Article(id=1154428295497114508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154428293831975813, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1666022400000, receivedDateStr=2022-10-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753166753887, onlineDateStr=2025-07-22, pubDate=1708358400000, pubDateStr=2024-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753166753887, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753166753887, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753166753887, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154428293831975813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, year='2024', volume='42', issue='2', pageStart='143', pageEnd='284', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753166753490, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753694636757, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156642396780745248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154428293831975813, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156642396780745249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154428293831975813, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=167, endPage=173, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154428295975265165, articleId=1154428295497114508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, language=EN, title=Numerical study of heat pipe heat exchanger based on concentrating solar photovoltaic cell system, columnId=null, journalTitle=Renewable Energy Resources, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This paper investigates the effect of surface temperature on the efficiency of photovoltaic cells under high concentrating power, and investigates the coupled fin heat pipe heat sink in concentrating photovoltaic cell systems. Study the effect of the number of fins, distribution and fluid flow on the cell efficiency and surface uniformity of the heat pipe radiator under water cooling and air cooling, and compare it with ordinary radiators. The results show that the minimum temperature of the battery surface with the heat pipe radiator occupies less area, the uniformity is significantly improved, and the battery efficiency is improved; under the working condition of 0.64 m/s flow rate, the fin spacing is 1.5 mm, and the fin thickness is 0.4 mm, the overall performance of the battery is the best, the surface temperature is 314 K, the temperature difference is less than 1 K, the uniformity is best, then the electrical efficiency is 31.25%, and the thermal efficiency is 66.03%.

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针对在高倍聚光下光伏电池效率受表面温度的影响,文章对聚光光伏电池系统中耦合翅片热管散热器进行了数值模拟研究。在水冷、风冷情况下,研究了热管散热器的翅片数量、分布、流体流量对电池效率、温度表面均匀性的影响,并将研究结果与普通散热器进行比较。结果表明:水冷型热管散热器的电池表面温差较低,均匀性和电池效率较高;在流量为0.64 m/s,翅片间距为1.5 mm,翅片厚度为0.4mm 的工况下,电池的综合性能最优,表面温度为314K,温差小于1K,均匀性良好,电效率为31.25%,热效率为66.03%。

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陈海飞(1986-),男,博士,副教授,研究方向为太阳能光热光电利用。E-mail:

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陈海飞(1986-),男,博士,副教授,研究方向为太阳能光热光电利用。E-mail:

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陈海飞(1986-),男,博士,副教授,研究方向为太阳能光热光电利用。E-mail:

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基于聚光光伏电池系统热管式换热器的数值研究
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陈海飞 , 邵永辉 , 杨慧涵 , 王韵杰 , 黄华龙 , 杨洁
可再生能源 | 2024,42(2): 167-173
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可再生能源 | 2024, 42(2): 167-173
基于聚光光伏电池系统热管式换热器的数值研究
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陈海飞 , 邵永辉, 杨慧涵, 王韵杰, 黄华龙, 杨洁
作者信息
  • 1 常州大学 石油工程学院,能源学院 江苏 常州 213016
  • 陈海飞(1986-),男,博士,副教授,研究方向为太阳能光热光电利用。E-mail:

Numerical study of heat pipe heat exchanger based on concentrating solar photovoltaic cell system
Haifei Chen , Yonghui Shao, Huihan Yang, Yunjie Wang, Hualong Huang, Jie Yang
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Energy, School of Petroleum Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou 213016 China
出版时间: 2024-02-20
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针对在高倍聚光下光伏电池效率受表面温度的影响,文章对聚光光伏电池系统中耦合翅片热管散热器进行了数值模拟研究。在水冷、风冷情况下,研究了热管散热器的翅片数量、分布、流体流量对电池效率、温度表面均匀性的影响,并将研究结果与普通散热器进行比较。结果表明:水冷型热管散热器的电池表面温差较低,均匀性和电池效率较高;在流量为0.64 m/s,翅片间距为1.5 mm,翅片厚度为0.4mm 的工况下,电池的综合性能最优,表面温度为314K,温差小于1K,均匀性良好,电效率为31.25%,热效率为66.03%。

聚光光伏电池  /  高倍聚光  /  热管散热器  /  表面温度  /  效率

This paper investigates the effect of surface temperature on the efficiency of photovoltaic cells under high concentrating power, and investigates the coupled fin heat pipe heat sink in concentrating photovoltaic cell systems. Study the effect of the number of fins, distribution and fluid flow on the cell efficiency and surface uniformity of the heat pipe radiator under water cooling and air cooling, and compare it with ordinary radiators. The results show that the minimum temperature of the battery surface with the heat pipe radiator occupies less area, the uniformity is significantly improved, and the battery efficiency is improved; under the working condition of 0.64 m/s flow rate, the fin spacing is 1.5 mm, and the fin thickness is 0.4 mm, the overall performance of the battery is the best, the surface temperature is 314 K, the temperature difference is less than 1 K, the uniformity is best, then the electrical efficiency is 31.25%, and the thermal efficiency is 66.03%.

solar cell  /  high power concentration  /  heat pipe  /  surface temperature  /  efficiency
陈海飞, 邵永辉, 杨慧涵, 王韵杰, 黄华龙, 杨洁. 基于聚光光伏电池系统热管式换热器的数值研究. 可再生能源, 2024 , 42 (2) : 167 -173 .
Haifei Chen, Yonghui Shao, Huihan Yang, Yunjie Wang, Hualong Huang, Jie Yang. Numerical study of heat pipe heat exchanger based on concentrating solar photovoltaic cell system[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2024 , 42 (2) : 167 -173 .
随着常规能源的不断消耗以及由此带来的环境问题,可再生能源的开发利用逐渐成为改善全球能源危机和环境保护的重要方式 [ 1 ] 。太阳能因取之不尽、运用广泛、清洁无污染的特点而被大量研究 [ 2 ] ,其中,光伏发电是目前太阳能最广泛的利用方式。
光伏发电主要利用晶硅电池在串联和并联的方式下与太阳能组件配合, 产生光生伏特效应进行发电。通过软件模拟建立晶硅材料电池模型,主要分析优化提高转化效率的多种因素以及光热组件和光热部件的研发 [ 3 ] 。聚光发电是光伏发电中最高效的方法。聚光光伏发电通常由光源控制器和聚光器配合, 将光线汇聚在一起, 形成与光伏电池面积大小相近的光斑, 使得电池获得的能量比非聚光形式下高出多个数量级, 从而提高光电转化效率 [ 4 ] 。然而,由于聚光特性会使电池表面温度急剧上升, 同时电池温度的升高又会带来两方面影响:一方面聚光光伏电池的光电转化效率降低, 电池组件温度每升高 1 K,输出电量降低 0.2%~ ${0.5}{\%}$ [ 5 ] ;另一方面高倍聚光的局部高温会对电池造成不可逆的伤害 [ 6 ] 。因此在理论研究与实践应用中对高倍聚光电池的散热方式进行了多种探索。一般散热方式分为被动冷却和主动冷却[ 7 ],被动冷却包括自然对流散热和热管散热, 主动冷却通过额外的介质进行换热。由于高倍聚光产生的温度较高,被动冷却无法满足散热要求,本文将对两种换热方式结合的散热形式开展研究, 提高换热效果。近年来,热管技术日益成熟,广泛应用于小型电子元器件 [ 8 ] ,在光伏电池领域得到国内外学者青睐。Aldossarya A [ 9 ] 指出 500 倍聚光条件下, 光伏电池在直翅片散热器的传导下通过自然对流散热,电池温度不能维持在 ${80}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 以下;在水冷通道的主动冷却下电池温度维持在 60°C左右。 Akbarzadeh A [ 10 ] 提出将铜热管制成扁平状,应用于低倍聚光太阳电池的冷却, 该冷却系统将电池表面温度降低到 46 ℃以下。郭玮(III) 对光伏电池最佳风冷方案进行模拟,研究表明,空气通道为 8~10 $\mathrm{{cm}}$ 时,电池输出功率增加 ${4.3}\%$ 。唐潇 [ 12 ] 在新型平板热管中, 采用空气自然对流和水自然对流两种方式冷却光伏板,水冷比风冷温度低 ${8}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,电池板输出功率最大增加了 13.9%。
综上所述, 国内外学者研究了热管内部工质的变化以及热管结构对常规电子元件散热效果的影响, 但是在高热流密度下热管对光伏电池的换热效果以及光电综合效率的影响研究较少。本文针对高热流密度下散热及聚光光伏表面均匀性等问题,将热管散热和主动冷却相结合,研究电池表面的电学性能、集热效率以及光电光热综合效率。 本文通过建立热管散热器三维模型, 研究不同聚光倍数下系统的基本参数、冷却工质以及流量对电池表面温度均匀性和综合效率的影响。
为了开展研究, 本文对一个典型的高倍聚光系统进行了分析。太阳能高倍聚光系统如 图 1 所示。
整个系统包括菲涅尔聚光器、太阳能聚光光伏电池、换热器、太阳能跟踪装置等。太阳光线通过聚光镜汇聚成与太阳能电池大小一致的光斑。 二维太阳能跟踪装置始终可以使太阳光垂直入射到聚光器, 然后通过聚光镜将汇聚成的光斑照射在太阳能电池表面,可实现 500 倍以上的聚光比, 热管换热器带走太阳能光斑产生的高温, 降低电池表面温度。本研究中的太阳能聚光电池采用三结 GaAs,尺寸为 ${15}\mathrm{\;{mm}}\times {15}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$
高倍聚光太阳能电池的工作性能和使用安全取决于高聚光比给电池表面带来的温度。如果电池的工作温度过高,则会影响其电效率,甚至造成不可逆的损伤。研究表明,高倍聚光太阳能电池的最佳工作温度不超过 ${80}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 。高倍聚光下电池温度升温非常迅速,温度超过 ${110}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,就会对电池造成伤害。因此, 将热管换热器与太阳能电池结合可以带走产生的热量, 对电池系统起到较好的保护作用。本文研究的热管换热器如 图 2 所示。
热管内部工质为水,热管外部材质为铜,工作温度为 ${298}\sim {573}\mathrm{\;K}$ 。由于热管内部是负压状态,纯水在60°C从蒸发端蒸发汽化,到冷凝段冷凝成液体,释放潜热,通过毛细现象返回蒸发端,工质循环工作。在冷凝端外安装翅片增大换热效果,换热方式采用水冷和风冷两种形式对翅片换热, 达到为电池降温效果。
为对太阳能电池进行理论分析, 将其简化为具有均匀太阳辐照度的热源的一个实体, 可由下式计算:
${M}_{\mathrm{f}}\cdot {C}_{\mathrm{f}}\frac{\partial {T}_{\mathrm{s}}}{\partial t}= {K}_{\mathrm{f}}{V}_{\mathrm{f}}\frac{\partial {T}_{\mathrm{s}}}{\partial {x}^{2}}+ {h}_{\mathrm{w}}{A}_{w}\left({{T}_{\mathrm{a}}- {T}_{\mathrm{s}}}\right)+ {h}_{\mathrm{r}}{A}_{\mathrm{r}}\left({{T}_{\mathrm{e}}- {T}_{\mathrm{s}}}\right)+ \\{h}_{\mathrm{{gp}}}{A}_{\mathrm{{gp}}}\left({{T}_{\mathrm{g}}- {T}_{\mathrm{s}}}\right)+ {a}_{\mathrm{f}}\mathrm{{DSR}}- {E}_{\text{out }}$
式中: ${M}_{\mathrm{f}}$ 为太阳能电池的质量, $\mathrm{{kg}};{C}_{\mathrm{f}}$ 为太阳能电池的比热, $\mathrm{J}/\left({\mathrm{{kg}}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right);t$ 为单位时间项, $\mathrm{s};{K}_{\mathrm{f}}$ 为电池的热传导系数, $\mathrm{W}/\left({{\mathrm{m}}^{2}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right);{V}_{\mathrm{f}}$ 电池体积, ${\mathrm{m}}^{3};x$ 为电池纵向温度分布坐标, $\mathrm{m};{h}_{\mathrm{w}}$ 为电池外表面和环境的对流换热系数; ${T}_{\mathrm{s}},{T}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 分别为太阳能电池和环境空气的温度, $\mathrm{K};{h}_{\mathrm{r}},{h}_{\mathrm{{gp}}}$ 分别为电池与环境的辐射传热系数和电池与换热器的传热系数, $\mathrm{W}/\left({{\mathrm{m}}^{2}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right);{T}_{\mathrm{e}},{T}_{\mathrm{g}}$ 分别为用于辐射换热周围温度和换热器温度, $\mathrm{K};{A}_{\mathrm{w}}$ 为电池外表面与环境的接触面积, ${\mathrm{m}}^{2};{A}_{r}$ 为电池外表面与环境的接触面积, ${\mathrm{m}}^{2};{A}_{\mathrm{{gp}}}$ 为电池与换热器的接触面积, ${\mathrm{m}}^{2};{a}_{\mathrm{f}}$ 为太阳能电池的有效吸收率,%;DSR 为聚集到电池光伏层的直射辐射量, $\mathrm{W};{E}_{\text{out }}$ 为系统的输出功率, ${\mathrm{W}}_{0}$
太阳能电池的输出功率 ${E}_{\text{out }}$ 受聚光器收集后到达电池表面的直接太阳辐射 DSR 的影响, 其表达式为
${E}_{\text{out }}= {r}_{\mathrm{s}}\cdot {A}_{\mathrm{s}}\cdot \mathrm{{DSR}}{\eta }_{\mathrm{s}}$
式中: ${r}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 为太阳能电池的覆盖因子,是太阳能电池组件的最大功率与开路电压和短路电流乘积的比值; ${\eta }_{\mathrm{s}}$ 为太阳能电池的光电转换效率。
电池的工作电效率是工作温度和太阳能电池在参考电池温度下效率的函数, Chow 给出了经验公式 [ 13 ] :
${\eta }_{\mathrm{s}}= {\eta }_{\text{ref }}\cdot \left\lbrack {1 -\beta \cdot \left({{T}_{\text{cell }}- {T}_{\text{ref }}}\right)}\right\rbrack $
式中: ${\eta }_{\text{ref }}$${T}_{\text{ref }}$ 分别为参考条件下太阳能电池的电效率和温度, ${\eta }_{\text{ref }}$${30}\%,{T}_{\text{ref }}$${298.15}\mathrm{\;K};{T}_{\text{cell }}$ 为电池工作温度, $\mathrm{K};\beta$ 为热系数。
热管的换热效率 ${\eta }_{\mathrm{{rg}}}$ 是冷却介质的进、出口温度和太阳能电池参数的函数, 其表达式为
${\eta }_{\mathrm{{rg}}}= \frac{m \cdot {C}_{\mathrm{p}}\cdot \left({{T}_{\mathrm{{out}}}- {T}_{\mathrm{{in}}}}\right)}{{A}_{\mathrm{s}}\cdot G}$
式中: $m$ 为系统中冷却换热器内冷却水的质量流量, $\mathrm{{kg}}/\mathrm{s};{C}_{\mathrm{p}}$ 为冷却水的定压比热容, $\mathrm{J}/\left({\mathrm{{kg}}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right);{T}_{\mathrm{{in}}}$ , ${T}_{\text{out }}$ 分别为冷却水的进、出口温度, $\mathrm{K};{A}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 为光伏电池板上光伏电池的面积, ${\mathrm{m}}^{2};G$ 为聚光后的太阳入射辐射强度, W/m ${}^{2}$
为了简化计算, 提高模拟的可行性和模拟结果的准确性, 在数值模拟过程中做出如下假设: ① 太阳能电池填充因子为 1 ; ② 聚光光斑大小与电池一致;③流动是定常的;④太阳能电池与底部铜基板之间有完美的热接触,无热阻;⑤热管采用等效导热率模型,其值为 [ 14 ]
${K}_{\text{eff }}= \frac{{Q}_{\text{in }}{L}_{\text{eff }}}{{A}_{\mathrm{h}}{\Delta T}}$
式中: ${K}_{\text{eff }}$ 为热管等效导热系数; ${Q}_{\text{in }}$ 为输入功率, $\mathrm{W};{L}_{\text{eff }}$ 为热管有效长, $\mathrm{m};{A}_{\mathrm{h}}$ 为热管截面积, ${\mathrm{m}}^{2};{\Delta T}$ 为蒸发端与冷凝端的温差, $\mathrm{K}$
本文利用 Fluent 软件对热管散热器进行简化, 用面热源模拟电池聚光部分, 对计算域进行非结构网格划分, 边界层加密, 采用速度与压力耦合求解器 SIMPLE 进行求解计算, 连续残差和速度残差收敛标准为 $1 \times {10}^{-6}$ ,能量残差收敛标准为 $1 \times {10}^{-6}$ 。进行网格无关性验证,如 图 3 所示。网格数量为 250 万时, 电池的表面温度和电效率趋于稳定。
在不同聚光比时, 冷却介质为水和空气的情况下太阳能电池温度的变化见 图 4
图 4 可见, 两种介质冷却下, 太阳能电池表面温度均随着聚光比的增加而升高。低聚光比下, 风冷和水冷效果相近。随着聚光倍数增加,聚光比到达 500 时,水冷的电池表面温度为 ${313}\mathrm{\;K}$ ,风冷的电池表面温度为 ${318}\mathrm{\;K}$ ,两者相差为 $5\mathrm{\;K}$ ,并且水冷时电池表面温差保持在 $1\mathrm{\;K}$ 以下。因此在高倍聚光条件下, 水冷的温差效果明显优于风冷。
图 5 为聚光比 500 倍, 冷却水进口流速为 ${0.64}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ ,以垂直于进口方向 $6\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 的风速时,热管散热器与普通散热器太阳能电池表面温度场及均匀性的分布情况。
图 5 可以看出, 带热管的散热器传热效果优于普通散热器。有热管散热器水冷下的电池表面温差在 $1\mathrm{\;K}$ 以下,效果优于风冷;普通翅片散热器的电池温差在水冷下为 $3\mathrm{\;K}$ ,风冷下为 $4\mathrm{\;K}$ 。相同冷却介质下,带热管的散热器电池中心温度比普通散热器低 $7 \sim {11}\mathrm{\;K}$ 。根据电池表面温差大小判断, 热管散热器作用下电池温差小, 电池表面温度各等级之间温差小, 温度分布更均匀, 均匀性较好。
图 6 为聚光比 500 时, 不同流量的水冷热管散热器下太阳能电池表面温度和温差的变化。
图 6 可以看出:当流量从 ${0.22}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 递增到 ${0.64}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 时,电池表面温度下降明显,温度下降幅度超过 $2\mathrm{\;K}$ ,电池表面的均匀性也随之提升,从 ${1.07}\mathrm{\;K}$ 提升到 ${0.84}\mathrm{\;K}$ ;当流量从 ${0.64}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 增大到 ${0.78}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 时,其对电池表面温差影响减弱,下降幅度低于 $1\mathrm{\;K}$ 。电效率随流量的递增而提高,流量在 ${0.22}\sim {0.35}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 时增量最多,增加了 ${0.18}\%;{0.64}\sim$ ${0.78}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 时,电效率只增加 ${0.03}\%$ ,热效率提升幅度最小。因此在 ${0.64}\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}$ 时,电池的综合性能最优。
图 7 为聚光比 500,流量 ${0.64}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ ,翅片间距${1.5}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 的情况下, 5 种不同的翅片厚度对太阳能电池电效率、热效率以及温度的影响。
图 7 可以看出, 随着翅片厚度的增加, 电池温度会降低, 并且降低的幅度逐渐减小。厚度为 ${0.4}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ ,温度为 ${314}\mathrm{\;K}$ ,电效率为 ${31.25}\%$ ,热效率为 66.38%,综合效果最佳。由于翅片厚度增大,翅片数量相应减少,换热量减少,在厚度为 ${0.3}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 时,翅片分布更合理,水在翅片间流动更稳定,水箱内水温分布更均匀, 出口水温与水箱内平均温度更接近。电效率和表面均匀性均随着翅片厚度的增大而提升,与温度的变化相同,当翅片厚度增加到一定程度时, 这些参数将不会随着翅片厚度的增大而产生变化。
图 8 为聚光比 500,流量 ${0.64}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ ,翅片厚度 ${0.4}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 的情况下, 5 种翅片间距对电池的电效率、 热效率以及电池表面温度、温差的影响。
由于压力的影响, 间距减小, 水在翅片之间的流动不稳定,造成水箱内温度分布不均匀,在间距小于 ${1.5}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 时,出口温度受影响;间距越大,翅片数量减少,换热面积减少,导致散热效果变差。在间距为 ${1.5}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 时,表面温度最低为 ${314}\mathrm{\;K}$ ,电效率最高为 31.253%, 热效率最高为 66.38%, 表面均匀性最佳,表面温差最小为 ${0.9}\mathrm{\;K}$
本文在高倍热流密度下建立了太阳能高倍聚光系统模型, 对比了翅片水冷热管模型和普通散热器工况, 全面分析了太阳能电池温度场的均匀性、电性能和热效率。
①冷却介质为水和空气的两种热管散热器模型, 在聚光比为 100 时, 两者差距不大。聚光比为 500 时,水冷的电池表面温度比风冷的低 $5\mathrm{\;K}$ 。在高倍聚光条件下, 水冷的电池表面温差保持在 1 $\mathrm{K}$ 以下,风冷时电池表面温差为 $2\mathrm{\;K}$ ,水冷效果明显优于风冷。
②普通翅片散热器在风冷形式下电池表面温度为 ${331}\mathrm{\;K}$ ,温差为 $4\mathrm{\;K}$ ;水冷形式下电池表面温度为 ${323}\mathrm{\;K}$ ,温差 $3\mathrm{\;K}$ 。带热管散热器可以使电池温度低于 ${315}\mathrm{\;K}$ ,温差小于 $1\mathrm{\;K}$ ,均匀性更好。
③水冷热管散热器下太阳能电池表面温度受流量的影响最大。在聚光比为 500 时,随着流量的增加,表面温度下降明显,流量每增大 ${1.4}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ ,下降超过 $2\mathrm{\;K}$ ,流量为 ${0.64}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 时,电池表面温度效果最理想。同时, 电池的电效率、热效率和表面温度在翅片间距为 ${1.5}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 时效果最好,分别对应为 31.2%, 67.1% 和 314 K。
④翅片间距为 ${1.5}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 时,电效率、表面均匀性均随着翅片厚度的增大而提升,热效率随着翅片厚度的增大而减小。与 ${0.4}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 相比, ${0.5}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 热效率提升 ${0.13}\%$ ,表面温度相差仅 ${0.06}\mathrm{\;K};{0.4}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 相比 ${0.3}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 表面温度明显降低约为 $1\mathrm{\;K}$ 。当翅片厚度增加到一定程度时, 对电池综合性能影响较小。
  • 国家自然科学基金(51906020)
  • 江苏省研究生科研与实践创新计划项目(KYCX21_2813)
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  • 接收时间:2022-10-18
  • 首发时间:2025-07-22
  • 出版时间:2024-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2022-10-18
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国家自然科学基金(51906020)
江苏省研究生科研与实践创新计划项目(KYCX21_2813)
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    1 常州大学 石油工程学院,能源学院 江苏 常州 213016
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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