Article(id=1154428294549197667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154428293831975813, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1687104000000, receivedDateStr=2023-06-19, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753166753661, onlineDateStr=2025-07-22, pubDate=1708358400000, pubDateStr=2024-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753166753661, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753166753661, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753166753661, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154428293831975813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, year='2024', volume='42', issue='2', pageStart='143', pageEnd='284', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753166753490, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753694636757, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156642396780745248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154428293831975813, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156642396780745249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1154428293831975813, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=189, endPage=197, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154428295035736933, articleId=1154428294549197667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, language=EN, title=Simulation of TMD vibration control for offshore monopile wind turbine structures under combined wind and ice loads, columnId=null, journalTitle=Renewable Energy Resources, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In cold regions, offshore wind turbine structures are susceptible to complex environmental loads, which can lead to vibrationrelated safety concerns. Taking a 6.45 MW offshore monopile wind turbine structure as an example, the vibration response of the structure under the combined action of wind and ice loads is analyzed and compared before and after the implementation of the MTMD (Multiple Tuned Mass Damper) system. The results indicate that the wind and ice loads induce severe vibration responses in the wind turbine tower, with the maximum displacement response occurring at the top of the tower and the maximum acceleration response near the amplitude point of the second mode of vibration. In addition to the first two natural frequencies, the wind and ice loads also excite higherorder responses in the tower structure. By employing an MTMD system that controls the first and second mode frequencies, the displacement, acceleration, and overturning moment responses of the tower structure can be effectively controlled, resulting in significant vibration reduction. However, it should be noted that the TMD (Tuned Mass Damper) device exhibits frequency sensitivity and cannot effectively mitigate vibration responses induced by higherorder frequencies of the structure.

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寒冷地区海上风机结构受到复杂环境荷载作用,易出现振动安全性问题。文章以某6.45 MW 海上单桩风机结构为例,施加风、冰荷载联合作用,对比分析多重调谐质量阻尼器(MTMD)系统减振前后的结构振动响应。结果表明:风、冰荷载会引起风机塔架的剧烈振动响应,最大位移响应出现在风机塔顶,最大加速度响应出现在结构二阶振型幅值点附近;除了前两阶频率,风、冰荷载还会激起塔架结构的更高阶响应;同时控制结构一二阶频率的MTMD方案可有效控制塔架位移、加速度和倾覆力矩响应,减振效果明显,但调谐质量阻尼器(TMD)装置存在频率敏感性,无法控制更高阶频率引起的结构振动响应。

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谢文博(1994-),男,博士研究生,研究方向为高耸结构抗风减振及振动舒适度。E-mail:
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乐治济(1975-),男,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向为海上风电结构设计。E-mail:

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乐治济(1975-),男,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向为海上风电结构设计。E-mail:

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乐治济(1975-),男,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向为海上风电结构设计。E-mail:

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Shanghai 200434 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154428328640499754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428294549197667, companyId=1154428328611139624, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 上海勘测设计研究院有限公司 上海 200434)]), AuthorCompany(id=1154428328699220012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428294549197667, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154428328707608621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428294549197667, companyId=1154428328699220012, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 School of Civil Engineering Southeast University Nanjing 211102 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154428328711802926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428294549197667, companyId=1154428328699220012, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 东南大学 土木工程学院 江苏 南京 211102)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1154428332570562708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428294549197667, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Schematic diagram of offshore monopile wind turbine model, figureFileSmall=Qxf2YPTS7br9BdzN96wgTw==, figureFileBig=VeShmSxOHo9Mh/CW3JTKuA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154428332633477270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428294549197667, language=CN, label=图 1, caption=海上单桩风机模型示意图, figureFileSmall=Qxf2YPTS7br9BdzN96wgTw==, figureFileBig=VeShmSxOHo9Mh/CW3JTKuA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154428332717363352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428294549197667, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=The 6.45 MW offshore monopile wind turbine model with the first 5 orders of vibration, figureFileSmall=4pqNof0+UKMVJ2dDYy+mdA==, figureFileBig=YdmTX0ltXpGRVWyQuL/XNA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154428332771889306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428294549197667, language=CN, label=图 2, caption=某 6.45 MW 海上单桩风机模型前 5 阶振型, figureFileSmall=4pqNof0+UKMVJ2dDYy+mdA==, figureFileBig=YdmTX0ltXpGRVWyQuL/XNA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154428332826415260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428294549197667, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Partial wind and ice load simulation, figureFileSmall=PZ45JcUGE/+9OAOaQsZdIA==, figureFileBig=mFcIaf90qGhtwoMAJPSKcg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154428332897718430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428294549197667, language=CN, label=图 3, caption=部分风、冰荷载模拟, figureFileSmall=PZ45JcUGE/+9OAOaQsZdIA==, figureFileBig=mFcIaf90qGhtwoMAJPSKcg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154428332977410207, 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damping of MTMD9 scheme, figureFileSmall=Zqcji9ReYKTMvIFTvVVCFQ==, figureFileBig=GBIqkPKBJMk45lb7n9fU8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154428333166153893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428294549197667, language=CN, label=图 5, caption=风、冰作用下风机塔架加速度最大值分布和 MTMD9 方案减振前后极值点时程、频谱图, figureFileSmall=Zqcji9ReYKTMvIFTvVVCFQ==, figureFileBig=GBIqkPKBJMk45lb7n9fU8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154428333224874151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428294549197667, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Time course and spectrum of substrate overturning moment before and after damping of MTMD9 scheme, figureFileSmall=0UFHPhTs69Ju4z/g2r9btA==, figureFileBig=xFhd+MW7MEqhPdgicboOFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154428333296177321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428294549197667, language=CN, label=图 6, caption=MTMD9 方案减振前后基底倾覆力矩时程、频谱图, figureFileSmall=0UFHPhTs69Ju4z/g2r9btA==, figureFileBig=xFhd+MW7MEqhPdgicboOFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154428333346508972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428294549197667, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Maximum and standard deviation reduction rate of wind turbine tower vibration response under each MTMD scheme, figureFileSmall=IY6VhKNLyxfEctRJMGuxLg==, figureFileBig=mzF8bbQkfLNQVTcuARl2vw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154428333401034926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428294549197667, language=CN, label=图 7, caption=各 MTMD 方案作用下风机塔架振动响应最大值与标准差减小率, figureFileSmall=IY6VhKNLyxfEctRJMGuxLg==, figureFileBig=mzF8bbQkfLNQVTcuARl2vw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154428333531058351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428294549197667, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Ice forces on upright structures at different ice speeds, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
冰速 冰力 结构响应
0~0.02 准静态冰力 准静态
0.02~0.04 稳态冰力 稳态振动
0.04
随机冰力 随机振动
), ArticleFig(id=1154428333610750128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428294549197667, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=不同冰速下直立结构受到的冰力作用, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
冰速 冰力 结构响应
0~0.02 准静态冰力 准静态
0.02~0.04 稳态冰力 稳态振动
0.04
随机冰力 随机振动
), ArticleFig(id=1154428333736579250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428294549197667, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Offshore monopile wind turbine model parameters, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值 参数 数值
玻璃纤维叶片/m 83.6 转速/ $\mathrm{r} \cdot {\mathrm{{min}}}^{-1}$ 5.5~9.5
轮毂中心高度/m 102.53 功率/MW 6.45
切入风速 $/\mathrm{m} \cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$ 2.5 RNA 质量/t 451.78
切出风速 $/\mathrm{m} \cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$ 24 总质量/t 1770.17
), ArticleFig(id=1154428333791105204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428294549197667, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=海上单桩风机模型参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值 参数 数值
玻璃纤维叶片/m 83.6 转速/ $\mathrm{r} \cdot {\mathrm{{min}}}^{-1}$ 5.5~9.5
轮毂中心高度/m 102.53 功率/MW 6.45
切入风速 $/\mathrm{m} \cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$ 2.5 RNA 质量/t 451.78
切出风速 $/\mathrm{m} \cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$ 24 总质量/t 1770.17
), ArticleFig(id=1154428333866602678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428294549197667, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=First seventh-order eigenfrequency of the wind turbine structure, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模态号 频率/Hz 周期/s 振型
1 0.256 5 3.898 6 一阶 $y$
2 0.2588 3.864 0 一阶 $x$
3 1.074 2 0.930 9 一阶扭转
4 1.2536 0.797 7 二阶 $y$
5 1.431 3 0.698 7 二阶 $x$
6 2.595 9 0.385 2 三阶 $y$
7 2.828 5 0.3535 三阶 $x$
), ArticleFig(id=1154428333954683063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428294549197667, language=CN, label=表 3, caption=风机结构前七阶特征频率, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模态号 频率/Hz 周期/s 振型
1 0.256 5 3.898 6 一阶 $y$
2 0.2588 3.864 0 一阶 $x$
3 1.074 2 0.930 9 一阶扭转
4 1.2536 0.797 7 二阶 $y$
5 1.431 3 0.698 7 二阶 $x$
6 2.595 9 0.385 2 三阶 $y$
7 2.828 5 0.3535 三阶 $x$
), ArticleFig(id=1154428334025986232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428294549197667, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=TMD design parameters, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TMD 编号 质量比 TMD 质量/kg 频率比 阻尼比 TMD 刚度 TMD 阻尼/N·s·m 控制位置标高/m 控制频率
1 0.005 3500 0.996 2 0.035 5 9023 398 135.936 1 阶
2 0.005 1 200 0.996 2 0.035 3 96 330 760 95.636 2 阶
3 0.010 7000 0.9925 0.050 1 17 911 1123 135.936 1 阶
4 0.010 2400 0.992 6 0.050 0 191 234 2141 95.636 2 阶
5 0.015 10500 0.988 8 0.061 4 26 668 2055 135.936 1 阶
6 0.015 3600 0.988 9 0.061 2 284 741 3918 95.636 2 阶
), ArticleFig(id=1154428334105678010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428294549197667, language=CN, label=表 4, caption=TMD 设计参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TMD 编号 质量比 TMD 质量/kg 频率比 阻尼比 TMD 刚度 TMD 阻尼/N·s·m 控制位置标高/m 控制频率
1 0.005 3500 0.996 2 0.035 5 9023 398 135.936 1 阶
2 0.005 1 200 0.996 2 0.035 3 96 330 760 95.636 2 阶
3 0.010 7000 0.9925 0.050 1 17 911 1123 135.936 1 阶
4 0.010 2400 0.992 6 0.050 0 191 234 2141 95.636 2 阶
5 0.015 10500 0.988 8 0.061 4 26 668 2055 135.936 1 阶
6 0.015 3600 0.988 9 0.061 2 284 741 3918 95.636 2 阶
), ArticleFig(id=1154428334164398268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428294549197667, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=MTMD control solution summary, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案编号 TMD 编号 方案编号 TMD 编号 方案编号 TMD 编号
MTMD1 TMD1 MTMD4 TMD2 MTMD7 TMD1+TMD2
MTMD2 TMD3 MTMD5 TMD4 MTMD8 TMD3+TMD4
MTMD3 TMD5 MTMD6 TMD6 MTMD9 TMD5+TMD6
), ArticleFig(id=1154428334244090046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428294549197667, language=CN, label=表 5, caption=MTMD 控制方案汇总, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案编号 TMD 编号 方案编号 TMD 编号 方案编号 TMD 编号
MTMD1 TMD1 MTMD4 TMD2 MTMD7 TMD1+TMD2
MTMD2 TMD3 MTMD5 TMD4 MTMD8 TMD3+TMD4
MTMD3 TMD5 MTMD6 TMD6 MTMD9 TMD5+TMD6
), ArticleFig(id=1154428334290227392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428294549197667, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=Data extraction point elevation, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据点 标高/m
1 0
2 16.992
3 33.984
4 50.976
5 67.968
6 84.960
7 101.952
8 118.944
9 135.936
), ArticleFig(id=1154428334340559042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428294549197667, language=CN, label=表 6, caption=数据提取点标高, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据点 标高/m
1 0
2 16.992
3 33.984
4 50.976
5 67.968
6 84.960
7 101.952
8 118.944
9 135.936
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风、冰荷载联合作用下的海上单桩风机结构TMD 减振控制模拟
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乐治济 1 , 田会元 1 , 谢文博 2 , 陈立 1 , 林旻 1 , 卢艺静 2
可再生能源 | 2024,42(2): 189-197
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可再生能源 | 2024, 42(2): 189-197
风、冰荷载联合作用下的海上单桩风机结构TMD 减振控制模拟
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乐治济1 , 田会元1, 谢文博2 , 陈立1, 林旻1, 卢艺静2
作者信息
  • 1 上海勘测设计研究院有限公司 上海 200434
  • 2 东南大学 土木工程学院 江苏 南京 211102
  • 乐治济(1975-),男,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向为海上风电结构设计。E-mail:

通讯作者:

谢文博(1994-),男,博士研究生,研究方向为高耸结构抗风减振及振动舒适度。E-mail:
Simulation of TMD vibration control for offshore monopile wind turbine structures under combined wind and ice loads
Zhiji Le1 , Huiyuan Tian1, Wenbo Xie2 , Li Chen1, Min Lin1, Yijing Lu2
Affiliations
  • 1 Shanghai Investigation, Design & Research Institute Co., Ltd. Shanghai 200434 China
  • 2 School of Civil Engineering Southeast University Nanjing 211102 China
出版时间: 2024-02-20
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寒冷地区海上风机结构受到复杂环境荷载作用,易出现振动安全性问题。文章以某6.45 MW 海上单桩风机结构为例,施加风、冰荷载联合作用,对比分析多重调谐质量阻尼器(MTMD)系统减振前后的结构振动响应。结果表明:风、冰荷载会引起风机塔架的剧烈振动响应,最大位移响应出现在风机塔顶,最大加速度响应出现在结构二阶振型幅值点附近;除了前两阶频率,风、冰荷载还会激起塔架结构的更高阶响应;同时控制结构一二阶频率的MTMD方案可有效控制塔架位移、加速度和倾覆力矩响应,减振效果明显,但调谐质量阻尼器(TMD)装置存在频率敏感性,无法控制更高阶频率引起的结构振动响应。

风冰荷载联合  /  海上风机  /  MTMD  /  减振控制

In cold regions, offshore wind turbine structures are susceptible to complex environmental loads, which can lead to vibrationrelated safety concerns. Taking a 6.45 MW offshore monopile wind turbine structure as an example, the vibration response of the structure under the combined action of wind and ice loads is analyzed and compared before and after the implementation of the MTMD (Multiple Tuned Mass Damper) system. The results indicate that the wind and ice loads induce severe vibration responses in the wind turbine tower, with the maximum displacement response occurring at the top of the tower and the maximum acceleration response near the amplitude point of the second mode of vibration. In addition to the first two natural frequencies, the wind and ice loads also excite higherorder responses in the tower structure. By employing an MTMD system that controls the first and second mode frequencies, the displacement, acceleration, and overturning moment responses of the tower structure can be effectively controlled, resulting in significant vibration reduction. However, it should be noted that the TMD (Tuned Mass Damper) device exhibits frequency sensitivity and cannot effectively mitigate vibration responses induced by higherorder frequencies of the structure.

wind-ice load combination  /  offshore wind turbine  /  multiple tuned mass damper (MTMD)  /  vibration control
乐治济, 田会元, 谢文博, 陈立, 林旻, 卢艺静. 风、冰荷载联合作用下的海上单桩风机结构TMD 减振控制模拟. 可再生能源, 2024 , 42 (2) : 189 -197 .
Zhiji Le, Huiyuan Tian, Wenbo Xie, Li Chen, Min Lin, Yijing Lu. Simulation of TMD vibration control for offshore monopile wind turbine structures under combined wind and ice loads[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2024 , 42 (2) : 189 -197 .
随着全球气候变暖,可再生能源备受瞩目 [ 1 ] 。 我国广阔的海岸线为海上风电提供了独特的机遇。然而,海上风电设施存在结构上的挑战,包括塔身柔性、顶部负荷不均,以及对复杂环境荷载的敏感性,导致多模态振动响应。
海上风机结构在环境荷载下的振动响应是近年来的研究热点。风、冰、浪以及地震均会引起风机的动力响应 [ 2 , 3 ] 。被动控制结构体系相对简单、 安装较为方便、可靠性强, 在国内外风机结构的振动控制中使用最为广泛。国内外普遍采用调谐质量阻尼器(TMD)、多重调谐质量阻尼器(MTMD)、 三位摆式阻尼器(3D-PTMD)以及被动预应力调谐风电塔架进行振动控制 [ 4 , 5 ] 。已有研究多数集中在风、冰荷载作用引起的结构振动响应分析,而对其影响下的风机结构的振动响应控制较少涉及。
本文以某 6.45 MW 海上风机结构为例, 建立简化的梁杆有限元模型, 对其施加风、冰荷载联合作用, 通过对比减振方案和振动响应控制情况, 研究不同质量比与控制频率的 MTMD 方案对风机结构振动响应的控制效果。该研究结果可为海上风机的减振设计提供参考。
海上风机在风、冰荷载联合作用下,其动力平衡方程 [ 6 ]
$\left\lbrack M\right\rbrack \ddot{\mathbf{X}}+ \left\lbrack C\right\rbrack \dot{\mathbf{X}}+ \left\lbrack K\right\rbrack \mathbf{X}= {F}_{\mathrm{W}}\left( t\right)+ {F}_{\mathrm{{ice}}}\left( t\right)$
式中: $\left\lbrack M\right\rbrack ,\left\lbrack C\right\rbrack ,\left\lbrack K\right\rbrack$ 分别为质量、阻尼和刚度矩阵; $\mathbf{X},\dot{\mathbf{X}},\ddot{\mathbf{X}}$ 分别为位移、速度、加速度矩阵; ${F}_{\mathrm{W}}\left( t\right)$ , ${F}_{\mathrm{{ice}}}\left( t\right)$ 分别为风荷载和冰荷载。
风荷载作用主要来自于塔架及叶片,本文首先通过对风场的分析模拟风速, 然后基于风速计算风荷载。
风速作用可以表示为平均风速与脉动风速的叠加作用。平均风速 $v$ 表达式分为指数模型和对数模型 [ 7 ] 两类,本文选用对数模型。
$\bar{v}\left( z\right)= \frac{{u}^{* }}{\kappa }\ln \left(\frac{z}{{z}_{0}}\right)$
式中: $\kappa$ 为 Karman 常数,一般取值为 0.4; ${u}^{* }$ 为摩擦风速; ${z}_{0}$ 为地面粗糙长度,取为 ${0.005}\mathrm{\;m}$
脉动风场随时间和空间随机变化,可用功率谱和相干函数描述, 并结合谐波合成法生成脉动风速。本文选用 Kaimal 谱 [ 8 ] 进行计算,风速谱的功率谱密度(PSD)函数表达式为
${S}_{v}\left( f\right)= {\left({\sigma }_{v}\right)}^{2}\frac{{6.868}\frac{{L}_{v}}{{v}_{10}}}{{\left( 1 +{10.32}\frac{f{L}_{v}}{{v}_{10}}\right)}^{5/2}}$
${\sigma }_{v}= \frac{{\kappa v}\left( z\right)}{\ln \left(\frac{z}{{z}_{0}}\right)} $
式中: $f$ 为脉动风频率; ${v}_{10}$${10}\mathrm{\;m}$ 高度处平均风速; ${L}_{v}$ 为顺风向湍流积分尺度, ${L}_{v}= {100}\sqrt{z/{30}}$${\sigma }_{v}$ 为风速标准差。
考虑空间相干性,可将 $k$ 处和 $l$ 处的脉动风速互谱函数表示为
${S}_{vkvl}\left( f\right)= \sqrt{{S}_{vkvk}\left( f\right)\cdot {S}_{vlvl}\left( f\right)} \cdot \operatorname{Coh}\left({r, f}\right)$
式中: ${S}_{vkvk}\left( f\right),{S}_{vlvl}\left( f\right)$ 均为风速自相关功率谱密度; $r$$k$ 点和 $l$ 点的间距; $\operatorname{Coh}\left({r, f}\right)$$k$ 点和 $l$ 点的相干函数。
$\operatorname{Coh}\left({r, f}\right)= \exp \left({-\frac{{2f}{\left\lbrack {C}_{y}^{2}{\left({y}_{k}- {y}_{l}\right)}^{2}+ {C}_{z}^{2}{\left({z}_{k}- {z}_{l}\right)}^{2}\right\rbrack }^{1/2}}{v\left( k\right)+ v\left( l\right)}}\right)$
式中: ${C}_{y}$${C}_{z}$ 为空间两点衰减系数,通常 ${C}_{y}$ 取值为 ${10},{C}_{z}$ 取值为 ${16};{y}_{k},{y}_{l}$$k$ 点和 $l$ 点的 $y$ 坐标; ${z}_{k},{z}_{l}$$k$ 点和 $l$ 点的 $z$ 坐标。
塔架受到的风荷载作用主要为拖拽力 ${F}_{\text{wind }, i}$
${F}_{\text{wind }, i}= \frac{1}{2}\rho {C}_{\mathrm{D}}{D}_{i}{\Delta l}{\left\lbrack \bar{v}\left( z\right)+ u\left( z, t\right)\right\rbrack }^{2}$
式中: $\rho$ 为空气密度,取值为 ${1.2}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3};{D}_{i}= \left({{D}_{i}+ {D}_{i + 1}}\right)/2$ 为位置 $i$ 处塔架的平均直径; ${\Delta l}$ 为塔段的长度; ${C}_{\mathrm{D}}$ 为阻力系数, 圆柱体取为 1.2。
叶片风荷载受风速、风轮(轮毂加叶片)转速、 桨距角、叶片数量以及叶片几何参数 (如叶型、扭度和弦长分布等)的影响, 可通过叶素-动量理论 (BEM)进行模拟计算。假设所有截面沿转子方向是独立的, 不同截面之间没有气动相互作用, 可将每个叶片划分为若干单元,计算每个单元上的风荷载。叶片各单元相对风速为
${v}_{\mathrm{{rel}}}\left({r,{t}_{\mathrm{s}}}\right)= \sqrt{{\left\lbrack v\left( r,{t}_{\mathrm{s}}\right)\left( 1 - a\right)+ u\left({t}_{\mathrm{s}}\right)\right\rbrack }^{2}+ {\left\lbrack \Omega r\left( 1 +{a}^{\prime }\right)\right\rbrack }^{2}}$
式中: $r$ 为叶片单元与轮毂中心径向距离; ${t}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 为时间; $a,{a}^{\prime }$ 分别为轴向和切向诱导系数; $\Omega$ 为风轮转动角速度; $u$ 为脉动风速。
确定相对风速后, 每个叶片单元上产生的局部升力 ${p}_{l}\left({r,{t}_{\mathrm{s}}}\right)$ 和局部阻力 ${p}_{d}\left({r,{t}_{\mathrm{s}}}\right)$
${p}_{l}\left({r,{t}_{\mathrm{s}}}\right)= \frac{1}{2}\rho {v}_{\mathrm{{rel}}}^{2}\left({r,{t}_{\mathrm{s}}}\right) l\left( r\right){C}_{lb}$
${p}_{d}\left({r,{t}_{\mathrm{s}}}\right)= \frac{1}{2}\rho {v}_{\mathrm{{rel}}}^{2}\left({r,{t}_{\mathrm{s}}}\right) l\left( r\right){C}_{db}$
式中: $l\left( r\right)$ 为弦长; ${C}_{lb}$ 为叶片升力系数; ${C}_{db}$ 为叶片阻力系数。
各叶素平行和垂直于风轮平面的局部风荷载 ${p}_{t}\left({r,{t}_{\mathrm{s}}}\right)$${p}_{n}\left({r,{t}_{\mathrm{s}}}\right)$ 可以通过局部升力和阻力沿轴向和切向的投影计算。
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{p}_{t}\left({r,{t}_{\mathrm{s}}}\right)\\{p}_{n}\left({r,{t}_{\mathrm{s}}}\right)\end{array}\right\}= \left\lbrack \begin{matrix}\sin \varphi \left({r,{t}_{\mathrm{s}}}\right)& -\cos \varphi \left({r,{t}_{\mathrm{s}}}\right)\\\cos \varphi \left({r,{t}_{\mathrm{s}}}\right)& \sin \varphi \left({r,{t}_{\mathrm{s}}}\right)\end{matrix}\right\rbrack \left\{\begin{array}{l}{p}_{l}\left({r,{t}_{\mathrm{s}}}\right)\\{p}_{d}\left({r,{t}_{\mathrm{s}}}\right)\end{array}\right\}$
式中: $\varphi$ 为投影角度。
考虑到轴向与切向诱导系数需要进行迭代求解,本文采用 MATLAB 进行随机风荷载模拟,并考虑 Prandl 与 Grauert 修正。本文研究的是风机塔架的振动响应,并未涉及叶片的振动响应,因此将风机叶片各叶素单元的风荷载模拟结果叠加至塔顶,得到塔顶处的叶片集中风荷载与集中风弯矩。
在寒冷地区,当冰盖挤压海上风机结构时,不仅产生显著的静力作用, 冰盖的循环破坏还会引起结构振动。结构与海冰相互作用时,冰速也是影响冰力作用的因素, 冰速由慢到快使得海冰呈现不同的破坏模式, 继而对结构产生不同形式的冰力作用 [ 9 ] ,直立结构在不同冰速下受到的冰力作用见 表 1
在实际工程背景下, 海域冰速远大于 0.04 $\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}$ ,故结构所受冰力作用类型为随机冰力。文献 [ 10 ]认为,总随机冰力 ${F}_{\text{total }}\left( t\right)$ 由平均冰力 ${F}_{\text{mean }}$ 和脉动冰力 $F\left( t\right)$ 组成。
${F}_{\text{total }}\left( t\right)= {F}_{\text{mean }}+ F\left( t\right)$
${F}_{\max }= {F}_{\text{mean }}+ {k}_{s}{\sigma }_{n}$
式中: ${F}_{\max }$ 为最大冰力; ${k}_{s}$ 为最值超越概率,取为 ${0.1};{\sigma }_{n}$ 为脉动冰力标准差。
${F}_{\max }= {\sigma }_{c}\left(\frac{{h}_{\text{ice }}}{{h}_{0}}\right){\left(\frac{w}{{h}_{\text{ice }}}\right)}^{m}{h}_{\text{ice }}w $
${F}_{\text{mean }}= \frac{{F}_{\max }}{1 +{k}_{s}{I}_{n}}$
${\sigma }_{n}= \frac{{I}_{n}}{1 +{k}_{s}{I}_{n}}{F}_{\max }$
式中: ${\sigma }_{c}$ 为冰的轴向压缩强度; ${h}_{\text{ice }}$ 为冰厚; ${h}_{0}$ 为参考冰厚,取为 $1\mathrm{m};w$ 为水面处桩腿直径; $m$ 为经验常数,取为 $-{0.16};{I}_{n}$ 为海冰强度参数,该参数用于表征海冰破碎特征,依据试验测得,取为 0.4 。
脉动冰力的谱形式与脉动风速谱形式相近, 谱模型如下所示:
${S}_{\eta \eta }\left( f\right)= {\sigma }_{n}^{2}\frac{{\widetilde{S}}_{\eta \eta }\left( f\right)}{f}$
${\widetilde{S}}_{\eta \eta }\left( f\right)= \frac{af}{1 +{k}_{n}{b}^{1.5}{v}_{\text{ice }}^{-{0.9}}{f}^{2}}$
式中: ${\widetilde{S}}_{\eta \eta }\left( f\right)$ 为脉动冰力自谱密度; ${k}_{n}$ 为经验常数, 取为 ${3.24};f$ 为结构固有频率; ${v}_{\text{ice }}$ 为冰速; $b$ 为经验常数,取为 1.34。
某 6.45 MW 海上单桩风机模型参数见 表 2
风机塔筒外径从 ${7.000}\mathrm{\;m}$ 变化到 ${5.020}\mathrm{\;m}$ , 而壳厚从 ${0.041}\mathrm{\;m}$ 变化到顶部的 ${0.018}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,钢管桩部分的外径从 ${7.400}\mathrm{\;m}$ 变化到 ${7.000}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,壳厚均为 ${0.075}\mathrm{\;m}$ 。塔筒为一个细长的圆锥型薄壳塔式结构。采用 ABAQUS 的梁单元 B31 进行有限元模拟,材料均为 Q355 钢,采用理想弹塑性材料本构,屈服应力为 ${355}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ ,泊松比为 0.3,弹性模量为 ${206}\mathrm{{GPa}}$ ,密度为 ${7850}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ ,塔身结构阻尼比为 0.5%。本文分析风机塔架的振动响应与减振,不考虑风机叶片的转动影响,为简化建模, 建立集中质量模型。考虑叶片、轮毂和机舱的质量影响, 将其简化为塔筒顶部的集中质量点。建模时忽略各塔架段之间法兰盘的连接部分,认为塔体为统一整体。同样, 将叶片各叶素累加后施加在塔筒结构顶部集中质量点处。
①采用三向质量和惯性矩的顶部偏心集中质量点模拟顶部轮毂、机舱、风机叶片的质量作用, 总重为 ${1770.17}\mathrm{t}$
②结合《JTS 167-4-2012 港口工程桩基规范》[ 11 ] 和假想嵌固点法, 依据所在场地泥面以下土层数据,确定嵌固点距泥面深度为 ${18.526}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,得到风机嵌固点至轮毂中心处总高度为 ${135.936}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,其中海面以上 ${102.530}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,海面以下至嵌固点为 ${33.406}\mathrm{\;m}$
简化后的结构模型如 图 1 所示, 嵌固点坐标设为(0,0,0)。
叶片迎风向为 $x$ 向,横风向为 $y$ 向。基于本文模型进行动力特性分析, 前 5 阶振型见 图 2 , 对应模型的模态振型数据见 表 3
文献[ 12 ]在既有的 TMD 设计方法基础上, 以位移方差作为优化指标, 实现其最小值为优化目标,得到最优频率比 ${f}_{\text{opt }}$ 与最优阻尼比 ${\zeta }_{\text{opt }}$
${f}_{\mathrm{{opt}}}= \frac{{\left( 1 +{0.5}{\mu }_{\mathrm{m}}\right)}^{1/2}}{1 +{\mu }_{\mathrm{m}}}$
${\zeta }_{\text{opt }}= {0.5}\sqrt{{\mu }_{\mathrm{m}}}$
式中: ${\mu }_{\mathrm{m}}$ 为 TMD 质量比。
本文设计的 MTMD 减振方案,参数设计参照以下 4 条准则:
①为探究单 TMD 系统与多 TMD 系统的减振效果差异性, 将 TMD 数量初选为 1 个或 2 个, 为便于分析说明,将单 TMD 与多 TMD 方案统一用 MTMD+阿拉伯数字进行编号;
②为探究不同质量比对 MTMD 控制方案效果的影响, 本文将 TMD 装置的质量比设置为控制频率对应振型参与质量的 ${0.5}\%,1\%$${1.5}\% 3$ 个梯度;
③基于结构动力响应频域特性,选取结构的一阶及二阶特征频率作为 MTMD 方案的控制频率;
④基于结构一阶二阶振型特点,选择一阶振型位移振幅最大位置 ${135.936}\mathrm{\;m}$ 处作为结构一阶频率控制 TMD 部署位置,选择二阶振型位移振幅最大位置 ${95.636}\mathrm{\;m}$ 处作为结构二阶频率控制 TMD 部署位置。
基于上述设计准则, 得出 TMD 装置的设计参数( 表 4 ),同时建立各控制方案( 表 5 )。
选取风速为风机塔顶停机速度, 即平均风速 ${25}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 。参考风机所在地区的海域观测数据,海冰强度为 ${2.03}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ ,冰厚为海域五十年一遇冰厚 ${0.32}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,冰速参考文献[ 13 ]给出的观测数据,选为 ${0.6}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 。为简化分析过程,模拟过程中将塔架受风段分为 11 段,底段为 ${2.53}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,其余每段为 ${10}\mathrm{\;m}$图 3 为部分风、冰荷载模拟曲线。
图 3 可知, 自谱密度曲线与目标谱曲线基本吻合,荷载模拟较为可靠。
等距取 9 个点作为数据提取点, 数据点及对应标高如 表 6 所示。
图 4 为风、冰作用下风机塔架位移最大值分布和 MTMD9 方案减振前后极值点时程、频谱图。
图 4(a)可知:在风、冰荷载作用下,塔架减振前后位移最大值分布的变化趋势基本相同,塔顶处出现最大值;添加 MTMD 后,在仅有控制结构二阶频率的 TMD 装置的 MTMD 方案作用下, 塔架位移出现微弱减小, 而在存在控制一阶频率的TMD 装置的 MTMD1~3 和 MTMD7~9 方案作用下, 位移响应明显减小; 位移最大值分布图与一阶振型图形状相似, 可初步认为风机塔架的位移响应为一阶振动主控。
图 4(b),(c) 可知:结构塔顶的位移响应峰值得到明显的削弱;减振前,塔顶位移的主控频率为整体结构的一阶频率, 风机塔架的位移响应主要由结构一阶频率激发, 这也与塔架位移最值分布图与一阶振型相似的结论一致; 在 MTMD 作用下, 结构一阶频率处的傅里叶幅值消失, 一阶 TMD 有效参与了振动减振, 起到了显著的控制效果。
图 5 为风、冰作用下风机塔架加速度最大值分布和 MTMD9 方案减振前后极值点时程、频谱图。
图 5(a)可知:在风、冰荷载作用下,减振前后的加速度响应最大值分布的变化趋势均为先增大后减小,与塔架的二阶振型图形状相似;加速度响应极值出现在结构 ${84.96}\mathrm{\;m}$ 高处,靠近结构的二阶 MTMD 布置点;添加 MTMD 之后,在仅有控制结构一阶频率的 TMD 装置的 MTMD1~3 方案作用下,塔架加速度响应仅在塔架上方 1/3 高度范围得到少量削弱, 而在存在控制二阶频率的 TMD 装置的 MTMD4~9 方案作用下,风机塔架的加速度响应明显减小。
图 5(b),(c) 可知: 减振前, 加速度响应频谱图呈现出二阶显著、一阶三阶不可忽视的幅值特性, 说明风、冰荷载作用能够激发出风机塔架加速度响应的高阶分量, 且以结构二阶频率为主控频率;减振后,塔架加速度响应峰值得到了一定程度的削弱, 频谱图中一阶与二阶频率对应的幅值被显著抑制, 反映出 MTMD9 方案中的一阶及二阶TMD 装置均参与到风机塔架的振动控制中,并起到有效作用;在 MTMD 方案作用前后,三阶频率对应幅值基本未发生变化,反映出 TMD 装置的频率敏感性。
图 6 为 MTMD9 方案减振前后基底倾覆力矩时程、频谱图。
图 6 可知:减振前,频谱中一、二、三阶幅值逐步减小,其中,一阶幅值最为显著,三阶幅值近似可忽略, 说明倾覆力矩响应的主控频率为一阶频率;减振后,倾覆力矩峰值明显削弱,一阶与二阶频率对应的幅值被抑制, 表明给出的 MTMD9 方案中的一、二阶 TMD 装置有效参与了倾覆力矩响应控制。
图 7 为各 MTMD 方案作用下的风机塔架振动响应最大值与标准差减小率。
图7 可知: 存在一阶 TMD 装置的方案, 位移最大值减小率超过 35%,标准差减小率超过 65%;存在二阶 TMD 装置的方案,加速度最大值与标准差减小率均超过 25%;同时具有一阶与二阶 TMD 装置的方案,倾覆力矩最大值减小率超过 30%,标准差减小率超过 50%。结果表明,同时具有一阶与二阶 TMD 装置可以有效降低风机塔架在风、冰荷载作用下的各类振动响应。
考虑到最值结果存在一定的偶然性, 评价指标建议采用更具备普适性的标准差减振率。对比 MTMD7,8,93 种方案,当质量比由 0.5% 提升至 1%时,位移、加速度与倾覆力矩减小率分别增加了 6.48%,3.13% 和 4.74%;当质量比由 1% 提升至 1.5%时, 位移、加速度与倾覆力矩减小率分别增加了 3.01%,1.64%和2.26%。表明减振效果随着质量比的提升呈下降趋势。
此外, 塔架加速度响应主控频率为整体结构前三阶频率,但同时具有一阶与二阶 TMD 装置的 MTMD 方案中仅考虑前二阶, 导致相同方案控制下结构加速度响应减振率相对较低。
本文通过分析风机模型在风、冰荷载作用下施加MTMD 减振前后的振动响应, 得到以下结论。
①风、冰荷载会引起风机塔架强烈的振动响应。位移极值出现在塔顶,位移响应的主控频率为整体结构一阶频率;加速度最值出现在塔架二阶振型附近, 其主控频率为整体结构二阶频率, 整体结构一阶与三阶频率分量不可忽略; 倾覆力矩响应的主控频率为整体结构一阶频率, 二阶频率不可忽略。
②风、冰荷载作用主要激起塔架结构的前二阶频率,因此主控前二阶的 MTMD 对结构的各类振动响应均能起到有效的减振作用, 且质量比提升能在一定程度上提升 MTMD 方案的减振效果, 但响应减振效果随着质量比的提升呈下降趋势。 在 MTMD9 方案作用下, 风机塔架位移标准差减小率达到 74.76%,加速度标准差减小率达到 33.16%,倾覆力矩标准差减小率达到 60.17%。
③在外荷载作用下,塔架加速度的高阶频率也会激发, 但由于 TMD 阻尼系统具备频率敏感性, 因此一、二阶 TMD 无法消除更高阶频率引起的响应分量的影响。
  • 中国长江三峡集团有限公司科研项目(202203004)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(51438002)
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  • 接收时间:2023-06-19
  • 首发时间:2025-07-22
  • 出版时间:2024-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-06-19
基金
中国长江三峡集团有限公司科研项目(202203004)
国家自然科学基金项目(51438002)
作者信息
    1 上海勘测设计研究院有限公司 上海 200434
    2 东南大学 土木工程学院 江苏 南京 211102

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谢文博(1994-),男,博士研究生,研究方向为高耸结构抗风减振及振动舒适度。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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