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A disturbance compensation type improved active disturbance rejection control strategy is designed to address the problems of multiple disturbances, large inertia, and long delay in the SCR system of the coal mining machine system. Based on the model information of the SCR system, a mathematical model of the required form of active disturbance rejection was established. A secondorder degree of freedom auto disturbance rejection was designed to control it, and the total disturbance was reconstructed to be equivalent to unknown disturbances and external disturbances. A new observer was designed for disturbance compensation, forming a disturbance compensation linear auto disturbance rejection, improving the observer's disturbance observation ability and accuracy. Finally, a digital simulation model of the SCR system is built on the MATLAB/Simulink simulation platform and compared with PI and LADRC. The results show that the disturbance compensation improved active disturbance rejection has better antiinterference and tracking capabilities, verifying the correctness and superiority of the proposed control strategy.

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针对混合储能微电网在负载突变、扰动加入等多种复杂工况下引起的用电端降压接口的电压质量降低的问题,文章设计了一种以改进线性自抗扰为主要控制器,以BP神经网络为辅助参数优化算法的闭环控制策略。首先,根据六路交错并联变换器的电路拓扑建立时域下的数学模型,并对系统总扰动进行重构,将总扰动分解为模型未知扰动和外界扰动,分别利用观测器进行估计,形成了改进线性自抗扰控制,提高系统的扰动观测能力和观测精度;其次,为使系统获得控制参数的实时优化能力,引入BP神经网络,对控制器参数进行实时整定;最后,搭建了混合微电网六路交错并联变换器的数字仿真模型和半实物仿真模型进行验证,并与PI,LADRC 进行了比较。结果显示,所提控制策略不仅具备优异的输出电压质量,而且使系统获得了更好的稳定性与鲁棒性。

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熊志杰(1977-),男,四川达州人,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向为电网调度自动化及网络安全运行技术。E-mail:

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熊志杰(1977-),男,四川达州人,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向为电网调度自动化及网络安全运行技术。E-mail:

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熊志杰(1977-),男,四川达州人,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向为电网调度自动化及网络安全运行技术。E-mail:

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参数 数值
并网频率/Hz 50
开关频率 $/\mathrm{{kHz}}$ 16
公共母线期望电压/V 100
电容/μF 1000
电感/mH 0.36
负载/Ω 20
), ArticleFig(id=1154428390720397986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1154428294268183430, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=系统参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
并网频率/Hz 50
开关频率 $/\mathrm{{kHz}}$ 16
公共母线期望电压/V 100
电容/μF 1000
电感/mH 0.36
负载/Ω 20
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基于神经网络的微电网交错并联变换器的改进自抗扰控制
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熊志杰 , 张大伟 1 , 席骊瑭 1 , 王彦沣 1 , 周哲民 2
可再生能源 | 2024,42(2): 276-284
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可再生能源 | 2024, 42(2): 276-284
基于神经网络的微电网交错并联变换器的改进自抗扰控制
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熊志杰 , 张大伟1, 席骊瑭1, 王彦沣1, 周哲民2
作者信息
  • 1 国网四川省电力公司 四川 成都 610041
  • 2 清华大学 电机工程与应用电子技术系 北京 100084
  • 熊志杰(1977-),男,四川达州人,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向为电网调度自动化及网络安全运行技术。E-mail:

Design of a microgrid interleaved parallel converter based on neural networks improved active disturbance rejection control
Zhijie Xiong , Dawei Zhang1, Litang Xi1, Yanfeng Wang1, Zhemin Zhou2
Affiliations
  • 1 State Grid Sichuan Electric Power Company Chengdu 610041 China
  • 2 Department of Electrical Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
出版时间: 2024-02-20
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针对混合储能微电网在负载突变、扰动加入等多种复杂工况下引起的用电端降压接口的电压质量降低的问题,文章设计了一种以改进线性自抗扰为主要控制器,以BP神经网络为辅助参数优化算法的闭环控制策略。首先,根据六路交错并联变换器的电路拓扑建立时域下的数学模型,并对系统总扰动进行重构,将总扰动分解为模型未知扰动和外界扰动,分别利用观测器进行估计,形成了改进线性自抗扰控制,提高系统的扰动观测能力和观测精度;其次,为使系统获得控制参数的实时优化能力,引入BP神经网络,对控制器参数进行实时整定;最后,搭建了混合微电网六路交错并联变换器的数字仿真模型和半实物仿真模型进行验证,并与PI,LADRC 进行了比较。结果显示,所提控制策略不仅具备优异的输出电压质量,而且使系统获得了更好的稳定性与鲁棒性。

混合储能微电网  /  电压质量下降  /  改进线性自抗扰控制  /  模糊控制  /  六路交错并联变换器

A disturbance compensation type improved active disturbance rejection control strategy is designed to address the problems of multiple disturbances, large inertia, and long delay in the SCR system of the coal mining machine system. Based on the model information of the SCR system, a mathematical model of the required form of active disturbance rejection was established. A secondorder degree of freedom auto disturbance rejection was designed to control it, and the total disturbance was reconstructed to be equivalent to unknown disturbances and external disturbances. A new observer was designed for disturbance compensation, forming a disturbance compensation linear auto disturbance rejection, improving the observer's disturbance observation ability and accuracy. Finally, a digital simulation model of the SCR system is built on the MATLAB/Simulink simulation platform and compared with PI and LADRC. The results show that the disturbance compensation improved active disturbance rejection has better antiinterference and tracking capabilities, verifying the correctness and superiority of the proposed control strategy.

hybrid energy storage microgrid  /  voltage quality degradation  /  improved linear active disturbance rejection control  /  fuzzy control  /  six way interleaved parallel converter
熊志杰, 张大伟, 席骊瑭, 王彦沣, 周哲民. 基于神经网络的微电网交错并联变换器的改进自抗扰控制. 可再生能源, 2024 , 42 (2) : 276 -284 .
Zhijie Xiong, Dawei Zhang, Litang Xi, Yanfeng Wang, Zhemin Zhou. Design of a microgrid interleaved parallel converter based on neural networks improved active disturbance rejection control[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2024 , 42 (2) : 276 -284 .
当下,传统的电能变换技术已不能适应高性能和低成本的电能变换要求, 以快速、高效为特点的电力电子器件愈加发挥了举足轻重的核心作用 [ 1 - 3 ] 。在众多优势的发展下,微电网接口处变换器仍存在因扰动突入、负载突变等引起的电压波动现象,微电网模型中存在大量扰动与耦合现象, 不能精准建模,因此模型预测并不适用 [ 4 , 5 ] 。设计一种新型的控制方法对微电网接口处的变换器进行控制, 对抑制电压波动、提升电压质量具有现实意义。
自抗扰控制(Active Disturbance Rejection Control, ADRC)属于非线性控制, 高志强利用“线性化” 的思想设计出线性自抗扰控制 (Linear Active Disturbance Rejection Control, LADRC)。 LADRC 引入线性扩张观测器(Linear Extend State Observe, LESO) 进行扰动估计和扰动抵消, 提升了 LADRC 的抗扰性。LADRC 不需要建立系统精确的数学模型,适用于存在较大不确定性的系统。 除此之外, LADRC 引入了线性状态误差反馈律 (Linear State Error Feedback, LSEF) 用于扰动补偿, 当系统趋于稳态时, 非线性、强耦合等复杂系统被成功等效为由积分环节、PD 控制器构成的单位反馈系统,具有广阔的应用范围。但 LADRC 中的总扰动由模型未知扰动和外界扰动构成, 若划分为总扰动,将降低扰动估计的精确度。为提高观测器对扰动的观测精度和观测能力, 文献[ 6 ]设计了新的 LESO, 并将原始 LESO 与新 LESO 进行串联, 构成串联 LESO, 对原始 LESO 输出的估计值进行再次估计, 虽提升了扰动的观测能力, 但新 LESO 的引入增加了系统的复杂度, 降低了扰动观测速度。文献[ 7 ]从扰动传函入手,重新改写 LESO 数学模型, 形成解耦型 LESO, 解耦后的 LESO 提升了观测能力, 但解耦后的频域带宽减少,弱化了系统的动态性能。为此,设计一种既可以提升观测器对扰动的观测能力, 又可以保持较好的动态性能的控制策略, 对于提高微电网的电压质量尤为重要。
本文建立了六路交错并联变换器的数学模型,对扰动进行重构,形成改进线性自抗扰控制 (Improve Linear Active Disturbance Rejection Control, ILADRC),并应用频域法和李雅普诺夫稳定性分析法分析了系统的跟踪性、抗扰性和稳定性。引入神经网络,形成 BP-ILADRC,使系统获得了参数自动寻优的能力, 提升了系统的抗扰性。最后, 通过数字仿真与半实物仿真, 验证了所提控制策略的正确性、有效性和可行性。
图 1 中, 微电网负载接口处的变换器采用六路交错并联型变换器拓扑结构,如 图 2 所示。
考虑到 6 个环路的动态过程类似, 本文仅对单路进行分析,单路结构图如 图 3 所示。
图 3 中: ${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$ 为金属-氧化物半导体场效应晶体管(MOSFET); ${\mathrm{{VD}}}_{1}$ 为二极管; ${i}_{L1}$ 为电感电流; ${i}_{2}$ 为稳压电容电流; ${u}_{1},{u}_{2}$ 分别为输入、输出电压; ${L}_{1}$ 为滤波电感; ${C}_{1}$ 为输入电容; ${C}_{2}$ 为稳压电容; ${R}_{2}$ 为负载。
根据电路定律, 可得:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{u}_{1}= L\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{L1}}{\mathrm{\;d}t}+ {u}_{2}\\{i}_{L1}= {i}_{2}+ \frac{{u}_{2}}{{R}_{2}}\end{array}\right.$
对式(1)进行合并,可得:
$\frac{{\mathrm{d}}^{2}{u}_{2}}{\mathrm{\;d}{t}^{2}}= -\frac{1}{{R}_{2}{C}_{2}}\frac{\mathrm{d}{u}_{2}}{\mathrm{\;d}t}- \frac{1}{{L}_{1}{C}_{2}}{u}_{2}+ \frac{1}{{L}_{1}{C}_{2}}{u}_{1}$
对式(2)进行拉式变换,可得变换器开环传递函数为
$\frac{{u}_{2}}{{u}_{1}}= \frac{\frac{1}{{L}_{1}{C}_{2}}}{{s}^{2}+ \frac{1}{{R}_{2}{C}_{2}}s +\frac{1}{{L}_{1}{C}_{2}}}$
式中: $s$ 为拉普拉斯算子。
由式 (3) 可知, 变换器属于 2 阶系统, 须设计 2 阶 LADRC 对其进行控制。式(3)可改写为
$\frac{{\mathrm{d}}^{2}{u}_{2}}{\mathrm{\;d}{t}^{2}}= f +{b}_{0}{u}_{1}$
式中: $f$ 为系统总扰动; ${b}_{0}$ 为已知控制增益。
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} f =- \frac{1}{{R}_{2}{C}_{2}}\frac{\mathrm{d}{u}_{2}}{\mathrm{\;d}t}- \frac{1}{{L}_{1}{C}_{2}}{u}_{2}\\{b}_{0}= \frac{1}{{L}_{1}{C}_{2}}\end{array}\right.$
LESO 作为 LADRC 的核心部位, 对系统的状态变量进行扩张,将系统的状态误差、未知扰动、 未测量的输入和未建模动态作为系统的总扰动, 并经 LESO 估计, 可得 LESO 的数学模型为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\dot{z}}_{1}= {\alpha }_{1}\left({{u}_{2}- {z}_{1}}\right)+ {z}_{2}\\{z}_{2}= {\alpha }_{2}\left({{u}_{2}- {z}_{1}}\right)+ {z}_{3}+ {b}_{0}{u}_{1}\\{\dot{z}}_{3}= {\alpha }_{3}\left({{u}_{2}- {z}_{1}}\right)\end{array}\right.$
式中: ${\alpha }_{1},{\alpha }_{2},{\alpha }_{3}$ 为 LESO 的观测增益; ${z}_{1},{z}_{2},{z}_{3}$ 为 LESO 的状态量。
在式 (6) 中, LESO 的稳定与观测增益相关, 为保证观测器的稳定性, 根据极点配置法, 可得:
${\left( s +{\omega }_{0}\right)}^{3}= {s}^{3}+ {\alpha }_{1}{s}^{2}+ {\alpha }_{2}s +{\alpha }_{3}$
式中: ${\omega }_{0}$ 为观测器带宽。
根据系数相等原则, ${\alpha }_{1}= 3{\omega }_{0},{\alpha }_{2}= 3{\omega }_{0}{}^{2},{\alpha }_{3}= {\omega }_{0}{}^{3}$
LSEF 属于补偿环节, 对 LESO 输出的估计变量进行补偿,使复杂系统在稳态时可转换为积分串联型系统。设计 LSEF 的数学模型为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{u}_{1}= \frac{{u}_{0}- {z}_{3}}{{b}_{0}}\\{u}_{0}= {k}_{\mathrm{p}}\left({{u}_{2}{}^{* }- {z}_{1}}\right)- {k}_{\mathrm{d}}{z}_{2}\end{array}\right.$
式中: ${k}_{\mathrm{p}},{k}_{\mathrm{d}}$ 为 LSEF 的控制增益; ${u}_{0}$ 为等效控制输人。
同理, 在式 (8)中应用极点配置法, 可得:
${\left( s +{\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}\right)}^{2}= {s}^{2}+ {k}_{\mathrm{d}}s +{k}_{\mathrm{p}}$
式中: ${\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}$ 为 LSEF 控制器带宽。
根据系数相等原则, ${k}_{\mathrm{p}}= {\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}^{2},{k}_{\mathrm{d}}= 2{\omega }_{\mathrm{c}\circ }$
根据式 (6) 和式 (8), 可绘制 LADRC 的闭环结构控制框图,如 图 4 所示。
当系统稳态时,结合式(6)和式(8)可得:
${\ddot{u}}_{2}= f +{u}_{0}- {z}_{3}= {u}_{0}$
由式 (10) 可知, 当 LESO 稳定收敛后, 总扰动和总扰动的观测器近似相等, 可得输出电压的 2 阶微分等于等效控制输入。
根据式 (6),可得 LESO 的扰动传递函数 ${G}_{\mathrm{f}}$
${G}_{\mathrm{f}}= \frac{{z}_{3}}{f}= \frac{{\alpha }_{3}}{{s}^{3}+ {\alpha }_{1}{s}^{2}+ {\alpha }_{2}s +{\alpha }_{3}}$
$f$ 取斜坡函数时,可得 $f$${z}_{3}$ 之间的误差传递函数 ${e}_{1}$
${e}_{1}= \frac{3{\left({\omega }_{0}+ {\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}\right)}^{2}- 2{\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}^{2}}{{\omega }_{0}^{3}{\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}^{2}}$
由式 (12) 可知, LESO 在斜坡函数下, 并不能实现零误差稳定收敛, 这使得系统在斜坡函数下的稳定性较差 [ 8 , 9 ] 。为消除 LESO 在斜坡函数下的稳态误差, 对总扰动进行重构, 重构后的变流器系统数学模型为
$\frac{{\mathrm{d}}^{2}{u}_{2}}{\mathrm{\;d}{t}^{2}}= {f}_{1}+ {f}_{2}+ {b}_{0}{u}_{1}$
式中: ${f}_{1}$ 为未知模型扰动; ${f}_{2}$ 为外界扰动。
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{f}_{1}= -\frac{1}{{R}_{2}{C}_{2}}\frac{\mathrm{d}{u}_{2}}{\mathrm{\;d}t}- \frac{1}{{L}_{1}{C}_{2}}{u}_{2}\\{f}_{2}= \frac{1}{{L}_{1}{C}_{2}}{u}_{1}\end{array}\right.$
LESO 需要对未知模型扰动和外界扰动分别进行观测, 因此初始 3 阶 LESO 需要升阶为 4 阶 LESO, 即 ILADRC。根据龙伯格观测器原理, 可得
LESO 的数学模型为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{z}_{1}= {z}_{2}+ {\beta }_{1}\left({{u}_{2}- {z}_{1}}\right)\\{z}_{2}= {z}_{3}+ {z}_{4}+ {b}_{0}{u}_{1}+ {\beta }_{2}\left({{u}_{2}- {z}_{1}}\right)\\{z}_{3}= {z}_{4}+ {\beta }_{3}\left({{u}_{2}- {z}_{1}}\right)\\{z}_{4}= {\beta }_{4}\left({{u}_{2}- {z}_{1}}\right)\end{array}\right.$
式中: ${\beta }_{1},{\beta }_{2},{\beta }_{3},{\beta }_{4}$ 为 LESO 的观测系数。
同 LESO 中观测系数的配置方法一致, 由式 (15)可得:
${\left( s +{\omega }_{0}\right)}^{4}= {s}^{4}+ {\beta }_{1}{s}^{3}+ {\beta }_{2}{s}^{2}+ \left({{\beta }_{3}+ {\beta }_{4}}\right) s +{\beta }_{4}$
根据系数相等原则, ${\beta }_{1}= 4{\omega }_{0},{\beta }_{2}= 6{\omega }_{0}^{2},{\beta }_{3}= {\omega }_{0}^{2}$ . $\left({{\omega }_{0}- 4}\right),{\beta }_{4}= {\omega }_{0}^{4}$
则 ILADRC 的扰动传递函数为
${G}_{\mathrm{f}{12}}= \frac{{z}_{3}+ {z}_{4}}{{f}_{1}+ {f}_{2}}= \frac{\left({{\alpha }_{3}+ {\alpha }_{4}}\right) s +{\alpha }_{4}}{{s}^{4}+ 4{\omega }_{0}{s}^{3}+ 6{\omega }_{0}^{2}{s}^{2}+ {\omega }_{0}^{2}\left\lbrack {\left({{\omega }_{0}- 4}\right)+ {\omega }_{0}^{2}}\right\rbrack s +{\omega }_{0}^{4}}$
在 ILADRC 中, 扰动取斜坡函数, 可得扰动与其估计值之间的误差 ${e}_{1}= {0}$ [, 10, 11 ] 。与 LADRC 相比, ILADRC 在斜坡函数下, 变换器系统可获得更优异的稳定性。
设计协同状态误差反馈律为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{u}_{0 *} ={k}_{{\mathrm{p}}^{* }}\left({{u}_{2}^{* }- {z}_{1}}\right)+ {k}_{{\mathrm{d}}^{* }}\left({{u}_{2}^{* }- {z}_{2}}\right)\\{u}_{1}= \frac{{u}_{{0}^{* }}- {z}_{3}- {z}_{4}}{{b}_{0}}\end{array}\right.$
式中: ${u}_{0 *}$ 为 ILADRC 的等效控制输入; ${k}_{{\mathrm{p}}^{* }}$ 为 LESO 的控制增益, ${k}_{{\mathrm{p}}^{* }}= {\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}^{2};{k}_{{\mathrm{d}}^{* }}$ 为 LSEF 的控制增益, ${k}_{\mathrm{d}* }= 2{\omega }_{\mathrm{c}};{u}_{2}{}^{* }$ 为 LSEF 的等效控制输入。
根据式(18)和式(4)可得变流器系统在稳态时的数学模型如下:
${\ddot{u}}_{2}+ {k}_{\mathrm{d}}{\dot{u}}_{2}+ {k}_{\mathrm{d}}{u}_{2}= {k}_{\mathrm{d}}{u}_{2}^{* }+ {k}_{\mathrm{p}}{u}_{2}^{* }$
变流器系统在稳态时的控制器传递函数为
${G}_{\mathrm{c}1}= \frac{{k}_{\mathrm{d}* }s +{k}_{{\mathrm{p}}^{* }}}{{s}^{2}+ {k}_{{\mathrm{d}}^{* }}s +{k}_{{\mathrm{p}}^{* }}}$
由式(20)可得变流器系统在稳态时的 ILADRC 闭环控制框图,如 图 5 所示。
根据式 (15) 和式 (18), 可绘制变流器系统在 ILADRC 的完整控制框图, 如 图 6 所示。
为详细分析变流器系统在 ILADRC 下的特性,根据式 (4),(15),(18), 得到系统的跟踪特性闭环传递函数和扰动特性闭环传递函数为
${u}_{2}= \frac{{H}_{1}}{{H}_{2}}{u}_{2}^{* }+ \frac{{H}_{4}}{{H}_{2}{H}_{3}}\left({{f}_{1}+ {f}_{2}}\right)$
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{H}_{1}= {\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}^{2}+ 2{\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}s \\{H}_{2}= {s}^{2}+ 2{\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}+ {\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}^{2}\\{H}_{3}= {\left( s +{\omega }_{0}\right)}^{4}\\{H}_{4}= {s}^{2}+ 4{\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}s + 6{\omega }_{0}{}^{2}+ 8{\omega }_{0}{\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}+ 2{\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}+ {\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}^{2}\end{array}\right.$
由式 (22) 可知,跟踪传递函数仅与 ${\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}$ 有关, 扰动传递函数与 ${\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}$${\omega }_{0}$ 有关。因此,为分析观测器带宽与控制器带宽对系统性能的影响, 分别对以下两种情况进行分析 [ 12 ]
① 情况 $1 :{\omega }_{0}$${1200}\mathrm{{rad}}/\mathrm{s},{\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}$ 分别取 200, 300,400,500 rad/s
图 7 可知: 在 ${\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}$ 由 200 rad/s 增加至 500 $\mathrm{{rad}}/\mathrm{s}$ 的过程中,在幅频特性中,闭环系统的带宽逐渐增加,改善了系统的动态特性,但系统对高频噪声的抵抗能力降低; 在相频特性中, 中频段的相位增益不断增加,改善了系统的初始动态特性。
②情况 $2 :{\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}$${200}\mathrm{{rad}}/\mathrm{s},{\omega }_{0}$ 分别取 1 200, 1 400,1 600,1 800 rad/s
图 8 可知: 在 ${\omega }_{0}$ 由 1200 rad/s 增加至 1800 rad/s 的过程中,在幅频特性中,高频段的跟踪特性并没有发生较明显的改变, 中低频段的跟踪特性曲线不断下降, 提高了对网侧扰动抵抗能力;在相频特性中,中频段的相位增益不断增加, 改善了系统的动态特性。
情况 2 下的抗扰特性如 图 9 所示,其中: ${\omega }_{0}$${1200}\mathrm{{rad}}/\mathrm{s},{\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}$ 分别取 ${200},{300},{400},{500}\mathrm{{rad}}/\mathrm{s}$
图 9 可知: 在 ${\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}$${200}\mathrm{{rad}}/\mathrm{s}$ 增加至500 $\mathrm{{rad}}/\mathrm{s}$ 的过程中,在幅频特性中,抗扰特性并未发生明显改变;在相频特性中,抗扰相位增益曲线也并未发生改变。因此, ${\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}$ 对抗扰特性并无较大影响。
为验证 ILADRC 下的闭环系统的稳定性, 根据式(15)和式(18),得到系统在稳态下的闭环传递函数:
${u}_{1}= \frac{1}{{b}_{0}}\left\lbrack {{k}_{{\mathrm{p}}^{* }}\left({{u}_{2}^{* }- {z}_{1}}\right)+ {k}_{{\mathrm{d}}^{* }}\left({{u}_{2}^{* }- {z}_{2}}\right)- {z}_{3}- {z}_{4}}\right\rbrack $
对式(23)进行改写,可得:
${u}_{1}= {G}_{1}\left\lbrack {\left({2{\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}s +{\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}{}^{2}}\right){u}_{2}{}^{* }+ {G}_{2}{u}_{2}}\right\rbrack $
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{G}_{1}= \frac{{\left( s +{\omega }_{0}\right)}^{4}}{{s}^{2}\left({6{\omega }_{0}^{2}+ 8{\omega }_{0}{\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}+ 4{\omega }_{0}s +{\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}^{2}+ 2{\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}s +{s}^{2}}\right)} \\{G}_{2}= \frac{{\omega }_{0}{\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}\left({2{\omega }_{0}^{3}s -{\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}{\omega }_{0}{}^{3}{s}^{2}+ {\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}{\omega }_{0}{}^{3}- 4{\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}{\omega }_{0}{}^{2}{s}^{3}+ 8{\omega }_{0}{}^{2}{s}^{2}}\right)}{{\left( s +{\omega }_{0}\right)}^{4}}+ \\\frac{{\omega }_{0}{\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}\left({4{\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}{\omega }_{0}{}^{2}s +{12}{\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}{s}^{3}+ 6{\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}{\omega }_{0}{s}^{2}+ 4{\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}{s}^{3}}\right)}{{\left( s +{\omega }_{0}\right)}^{4}}\end{array}\right.$
根据式 (24), 可绘制系统在 ILADRC 下的等效控制框图,如 图 10 所示。
根据 图 10 所示,可得系统的闭环传递函数为
$ G =\frac{{\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}\left({{\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}+ {2s}}\right){\left( s +{\omega }_{0}\right)}^{4}}{{c}_{6}{s}^{6}+ {c}_{5}{s}^{5}+ {c}_{4}{s}^{4}+ {c}_{3}{s}^{3}+ {c}_{2}{s}^{2}+ {c}_{1}s +{c}_{0}}$
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{c}_{0}= {\omega }_{0}^{4}{\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}^{2}\\{c}_{1}= 2{\omega }_{0}^{3}{\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}\left({2{\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}+ {\omega }_{0}}\right)\\{c}_{2}= {\omega }_{0}{\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}\left({8{\omega }_{0}^{2}- {\omega }_{0}^{3}{\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}+ 6{\omega }_{0}{\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}}\right)\\{c}_{3}= 4{\omega }_{0}{\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}\left({-{\omega }_{0}^{2}{\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}+ 3{\omega }_{0}+ {\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}}\right)\\{c}_{4}= 2{\omega }_{0}\left({3{\omega }_{0}+ 4{\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}}\right)+ {\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}^{2}\\{c}_{5}= 2{\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}+ 4{\omega }_{0}\\{c}_{6}= 1 \end{array}\right.$
在式 (27) 中,显然 ${c}_{0},{c}_{1},{c}_{4},{c}_{5},{c}_{6}$ 均大于 0,因此若 ${c}_{2},{c}_{3}$ 大于 0 时,则可保证系统稳定性。由此可得:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} 4{\omega }_{0}{\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}\left({{\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}+ 3{\omega }_{0}- {\omega }_{0}^{2}{\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}}\right)> 0 \\{\omega }_{0}{\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}\left({8{\omega }_{0}^{2}+ 6{\omega }_{0}{\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}- {\omega }_{0}^{3}{\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}}\right)> 0 \end{array}\right.$
对式(28)进行求解,可得:
${\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}> \frac{8{\omega }_{0}^{2}}{{\omega }_{0}^{3}- 6 +{\omega }_{0}}$
综上所述, 当式(29)成立时, 可保证系统的稳定性。
ILADRC 虽提高了系统的抗扰性, 但当系统中出现随机扰动时, 控制器参数和观测器参数需要重新调节, 并且可能达不到理想的整定效果, 因此引入 $\mathrm{{BP}}$ 神经网络 [ 13 , 14 ] $\mathrm{{BP}}$ 神经网络以在线训练为主要整定方式, 利用系统在受扰过程中期望信号与实际信号之间的误差实时在线调节网络权重,从而实现在线调节 ${\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}$${\omega }_{0\mathrm{o}}$ 与离线训练相比, 反向传播(BP)神经网络的在线训练具有简洁性与实时性。基于 BP 神经网络的参数寻优改进自抗扰控制结构如 图 11 所示 [ 15 , 16 ]
BP 神经网络选择使用 3 层前馈网络,包括 3 个输入层神经元、5 个隐含层神经元和 2 个输出层神经元, 构成 3-5-2 型 BP 神经网络。将系统的期望信号 ${u}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}^{* }$ 与输出信号 ${u}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$ 的误差 $e$ 作为 $\mathrm{{BP}}$ 神经网络的输入, ${\omega }_{0}$${\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}$ 作为 $\mathrm{{BP}}$ 神经网络的输出,绘制 $\mathrm{{BP}}$ 神经网络的结构图,如 图 12 所示。
图 12 中,设 ${x}_{1}= {u}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}^{* },{x}_{2}= {u}_{\mathrm{{dc}}},{x}_{3}= {e}_{\circ }$
输入层表示为
$\left\{{\begin{array}{l}{I}_{i}^{\left( 0\right)}\left( n\right)= {x}_{i}\left( n\right)\\{O}_{i}^{\left( 0\right)}\left( n\right)= {I}_{i}^{\left( 0\right)}\left( n\right)\end{array}\;i = 1,2,3}\right.$
式中: ${I}_{i}^{\left( 0\right)}\left( n\right)$ 为输入层的输入; ${O}_{i}^{\left( 0\right)}\left( n\right)$ 为输入层的输出;(0)为输入层。
隐含层的诱导局部域和输出为
$\left\{{\begin{array}{l}{v}_{i}^{\left( 1\right)}\left( n\right)= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 0}}^{3}{\omega }_{ji}^{\left( 1\right)}\left( n\right){O}_{i}^{\left( 0\right)}\left( n\right)\\{O}_{i}^{\left( 1\right)}\left( n\right)= \varphi \left\lbrack {{v}_{i}^{\left( 1\right)}\left( n\right)}\right\rbrack \end{array}i = 1,2,3,4,}\right.$
式中: ${v}_{i}^{\left( 1\right)}\left( n\right)$ 为隐含层的诱导局部域; ${O}_{i}^{\left( 1\right)}\left( n\right)$ 为隐含层的输出; ${\omega }_{ji}{}^{\left( 1\right)}\left( n\right)$ 为隐含层神经元的偏置权值。
以双曲正切函数作为隐含层的激活函数:
$\varphi \left( x\right)= \tanh x =\frac{{e}^{x}- {e}^{-x}}{{e}^{x}+ {e}^{-x}}$
神经网络输出层的诱导局部域和输出为
$\left\{{\begin{array}{l}{v}_{k}^{\left( 2\right)}\left( n\right)= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 0}}^{5}{\omega }_{kj}^{\left( 2\right)}\left( n\right){O}_{j}^{\left( 1\right)}\left( n\right)\\{O}_{k}^{\left( 2\right)}\left( n\right)= f\left\lbrack {{v}_{k}{}^{\left( 2\right)}\left( n\right)}\right\rbrack \end{array}\;k = 1,2}\right.$
式中: ${v}_{k}{}^{\left( 2\right)}\left( n\right)$ 为输出层的诱导局部域; ${O}_{k}{}^{\left( 2\right)}\left( n\right)$ 为输出层的输出; ${\omega }_{kj}{}^{\left( 2\right)}\left( n\right)$ 为输出层神经元的偏置权值。
选取 sigmoid 函数为神经网络输出层的激活函数:
$ f\left( x\right)= \frac{1}{2}\left({1 +\tanh x}\right)= \frac{{e}^{x}}{{e}^{x}+ {e}^{-x}}$
定义神经网络的两个状态变量: ${x}_{4}= {z}_{1}\left({n - 1}\right);{x}_{5}=$ ${z}_{2}\left({n - 1}\right)$ 。结合 $\mathrm{{BP}}$ 神经网络后的 $\mathrm{{ILADRC}}$ ,形成 BP-ILADRC, 建立 BP-ILADRC 的 LSEF:
${u}_{0}= {k}_{\mathrm{p}}\left({{u}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}^{* }- {x}_{4}}\right)- {x}_{5}$
根据以上分析, 可得到输出层与隐含层的突触权值的修正式:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\Delta {\omega }_{kj}^{\left( 2\right)}\left( n\right)= \varepsilon {\delta }_{k}^{\left( 2\right)}{O}_{j}^{\left( 1\right)}\left( n\right)+ {\beta \Delta }{\omega }_{kj}^{\left( 2\right)}\left({n - 1}\right)\\\Delta {\omega }_{kj}^{\left( 1\right)}\left( n\right)= \varepsilon {\delta }_{j}^{\left( 1\right)}{O}_{i}^{\left( 0\right)}\left( n\right)+ {\beta \Delta }{\omega }_{ji}^{\left( 1\right)}\left({n - 1}\right)\end{array}\right.$
式中: $\varepsilon ,\beta$ 为修正系数。
为验证本文所提控制策略的正确性, 在 MATLAB/Simulink 仿真平台上搭建微电网六路交错并联变换器的数字仿真模型, 并设计了 3 种工况进行验证。仿真参数如 表 1 所示。
①工况 1:起始动态响应
图 13 ~15 为 3 种控制策略下变流器系统公共母线电压起始动态响应。PI 控制下的电压最大幅值为 ${221.2}\mathrm{\;V}$ ,与稳态值相差 ${121.2}\mathrm{\;V}$ ,调节时间为 ${0.102}\mathrm{\;s}$ ;LADRC 控制下的电压最大幅值为 ${159.2}\mathrm{\;V}$ ,与稳态值相差 ${59.2}\mathrm{\;V}$ ,调节时间为 0.03 s; BP-ILADRC 控制下的电压最大幅值为 130.2 $\mathrm{V}$ ,与稳态值相差 ${30.2}\mathrm{\;V}$ ,调节时间为 ${0.08}\mathrm{\;s}$ 。经数据对比可知, BP-ILADRC 控制下的初始电压波动幅度最小,调节时间也较小,表明 BP-ILADRC 控制下的系统拥有更好的初始动态性能。
②工况 2: 网侧电压由 ${500}\mathrm{\;V}$ 降低至 ${100}\mathrm{\;V}$
图 16 ~18 为网侧电压在 $1\mathrm{\;s}$ 时由 ${500}\mathrm{\;V}$ 降至 ${100}\mathrm{\;V}$ 的公共母线电压波动情形。在 $1\mathrm{\;s}$ 时, $\mathrm{{PI}}$ 控制下电压降低至 ${70.45}\mathrm{\;V}$ ,与稳态值相差 ${29.55}\mathrm{\;V}$ , 调节时间为 ${0.186}\mathrm{\;s}$ ;LADRC 控制下电压降低至 ${63.06}\mathrm{\;V}$ ,与稳态值相差 ${36.94}\mathrm{\;V}$ ,调节时间为 ${0.113}\mathrm{\;s}$ ;BP-ILADRC 控制下电压降低至 ${72.38}\mathrm{\;V}$ , 与稳态值相差 ${27.62}\mathrm{\;V}$ ,调节时间为 ${0.075}\mathrm{\;s}$ 。由数据对比可知,在 $1\mathrm{\;s}$ 时, BP-ILADRC 控制下的电压波动幅值最小,表明BP-ILADRC 具有更优的扰动抵抗能力。
③工况3:在 $1\mathrm{\;s}$ 时加入非线性电阻
图 19 ~21 可知: 在 $1\mathrm{\;s}$ 时加入非线性电阻, PI 控制下电压降低至 ${81.36}\mathrm{\;V}$ ,与稳态值相差 ${18.64}\mathrm{\;V}$ ,调节时间为 ${0.063}\mathrm{\;s}$ ;LADRC 控制下电压降低至 ${83.17}\mathrm{\;V}$ ,与稳态值相差 ${16.83}\mathrm{\;V}$ ,调节时间为 0.026 s; BP-ILADRC 控制下电压降低至 89.12 $\mathrm{V}$ ,与稳态值相差 ${10.88}\mathrm{\;V}$ ,调节时间为 ${0.086}\mathrm{\;s}$ 。由数据对比可知, BP-ILADRC 控制下的电压降低程度最小,调节时间较短,表明 BP-ILADRC 具有优异的暂态过渡能力以及更好的抗扰性。
综上所述, 与 PI, LADRC 相比较, BP-ILADRC 对电压振荡现象的抑制能力最好(具有优异的直流母线电压振荡抑制能力),提高了微电网的电压质量。
①起始动态响应
BP-ILADRC 的起始动态响应半实物仿真验证结果如 图 22 所示。
② 网侧电压由 ${500}\mathrm{\;V}$ 增加至 ${800}\mathrm{\;V}$
BP-ILADRC 的暂态 1 半实物仿真验证结果如 图 23 所示。
③ 网侧电压由 ${500}\mathrm{\;V}$ 降低至 ${300}\mathrm{\;V}$
BP-ILADRC 的暂态 2 半实物仿真验证结果如 图 24 所示。
图 22 可知,初始动态响应中电压最大幅值为 ${123}\mathrm{\;V}$ ,与稳态值相差 ${23}{\mathrm{\;V}}_{\circ }$图 23 可知,当网侧电压由 ${500}\mathrm{\;V}$ 增加至 ${800}\mathrm{\;V}$ 时,电压最大幅值为 ${134}\mathrm{\;V}$ ,与稳态值相差 ${34}{\mathrm{\;V}}_{\circ }$图 24 可知,当网侧电压由 ${500}\mathrm{\;V}$ 降低至 ${300}\mathrm{\;V}$ 时,电压降低至 76 $\mathrm{V}$ ,与稳态值相差 ${24}\mathrm{\;V}$ 。由以上数据可知, BP-ILADRC 控制下的系统具有优异的动态特性和暂态抗扰能力(优异的直流母线电压振荡抑制能力), 提高了微电网的电压质量。
针对微电网六路交错并联变换器因扰动加入等行为而引起的接口处电压质量下降的问题, 本文设计了一种 BP-ILADRC 控制策略, 与其他控制策略进行仿真验证对比后, 得到如下结论。
①与 LADRC 相比, BP-ILADRC 获得了更强的接口电压振荡抑制能力, 具有更加优异的电压质量。
②BP-ILADRC 对系统总扰动进行重构,提高了控制器对扰动的估计能力与估计精度, 使系统获得了更好的直流母线电压振荡抑制能力。
③引入神经网络对 LSEF 中的控制参数进行实时优化,这不仅使系统在任意时刻均可获得最佳参数, 而且改善了系统的动态响应, 获得了优异的鲁棒性。
  • 基金委智能电网联合基金重点项目(U2066201)
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2024年第42卷第2期
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  • 接收时间:2023-08-20
  • 首发时间:2025-07-22
  • 出版时间:2024-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-20
基金
基金委智能电网联合基金重点项目(U2066201)
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    1 国网四川省电力公司 四川 成都 610041
    2 清华大学 电机工程与应用电子技术系 北京 100084
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多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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