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The key regulatory role of trace elements(TEs) in anaerobic digestion systems has been established, but their intrinsic effects and mechanisms have not yet been fully elucidated. This study investigates the biological effects of TEs on biogas fermentation by examining the dynamic distribution of TEs under different inoculum/substrate (I/S) conditions in an anaerobic digestion system. It aims to clarify the interaction between the chemical form of TEs and the key influencing factors and microbial communities in the anaerobic fermentation process. Results from the 10 batches of experimental anaerobic digestion of glucose showed an 80.7% enhancement in cumulative methane production with the addition of TEs at an I/S ratio of 1.5. Among the three TEs (Fe, Co and Ni) added, the different chemical forms of elemental Fe showed the strongest correlation with pH, alkalinity, volatile fatty acids and ammonia nitrogen content in anaerobic digestion. The pH value was notably correlated with the four chemical forms of Fe. When the anaerobic digestion system operates stably, the relative abundance of Methanosaeta was the highest (53.8%), while the relative abundance of Methanosarcina was the highest (34.0%) when the anaerobic digestion system operates abnormally.

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有关微量元素(TEs)在厌氧消化系统中的关键调控作用已经明确,但其內在作用规律和机理的解析还不够全面。文章通过研究厌氧消化体系中不同接种比(I/S)下TEs的变化规律,探究TEs对厌氧发酵的生物有效性,明确 TEs 化学形态与厌氧发酵过程中关键影响因子及微生物群落之间的相互作用关系。研究结果表明:在10批次的葡萄糖厌氧消化试验中,在I/S为1.5的条件下添加 TEs后,甲烷产量提升了 80.7%;在添加的3种 TEs(Fe, Co和 Ni)中,Fe元素的不同化学形态与厌氧消化中 pH 值、碱度、挥发性脂肪酸和氨氮含量的相关性最强;pH值与酸可挥发性硫化物含量是厌氧消化中 TEs 生物有效性的关键影响因子;pH 值与Fe的4种化学形态均有明显相关性;厌氧消化体系稳定运行时,甲烷丝菌属(Methanosaeta)的相对丰度最高(53.8%),厌氧消化体系运行异常时,甲烷八叠球菌属(Methanosarcina)的相对丰度最高(34%)。

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孙辰(1985-),女,博士,副教授,主要从事农业生物质、餐厨垃圾资源化能源化利用和厌氧消化方面的研究。E-mail:
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Bioresource Technology, 2021, 343: 126072., articleTitle=The biological and abiotic effects of powdered activated carbon on the anaerobic digestion performance of cornstalk, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1154428705939116757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428669578695245, awardId=2021YFE0104600, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFE0104600), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1154428705993642710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428669578695245, awardId=31901407, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金青年基金项目(31901407), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1154428699903513237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428669578695245, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154428699911901846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428669578695245, companyId=1154428699903513237, language=EN, 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caption=不同试验组 AVS 含量随时间的变化和 $\mathbf{{SEM}}$ /AVS 随 $\mathbf{{pH}}$ 值的变化, figureFileSmall=VZGaTy3TVKGBYecCKqsjZw==, figureFileBig=BvGmTargCR+kdCw+qpfNLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154428705024758466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428669578695245, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=The content of the four chemical forms of $\mathrm{{Fe}}$ , $\mathrm{{Co}}$ and $\mathrm{{Ni}}$ varies with $\mathrm{{pH}}$ values, figureFileSmall=IlmtgDpTOAk2hDxxgWkjXQ==, figureFileBig=ldc4+CoIHGxKpO/B2JY/Rg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154428705079284419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428669578695245, language=CN, label=图 5, caption=Fe, $\mathrm{{Co}},\mathrm{{Ni}}$ 的 4 种化学形态含量随 $\mathrm{{pH}}$ 值的变化, figureFileSmall=IlmtgDpTOAk2hDxxgWkjXQ==, figureFileBig=ldc4+CoIHGxKpO/B2JY/Rg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154428705129616068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, 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总固体 VS pH 值 氨氮 碱度
(TS) (以 TS 计) 含量 (以 计)
含量/% 含量/% mg/L mg/L
${4.23} \pm {0.02}$ ${52.0} \pm {1.00}$ ${8.03} \pm {0.06}$ 786±2.20 ${11900} \pm {180}$
), ArticleFig(id=1154428705339331273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428669578695245, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=接种物的基础特性, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
总固体 VS pH 值 氨氮 碱度
(TS) (以 TS 计) 含量 (以 计)
含量/% 含量/% mg/L mg/L
${4.23} \pm {0.02}$ ${52.0} \pm {1.00}$ ${8.03} \pm {0.06}$ 786±2.20 ${11900} \pm {180}$
), ArticleFig(id=1154428705423217355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428669578695245, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=The $P$ -value of the analysis of differences in AVS concentration among different, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验组 TEs+I/S(1.5) I/S(2.5) I/S(1.5)
TEs+I/S(2.5) ${2.6} \times {10}^{-4}$ 0.75 ${2.8} \times {10}^{-7}$
TEs+I/S(1.5) ${7.3} \times {10}^{-4}$ 0.45
I/S(2.5) ${1.8} \times {10}^{-6}$
), ArticleFig(id=1154428705473549005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428669578695245, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=不同试验组 AVS 含量之间差异性分析的 $P$ -value, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验组 TEs+I/S(1.5) I/S(2.5) I/S(1.5)
TEs+I/S(2.5) ${2.6} \times {10}^{-4}$ 0.75 ${2.8} \times {10}^{-7}$
TEs+I/S(1.5) ${7.3} \times {10}^{-4}$ 0.45
I/S(2.5) ${1.8} \times {10}^{-6}$
), ArticleFig(id=1154428705515492047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428669578695245, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=The concentrations of the four chemical forms of Fe in different experimental groups $\;\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{{kg}}$, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验组 水溶态 可交换态 碳酸盐态 有机结合态
$\mathrm{{TEs} + I/S\left( {2.5}\right) }$ ${27.3} \pm {0.06}$ ${8.72} \pm {0.02}$ 190±1.38 ${22.8} \pm {0.92}$
$\mathrm{{TEs}} + \mathrm{I}/\mathrm{S}\left( {1.5}\right)$ ${39.1} \pm {0.05}$ ${7.00} \pm {0.01}$ 158±2.13 ${39.1} \pm {0.28}$
I/S(2.5) ${29.1} \pm {0.03}$ ${8.19} \pm {0.05}$ 191±1.58 ${22.2} \pm {0.09}$
I/S(1.5) 37.1±0.09 ${3.46} \pm {0.01}$ 171±1.49 ${38.7} \pm {0.38}$
), ArticleFig(id=1154428705578406609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428669578695245, language=CN, label=表 3, caption=不同试验组 $\mathrm{{Fe}}$ 的 4 种化学形态的含量, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验组 水溶态 可交换态 碳酸盐态 有机结合态
$\mathrm{{TEs} + I/S\left( {2.5}\right) }$ ${27.3} \pm {0.06}$ ${8.72} \pm {0.02}$ 190±1.38 ${22.8} \pm {0.92}$
$\mathrm{{TEs}} + \mathrm{I}/\mathrm{S}\left( {1.5}\right)$ ${39.1} \pm {0.05}$ ${7.00} \pm {0.01}$ 158±2.13 ${39.1} \pm {0.28}$
I/S(2.5) ${29.1} \pm {0.03}$ ${8.19} \pm {0.05}$ 191±1.58 ${22.2} \pm {0.09}$
I/S(1.5) 37.1±0.09 ${3.46} \pm {0.01}$ 171±1.49 ${38.7} \pm {0.38}$
), ArticleFig(id=1154428705695847123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428669578695245, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=The correlation of the four chemical forms of Fe with other influencing factors, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
的 4 种 化学形态 pH 值 氨氮 含量 碱度 AVS 含量 乙酸 含量 丁酸 含量
水溶态 -0.62 -0.45 -0.58 -0.66 0.59 0.62
可交换态 0.57 0.66 0.31 0.57 -0.4 -0.36
碳酸盐态 0.34 0.09 0.56 0.29 -0.38 -0.39
有机结合态 -0.75 -0.59 -0.52 -0.76 0.66 0.66
), ArticleFig(id=1154428705775538900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428669578695245, language=CN, label=表 4, caption=$\mathrm{{Fe}}$ 的 4 种化学形态与其他影响因子的相关性, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
的 4 种 化学形态 pH 值 氨氮 含量 碱度 AVS 含量 乙酸 含量 丁酸 含量
水溶态 -0.62 -0.45 -0.58 -0.66 0.59 0.62
可交换态 0.57 0.66 0.31 0.57 -0.4 -0.36
碳酸盐态 0.34 0.09 0.56 0.29 -0.38 -0.39
有机结合态 -0.75 -0.59 -0.52 -0.76 0.66 0.66
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接种比对微量元素促进厌氧消化体系产甲烷的影响
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尹赵 1, 2 , 孙辰 2 , 曹卫星 2 , 胡长伟 2
可再生能源 | 2024,42(12): 1570-1577
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可再生能源 | 2024, 42(12): 1570-1577
接种比对微量元素促进厌氧消化体系产甲烷的影响
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尹赵1, 2, 孙辰2 , 曹卫星2, 胡长伟2
作者信息
  • 1 嘉兴学院 生物与化学工程学院 杭州 嘉兴 314001

通讯作者:

孙辰(1985-),女,博士,副教授,主要从事农业生物质、餐厨垃圾资源化能源化利用和厌氧消化方面的研究。E-mail:
The effect of inoculum/substrate on methane production in anaerobic digestion systems promoted by trace elements
Zhao Yin1, 2, Chen Sun2 , Weixing Cao2, Changwei Hu2
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Biological, Chemical Science and Engineering Jiaxing University Jiaxing 314001 China
出版时间: 2024-12-20
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有关微量元素(TEs)在厌氧消化系统中的关键调控作用已经明确,但其內在作用规律和机理的解析还不够全面。文章通过研究厌氧消化体系中不同接种比(I/S)下TEs的变化规律,探究TEs对厌氧发酵的生物有效性,明确 TEs 化学形态与厌氧发酵过程中关键影响因子及微生物群落之间的相互作用关系。研究结果表明:在10批次的葡萄糖厌氧消化试验中,在I/S为1.5的条件下添加 TEs后,甲烷产量提升了 80.7%;在添加的3种 TEs(Fe, Co和 Ni)中,Fe元素的不同化学形态与厌氧消化中 pH 值、碱度、挥发性脂肪酸和氨氮含量的相关性最强;pH值与酸可挥发性硫化物含量是厌氧消化中 TEs 生物有效性的关键影响因子;pH 值与Fe的4种化学形态均有明显相关性;厌氧消化体系稳定运行时,甲烷丝菌属(Methanosaeta)的相对丰度最高(53.8%),厌氧消化体系运行异常时,甲烷八叠球菌属(Methanosarcina)的相对丰度最高(34%)。

厌氧消化  /  微量元素  /  化学形态  /  pH值  /  微生物多样性

The key regulatory role of trace elements(TEs) in anaerobic digestion systems has been established, but their intrinsic effects and mechanisms have not yet been fully elucidated. This study investigates the biological effects of TEs on biogas fermentation by examining the dynamic distribution of TEs under different inoculum/substrate (I/S) conditions in an anaerobic digestion system. It aims to clarify the interaction between the chemical form of TEs and the key influencing factors and microbial communities in the anaerobic fermentation process. Results from the 10 batches of experimental anaerobic digestion of glucose showed an 80.7% enhancement in cumulative methane production with the addition of TEs at an I/S ratio of 1.5. Among the three TEs (Fe, Co and Ni) added, the different chemical forms of elemental Fe showed the strongest correlation with pH, alkalinity, volatile fatty acids and ammonia nitrogen content in anaerobic digestion. The pH value was notably correlated with the four chemical forms of Fe. When the anaerobic digestion system operates stably, the relative abundance of Methanosaeta was the highest (53.8%), while the relative abundance of Methanosarcina was the highest (34.0%) when the anaerobic digestion system operates abnormally.

anaerobic digestion  /  trace elements  /  chemical form  /  pH value  /  microbial diversity
尹赵, 孙辰, 曹卫星, 胡长伟. 接种比对微量元素促进厌氧消化体系产甲烷的影响. 可再生能源, 2024 , 42 (12) : 1570 -1577 .
Zhao Yin, Chen Sun, Weixing Cao, Changwei Hu. The effect of inoculum/substrate on methane production in anaerobic digestion systems promoted by trace elements[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2024 , 42 (12) : 1570 -1577 .
厌氧消化是指有机物在无氧条件下, 被微生物分解转化成甲烷、二氧化碳等一系列物质, 并合成自身细胞物质的过程 [ 1 ] 。厌氧消化是沼气工程重要的单元,对沼气工程运行具有重要的影响。有研究表明,厌氧消化过程除了需要碳、氮、磷、硫等常规营养元素外, 还需要一定浓度的微量元素 (TEs)维持消化系统稳定运行 [ 2 ] 。虽然微生物对 TEs 的需求量较少, 但 TEs 对有机体的生化反应过程至关重要。TEs 可以充当电子导体, 参与细胞外的电子转移, 是微生物生长及酶促反应不可缺少的物质, 可通过影响微生物活性, 进而影响有机物的降解效率和厌氧消化系统的稳定性 [ 3 ] 。TEs 也是酶的重要组成部分,例如, $\mathrm{{Fe}},\mathrm{{Cu}},\mathrm{{Zn}}$ 元素参与构成超氧化物歧化酶, $\mathrm{{Co}},\mathrm{{Zn}}$ 元素参与构成辅酶 $\mathrm{M}$ 甲基转移酶, $\mathrm{{Ni}}$ 元素参与构成甲基辅酶合成酶等 [ 4 ] 。裴占江 [ 5 ] 研究了 TEs 对餐厨垃圾与牛粪联合批式厌氧消化的影响,结果表明,添加 TEs 后,甲烷含量提高了 20%,累积甲烷产量提高了 55%。Zhu X [ 6 ] 研究了 TEs 对餐厨垃圾中温厌氧消化体系的影响,结果表明,添加 $5\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}$$\mathrm{{Ni}}$ 后,累积甲烷产量提高了 231%。
许多研究者报道了不同微量元素的添加量对厌氧消化产气特性、 $\mathrm{{pH}}$ 值、碱度、挥发性脂肪酸 (VFAs)含量的影响,发酵体系中 TEs 的总量虽然看似满足需求, 但并非所有 TEs 都处于生物有效态。在不同接种比 [接种物和底物的挥发性固体 (VS)含量之比, $\mathrm{I}/\mathrm{S}\rbrack$ 下,厌氧消化体系的酸可挥发性硫化物(AVS)含量以及 TEs 的化学形态与沼液特性的关系, 对 TEs 的生物有效性起到了更为关键的作用, 但这种作用没有引起足够的重视。AVS 含量对厌氧体系中金属元素在水相与固体相间的分配行为有决定性影响,制约着固体相中二价金属元素的化学活性和生物有效性 [ 7 ] 。由此可见, TEs 的生物有效性对于厌氧消化体系的稳定运行至关重要。
本文以猪粪发酵液为发酵接种物进行序批式半连续厌氧消化产沼气试验, 研究不同接种比对厌氧消化性能的影响, 揭示 TEs 化学形态与厌氧发酵过程中 VFAs 含量、碱度、氨氮含量、AVS 含量及微生物群落多样性等之间的关系,阐明 TEs 维持厌氧发酵稳定运行的内在作用机理, 为实际沼气工程的稳定运行提供理论参考。
试验以葡萄糖作为底物, 接种物取自嘉兴某猪粪处理企业的厌氧消化罐,接种物活化 $3\mathrm{\;d}$ 后用于厌氧消化试验。接种物的基础特性见 表 1
试验在恒温水浴摇床中进行,振荡速率为 ${100}\mathrm{r}/\mathrm{{min}}$ ,水浴温度为 $\left({{36.5}\pm {0.5}}\right){}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 。发酵罐的总容积为 $1\mathrm{\;L}$ ,工作容积为 ${0.8}\mathrm{\;L}$ ,即接种物质量为 ${800}\mathrm{\;g}$ ,设置 $\mathrm{I}/\mathrm{S}$ 分别为 2.5 和 1.5,相应的底物葡萄糖的添加量分别为 ${7.0}\mathrm{\;g}$${11.8}\mathrm{\;g}$ 。发酵液中的 TEs(Fe, Co, Ni)分别以 ${\mathrm{{FeCl}}}_{2}\cdot 4{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O},{\mathrm{{CoCl}}}_{2}\cdot 6{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$${\mathrm{{NiCl}}}_{2}\cdot 6{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$ 的形式添加 [ 8 ] ,添加量分别为 1.00, 0.20,0.10 mg/kg。总共设置 4 个试验组,前两个试验组的 I/S 分别为 2.5 和 1.5 ,后两个试验组在前两个试验组的基础上添加 TEs。 4 个试验组分别标记为 I/S (2.5), I/S (1.5), TEs+I/S (2.5), TEs+I/S (1.5)。每个试验组设置 4 个平行,其中 2 个每隔 1~2 d 测定沼气产量和甲烷含量, 另外 2 个每隔 $1 \sim 2\mathrm{\;d}$ 采集发酵液样品并分析发酵液的 $\mathrm{{pH}}$ 值、氨氮含量、碱度、VFAs 含量、AVS 含量、TEs 化学形态和微生物群落多样性。产沼气试验采用序批式半连续厌氧消化,试验分为 10 个批次,共 48 d,每个批次内添加相同质量的葡萄糖。
沼液的 TS 和 VS 含量以及碱度通过国家标准方法进行测定 [ 8 ] ; $\mathrm{{pH}}$ 值采用 $\mathrm{{pH}}- 3\mathrm{c}$$\mathrm{{pH}}$ 计进行测定;甲烷含量和沼液的 VFAs 含量利用安捷伦 7820A 型气相色谱仪进行测定 [ 9 ] ,甲烷含量测定的进样口、热导池检测器和填充柱的温度分别为 ${230},{200},{50}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ , VFAs 含量测定的进样口、氢火焰离子化检测器和毛细管色谱柱的温度分别为 ${220},{250},{190}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,载气为氮气,流量为 $2\mathrm{\;{mL}}/\mathrm{{min}}$ ; 氨氮含量采用蒸馏中和滴定法进行测定;TEs 化学形态的测定采用 Ortner 提取法 [ 10 ] ,将样品中的 TEs 分离为水溶态、可交换态、碳酸盐态、有机和硫化物结合态(简称有机结合态)和残渣态 5 个组分, 用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪测定前 4 个形态的含量;同步提取金属(Simultaneously Extracted Metals, SEM) $\left({\mathrm{{Fe}},\mathrm{{Co}}\text{和}\mathrm{{Ni}}}\right)$ 含量和 $\mathrm{{AVS}}$ 含量采用冷扩散法同时进行测定;使用 SEM 含量与 AVS 含量的比值 $\left({\mathrm{{SEM}}/\mathrm{{AVS}}}\right)$ 来表征 $\mathrm{{TEs}}$ 的生物有效性 [ 11 ] ;微生物群落多样性采用 PacBio RS II System 型高通量基因测序仪进行测定(采用相应 DNA 提取试剂盒提取发酵液中的总 DNA, PCR 扩增对象为古细菌 16S rDNA V3 区可变区、真细菌 16S rDNA V3区、产甲烷丝状菌引物 515FmodF 和 806RmodR)。采用 SPSS 22.0 数据处理系统进行相关性差异分析,计算 $P$ 值,当 $P$ 值小于 0.05 时, 说明相关性较为显著,当 $P$ 值小于 0.01 时,说明相关性非常显著;采用 Origin 2020 软件作图。
不同试验组各个批次的累积甲烷产量(以单位质量的 VS 计)如 图 1 所示。
图 1 可知, 各个试验组在启动阶段即第 1 个批次的累积甲烷产量较少,为 ${55}\sim {70}\mathrm{\;{mL}}/\mathrm{g}$ 。试验组 I/S(2.5) 在第 2~7 批次时运行良好,累积甲烷产量为 ${130}\sim {160}\mathrm{{mL}}/\mathrm{g}$ ;试验组 $\mathrm{{TEs}}+ \mathrm{I}/\mathrm{S}\left({2.5}\right)$ 的累积甲烷产量明显高于试验组 I/S (2.5), 在第 6 个批次时达到峰值,为 ${166.8}\mathrm{\;{mL}}/\mathrm{g}$ ,这说明 TEs 的加入有利于累积甲烷产量的提升。试验组 I/S (1.5) 在前 3 个批次运行正常, 且在第 3 个批次达到累积甲烷产量峰值 ${162}\mathrm{\;{mL}}/\mathrm{g}$ ,与试验组 TEs+I/S (1.5) 几乎一致,高于试验组 $\mathrm{{TEs}}+ \mathrm{I}/\mathrm{S}\left({2.5}\right)$$\mathrm{I}/\mathrm{S}$ (2.5)。试验组 I/S(1.5)在第 4 个批次的累积甲烷产量明显降低,仅为 ${44.7}\mathrm{\;{mL}}/\mathrm{g}$ ,并在第 6 个批次时几乎不再产生甲烷, 这说明体系的接种比过小会导致厌氧消化体系被破坏;虽然试验组 TEs+I/S (1.5)在第 4 个批次的累积甲烷产量明显下降,但也达到了 ${80.8}\mathrm{\;{mL}}/\mathrm{g}$ ,比试验组 I/S(1.5)提升了 80.7%,且在后续批次中仍可产生甲烷,直到第 10 个批次,这说明 TEs 的加入延缓了厌氧发酵体系被破坏的速度。这与 Yuan T [ 2 ] 的研究结果相一致。 造成这种现象的原因是, 在厌氧消化过程中, 加入微量元素会缓解 VFAs 和氨氮的积累,提高产甲烷菌的活性,从而促进了甲烷的生成 [ 12 ]
不同试验组各个批次的 $\mathrm{{pH}}$ 值、碱度和氨氮含量变化如 图 2 所示。
在厌氧消化体系中, $\mathrm{{pH}}$ 值可以影响微生物生命活动的各个方面,包括酶活性、蛋白质稳定性、 核酸结构、跨膜电势等 [ 13 ] 。由 图 2(a)可知:试验组 $\mathrm{I}/\mathrm{S}\left({1.5}\right)$$\mathrm{{pH}}$ 值在第 21 天下降到 5.47 后无法回升, 这可能是接种比过小使得厌氧消化体系酸化导致的 [ 14 ] ; 试验组 $\mathrm{{TEs}}+ \mathrm{I}/\mathrm{S}\left({1.5}\right)$$\mathrm{{pH}}$ 值快速下降的趋势明显减缓,在 ${30}\mathrm{\;d}$ 之前一直保持相对稳定的状态 (约为 6.5 ), ${30}\mathrm{\;d}$ 后体系才被破坏。由此得知, TEs 的添加可以缓解 $\mathrm{{pH}}$ 值下降的趋势。
碱度与氨氮含量也是判断厌氧消化体系是否稳定的重要指标, 碱度的降低与 VFAs 含量的增加直接相关。由 图 2(b)可知:除最后一个批次外, $\mathrm{I}/\mathrm{S}$ 为 2.5 的试验组的碱度均无明显波动,平均碱度为 $\left({{19500}\pm {200}}\right)\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}$ ;试验组 $\mathrm{I}/\mathrm{S}\left({1.5}\right)$ 的碱度最小,平均碱度为 $\left({{15500}\pm {500}}\right)\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}$ ,并且随着体系的运行不断降低,加入 $\mathrm{{TEs}}$ 后平均碱度明显升高。
氨氮是厌氧发酵过程中含氮有机物消化分解后的重要产物,其含量过高会改变体系的 $\mathrm{{pH}}$ 值, 对微生物产生毒害作用。由 图 2(c)可知:各个试验组的氨氮含量相差不大,试验组 I/S(2.5), I/S (1.5), TEs+I/S(2.5) 和 TEs+I/S(1.5)的平均氨氮含量分别为 $\left({{1215}\pm {128}}\right),\left({{1145}\pm {134}}\right),\left({{1222}\pm {142}}\right)$ ,(1186±179) mg/L;在第 3 批次,试验组 I/S(1.5) 和 TEs+I/S(1.5)的氨氮含量均呈下降趋势,其中试验组 TEs+I/S (1.5)的氨氮含量降至 ${515}\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}$ ; 在第 3 批次, 试验组 I/S(2.5)的氨氮含量降至 798 mg/L, 而试验组 TEs+I/S (2.5) 的氨氮含量先从 1 505mg/L 下降到 765mg/L,又迅速回升到1 250 $\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}$ ,这说明 TEs 的添加可以维持氨氮含量在一定的范围。
VFAs 的主要组成是乙酸、丙酸、丁酸,其中乙酸占比最大,丁酸次之。不同试验组 VFAs 含量的变化如 图 3 所示。
图 3 可知:试验组 I/S(2.5)的 VFAs 含量最高可达 ${2047}\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}$ ,与试验组 $\mathrm{{TEs}}+ \mathrm{I}/\mathrm{S}\left({2.5}\right)$ 的最高 VFAs 含量相差不大,由此可见,当 I/S 为 2.5 时, TEs 的加入没有明显减少的 VFAs 含量; 试验组 I/S(1.5)的 VFAs 含量在第 3,4 批次时不超过 4000 $\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}$ ,但在第 5 批次增加到 ${8000}\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}$ ,且越靠后的批次 VFAs 含量越高,最高 VFAs 含量达到 10906 $\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}$ ,这可能是由于体系接种比过小导致体系中的 VFAs 产生积累; 试验组 TEs+I/S(1.5)的 VFAs 含量在第 3~7 批次时均不超过 ${6000}\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}$ ,最高 VFAs 含量也低于试验组 I/S(1.5), 和试验组 I/S(1.5) 相比, VFAs 累计减少 25%,这说明当 I/S 为 1.5 时, 添加 TEs 对 VFAs 的快速积累有一定缓解作用,该结果与 Wei Q [ 15 ] 的研究结果相一致。这是因为 TEs 可以促进甲基还原酶、脱氢酶等参与产甲烷反应关键酶的合成,加速甲烷合成反应,缓解酸抑制 [ 4 ]
有研究表明, 丙酸型发酵的主要产物是丙酸和乙酸,丙酸型发酵的产甲烷能力较低;丁酸型发酵的主要产物是丁酸和乙酸, 丁酸型发酵的产甲烷能力远强于丙酸型发酵。这是因为根据化学热力学特征,丙酸的降解比其他产物更难,不利于厌氧消化系统产甲烷 [ 16 ] 。由 图 3 可知,各试验组的丙酸含量均远低于乙酸和丁酸, 故本研究的发酵类型不属于丙酸型发酵。
AVS 对厌氧体系中金属元素在水相与固体相间的分配行为有决定性影响, 制约着固体相中二价金属元素的化学活性和生物有效性 [ 7 ] 。本文中添加的 $\mathrm{{TEs}}\left({\mathrm{{Fe}},\mathrm{{Ni}},\mathrm{{Co}}}\right)$ 皆为二价离子,因此对 AVS 的检测是十分必要的。SEM/AVS 是 TEs 生物有效性的指标,一般认为当 SEM/AVS>6 时, TEs 对于水体中微生物有很强的生物有效作用, 当 SEM/AVS<6 时, TEs 对水体中微生物的影响略弱。
不同试验组的 AVS 含量(以干重计)随时间的变化和 SEM/AVS 随 pH 值的变化如 图 4 所示。
图 4(a) 可以看出: $\mathrm{I}/\mathrm{S}$ 为 1.5 的试验组的 AVS 含量最低,平均值为 $\left({{1.1}\pm {0.16}}\right)\mu \mathrm{{mol}}/\mathrm{g}$ , I/S为 2.5 的试验组的 AVS 含量平均值为 $\left({{1.28}\pm {0.12}}\right)$ $\mu \mathrm{{mol}}/\mathrm{g}$ ;相较于 $\mathrm{I}/\mathrm{S}$ 为 2.5 的试验组, $\mathrm{I}/\mathrm{S}$ 为 1.5 的试验组的产气效果明显较差, 因此, AVS 含量的高低也能反映厌氧消化体系产气效果的好坏。由 图 4(b)可以看出, SEM/AVS的高低明显与 $\mathrm{{pH}}$ 值大小呈现出相反的趋势,即 $\mathrm{{pH}}$ 值较低时, SEM/AVS 较高,也即 TEs 的生物有效性较高。本文中, I/S 为 1.5 的试验组的 $\mathrm{{pH}}$ 值较小 (平均为 ${5.85}\pm {0.05}$ ), 这说明在低接种比体系中, TEs 的生物有效性较高 [ 17 ]
不同试验组 AVS 含量之间差异性分析的 $P -$ value 见 表 2
表 2 可以看出, 试验组 I/S(2.5) 和 TEs+I/S (2.5), I/S(1.5) 和 TEs+I/S(1.5)之间的 $P$ -value 分别为 0.75 和 0.45, 由此可以推断出, AVS 含量的高低变化与 TEs 的添加没有明显相关性。但是, 不同 I/S 的试验组 AVS 含量之间差异显著( $P -$ value<0.01 )。
TEs 的残渣态不具生物可利用价值, 本研究没有对残渣态进行分析。 $\mathrm{{Fe}},\mathrm{{Co}},\mathrm{{Ni}}$ 的 4 种化学形态含量随 $\mathrm{{pH}}$ 值的变化如 图 5 所示。不同试验组 $\mathrm{{Fe}}$ 的 4 种化学形态的含量见 表 3
图 5(a)表 3 可知: 在试验组 I/S(1.5) 和 TEs+I/S(1.5)中, Fe 的水溶态和有机结合态含量均差别不大,且明显高于 $\mathrm{I}/\mathrm{S}$ 为 2.5 的两个试验组;在 $\mathrm{I}/\mathrm{S}$ 为 2.5 的两个试验组中, $\mathrm{{Fe}}$ 的 4 种化学形态的含量均差别不大。因此,当厌氧发酵体系接种比较小时, $\mathrm{{Fe}}$ 的水溶态含量较高,也即 $\mathrm{{Fe}}$ 元素可被利用程度升高。由 图 5(b)可知, $\mathrm{{Co}}$ 的有机结合态含量最高,水溶态和可交换态含量最低,这说明厌氧消化体系中 $\mathrm{{Co}}$ 的生物有效性普遍较低, 应在后续研究 TEs 添加策略时额外关注。由 图 5(c) 可知, $\mathrm{{Ni}}$$\mathrm{{Co}}$ 类似,有机结合态含量最高,而其他三态含量较低。
为了明确厌氧消化中其他影响因子对 TEs 不同化学形态含量的相互作用和影响程度, 本文分析了 $\mathrm{{Fe}}$ 的 4 种化学形态与 $\mathrm{{pH}}$ 值、碱度、氨氮含量、AVS 含量、乙酸含量和丁酸含量之间的相关性,结果如 表 4 所示。
表 4 可知: $\mathrm{{Fe}}$ 的水溶态和有机结合态含量与这些影响因子相关性较强,与 $\mathrm{{pH}}$ 值、氨氮含量、碱度、AVS 含量呈负相关;Fe 的水溶态含量与 $\mathrm{{pH}}$ 值和 AVS 含量的相关性高达-0.62 和 -0.66, $\mathrm{{Fe}}$ 的有机结合态含量与 $\mathrm{{pH}}$ 值和 $\mathrm{{AVS}}$ 含量的相关性高达-0.75 和-0.76; $\mathrm{{Fe}}$ 的水溶态和有机结合态含量与乙酸和丁酸含量的正相关性最强。 $\mathrm{{Fe}}$ 的可交换态和碳酸盐态含量与这些影响因子的相关性与 $\mathrm{{Fe}}$ 的水溶态和有机结合态含量恰恰相反。
在所有的厌氧消化影响因子中, $\mathrm{{pH}}$ 值与AVS 含量是其中最重要的影响因子 [ 18 ] 。AVS 对重金属在水体与沉积物间的分配行为有决定性影响 [ 11 ] ,因此对厌氧消化体系中 TEs 的化学形态有重要影响。
厌氧消化过程中甲烷生成的两种主要途径是氢营养型甲烷化和乙酸发酵型甲烷化,后一种方式通常被认为是厌氧消化过程中大部分甲烷生成的途径。尽管产甲烷菌的类型多样, 但是甲烷丝菌属(Methanosaeta)和甲烷八叠球菌属 (Methanosarcina) 是仅有被认为能够进行乙酸发酵型甲烷化的产甲烷菌属。由于 Methanosaeta 和 Methanosarcina 在乙酸依赖生长动力学上的差异, 通常认为在低乙酸含量的环境中, Methanosaeta 种群比 Methanosarcina 种群在动力学上更具竞争性和丰度;而在较高乙酸含量的环境下, Methanosarcina 种群通常比 Methanosaeta 种群更占优势 [ 19 ]
图 6 为不同样本属水平上的群落丰度图。从 图 6 可以看出:在第 4 个批次,试验组 I/S(1.5)的 Methanosaeta 和 Methanosarcina 的相对丰度总和达到 78.0%;在第 7 个批次, Methanosaeta 的相对丰度下降了 32.0%, 达到了 14.7%, 而 Methanosarcina 的相对丰度增加了 2.7%, 达到了 34.0%, 甲烷囊菌属(Methanoculleus)的相对丰度明显提高,由最初的 1.9%提高到 11.2%。由 图 1 可知, 在第 7 个批次后, 试验组 I/S(1.5)的产甲烷性能明显降低, 说明当 Methanoculleus 相对丰度较高时, 厌氧消化体系的产甲烷性能较低。试验组 TEs+I/S(1.5) 的 Methanosaeta 相对丰度没有随着发酵时间的延长而下降,甚至提高了 7.0%。对于试验组 I/S(2.5), 添加 TEs 后, Methanosaeta 的相对丰度提高了 6.0%的,达到了 53.8%, Bathyarchaeia (可利用甲烷进行产能代谢, 消耗体系中的甲烷)的相对丰度减少了 ${11.0}{\%}$ [ 20 ] 。综上可知, TEs 的添加会增加厌氧消化体系中 Methanosaeta 和 Methanosarcina 的相对丰度, 减少 Methanoculleus 及 Bathyarchaeia 的相对丰度, 这对厌氧消化体系有益。
注:横坐标轴上的数据 4 和 7 分别代表第 4 和第 7 个批次。
①当 $\mathrm{I}/\mathrm{S}$ 为 1.5 时,厌氧消化体系不稳定,累积甲烷产量较低,添加 TEs 后,累积甲烷产量提高了 80.7%, VFAs 累计减少了 25%。
②在改变接种比和人工添加 TEs 的厌氧消化体系中, $\mathrm{{Fe}}$ 元素的水溶态和有机结合态含量与 $\mathrm{{pH}}$ 值、氨氮含量、碱度、AVS 含量之间呈现负相关,而 $\mathrm{{Fe}}$ 元素的可交换态和碳酸盐态含量与这些影响因子之间呈现正相关的相关性。 $\mathrm{{pH}}$ 值与 AVS 含量是影响 Fe 元素化学形态动态迁移转化的最关键影响因子。
③随着发酵时间的延长,试验组 TEs+I/S (1.5)的 Methanosaeta 相对丰度比试验组 I/S(1.5) 提高了 7%,试验组 TEs+I/S(2.5)的 Bathyarchaeia 相对丰度比试验组 I/S(2.5)减少了 11%。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFE0104600)
  • 国家自然科学基金青年基金项目(31901407)
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  • 接收时间:2023-05-08
  • 首发时间:2025-07-22
  • 出版时间:2024-12-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-05-08
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国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFE0104600)
国家自然科学基金青年基金项目(31901407)
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    1 嘉兴学院 生物与化学工程学院 杭州 嘉兴 314001

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孙辰(1985-),女,博士,副教授,主要从事农业生物质、餐厨垃圾资源化能源化利用和厌氧消化方面的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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