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In order to guarantee capacity adequacy for the power system with a high penetration of renewable energy resources, it is necessary to establish a capacity market mechanism that is compatible with the energy market. From the perspective of investment decisionmaking, this paper analyzes the efficiency of capacity market mechanism in the power system with high proportion of renewable energy by studying supplier's investment behavior in capacity energy market with high integration of renewable energy. Firstly, a threelayer optimization model is established for the investment decision problem, including unit decisionmaking, capacity market and energy market model. Then since the model is difficult to solve directly, a phased loop iterative solution algorithm is proposed, being able to solve the problem with the capacity and energy market decoupled. Finally, based on the actual data of a certain provincial network, this paper uses the proposed method to compare the effects of energyonly market and capacityenergy market on capacity adequacy for the power system with a high proportion of renewable energy.

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高比例新能源背景下,建立与能量市场相适应的容量市场机制可以保障电力系统充裕性。文章从机组投资决策的角度出发,研究了高比例新能源下容量能量市场耦合的机组投资决策行为,并分析容量市场机制的运行效果。文章提出了机组决策、容量市场和能量市场的三层优化投资决策模型,针对该模型难以直接求解的问题,提出了容量能量市场解耦的分阶段循环迭代求解策略。最后,基于某省网实际数据,运用所提方法对比和分析了高比例新能源接入下单一能量市场和容量能量市场耦合下的容量充裕性保障效果。

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李琪瑞(1994-),女,博士研究生,研究方向为电力市场。E-mail:
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机组 类型 额定 容量 MW 投资 成本 万元/MW 运行维护 成本 万元/(MW·a) 变动 成本 元/(kW·h) 建设 周期 a 生命 周期 a
G1 1000 380 12 0.297 2 30
G2 95 1065 40 0.335 2 30
G3 475 330 13.5 0.65 2 25
G4 280 280 10.5 0.98 2 25
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机组 类型 额定 容量 MW 投资 成本 万元/MW 运行维护 成本 万元/(MW·a) 变动 成本 元/(kW·h) 建设 周期 a 生命 周期 a
G1 1000 380 12 0.297 2 30
G2 95 1065 40 0.335 2 30
G3 475 330 13.5 0.65 2 25
G4 280 280 10.5 0.98 2 25
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高比例新能源下容量-能量市场耦合的机组投资决策方法
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黄成 1 , 贾勇勇 1 , 周前 1 , 李琪瑞 2 , 房欣欣 2
可再生能源 | 2024,42(12): 1653-1660
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可再生能源 | 2024, 42(12): 1653-1660
高比例新能源下容量-能量市场耦合的机组投资决策方法
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黄成1, 贾勇勇1, 周前1, 李琪瑞2 , 房欣欣2
作者信息
  • 1 国网江苏省电力有限公司 电力科学研究院 江苏 南京 211103
  • 2 重庆大学 输配电装备及系统安全与新技术国家重点实验室 重庆 400044

通讯作者:

李琪瑞(1994-),女,博士研究生,研究方向为电力市场。E-mail:
Investment decision-making method in capacity-energy market with high proportion of renewable energy
Cheng Huang1, Yongyong Jia1, Qian Zhou1, Qirui Li2 , Xinxin Fang2
Affiliations
  • 1 Research Institute State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Co., Ltd. Nanjing 211103 China
  • 2 State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment & System Security and New Technology Chongqing University Chongqing 400044 China
出版时间: 2024-12-20
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高比例新能源背景下,建立与能量市场相适应的容量市场机制可以保障电力系统充裕性。文章从机组投资决策的角度出发,研究了高比例新能源下容量能量市场耦合的机组投资决策行为,并分析容量市场机制的运行效果。文章提出了机组决策、容量市场和能量市场的三层优化投资决策模型,针对该模型难以直接求解的问题,提出了容量能量市场解耦的分阶段循环迭代求解策略。最后,基于某省网实际数据,运用所提方法对比和分析了高比例新能源接入下单一能量市场和容量能量市场耦合下的容量充裕性保障效果。

高比例新能源  /  容量市场  /  能量市场  /  发电投资  /  发电容量充裕性

In order to guarantee capacity adequacy for the power system with a high penetration of renewable energy resources, it is necessary to establish a capacity market mechanism that is compatible with the energy market. From the perspective of investment decisionmaking, this paper analyzes the efficiency of capacity market mechanism in the power system with high proportion of renewable energy by studying supplier's investment behavior in capacity energy market with high integration of renewable energy. Firstly, a threelayer optimization model is established for the investment decision problem, including unit decisionmaking, capacity market and energy market model. Then since the model is difficult to solve directly, a phased loop iterative solution algorithm is proposed, being able to solve the problem with the capacity and energy market decoupled. Finally, based on the actual data of a certain provincial network, this paper uses the proposed method to compare the effects of energyonly market and capacityenergy market on capacity adequacy for the power system with a high proportion of renewable energy.

high proportion of renewable energy  /  capacity market  /  energy market  /  power generation investment  /  capacity sufficiency
黄成, 贾勇勇, 周前, 李琪瑞, 房欣欣. 高比例新能源下容量-能量市场耦合的机组投资决策方法. 可再生能源, 2024 , 42 (12) : 1653 -1660 .
Cheng Huang, Yongyong Jia, Qian Zhou, Qirui Li, Xinxin Fang. Investment decision-making method in capacity-energy market with high proportion of renewable energy[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2024 , 42 (12) : 1653 -1660 .
“双碳”目标下,新能源发电得到了快速发展。 新能源的大规模接入会造成火电等调节电源因电能量市场和辅助服务市场的收益不足而关停, 进而造成发电容量不能满足电力负荷需求 [ 1 , 2 ] ,对电力系统安全运行带来隐患。
世界各国采用了多种保障容量充裕度的机制, 包括稀缺定价机制、容量市场机制、战略备用机制等。容量市场机制已广泛应用于多个国家和地区, 具有较成熟的实践经验。文献[ 3 ]阐述了英国容量市场的背景、目的及其具体形式,并分析英国的容量市场模式在我国的适用性。文献[ 4 ]从需求、供给、市场时间设立、辅助支持等方面对英国和美国电力容量市场设计进行了综合比对分析, 最后提出对中国今后开展容量市场建设的思考。 文献[ 5 ]介绍了美国 PJM 容量市场中可靠性定价模型的主要特点、清算机制和运行结果, 并对我国华东区域市场的容量市场建设提出了意见和建议。文献[ 6 ]对比了澳大利亚南部、美国德克萨斯州和美国宾夕法尼亚-新泽西-马里兰州 3 个典型电力市场区域保证发电容量充裕性的方法。文献[ 7 ]提出南方 (以广东起步) 电力容量市场机制设计,并进一步探讨利用容量市场机制解决高成本机组搁置成本的补偿问题。文献[ 8 ]通过研究国外先进电力市场保障电力系统可靠发电容量的体制机制, 探求出一套适合中国现行电力市场发展的容量保障机制。文献[ 9 ]提出了基于供需多方互动、引入虚拟投机商的容量市场机制,通过不同市场主体之间的多方互动和投机商的投机套利行为,建立了消除不平衡预测偏差的市场校正机制。 随着我国容量充裕度机制的探索逐步展开, 量化分析容量市场机制的实施效果, 对完善我国容量市场体系建设十分关键 [ 10 , 11 ]
分析容量市场机制的运行效果须研究在容量市场机制作用下的发电商长期投资决策行为, 评估容量投资是否满足系统安全运行要求。当前用于模拟发电商长期投资决策行为的方法主要有 3 类:优化模型、仿真模型和动态模拟。优化模型方法通常以某市场主体利润最大化为目标, 建立优化模型, 从而确定主体投资决策, 分析系统容量变化。文献[ 12 ]对引入投资决策的容量市场进行了建模与均衡分析, 对寡头容量市场主体的策略行为进行了深入探究。文献[ 13 ]针对发电投资决策问题建立双层均衡模型, 分析了不同容量市场模式的实施效果。仿真模型方法是基于系统动力学或多代理仿真, 仿真模拟电力市场变化情况。文献 [ 14 ]基于系统动力学, 仿真对比了稀缺定价和容量市场机制的实施效果。文献[ 15 ]建立多代理仿真模型模拟各市场主体行为, 研究如何确定不同容量需求曲线。文献[ 16 ]通过多代理仿真, 研究高比例新能源接入下的远期容量市场运行效果。动态模拟方法则是通过建立发电投资动态模拟的数学模型, 研究不同机制下的市场运行情况。文献 [ 17 , 18 ] 通过动态模拟机组发电投资行为,研究单一能量市场和容量市场机制下发电投资的周期性波动问题。上述方法通过优化模型分析得出容量市场机制的优势在于能够解析表达发电商在不同市场中投资和收益的关系。然而,容量市场的引入,对发电商的投资决策建模带来了较大难度: 首先发电商的投资决策基于能量、容量市场中的联合收益;其次,发电商在能量和容量市场的报价策略存在相互耦合关系。现有文献少有对两个市场联合收益和报价耦合关系的考虑。
本文考虑了高比例新能源下能量-容量 [ 11 ] 市场耦合的机组投资决策问题,首先考虑容量-能量市场联合及报价耦合关系,建立了发电商电源投资决策三层优化模型, 上层为发电商收益优化模型, 中层为容量市场出清模型, 下层为能量市场出清模型。由于该模型为非凸问题,在考虑交易标的年内所有时段下的模型规模大、求解复杂, 考虑该模型的特点和市场出清流程, 本文提出了将能量市场和容量市场解耦的发电商投资决策问题求解方法, 并通过某省电网实际算例分析对单一能量和引入容量市场后的发电投资行为, 分析了高比例新能源条件下的容量市场实施效果。
现货能量市场包括日前市场和日内市场,主要的流程包括机组报价、市场出清和下发出清结果。电能量现货市场出清模型包括功率平衡约束、 传输网络约束和机组私有约束,可真实反映电力商品短期的供需关系、时空价值以及系统的阻塞成本, 进一步发挥了市场发现价格的功能, 实现电力系统资源的高效配置,为系统投资发展与中长期市场提供价格风向标。
容量市场是独立于电能以外的市场, 是将容量作为商品, 通过市场竞争的方式形成容量价格, 对中标机组给予容量补偿。在容量市场拍卖中,由市场主体自主申报形成容量供给曲线, 需求曲线则是由运营机构根据系统可靠性标准提前确定的规则制定, 供给曲线与需求曲线的交点即为容量市场出清价格。
容量需求曲线制定的关键在于确定系统基准容量 ${C}_{\text{base }}$ 和基准价格 ${p}_{\text{base }}$ 。基准容量是基于对交付年的系统年负荷的预测和结合系统可靠性要求而确定。基准价格是根据容量市场所在区域内, 关于参考新建机组的平均成本回收缺额的预测而确定。
由于容量市场旨在以提供长期稳定的价格信号方式来刺激电源投资,容量市场通常设定为提前交付年所对应的能量市场 1~5 a 进行。因此,时间跨度过长不可避免地会存在预测误差, 为了规避不确定性, 可在容量交付年前举行多次容量市场定价。为了简化模型的复杂性, 侧重研究建立容量市场的意义, 本文仅考虑能量市场和单次的容量基本拍卖市场存在的情况。
市场中的发电商会结合机组在市场中的盈利情况, 以自身投资收益最大化为目标做出投资决策。当容量市场、能量市场同时存在时,由于发电商的收益来源于容量市场和能量市场的综合收益, 并且机组在容量市场和能量市场的报价行为相互耦合, 故考虑容量-能量市场耦合的发电商投资决策模型实为三层优化模型, 如 图 1 所示。
图 1 上层优化模型为发电商投资决策模型。 发电商基于若干投资约束条件, 追求投资利润最大化。对某容量标的年,某发电商的目标函数为容量市场和能量市场的年总净收益最大,即:
$\max \vartheta =\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i \in \left\{{{\Omega }^{\mathrm{E}}\cup {\Omega }^{\land }}\right\}}}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t = 1}}^{{t}_{n}}{\gamma }_{\mathrm{e}, i, t}{p}_{\mathrm{e}, i, t}+ \varphi \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i \in \left\{{{\Omega }^{\mathrm{E}}\cup {\Omega }^{\land }}\right\}}}{p}_{\mathrm{s}, i}- \\\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i \in \left\{{{\Omega }^{\varepsilon }\cup {\Omega }^{\varepsilon }}\right\}}}{r}_{i}{Q}_{i}- \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i \in \left\{{{\Omega }^{\varepsilon }\cup {\Omega }^{\varepsilon }}\right\}}}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t = 1}}^{{t}_{n}}{c}_{\mathrm{e}, i}{p}_{\mathrm{e}, i, t}$
式中: ${t}_{n}$$T$ 年内时间间隔数; ${\Omega }^{E}$${\Omega }^{N}$ 分别为存量和决定投资新建的容量集合; ${\gamma }_{\mathrm{e}, i, t}$${p}_{\mathrm{e}, i, t}$ 分别为机组 $i$ 在能量市场中对应时刻 $t$ 的中标价格和中标出力; $\varphi$ 为容量市场出清价格; ${p}_{\mathrm{s}, i}$ 为机组 $i$ 在容量市场中的中标容量; ${r}_{i}$ 为机组 $i$ 的单位容量固定成本; ${Q}_{i}$ 为机组 $i$ 的容量; ${c}_{\mathrm{e}, i}$ 为机组 $i$ 的变动发电成本。
发电商最大允许投资上限和发电商存在愿意投资的容量上限分别为
$\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i \in {\Omega }^{\vee }}}{Q}_{i}\leq {Q}_{\text{invest }}^{\max }$
$\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i \in {\Omega }^{\vee }}}{Q}_{i}\leq \kappa {\vartheta }^{\text{pre }}$
式中: ${Q}_{\text{invest }}^{\max }$ 为最大允许投资容量值; ${\vartheta }^{\text{pre }}$ 为投资上限与上一年的盈利情况, 其存在耦合关系, 耦合系数为 $\kappa ,\kappa$ 越大,反映机组对风险的承受程度越高。
图 1 中层优化模型为容量市场出清模型, 目标函数为最小化容量市场运行成本。容量市场出清模型为
$\min \delta =\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i \in \left\{{{\Omega }^{\varepsilon }\cup {\Omega }^{\prime }}\right\}}}{c}_{\mathrm{s}, i}{p}_{\mathrm{s}, i}$
$\text{s.t}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i \in {\Omega }^{c}}}{p}_{\mathrm{s}, i}+ \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j \in {\Omega }^{v}}}{p}_{\mathrm{s}, j}\geq \left({1 +{\mu }_{\mathrm{s}}}\right){D}_{t},\forall t :\left\lbrack \varphi \right\rbrack $
${p}_{\mathrm{s}, i}^{\min }\leq {p}_{\mathrm{s}, i}\leq {p}_{\mathrm{s}, i}^{\max },\forall i $
$ f\left({{p}_{\mathrm{e}, i, t}^{\mathrm{w}}\leq {p}_{\mathrm{e}, i,\max }^{\mathrm{w}}}\right)= {\rho }_{\mathrm{R}}, f\left({{p}_{\mathrm{e}, i, t}^{\mathrm{w}}\geq {p}_{\mathrm{e}, i,\min }^{\mathrm{w}}}\right)= {\rho }_{\mathrm{R}}$
式中: ${c}_{\mathrm{s}, i}$ 为机组 $i$ 在容量市场中的报价; ${D}_{t}$ 为时段 $t$ 的容量需求水平; ${\mu }_{\mathrm{s}}$ 为备用系数; ${p}_{\mathrm{s}, i}^{\min },{p}_{\mathrm{s}, i}^{\max }$ 分别为机组 $i$ 上报的容量下限和上限值; ${\rho }_{\mathrm{R}}$ 为出力水平置信度。
为充分发挥容量市场刺激发电投资、引导电源转型的作用, 可在容量出清模型中考虑不同类型机组除了提供系统备用容量以外,考虑环保性、 清洁性、灵活性等多方面的差异。因此, 本文提出机组容量报价调整方法, 在容量市场出清阶段将对机组上报的容量价格进行调整,即:
${p}^{\mathrm{a}}= \frac{{p}^{\mathrm{o}}}{\varpi }$
式中: ${p}^{\mathrm{a}}$ 为经过调整后的容量报价; ${p}^{\mathrm{o}}$ 为未经过调整的容量报价; $\omega$ 为价格调整系数。
确定调整系数须要对机组进行综合价值评估, 包括低碳环保、可靠性、灵活性等方面。将运营机构选定的参考新建机组的调整系数设为 1 , 其他类型机组将与参考机组进行多维价值的综合比较,确定调整系数。运营机构还可以结合容量规划需求、政府产业结构调整政策等,对调整系数进行修正。在这种出清方式下, 机组的价值评估越高, 价格调整系数越大, 对应调整后的报价越低,从而出清概率提高,能获得更多补偿,对于电力系统的发展和机组的投资激励都具有良好的作用。
图 1 下层优化模型为能量市场出清模型。
$\min \delta =\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i \in \left\{{{\Omega }^{E}\cup {\Omega }^{* }}\right\}}}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t = 1}}^{{t}_{n}}{c}_{\mathrm{e}, i, t}{p}_{\mathrm{e}, i, t}$
$\text{ s.t }\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i \in \left\{{{\Omega }^{F}\cup {\Omega }^{\prime }}\right\}}}{p}_{\mathrm{e}, i, t}- {\mathbf{D}}_{t}= 0,\forall t :\left\lbrack {\lambda }_{t}\right\rbrack $
${F}_{\mathrm{s}}^{\min }\leq {PT}\left({{\mathbf{P}}_{\mathrm{e}, t}- {\mathbf{D}}_{t}}\right)\leq {F}_{\mathrm{s}}^{\max },\forall t :\left\lbrack {{\beta }_{t}^{\min },{\beta }_{t}^{\max }}\right\rbrack $
${p}_{\mathrm{e}, i}^{\min }\leq {p}_{\mathrm{e}, i, t}\leq {p}_{\mathrm{e}, i}^{\max },\forall t $
$- {R}_{i}^{\max }\leq {p}_{\mathrm{e}, i, t}- {p}_{\mathrm{e}, i, t - 1}\leq {R}_{i}^{\max }, t \geq 2 $
式中: ${\lambda }_{t}$ 为功率平衡约束对应的对偶乘子; ${PT}$ 为功率转移分布因子; ${\mathbf{P}}_{\mathrm{e}, t},{\mathbf{D}}_{t}$ 分别为有功注入向量和节点负荷向量; ${\beta }_{t}^{\max },{\beta }_{t}^{\min }$ 分别为传输容量约束上限和下限对应的对偶乘子。
机组 $i$ 在能量市场的出清电价 ${\gamma }_{\mathrm{e}, i, t}$ 为节点电价, 在上层优化模型中用于计算发电商的投资收益,其与 ${\lambda }_{t},{\beta }_{t}^{\max }$${\beta }_{t}^{\min }$ 相关,具体表达式为
${\gamma }_{\mathrm{e}, i, t}= {\lambda }_{t}- P{T}_{i}\left({{\beta }_{t}^{\max }- {\beta }_{t}^{\min }}\right),\forall t $
发电商的长期投资决策可以分解为逐年投资决策, 每一年的投资决策通过求解上述优化问题得到。由于该优化问题为 3 层优化模型, 各层优化问题之间存在复杂的耦合关系, 且容量投资考虑 8760(本文以 $1\mathrm{\;h}$ 为最小间隔时间, $1\mathrm{\;a}$ 时间间隔数为 8760)时段,转化为单层问题求解难度大。本节提出了建立容量一能量市场解耦的分阶段确定投资策略的方法, 通过序贯地模拟机组发电投资决策,实现快速求解。
为了实现序贯模拟发电投资决策, 须对机组每一年的行为以及市场开展的时序关系进行梳理。为了方便分析, 假设发电投资以及容量市场在每年年初进行(由于是多年的逐年依次仿真, 故实际开展时间不影响仿真结果)。某年 year=k ,发电商的活动流程如 图 2 所示。
图 2 可知:发电商进行投资决策时,首先会结合上一年的年收益, 确定是否投资以及投资上限[式(3)]; 然后发电商参与容量市场,并结合容量市场的实际收益情况, 判断新建投资能否完全回收成本, 进而确定投资决策; 最后发电商参与全年每天的能量市场,获得能量市场收入。
投资决策和容量市场存在着强耦合关系。为了实现解耦, 将发电商投资决策分为初始投资决策和最终投资决策两部分。发电商在参与容量市场前会首先确定初始投资决策, 然后根据容量市场实际出清情况迭代调整投资策略。具体将发电商的投资决策问题分为容量投资初值设置、能量市场收益核算、容量市场收益核算和投资策略偏差核算,如 图 3 所示。
发电商投资决策的具体计算流程如 图 4 所示。
若不考虑容量市场, 单一能量市场下的投资决策流程如 图 5 所示。
在仅有能量市场的情况下, 由于不存在容量市场给予容量补偿,投资者会直接根据机组在能量市场中的收益评估确定最终的投资决策。当新建容量在能量市场中的预测收入可以覆盖全部成本时则投资,否则减少容量投资直至满足条件。
本文基于国内某省电网实际数据设计算例, 模拟系统中包含燃煤、燃气、风电、光伏 4 类电源, 初始总装机容量为 ${160900}\mathrm{{MW}}$ ,其中新能源装机占比为 16%,如 图 6 所示。
初期容量市场仅对常规能源开放, 参与容量市场的有大型燃煤 G1、小型燃煤 G2、燃气 G3、联合循环燃气 G4 4 类发电机组。为了更好地研究系统容量变化,假设初始燃煤、燃气机组的剩余使用年限均匀分布在 2~10 a 内。起始年的年负荷使用某省历史负荷数据, 见 图 7 。各类机组的技术经济参数见 表 1
假设负荷年增长率为 5%,折现率为 8%,每年新能源的装机增长率为 15%, 且可信容量折算系数取为 0.3 ,最终新能源接入比例达到 70%,属于典型的高比例新能源场景。
本文将仿真对比常规能源机组在单一能量市场和容量-能量市场耦合下的投资决策情况,分析容量市场的运行效果。假设在能量市场中机组基于边际成本报价,其中新能源的发电成本近似为零。在容量市场中, 机组按照不能回收的成本缺额报价。容量拍卖以年为单位组织, 先于执行年度 $2\mathrm{a}$ 进行,选定的参考新建机组为 $\mathrm{G}4$
在单一能量市场和容量-能量市场耦合模式下, 系统装机容量变化趋势如 图 8 所示。
在单一能量市场模式下, 初期由于存量机组的大量退役,系统出现严重供电短缺(第 5 年),发电商依靠短时高价完成成本回收, 并投资新建机组,因此在第 7 年时,装机容量重新满足系统充裕度要求。但在此后,新能源占比继续扩大,火电的生存环境进一步恶化,并且由于现货市场设置的价格上限而造成 “missing money” 的现象, 即便系统出现供需失衡,仍不能提供足够的投资激励,火电机组的投资意愿持续下降, 系统容量充裕度始终不能满足需求。在容量-能量市场耦合的模式下, 由于容量市场提前两年拍卖容量, 市场运营机构可根据两年后负荷需求的预测,在未来可能出现容量不足时,制定价格较高的容量需求曲线,并根据需求曲线确定出较高的容量价格, 从而激励投资商提前进行发电投资,有效减缓未来的供应短缺情况, 如第 10 年和第 19 年。
单一能量市场下, 火电机组净收益的变化情况如 图 9 所示。
图 9 可知, 在单一能量市场下, 随着新能源的大规模接入, 常规能源的盈利空间被挤压, 机组难以回收固定成本, 从而降低发电投资意愿。
在能量-容量耦合市场下, 机组的收益来源于能量市场和容量市场两部分, 各自收益如 图 10 所示。
当机组从能量市场中获得足够收益或当系统容量十分充裕时, 容量市场补贴较少或不予以补贴。在系统容量不足且机组无法完全回收固定成本时, 容量市场会提供部分机组容量补偿, 可维持机组运营, 避免系统充裕度进一步下降。因此容量需求曲线的合理制定十分关键, 制定考虑了需求侧弹性的容量需求曲线, 有利于提供弹性的价格信号,避免容量过剩或容量不足。
图 11 ,12 分别为单一能量、容量-能量耦合模式下的各类型机组的占比情况。在单一能量市场模式下,由于燃煤机组 $\mathrm{G}1,\mathrm{\;G}2$ 相较燃气机组 $\mathrm{G}3,\mathrm{G}4$ 边际成本低,能够在能量市场获得更多收益,容易回收固定成本,因此在市场中更具竞争优势,随着时间推进,燃煤机组逐渐占据市场。
在容量-能量市场耦合模式下, 由于本文中容量市场设计以燃气机组为重点,尤其是 $\mathrm{G}4$ ,提供容量补偿,因此更有效地促进了燃气机组 G3, G4 的投资。G2 为小型燃煤机组一方面相较大型燃煤 G1 技术落后,单位容量投资成本高,在能量市场中竞争优势相对较弱; 另一方面由于环境污染大,在容量市场中的价值性评估不高,因而无法获得足够的容量补偿以回收成本,因此逐步被淘汰。可见, 容量市场有促进高效机组投建、加速落后机组淘汰、引导电源结构转型的作用。
本文提出了一种高比例新能源场景下容量- 能量市场耦合的机组投资决策模型建模及求解方法, 建立了基于三层优化模型的发电商投资决策模型, 并提出对应的容量-能量市场解耦的分阶段循环迭代求解策略。基于所提的投资决策模型, 并利用国内某省电网实际数据, 对高比例新能源系统下容量市场的实施效果进行了深入分析。研究表明,容量市场能促进机组回收固定成本,起到激励电源投资、保障系统容量充裕度的关键作用, 有效引导电源结构转型。本文的研究有助于容量市场设计者研究容量市场和能量市场的协同关系,为我国引入容量市场机制提供有益参考。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(U2066209)
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2024年第42卷第12期
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  • 接收时间:2023-08-19
  • 首发时间:2025-07-22
  • 出版时间:2024-12-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-19
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(U2066209)
作者信息
    1 国网江苏省电力有限公司 电力科学研究院 江苏 南京 211103
    2 重庆大学 输配电装备及系统安全与新技术国家重点实验室 重庆 400044

通讯作者:

李琪瑞(1994-),女,博士研究生,研究方向为电力市场。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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