Article(id=1154428296516326252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154428293831975813, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1668355200000, receivedDateStr=2022-11-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753166754130, onlineDateStr=2025-07-22, pubDate=1708358400000, pubDateStr=2024-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753166754130, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753166754130, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753166754130, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154428293831975813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, year='2024', volume='42', issue='2', pageStart='143', pageEnd='284', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753166753490, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753694636757, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156642396780745248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154428293831975813, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156642396780745249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154428293831975813, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=174, endPage=181, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154428296914785134, articleId=1154428296516326252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, language=EN, title=Research on heat transfer model of buried pipe heat exchanger based on equivalent physical properties of soil stratification, columnId=null, journalTitle=Renewable Energy Resources, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In this paper, considering the soil stratification and groundwater seepage, combined with the measured data, the fluid temperature inside the buried pipe and the thermophysical parameters of different layered soils are obtained through the calculation of the outer wall temperature of the buried pipe, so as to establish the heat transfer model of the buried pipe stratified according to the equivalent physical properties of the soil. The experimental results show that the strati–fied heat transfer model is closer to the measured value than the conventional homogeneous model, and the error is smaller; The average absolute error between the simulated outlet water temperature and the measured value is 0.21 °C, and the average absolute error between the simulated inlet and outlet heat transfer temperature difference and the measured value is 0.14 °C based on the equivalent physical properties of soil stratification, which has a high accuracy and can provide a basis for engineering design and serve as the basis for the subsequent optimization study of the buried pipe heat transfer.

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文章综合考虑了土壤分层与地下水渗流等情况,结合实测数据,通过地埋管外壁温度计算得出地埋管内部流体温度与不同分层土壤的热物性参数,根据土壤当量物性进行分层,据此建立地埋管换热模型。经过对比验证实验发现,分层换热模型比常规均质模型更接近实测值,误差更小;基于土壤分层当量物性的地埋管换热器换热模型模拟出水温度与实测值平均绝对误差为0.21 ℃,模拟进、出口换热温差与实测值平均绝对误差为0.14℃,具有较高的准确度,可为工程设计提供依据并作为后续地埋管换热优化研究的基础。

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陈金华(1973-),男,博士,教授,研究方向为可再生能源及新能源开发与利用。E-mail:
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language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Schematic diagram of experimental system, figureFileSmall=aXV5d3fWWBW6RcNx7K2QBQ==, figureFileBig=7/n/1sTmTaduf2NcuKfuZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154428330850898020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428296516326252, language=CN, label=图 1, caption=实验系统原理图, figureFileSmall=aXV5d3fWWBW6RcNx7K2QBQ==, figureFileBig=7/n/1sTmTaduf2NcuKfuZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154428330909618280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428296516326252, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Mesh generation inside and outside borehole, figureFileSmall=wB+MZP4MJMIoGpRk+PsJmw==, figureFileBig=3UFAJfvOAAuDwPx19jc7bw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154428330964144234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428296516326252, language=CN, label=图 2, caption=钻孔内外网格划分, figureFileSmall=wB+MZP4MJMIoGpRk+PsJmw==, 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分层 编号 土壤 性质 深度 m 容积 比热容 导热 系数 土壤当量 导热热阻
1 粉质黏土 0~3 3 404 335 2.383 0.1391
2 泥岩 3~5 2 615 000 2.092 0.1635
3 5~10 2570000 2.056 0.1664
4 10~15 2575000 2.060 0.1661
5 15~20 2417 500 1.934 0.176 9
6 20~30 2 393 750 1.915 0.1787
7 30~36 2518750 2.015 0.1697
8 砂岩+少量 泥岩 36~40 3 661 972 2.600 0.127 9
9 40~60 3 532 394 2.508 0.1326
10 60~68 3602817 2.558 0.1300
11 粉砂岩+ 68~80 2 334 066 2.124 0.165 9
12 少量泥岩 80~100 2 380 220 2.166 0.1627
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分层 编号 土壤 性质 深度 m 容积 比热容 导热 系数 土壤当量 导热热阻
1 粉质黏土 0~3 3 404 335 2.383 0.1391
2 泥岩 3~5 2 615 000 2.092 0.1635
3 5~10 2570000 2.056 0.1664
4 10~15 2575000 2.060 0.1661
5 15~20 2417 500 1.934 0.176 9
6 20~30 2 393 750 1.915 0.1787
7 30~36 2518750 2.015 0.1697
8 砂岩+少量 泥岩 36~40 3 661 972 2.600 0.127 9
9 40~60 3 532 394 2.508 0.1326
10 60~68 3602817 2.558 0.1300
11 粉砂岩+ 68~80 2 334 066 2.124 0.165 9
12 少量泥岩 80~100 2 380 220 2.166 0.1627
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编号 深度 m 密度 比热 导热 系数 导热 热阻 (m·K)/W 夏季 温度 ℃
1 0~3 1940.2 1755 2.383 0.139 23.03
2 3~15 2166.8 1 194 2.069 0.165 19.68
3 15~30 2166.8 1110 1.925 0.178 19.35
4 30~36 2166.8 1162 2.015 0.170 19.25
5 36~40 2 290.6 1 599 2.600 0.128 19.26
6 40~68 2 290.6 1 557 2.533 0.131 19.21
7 68~100 2365.0 997 2.145 0.164 19.18
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编号 深度 m 密度 比热 导热 系数 导热 热阻 (m·K)/W 夏季 温度 ℃
1 0~3 1940.2 1755 2.383 0.139 23.03
2 3~15 2166.8 1 194 2.069 0.165 19.68
3 15~30 2166.8 1110 1.925 0.178 19.35
4 30~36 2166.8 1162 2.015 0.170 19.25
5 36~40 2 290.6 1 599 2.600 0.128 19.26
6 40~68 2 290.6 1 557 2.533 0.131 19.21
7 68~100 2365.0 997 2.145 0.164 19.18
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名称 定义类型
地埋管管壁、回填料、周边土壤 Solid(固体)
管内流体 Fluid(液体)
进水口 Velocity(速度入口)
出水口 Outflow(自由出流)
地面、模型远边界 Wall(壁面)
地埋管管壁、钻孔壁、各分层土壤交界处 Coupled(耦合)
), ArticleFig(id=1154428331861725316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428296516326252, language=CN, label=表 3, caption=地埋管换热模型边界条件定义, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 定义类型
地埋管管壁、回填料、周边土壤 Solid(固体)
管内流体 Fluid(液体)
进水口 Velocity(速度入口)
出水口 Outflow(自由出流)
地面、模型远边界 Wall(壁面)
地埋管管壁、钻孔壁、各分层土壤交界处 Coupled(耦合)
), ArticleFig(id=1154428331916251270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428296516326252, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=Initial parameter setting of homogeneous heat transfer model, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号 深度 m 密度 比热 导热 系数 导热 热阻 夏季 温度 ℃
1 0~100 2211.9 1 281.2 2.291 0.155 19.43
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编号 深度 m 密度 比热 导热 系数 导热 热阻 夏季 温度 ℃
1 0~100 2211.9 1 281.2 2.291 0.155 19.43
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基于土壤分层当量物性的地埋管换热器换热模型研究
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徐若恩 1, 2 , 陈金华 1, 2 , 唐茂川 1, 2 , 杜龙跃 1, 2
可再生能源 | 2024,42(2): 174-181
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可再生能源 | 2024, 42(2): 174-181
基于土壤分层当量物性的地埋管换热器换热模型研究
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徐若恩1, 2, 陈金华1, 2 , 唐茂川1, 2, 杜龙跃1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 重庆大学 低碳绿色建筑国际联合研究中心 重庆 400045
  • 2 重庆大学 三峡库区生态环境教育部重点实验室 重庆 400045

通讯作者:

陈金华(1973-),男,博士,教授,研究方向为可再生能源及新能源开发与利用。E-mail:
Research on heat transfer model of buried pipe heat exchanger based on equivalent physical properties of soil stratification
Ruoen Xu1, 2, Jinhua Chen1, 2 , Maochuan Tang1, 2, Longyue Du1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 Nation Centre for International Research of Low-carbon and Green Buildings Chongqing University Chongqing 400045 China
  • 2 Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment Chongqing University Chongqing 400045 China
出版时间: 2024-02-20
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文章综合考虑了土壤分层与地下水渗流等情况,结合实测数据,通过地埋管外壁温度计算得出地埋管内部流体温度与不同分层土壤的热物性参数,根据土壤当量物性进行分层,据此建立地埋管换热模型。经过对比验证实验发现,分层换热模型比常规均质模型更接近实测值,误差更小;基于土壤分层当量物性的地埋管换热器换热模型模拟出水温度与实测值平均绝对误差为0.21 ℃,模拟进、出口换热温差与实测值平均绝对误差为0.14℃,具有较高的准确度,可为工程设计提供依据并作为后续地埋管换热优化研究的基础。

地埋管换热器  /  分层换热模型  /  地源热泵  /  当量热阻

In this paper, considering the soil stratification and groundwater seepage, combined with the measured data, the fluid temperature inside the buried pipe and the thermophysical parameters of different layered soils are obtained through the calculation of the outer wall temperature of the buried pipe, so as to establish the heat transfer model of the buried pipe stratified according to the equivalent physical properties of the soil. The experimental results show that the strati–fied heat transfer model is closer to the measured value than the conventional homogeneous model, and the error is smaller; The average absolute error between the simulated outlet water temperature and the measured value is 0.21 °C, and the average absolute error between the simulated inlet and outlet heat transfer temperature difference and the measured value is 0.14 °C based on the equivalent physical properties of soil stratification, which has a high accuracy and can provide a basis for engineering design and serve as the basis for the subsequent optimization study of the buried pipe heat transfer.

ground heat exchanger  /  layered heat transfer model  /  ground source heat pump  /  equivalent thermal resistance
徐若恩, 陈金华, 唐茂川, 杜龙跃. 基于土壤分层当量物性的地埋管换热器换热模型研究. 可再生能源, 2024 , 42 (2) : 174 -181 .
Ruoen Xu, Jinhua Chen, Maochuan Tang, Longyue Du. Research on heat transfer model of buried pipe heat exchanger based on equivalent physical properties of soil stratification[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2024 , 42 (2) : 174 -181 .
地源热泵是一种利用低品位地热能源实现夏季供冷、冬季供热的高效建筑节能技术。地理管换热器作为传热介质与土壤交换热量的载体, 其换热性能是系统设计与能效评价的重要参数。获取准确的土壤热物性参数建立换热模型, 预测地埋管换热器的换热性能, 对于地源热泵技术的应用推广具有重大意义。
最早的地埋管换热模型是由 Ingersoll 提出的无限长线热源模型 ${\left(\mathrm{{ILS}}\right)}$ [ 1 ] ,此方法忽略了钻孔形状, 将其视为无限长的线热源。在此基础上, Carslaw H S [ 2 ] 将钻孔视为被无限多介质包围的无限长圆柱体,提出了无限长柱热源模型。此后,又有学者提出了基于温度响应的地埋管换热模型, 其中, Eskilson P [ 3 ] 提出了无量纲温度响应因子,称为 G 函数,为在二维坐标系中,施加在井壁上的单位阶跃脉冲热流的温度响应。Zeng H Y [ 4 ] 在此基础上将钻孔视为有限长, 进一步发展了 G 函数解析表达式, 其计算得到的钻孔壁稳态温度与表达式积分平均温度误差不超过 0.5%。
在实际工程场地中, 土壤往往存在分层, 不同分层的土壤热物性可能存在较大差异, 同时土壤随着深度变化可能存在地下水渗流, 即使同一岩土层内, 不同深度的土壤热物性也可能存在较大差异 [ 5 ] 。Li W [ 6 ] 在变负荷工况下对地埋管在分层土壤中的换热进行了分析, 模拟温差与砂箱实验结果误差为 ${0.1}\sim {0.3}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 。杨军 [ 7 ] 、蔡学龙 [ 8 ] 研究了地下水渗流对地埋管换热性能的影响。张东海 [ 9 ] 进一步考虑了岩土分层问题, 研究了分层土壤中渗流情况对地埋管换热性能的影响。在上述研究中, 获取准确的土壤热物性参数是减小模拟误差的前提。对尺寸远小于实际土壤的砂箱进行直接测量, 土壤热物性较易获得 [ 6 ] ,然而在实际工程中,热物性参数的测量难度较高。针对地下渗流的研究, 则需要进行渗流速度、方向等参数的假设或是进行测量, 对边界条件进行假设增加了模拟的难度和所需时间, 而实际工程中土壤中的渗流速度、方向参数是难以测试且不准确的 [ 10 ] ,因此在实际工程中难以准确开展地埋管换热分析。
实际上, 不同孔隙率、含水率及渗流速度的土壤热物性差异均可以通过地埋管内流体的温度得以体现。因此本文依托实际工程, 将难以获取的热物性参数模糊化处理, 利用易于准确测量的不同深度的地埋管内流体温度, 通过理论推导, 提出了一种可以简便、快速计算不同分层的土壤分层当量热物性参数的方法, 从而直观反映了土壤分层、 孔隙率、含水率及地下水渗流对地埋管换热性能的综合影响。在此基础上, 采用 Fluent 软件进行几何建模并离散求解, 使本文的数值模型能够适用于变负荷等复杂边界, 并验证模型的准确性, 为实际工程设计提供依据。
本文以重庆市某实际工程为研究对象, 在其建设中因研究需要建立了土壤源热泵系统的实验平台。该实验系统主要包括了地理管换热器、土壤源热泵系统、数据采集记录系统及其他配套仪器、 设备等。数据采集系统对土壤源热泵系统机组进、 出水温度、地源侧总流量及地埋管换热器外壁测点的温度进行采集、记录。 图 1 为实验系统原理图。
本文在以往文献基础上提出了一种计算分层土壤热物性参数的新方法。基于实验系统测得的不同深度地埋管换热器外壁测点温度、机组进、出水温度、流量等可对管内流体不同分层纵向平均温度进行求解, 作为进一步求解土壤热物性参数的基础。计算土壤热物性参数时, 钻孔内部选择二维传热模型,钻孔外部选择无限长线热源模型,结合热扩散率,可计算得到土壤导热热阻、导热系数与容积比热容。通过查阅资料中各类土壤密度可计算得到比热,并结合实测得到的土壤初始温度, 可用于 Fluent 数值模型中的材料热物性参数及边界条件设置, 从而对地埋管换热器换热过程进行更准确的求解。具体求解思路如下。
为简化计算工作,做出如下假设:
①同一分层内土壤热物性参数一致;
②各换热介质的热物性参数保持不变;
③将各分层内传热形式视为当量导热,以当量导热热阻衡量地埋管换热过程中的各种传热相关因素影响;
④由于地埋管管材导热热阻值与管内壁对流换热热阻值极小,管外壁温度与流体温度非常接近, 因此假设管壁温度与管内流体温度变化率一致。
以供水管为例, 对管内流体不同分层纵向平均温度进行求解, 在分层内管内流体进、出口能量差 $\Delta {q}_{\mathrm{g}n}$
$\Delta {q}_{\mathrm{g}n}^{\prime }= \frac{{cm}\left({{T}_{\mathrm{{fg}}, n,\mathrm{i}}- {T}_{\mathrm{{fg}}, n,\mathrm{o}}}\right)}{{h}_{n}}= \frac{{cm}\left({{T}_{\mathrm{{pg}}, n,\mathrm{i}}- {T}_{\mathrm{{pg}}, n,\mathrm{o}}}\right)}{{h}_{n}}$
式中: $c$ 为管内流体比热容, $\mathrm{J}/\left({\mathrm{{kg}}\cdot {}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}}\right);m$ 为管内流体质量流量, $\mathrm{{kg}}/\mathrm{s};n$ 为分层编号; ${T}_{\mathrm{{fg}}, n,\mathrm{i}}$ 为分层内供水进口温度, ${}^{\circ }\mathrm{C};{T}_{\mathrm{{fg}}, n,\mathrm{o}}$ 为分层内供水出口温度, ${}^{\circ }\mathrm{C};{T}_{\mathrm{{pg}}, n,\mathrm{i}}$ 为分层内进口位置处供水管壁温度, $\mathrm{C};{T}_{\mathrm{{pg}}, n,0}$ 为分层内出口位置处供水管壁温度, $\mathrm{C};{h}_{n}$ 为分层深度, $\mathrm{m}$
根据假设④,供水进口与出口能量差 $\Delta {q}_{\mathrm{g}n}^{\prime }$ 即为供水向管外壁传热量 $\Delta {q}_{gn}$ ,而管内流体与管外壁之间的传热包含了管内流体与管内壁的对流换热与管壁的导热, 根据换热公式可得到:
$\Delta {q}_{\mathrm{g}n}= \Delta {q}_{\mathrm{g}n}^{\prime }= -\frac{{\bar{T}}_{\mathrm{{fg}}, n}- {\bar{T}}_{\mathrm{{pg}}, n}}{{R}_{\mathrm{p}}+ {R}_{\mathrm{{fi}}}}$
式中: ${T}_{\mathrm{{fg}}, n}$ 为分层内供水管纵向平均温度, ${T}_{\mathrm{{fg}}, n}=$ $\left({{T}_{\mathrm{{fg}}, n,\mathrm{i}}+ {T}_{\mathrm{{fg}}, n,\mathrm{o}}}\right)/2,{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C};{T}_{\mathrm{{pg}}, n}$ 为分层内供水管外壁纵向平均温度, ${T}_{\mathrm{{pg}}, n}= \left({{T}_{\mathrm{{pg}}, n,\mathrm{i}}+ {T}_{\mathrm{{pg}}, n,\mathrm{o}}}\right)/2,{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$
$n = 0$ 时,由于地面以上管路均做保温处理,能量损失极小,可认为 $0\mathrm{\;m}$ 处管外壁测点温度与实验系统测得地上管内流体温度相同。联立式 (1),(2)可求得供水管内流体温度。回水管内流体温度 ${T}_{\mathrm{{fh}}, n}$ 计算方法相同。
根据已求解出的管内流体温度,可得 $\Delta {q}_{n}$ 计算式为
$\Delta {q}_{n}= \frac{{\bar{T}}_{\mathrm{f}, n}- {\bar{T}}_{\text{Ground,}n}}{{R}_{\mathrm{p}}+ {R}_{\mathrm{{fi}}}+ {R}_{\mathrm{b}}+ {R}_{\mathrm{s}, n}}$
式中: ${T}_{\mathrm{f},\mathrm{n}}$ 为分层内供回水管流体的平均温度, ${T}_{\mathrm{f}, n}= \left({{T}_{\mathrm{{fg}}, n}+ {T}_{\mathrm{{fh}}, n}}\right)/2,\mathrm{C};{T}_{\text{Ground }, n}$ 为土壤平均初始温度, 可通过实测得到,℃。
${R}_{\mathrm{p}}$ 为管壁导热热阻, $\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)/\mathrm{W}$ ,计算式为
${R}_{\mathrm{p}}= \frac{1}{{4\pi }{\lambda }_{\mathrm{p}}}\ln \frac{{r}_{\mathrm{o}}}{{r}_{\mathrm{i}}}$
式中: ${\lambda }_{\mathrm{p}}$ 为管壁导热系数, $\mathrm{W}/\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right);{r}_{\mathrm{o}}$ 为管壁外径, ${\mathrm{m}}_{0}$
${R}_{\mathrm{{fi}}}$ 为流体至管内壁对流换热热阻, $\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)/\mathrm{W}$ , 计算式为
${R}_{\mathrm{{fi}}}= \frac{1}{{2\pi }{r}_{\mathrm{i}}{h}_{\mathrm{p}}}$
式中: ${r}_{\mathrm{i}}$ 为管壁内径, $\mathrm{m};{h}_{\mathrm{p}}$ 为流体与管内壁之间的对流换热系数, $\mathrm{K}/\mathrm{W}$ ,计算方法可参照 Gnielinski 关联式 [ 11 ]
${R}_{\mathrm{p}}+ {R}_{\mathrm{{fi}}}+ {R}_{\mathrm{b}}$ 为钻孔内总热阻,其中 ${R}_{\mathrm{b}}$ 为回填料热阻,其求解方法较复杂。为简化计算,本文选用钻孔内传热二维模型 [ 12 ] 求解,计算式为
${R}_{\mathrm{b}}= \frac{1}{{4\pi }{\lambda }_{\mathrm{b}}}\left({\ln \frac{{r}_{\mathrm{b}}}{{r}_{\mathrm{o}}}+ \ln \frac{2{r}_{\mathrm{b}}}{2D}+ \frac{{\lambda }_{\mathrm{b}}- {\lambda }_{\mathrm{s}, n}}{{\lambda }_{\mathrm{b}}+ {\lambda }_{\mathrm{s}, n}}\ln \frac{{r}_{\mathrm{b}}^{4}}{{r}_{\mathrm{b}}^{4}- {D}^{4}}}\right)$
式中: ${\lambda }_{\mathrm{b}}$ 为回填料导热系数,根据回填料配置可由实测获得, $\mathrm{W}/\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right);{\lambda }_{\mathrm{s}, n}$ 为分层内土壤导热系数, $\mathrm{W}/\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right);D$ 为地埋管中心距, $\mathrm{m};{\lambda }_{\mathrm{b}}$ 为钻孔半径, m。
${R}_{\mathrm{s},\mathrm{n}}$ 为土壤当量导热热阻,当时间 $\tau$ 足够长时 (计算中要求超过 ${48}\mathrm{\;h}$ ),根据无限长线热源理论 [ 1 ] ,傅里叶数 ${F}_{\mathrm{o}}\geq 5$ 时,计算式为
${R}_{\mathrm{s},\mathrm{n}}= \frac{1}{{4\pi }{\lambda }_{\mathrm{s},\mathrm{n}}}\left({\ln \frac{4{\lambda }_{\mathrm{s},\mathrm{n}}\tau }{{r}_{\mathrm{b}}^{2}{c}_{\mathrm{s},\mathrm{n}}{\rho }_{\mathrm{s},\mathrm{n}}}- {0.577}}\right)$
式中: ${c}_{\mathrm{s},\mathrm{n}}{\rho }_{\mathrm{s},\mathrm{n}}$ 为土壤容积比热容, $\mathrm{J}/\left({{\mathrm{m}}^{3}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$
分层内土壤热扩散系数 ${\alpha }_{\mathrm{s},\mathrm{n}}$ 计算式为
${\alpha }_{\mathrm{s},\mathrm{n}}= \frac{{\lambda }_{\mathrm{s},\mathrm{n}}}{{c}_{\mathrm{s},\mathrm{n}}{\rho }_{\mathrm{s},\mathrm{n}}}$
土壤热扩散系数除实验室测量等常规方法外,近年来也有相关研究 [ 13 ] 提出了准确测量土壤热扩散率的方法, 根据其结果所获得的土壤热扩散率, 结合实测值及计算得到的管内流体温度, 联立式 (3) $\sim$ (8) 可计算求得不同分层土壤的 ${c}_{\mathrm{s},\mathrm{n}}{\rho }_{\mathrm{s},\mathrm{n}}$ , ${R}_{\mathrm{s},\mathrm{n}},{\lambda }_{\mathrm{s},\mathrm{n}}$ 等参数。
结合本文研究的土壤分层位置与温度测点位置,将地下 $0 \sim {100}\mathrm{\;m}$ 岩土体共分为 12 层,并根据上述方法对各分层土壤热物性参数进行计算, 结果见 表 1
通过对 表 1 计算结果进行分析, 在整个土壤中,当量导热热阻变化率为 0.19%~27.59%,即使在相同岩土层内, 由于渗流作用的存在, 土壤导热热阻的变化率最高也达到了 6.15%。因此,若简单根据不同土壤范围对几何模型进行分层, 难以达到足够的准确度。而采用上述的详细分层方法, 则计算量过大,计算速度过慢。因此,本文根据相邻当量导热热阻变化率 $\eta$ 进行优化分层,其中 $\eta =$ $\left({\left|{{R}_{\mathrm{s}, n}- {R}_{\mathrm{s}, n - 1}}\right|/{R}_{\mathrm{s}, n - 1}}\right)\times {100}\%,{R}_{\mathrm{s}, n}$ 为不同分层土壤当量导热热阻,控制相邻分层的当量热阻变化率 $\eta$ 不超过 3%, 最终将土壤分为 7 层。根据实测数据可得各分层的土壤密度以及夏季初始温度, 结合 表 1 计算结果, 最终各分层初始参数设置见 表 2
本文采用 CFD 建模软件 GAMBIT2.4.6 建立物理模型。地理管采用单 $\mathrm{U}$ 形式,管外径为 32 $\mathrm{{mm}}$ ,内径为 ${26}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ ,钻孔直径为 ${130}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ ,远边界半径为 ${3000}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 。在经过网格无关性验证后,整个计算域共划分为 765600 个网格。其中对地埋管内的流体域采用边界层加密, 经过流体力学方法计算, 边界层分为 6 层, 第一层边界层厚度为 $2 \times {10}^{-4}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,增长系数为 1.2 ,边界层总厚度为 ${19.8}\times {10}^{-4}$ ${\mathrm{m}}_{0}$ 对于钻孔外部的土壤区域,传热速率沿径向逐渐减缓,因此采用稀疏处理,网格沿径向分为 20 份, 增长率为 1.1。钻孔内外的网格划分情况如 图 2 所示。
在轴向方向进行稀疏处理,以 ${0.5}\mathrm{\;m}$ 为网格尺寸单位对模型进行逐步划分。为提升网格质量, 在轴向底部并未建立 $\mathrm{U}$ 型弯头且忽略 $\mathrm{U}$ 型弯头处的能量损失, 因此认为供水管底部流体与回水管底部流体温度相同, 在模拟中采用用户自定义 UDF 程序获取供水管底部流体温度并赋值给回水管底部, 实现地埋管底部的虚拟连接。轴向网格划分情况如 图 3 所示。
本文采用 FLUENT19.2 进行数值模拟, 对地下温度场进行求解。
①求解器设置:在本文模拟的工况中,地理管内流体流速为 ${0.4}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ ,流动状态为湍流,采用 $\mathrm{k}- \varepsilon$ 湍流模型对换热过程进行模拟, 采用一阶迎风格式对各计算单元进行离散。
②边界条件定义:在各计算域的交界面处,即管壁、钻孔壁、土壤之间传热均设置为 “Coupled” 耦合换热, 土壤及回填料表面边界条件设置为第三类边界条件即对流换热, 参考对流换热系数经验公式 [ 14 ] ,设置近地面空气与土壤、回填料表面的对流换热系数为 ${10}\mathrm{\;W}/\left({{\mathrm{m}}^{2}\cdot {}^{2}\mathrm{C}}\right)$ ,近地面空气逐时温度通过用户自定义函数导入边界条件。其他设置见 表 3
结合 表 2 中求解的各分层土壤热物性参数及初始温度值, 经过时间步长无关性验证后设置计算时间步长为 $1\mathrm{\;h}$ ,即可获取地理管各深度位置的逐时回水温度。此外,为验证分层换热模型的准确性, 本文按照常规方法将土壤视为统一均匀介质, 其热物性参数可由 表 2 各分层按深度加权平均计算得到, 其结果见 表 4 。建立均质换热模型与分层换热模型进行对比。
本文选取了实际工程 2012 年 6 月 6 日-7 月 10 日共 ${816}\mathrm{\;h}$ 的运行时段,将实测得到的地埋管进水温度作为分层换热模型的边界输入条件, 求取模拟出水温度, 同时根据模拟出水温度获取地埋管进、出水的换热温差与实测值进行对比验证。
将上述两种模型求解得到的逐时进、出水温度绘制成折线图,与实测值对比,如 图 4 所示。
图 4 可知, 地埋管运行期间进水温度随着建筑负荷的逐时变化不断波动, 且由于运行时间的不断推移,室外温度总体上升,冷负荷也随之增大,因此进水温度总体上也呈现上升的趋势。地埋管出水温度与进水温度的变化趋势一致, 但由于管内流体经过地埋管与土壤换热, 导致出水温度的波动相对较小,同时模拟出水温度与实测出水温度的变化趋势也基本一致。
实测出水温度平均值为 ${23.25}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,分层换热模型求解的出水温度平均值为 ${23.39}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,平均绝对误差为 ${0.21}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,绝对误差为 $0 \sim {0.85}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 。而均质换热模型求解的出水温度平均值为 ${23.71}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,平均绝对误差为 ${0.48}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,绝对误差为 $0 \sim {1.47}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 。分层换热模型优于均质模型,计算结果更准确。
本文选取了系统运行第5,10,20,30天时,不同深度测点处流体温度的实测值与模拟值进行对比,测点顺序从供水管 $5\mathrm{\;m}$ 深度处开始,按照管内流体流动方向排列至回水管 ${5}^{\prime }\mathrm{m}$ 深度处,绘制不同深度流体温度的折线图, 如 图 5 所示。
图 5 可知, 各深度测点实测温度值与模拟温度值沿管内流体流动方向在总体上均呈下降趋势, 但由于在地埋管实际施工时, 供回水管之间往往无法达到设计管间距要求, 甚至有供回水管相互缠绕的情况产生,因此实际情况下供回水管之间的热干扰作用往往对深度测点实测温度值影响很大, 使其产生了较大的波动。根据模拟温度结果可知, 由于设计流速较低, 流体在供水管内已经过了较充分的换热, 因此供水管内流体换热量明显大于回水管内换热量。在回水管 0~20 m 的深度内存在温度上升的情况, 这是由于此深度范围内的流体与土壤换热已接近饱和, 温度几乎不再降低,同时还受到供水管 0~20 m 处温度较高的流体传热,此外还可能受环境的影响,因此温度有略微上升。经过实测值与模拟值的对比分析发现, 在第 5,10,20,30天各深度测点实测温度与模拟温度平均值的绝对误差为0.205,0.233,0.293,0.238 ${}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,各个测点实测与模拟值的绝对误差均未超过 ${0.3}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 。因此,可认为数值模型对于各深度测点温度的模拟同样具有较高的准确度。
供回水温差是衡量地埋管换热效果的重要参数。由于本文所涉及的实际工程建筑内部房间功能差异较大, 且在运行过程中存在地埋管分区运行, 因此本文所模拟的单井地埋管所承担的换热量波动幅度较大,导致进、出水温差整体波动范围也较大。 图 6 为两种模型进、出水温差对比。
图 6 可知,实测进、出水温差平均值为 2.41 C。采用分层换热模型求解的进、出水温差平均值为 ${2.27}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,平均绝对误差为 ${0.14}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 。而采用均质换热模型求解的进、出水温差平均值为 ${1.95}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ , 平均绝对误差为 ${0.46}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 。均质模型误差较大,分层换热模型计算结果更准确。
为进一步验证模型的准确性, 本文采用假设检验的方法, 对测试时段内出水温度模拟值与实测值的拟合程度进行分析判断。具体方法如下。
①提出假设。证明模型具有较高的准确性的前提是拒绝原假设 ${H}_{0}:$ “实测值与模拟值不具有较好的拟合性”,因此还需提出备择假设 ${H}_{1}$ :“实测值与模拟值具有较好的拟合性”。以出水温度值的绝对误差为例,由 图 4 分析可知,绝对误差在 0 上下波动, 由于实测值在测试过程中存在很多独立的影响因素, 符合正态分布的适用条件, 因此可认为进水温度实测值与模拟值之间的绝对误差 $X \sim H\left({0,{\sigma }^{2}}\right)$ ; 同时考虑到测量温度的热电偶具有 $\pm {0.2}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 的随机误差 [ 15 ] ,因此“是否具有很好的拟合性”可转化为 “绝对误差的样本值 $\mu$ 与期望值 0 之间的差是否在随机误差范围内”, 即:
${H}_{0}: \mu >{0.2},\mu <- {0.2};{H}_{1}: -{0.2}< \mu <{0.2}$
② 确定拒绝域 ${K}_{0}$ 。由于此问题中 ${\sigma }^{2}$ 未知,且 ${H}_{1}$ 具有上下边界,因此拒绝域为
${K}_{0}= \left\{{\bar{x}- {0.2}\leq {c}_{1}}\right\}\cap \left\{{\bar{x}+ {0.2}\geq {c}_{2}}\right\}$
③ 确定检验统计量与显著性水平。由于此问题中 ${\sigma }^{2}$ 未知,要对 $\mu$ 进行检验,可选择 $\mathrm{T}$ 统计量进行检验。一般在工程中, 可选择 0.05 的显著性水平,即认为小概率事件发生的概率为 5%。因此式(10)中的临界值 ${c}_{1},{c}_{2}$ 计算式为
${c}_{1}= {t}_{\frac{\alpha }{2}}\left({n - 1}\right)\frac{s}{\sqrt{n}};{c}_{2}= {t}_{1 -\frac{\alpha }{2}}\left({n - 1}\right)\frac{s}{\sqrt{n}}$
于是式(10)可表达为
${K}_{0}= \left\{{\bar{x}\leq {0.2}+ {t}_{\frac{\alpha }{2}}\left({n - 1}\right)\frac{s}{\sqrt{n}}}\right\}\cap \\\left\{{x \geq {t}_{1 -\frac{\alpha }{2}}\left({n - 1}\right)\frac{s}{\sqrt{n}}- {0.2}}\right\}$
式中: $n$ 为样本数, $s$ 为样本的标准差。
经计算, $n ={817}, s ={0.223}, x ={0.144}$ ,可知在 0.05 的显著性水平时,查询 $\mathrm{t}$ 分布分位数表,计算得到 ${c}_{1}= -{0.0153},{c}_{2}= {0.0153}$ ,因此 ${K}_{0}= \{- {0.1857}\leq x \leq$ ${0.1857}\}$ 。由于 $x ={0.144}\in {K}_{0}$ ,因此可拒绝原假设,认为在 0.05 的显著性水平时,考虑热电偶具有 $\pm {0.2}$ ${}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 的随机误差,出水温度实测值与模拟值之间有较好的拟合性。
根据同样方法对均质模型进行假设检验,计算得 $x ={0.465}\in {K}_{0},{K}_{0}= \{- {0.1774}\leq x \leq {0.1774}\}$ , $x$ 并未分布在拒绝域内。因此, 可认为由均质模型模拟出的数值与实测值不具有较好的拟合性。
综上所述, 本文所采用的地埋管换热器分层换热模型对于进、出水温度模拟具有较高的准确性与可靠性。若采用均质换热模型对地埋管换热量进行预测,其结果将明显小于实际情况,从而导致地埋管设计长度远大于实际所需,造成初投资的浪费;而采用分层换热模型所预测的结果与实际情况更为接近,更适用于指导工程设计。
本文提出了一种通过地埋管外壁测点温度计算内部流体温度与周围土壤热物性参数的计算方法,并以土壤当量导热热阻变化率 $3\%$ 为分层依据, 将实际工程场地土壤分为 7 层, 以计算所得的土壤热物性参数作为求解参数条件, 建立基于土壤分层当量物性的地埋管换热器换热数值模型。 采用实际工程夏季实测的 ${817}\mathrm{\;h}$ 数据从出水温度、不同深度水温、进出水温差等方面进行验证, 结果表明, 此计算方法具有较高的准确度, 相较于均质换热模型, 基于土壤分层当量物性的地埋管换热模型准确度更高,与实测值误差更小。因此, 适用于工程设计指导及地埋管换热器换热优化研究。
  • “十三五”国家科技计划项目(2016YFC0700303)
  • China National Key R&D Program(2016YFC0700303)
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  • 接收时间:2022-11-14
  • 首发时间:2025-07-22
  • 出版时间:2024-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2022-11-14
基金
“十三五”国家科技计划项目(2016YFC0700303)
China National Key R&D Program(2016YFC0700303)
作者信息
    1 重庆大学 低碳绿色建筑国际联合研究中心 重庆 400045
    2 重庆大学 三峡库区生态环境教育部重点实验室 重庆 400045

通讯作者:

陈金华(1973-),男,博士,教授,研究方向为可再生能源及新能源开发与利用。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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