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Wind turbine blade stall will reduce wind turbine output power. In this paper, the aerodynamic analysis model of NREL Phase VI wind turbine was established based on Fluent software, and the pressure coefficient and power characteristics of the wind turbine blade section were calculated at 13 m/s wind speed, and the accuracy of the aerodynamic analysis method of the wind turbine was verified by comparing with the wind tunnel experimental data. Then, the active jet and vortex generator (VGs) were coupled to the blade of the wind turbine. It was found that the power of the wind turbine increased first and then decreased with the increase of the width of the jet hole and the height of the vortex generator. A wind turbine aerodynamic analysis model with mixed flow control was established to study the influence of the chord distance between jet and vortex generator and the height of VGs at the trailing edge on the aerodynamic characteristics of the wind turbine. The results show that the wind turbine output power reaches the highest when the distance is 0.3C(C is the chord length of airfoil), and the increase is 6.61% compared with the single jet control. When the trailing edge VGs height is 15 mm, the hybrid flow control has the best effect and the highest fan power.

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针对风力机叶片失速会降低风力机输出功率的问题,文章首先基于 Fluent 软件建立了NREL Phase VI 风力机气动特性分析模型,计算风速为13 m/s 时风力机叶片截面压力系数及功率特性,并与风洞实验数据进行对比,验证风力机气动特性分析模型的准确性;然后,将主动射流和涡流发生器(VGs)耦合到风力机叶片上,发现随射流孔宽度和涡流发生器高度的增加,风力机功率均呈先增后减趋势;最后,建立混合流动控制的风力机气动分析模型,研究射流与VGs弦向间距及后缘 VGs 高度对风力机气动特性的影响。研究表明:当间距为0.3C(C为翼型弦长)时,风力机输出功率达到最高,相比于射流单一控制,增幅为6.61%;当后缘 VGs 高度为15mm时,混合式流动控制的效果最佳,风机功率最高。

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谭剑锋(1984-),男,博士,副教授,研究方向为风力机气动特性、流动控制。E-mail:
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控制方式 孔宽 功率/kW 功率比/%
无流动控制叶片 0(无射流孔) 7.633 100
模型 1 ${0.01C}$ 7.914 103.68
0.02C 8.464 110.89
${0.03C}$ 8.555 112.08
0.04 $C$ 8.773 114.94
0.05 $C$ 8.503 111.40
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控制方式 孔宽 功率/kW 功率比/%
无流动控制叶片 0(无射流孔) 7.633 100
模型 1 ${0.01C}$ 7.914 103.68
0.02C 8.464 110.89
${0.03C}$ 8.555 112.08
0.04 $C$ 8.773 114.94
0.05 $C$ 8.503 111.40
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控制方式 VGs 高度/mm 功率/kW 功率比/%
无流动控制叶片 0 7.633 100
VGs 控制的风力机 10 7.882 103.26
15 8.442 110.20
20 8.325 108.63
25 8.196 107.37
30 7.944 104.07
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控制方式 VGs 高度/mm 功率/kW 功率比/%
无流动控制叶片 0 7.633 100
VGs 控制的风力机 10 7.882 103.26
15 8.442 110.20
20 8.325 108.63
25 8.196 107.37
30 7.944 104.07
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控制方式 间距 功率/kW 功率比/%
无流动控制叶片 无射流及 VGs 7.633 100
射流单一控制 单一射流 8.773 114.94
VGs 单一控制 单一 VGs 8.442 110.20
VGs+射流组合式流动控制 0.1 $C$ 8.915 116.79
0.2 $C$ 9.131 119.62
0.3 $C$ 9.278 121.55
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控制方式 间距 功率/kW 功率比/%
无流动控制叶片 无射流及 VGs 7.633 100
射流单一控制 单一射流 8.773 114.94
VGs 单一控制 单一 VGs 8.442 110.20
VGs+射流组合式流动控制 0.1 $C$ 8.915 116.79
0.2 $C$ 9.131 119.62
0.3 $C$ 9.278 121.55
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控制方式 后缘 VGs 高度/mm 功率/kW 功率比/%
后缘 VGs 高度 10 9.169 120.12
15 9.278 121.55
20 9.121 119.49
25 8.885 116.40
30 8.787 115.11
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控制方式 后缘 VGs 高度/mm 功率/kW 功率比/%
后缘 VGs 高度 10 9.169 120.12
15 9.278 121.55
20 9.121 119.49
25 8.885 116.40
30 8.787 115.11
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混合流动控制对风机叶片气动特性的影响
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高金娥 , 韩水 , 谭剑锋 , 史瑞鹏 , 夏云松
可再生能源 | 2024,42(2): 198-205
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可再生能源 | 2024, 42(2): 198-205
混合流动控制对风机叶片气动特性的影响
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高金娥, 韩水, 谭剑锋 , 史瑞鹏, 夏云松
作者信息
  • 1 南京工业大学 机械与动力工程学院 江苏 南京 211816

通讯作者:

谭剑锋(1984-),男,博士,副教授,研究方向为风力机气动特性、流动控制。E-mail:
Influence of hybrid flow control on aerodynamic characteristics of wind turbine blades
Jine Gao, Shui Han, Jianfeng Tan , Ruipeng Shi, Yunsong Xia
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Mechanical and Power Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 China
出版时间: 2024-02-20
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针对风力机叶片失速会降低风力机输出功率的问题,文章首先基于 Fluent 软件建立了NREL Phase VI 风力机气动特性分析模型,计算风速为13 m/s 时风力机叶片截面压力系数及功率特性,并与风洞实验数据进行对比,验证风力机气动特性分析模型的准确性;然后,将主动射流和涡流发生器(VGs)耦合到风力机叶片上,发现随射流孔宽度和涡流发生器高度的增加,风力机功率均呈先增后减趋势;最后,建立混合流动控制的风力机气动分析模型,研究射流与VGs弦向间距及后缘 VGs 高度对风力机气动特性的影响。研究表明:当间距为0.3C(C为翼型弦长)时,风力机输出功率达到最高,相比于射流单一控制,增幅为6.61%;当后缘 VGs 高度为15mm时,混合式流动控制的效果最佳,风机功率最高。

风力机叶片失速  /  射流  /  涡流发生器  /  混合流动控制  /  功率特性

Wind turbine blade stall will reduce wind turbine output power. In this paper, the aerodynamic analysis model of NREL Phase VI wind turbine was established based on Fluent software, and the pressure coefficient and power characteristics of the wind turbine blade section were calculated at 13 m/s wind speed, and the accuracy of the aerodynamic analysis method of the wind turbine was verified by comparing with the wind tunnel experimental data. Then, the active jet and vortex generator (VGs) were coupled to the blade of the wind turbine. It was found that the power of the wind turbine increased first and then decreased with the increase of the width of the jet hole and the height of the vortex generator. A wind turbine aerodynamic analysis model with mixed flow control was established to study the influence of the chord distance between jet and vortex generator and the height of VGs at the trailing edge on the aerodynamic characteristics of the wind turbine. The results show that the wind turbine output power reaches the highest when the distance is 0.3C(C is the chord length of airfoil), and the increase is 6.61% compared with the single jet control. When the trailing edge VGs height is 15 mm, the hybrid flow control has the best effect and the highest fan power.

wind turbine blade stall  /  jet  /  eddy current generator  /  hybrid flow control  /  power features
高金娥, 韩水, 谭剑锋, 史瑞鹏, 夏云松. 混合流动控制对风机叶片气动特性的影响. 可再生能源, 2024 , 42 (2) : 198 -205 .
Jine Gao, Shui Han, Jianfeng Tan, Ruipeng Shi, Yunsong Xia. Influence of hybrid flow control on aerodynamic characteristics of wind turbine blades[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2024 , 42 (2) : 198 -205 .
风力机叶片失速会降低风能利用系数, 即降低风力机输出功率 [ 1 ] 。马璐章(运用计算流体力学方法对某直线翼垂直轴风力机模型进行了数值模拟,受叶梢涡和支撑结构的影响,风力机功率系数明显降低。Xu Heyong [ 3 ] 发现,合成射流可实现翼型增升减阻,抑制翼型表面气流分离。Zhao Qijun [ 4 ] 的研究表明, 合成射流能较好地改善叶片转子的空气流动特性,射流效率受射流孔喷射角度影响, 切向射流流动控制效果优于法向射流。主动射流技术能有效延缓叶片失速、改善气流分离,但是额外的喷气设备会增加造价,提高成本。而微型涡流发生器能有效地阻止各种气流过早地分离, 抑制叶片表面大规模的失速, 提升风力机输出功率, 且设计成本低。文献[ 5 - 7 ]发现, 失速前涡流发生器 (VGs)会略微增加翼型气动阻力,而失速后, VGs 使得翼型升力系数明显提升,阻力系数下降, VGs 尺寸过大不利于流动控制。文献[ 8, 9 ] 发现, VGs 可抑制吸力面气流分离现象,对于振荡翼型,施加 VGs 后, 叶片上仰阶段的气流分离更加延迟, 而下俯阶段的迟滞效应得到明显改善。
本文耦合射流与 $\mathrm{{VGs}}$ 流动控制技术,建立混合流动控制的风力机叶片气动特性分析方法, 研究射流与 $\mathrm{{VGs}}$ 弦向间距以及后缘 $\mathrm{{VGs}}$ 高度对风力机叶片气动特性的影响。
利用 CATIA 软件对 NREL Phase VI 风力机进行三维实体建模, 依据文献[ 10 ]生成不同翼型截面 (截面自 ${0.25R}\sim {1R}, R ={5.029}\mathrm{\;m}$ 为风力机叶片半径), 并进行曲面光滑连接形成叶片实体, 最后将叶片、轮毂、齿轮箱、塔架进行装配。将创建的风力机模型导入 ANSYS 软件, 首先创建半径为 ${1.5D}(D$ 为风力机叶片直径)、高度为 ${2.4}\mathrm{\;m}$ 的圆柱体旋转域,然后创建长为 ${10D}$ 、宽为 ${5D}$ 、高为 ${40}\mathrm{\;m}$ 的长方体静止域,最后建成 NREL Phase VI 风力机气动分析模型( 图 1 )。风力机轮毂中心距离地面边界为 ${12.2}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,距离速度入口边界为 ${2.5}\mathrm{D}$ ,距离压力出口边界为 ${7.5}\mathrm{D}$
本文基于 Meshing 软件对风力机模型进行非结构四面体网格划分 ( 图 2 ), S809 叶片周围第一层网格高度为 ${2.479}\;{25}\times {10}^{-5}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,分别对旋转域及流体计算域(静止域)的网格进行加密, 最终旋转域和静止域网格数分别为 1585843 和 4893370 ,平均网格质量为 0.856 。
为了验证最终网格的准确性, 选取不同网格数进行无关性验证( 图 3 )。
图 3 可知: 当网格数 $n$ 约为 648 万和 932 万时,风力机叶片 ${0.8R}$ 截面压力分布曲线均明显贴合,而当 $n$ 约为 321 万时,压力分布曲线差异较大,考虑到计算机性能与计算时长,最终选取 $n$ 约为 648 万;经过 4300 步的迭代计算后,风力机 $Y$ 方向的推力达到收敛平稳且与实验数据得到的推力 2003.105 N 吻合。
仿真计算所采用的射流孔布局方式由风力机叶片失速位置决定,本文射流孔建模采用 CATIA 曲面设计模块进行曲面分割, 并基于 ANSYS 软件建立叶片射流孔分析模型( 图 4 )。沿着叶片展向分成 3 段,分别为 ${46.7}\% R \sim {51.5}\% R,{52.6}\% R \sim$ 57.4% $R$ 和 58.5% $R \sim {63.3}\% R$ ,间隔为 ${1.1}\% R$ ,射流孔为二维矩形 (长为 ${4.8R}$ ,宽为研究参数),且通过 CATIA 对风力机叶片表面分割而成, 通过 DEFINE_PROFILE-UDF 将正弦函数加载到射流孔边界上。
本文在水平轴风力机叶片上引入矩形 VGs, 在叶片 ${0.467R}\sim {0.633R}$ 布置 10 个微型 VGs,间隔长度为 ${0.5}\% R,\mathrm{{VGs}}$ 为三维矩体(长为 $1\% R$ ,宽为 ${0.1C}$ ,高度为研究参数),最终形成的 VGs 控制下的风力机叶片模型如 图 5 所示。
鉴于前面两种单一控制解决风力机失速的效率偏低, 本文提出了混合流动控制方案, 即射流孔+VGs 控制下的风力机模型( 图 6 )。在叶片前缘布置一排射流孔,实现气流向外喷气效果,同时在叶片中后缘布置微型VGs 以促使下游气流的重新附着,从而增强流动控制效果。射流孔和 $\mathrm{{VGs}}$ 的几何参数与前面保持一致, 形成前缘射流、后缘 VGs 的组合流动控制方式。
计算得到恒定来流下 (风速 ${V}_{\infty }$${13}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ )的风力机叶片截面压力分布 ( 图 7 ), 并与美国可再生能源实验室的风洞实验结果进行了对比。横坐标为不同截面弦长位置比例,纵坐标为压力系数。
图 7 可知: 叶片各截面压力系数的 CFD 预测值与实验值吻合较好, 验证了本文创建的 NREL Phase VI 风力机气动分析模型的准确性; 叶片在 ${0.3R},{0.8R}$${0.95R}$ 截面翼型表面的压力分布与实验值基本吻合; 叶片在 0.467R~0.633R 截面发生大规模的气流分离,且叶片表面失速严重,表明风力机叶片气动性能主要集中在叶片 0.467R~0.633R 截面,叶片失速导致风轮输出功率降低。
本文进行了 6 次气动仿真, 其中 5 次为射流控制的风机叶片, 1 次为无流动控制叶片。分别截取正常风力机和加入射流孔后叶片 ${0.5R}$${0.55R}$ 截面的流场速度云图 ( 图 8 ),从图中可以看出, 加入射流孔后, 叶片表面流动特性得到显著增强。由此表明,射流技术对解决风力机叶片气流问题成效显著。
图 8 可知, 在风力机叶片表面加入周期性射流会对风力机气动特性带来一定的影响, ${0.5R}$ 截面翼型吸力面前缘气流分离现象得到减缓, ${0.55R}$ 截面后缘失速区域明显减小,风轮输出功率提高。 表 1 为无流动控制叶片和模型 1 的数据。
表 1 可知: 当射流孔宽度不大于 ${0.04C}$ 时, 随着射流孔宽度的增加,射流孔口向外喷出流量增加,叶片表面更多的低能流体被吹离 (吸收), ${0.55R}$ 截面翼型后缘的低能流体基本消失 [ 图 8 (b)], 功率特性呈上升趋势; 当射流孔宽度为 ${0.04C}$ 时,功率同比正常风力机增长 ${14.94}\%$ ;当射流孔宽度大于 ${0.04C}$ 时,风力机叶片疲劳载荷增加,风轮输出功率下降。
为进一步解释射流孔对风力机叶片气动性能的影响,分别截取 ${0.01C}$${0.04C}$ 孔宽下 ${0.5R}$ 截面和 ${0.55R}$ 截面压力系数 ( 图 9 ,10)。
由于叶片转子受到三维旋转效应的影响, 越远离叶根区域, 流体分离位置越往后推移, 因此叶片 ${0.5R}$ 截面翼型表面的气流分离现象较叶片 ${0.55R}$ 截面更为严重。加入射流后,射流控制区域的压力系数突增,而后迅速下降,翼型升力系数得到显著提高。此外,孔宽为 ${0.04C}$ 时,叶片表面负压增加更明显,表明此时叶片表面空气流动特性改善效果更好, 气流分离的抑制成效更为突出, 功率比提升更高。
本文进行的 6 次气动仿真, 1 次为无流动控制叶片气动仿真, 其余 5 次为 VGs 控制下的风机叶片气动仿真。 表 2 为不同 VGs 高度控制下风力机功率特性。由 表 2 可知,引入涡流发生器后,叶片表面的空气流动特性得到一定的改善, 风力机功率提升。
为进一步解释 VGs 流动控制成效, 分别截取 表 2 中前 3 组工况,对叶片 0.49R 截面与 0.63R 截面的压力系数进行对比( 图 11 )。
图 11 可知,在施加 VGs 控制后,正常风力机两个截面的失速位置会对翼型表面压力系数分布产生一定的影响,当 VGs 为 ${15}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 时,升力系数增幅更为明显。
对比分析单一射流控制和射流+VGs 混合式流动控制的叶片截面速度云图( 图 12 )可以发现, 在叶片后缘加入涡流发生器后, 可进一步干扰边界层的主流流场, 促使叶片后缘近壁面气流的重新附着,叶片后缘的空气流动特性得到改善。由此表明,相比于单一射流控制方案,混合式流动控制方案抑制叶片失速更加有效。
表 3 为不同间距下的风力机功率特性。
表 3 可知: 与单一控制相比, 混合式流动控制对风力机功率的提升更具优越性; 随着两者流动控制方式间距的增加, 风力机的输出功率得到相应的提升。单一控制虽然较好地抑制了翼型前缘的气流分离现象, 但是翼型中后缘的表面流动特性并未得到很大的改观, 而在叶片后缘增设一排涡流发生器, 可促使翼型后缘的气流下洗, 当流动控制方式间距为 ${0.3C}$ 时,风力机输出功率达到最高,相比于射流单一控制,增幅为 6.61%。
为进一步解释混合式流动控制的优越性, 截取 表 3 中 3 种工况下 ${0.49R}$ 截面与 ${0.63R}$ 截面的压力系数进行对比,对比结果如 图 13 所示。
图 13 可知, 混合式流动控制在涡流发生器翼型上表面的压力系数再次爬升,而后下降,进一步提升了翼型截面升力系数,且随着流动控制方式间距的增加, 翼型上表面的负压增加更为明显。
本文进行了 5 次后缘 VGs 高度对混合式流动控制方式下风力机输出功率的影响仿真, 气动仿真计算结果见 表 4
表 4 可知: 随着后缘 VGs 高度的增加, 风力机功率呈现出先增加后减小的趋势, 当后缘 VGs 高度为 ${15}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 时,混合式流动控制的效果达到最佳,风力机此时的输出功率为 ${9.278}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ ; 而随着后缘 $\mathrm{{VGs}}$ 高度的继续增大,叶片表面承受的气动阻力增大, 翼型截面后缘的低能流体开始增多,气动特性开始下降。
①通过在风力机叶片上施加射流孔和射流函数, 风轮输出功率较正常风力机最高提升了 14.94%, 射流孔宽度过大反而会干扰叶片表面主流流场且增加叶片疲劳载荷, 降低风力机输出功率。
②通过在风力机叶片上施加涡流发生器,叶片表面空气流动特性得到一定的改善,当 VGs 高度为 ${15}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 时,风力机输出功率较正常风力机最高提升了 10.20%。
③相比于单一流动控制, 混合式流动控制方案对风力机叶片气动特性的影响更大。随着射流孔与涡流发生器间距的增加, 风力机输出功率增加,相比于射流单一控制,风力机输出功率较无流动控制叶片最高提升了 21.55%。调整 VGs 高度, 流动控制效果呈现出先增加后减小的趋势。
  • 江苏省自然科学基金面上项目(BK20161537)
  • 国家自然科学基金(11502105)
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2024年第42卷第2期
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  • 接收时间:2022-05-09
  • 首发时间:2025-07-22
  • 出版时间:2024-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2022-05-09
基金
江苏省自然科学基金面上项目(BK20161537)
国家自然科学基金(11502105)
作者信息
    1 南京工业大学 机械与动力工程学院 江苏 南京 211816

通讯作者:

谭剑锋(1984-),男,博士,副教授,研究方向为风力机气动特性、流动控制。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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