效地去除了半纤维素和木质素。在 ${1500},{1430},{1600}{\mathrm{\;{cm}}}^{-1}$ 附近的吸收峰是木质素芳香环骨架的振动峰 [ 6 ] ,在经光催化和光催化 $/{\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ 体系预处理后峰值降低,说明这两个体系主要对木质素芳香环骨架起作用,能少量去除木质素中的苯环结构。在经碱光催化预处理后,样品吸收峰的消失或强度降低表明预处理去除了样品中大量的木质素(具有苯环结构)。
文献[ 19 ]研究表明,纤维素中纤维素 I 的 XRD 特征峰位于 ${2\theta }= {14.8},{15.2},{20.7},{21.9},{34.7}^{\circ }$ 处; 纤维素 II 的 XRD 特征峰位于 ${20.6},{22.3}^{\circ }$ 。由 图 7 (b)可知, 预处理前玉米秸秆 XRD 测定结果主要表现为纤维素 I 的特征峰, 由于未预处理的玉米秸秆中纤维素表面被木质素和半纤维素包裹, 导致整条光谱杂峰较多,同时峰值较高,显示纤维素的结晶度较高。经碱光催化预处理后,纤维素的结晶度明显下降, 出现纤维素 I 和纤维素 II 的特征峰, 并且峰值明显下降, 说明经碱光催化预处理后, 玉米秸秆中纤维素的结晶区域被打破, 非结晶纤维素增多,有利于后续酶解反应的进行。另外, 位于25.3,37.1,37.8,38.7,48.2,53.9,55.1,62.8, ${69.0},{70.5},{75.2}^{\circ }$ 的特征峰,表明预处理后玉米秸秆残渣中存在 ${\mathrm{{TiO}}}_{2}$ 的晶型,有少量的光催化剂负载在玉米秸秆表面。光催化剂的纳米颗粒附着在残渣表面可能会对纤维素酶与底物接触产生一定的影响。
不同预处理样品的 SEM 图如 图 7 (c)所示。 由 图 7 (c)可以看出,与未进行预处理的玉米秸秆相比,仅采用黑二氧化钛光催化剂预处理玉米秸秆时, 秸秆表面出现小孔, 基本结构没有被破坏, 秸秆表面有残存的光催化剂。通过碱光催化预处理后,玉米秸秆表面粗糙,由于去除了木质素和半纤维素, 玉米秸秆中的纤维素裸露, 使纤维素酶更容易与纤维素相结合, 将玉米秸秆水解成分子结构简单的糖。
本研究表明,碱预处理和光催化技术相结合能有效地破坏碳水化合物与木质素之间的酯键, 使更多木质素的官能团参与反应, 降解木质素, 破坏玉米秸秆中原有空间结构,释放出被木质素包裹的纤维素和半纤维素, 从而促进纤维素酶与玉米秸秆中纤维素、半纤维素的接触, 提升玉米秸秆酶的降解效率。采用黑二氧化钛光催化剂对玉米秸秆进行碱光催化预处理,可以减少 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ 的用量。黑二氧化钛有可能实现可见光下光催化预处理秸秆, 碱光催化预处理是一种有前景的木质纤维素预处理方法。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2018YFE0206600)
  • 国家重点研发计划(2021YFD1700900)
  • 河南省高校科技创新团队支持计划(20IRTSTHN006)
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2024年第42卷第12期
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  • 接收时间:2023-07-01
  • 首发时间:2025-07-22
  • 出版时间:2024-12-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-07-01
基金
国家重点研发计划(2018YFE0206600)
国家重点研发计划(2021YFD1700900)
河南省高校科技创新团队支持计划(20IRTSTHN006)
作者信息
    1 河南农业大学 机电工程学院 河南 郑州 450002
    2 河南农业大学 农业农村部可再生能源新材料与装备重点实验室 河南 郑州 450002

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党钾涛(1988-),男,博士,讲师,研究方向为生物质资源化利用技术。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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