Article(id=1152989162761348049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1152989160404144205, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1673107200000, receivedDateStr=2023-01-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752823637905, onlineDateStr=2025-07-18, pubDate=1737302400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752823637905, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752823637905, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752823637905, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1152989160404144205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, year='2025', volume='43', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='142', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1752823637343, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753694506642, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156641851038884698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1152989160404144205, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156641851038884699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1152989160404144205, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=54, endPage=60, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1152989163105280979, articleId=1152989162761348049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, language=EN, title=Airfoil optimized design of vertical axis wind turbine considering variable pitch angle, columnId=null, journalTitle=Renewable Energy Resources, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The pitch Angle is generally set to a fixed value in the design of vertical axis wind airfoil, which leads to the problem that the aerodynamic performance of the airfoil can't be fully utilized. In this paper, a design method of vertical axis wind turbine considering variable pitch Angle is proposed and applied to airfoil optimization. Then, based on the braking cylinder theory, the power coefficient is iteratively calculated, and the maximum power coefficient is directly taken as the objective function, and the profile and pitch Angle distribution are optimized by using genetic algorithm coupled with RFOIL software. Finally, the new airfoil VAWT250 of vertical axis wind turbine is optimized. Compared with the reference airfoil AIR001, the optimization results show that the aerodynamic performance of the new airfoil is significantly improved under both smooth and rough conditions, especially under rough conditions, the maximum lift coefficient and liftdrag ratio are increased by 16.1% and 17.1% respectively. Under rough conditions, the maximum power coefficient of the wind turbine is increased by 6.81% considering the pitch Angle. The results have a certain guiding significance for the optimal design of vertical axis wind turbine airfoil.

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针对设计垂直轴风力机翼型时普遍将俯仰角(6)设定为固定值,导致不能很好地发挥翼型的气动性能的问题,文章首先提出了一种考虑可变 6 的垂直轴风力机设计方法,并将其应用于翼型优化;然后,基于制动圆柱理论不断迭代计算其功率系数(C。),以极大功率系数直接作为目标函数,利用遗传算法耦合 RFOIL 软件优化翼型廓线与6,分布;最后,优化得到垂直轴风力机新翼型 VAWT250。与参考翼型 AIR001 相比,无论是光滑条件,还是粗糙条件,新翼型的气动性能具有明显提升,尤其是粗糙条件,其最大升力系数与升阻比分别提升了16.1%和17.1%;在粗糙条件下,考虑俯仰角时,风力机的最大C,提高了 6.81%。该结果对垂直轴风力机翼型的优化设计具有一定的指导意义。

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陈戈(1989-),男,博士,讲师,研究方向为数字微流控、风力发电机的空气动力学性能。E-mail:
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印四华(1983-),男,博士,讲师,研究方向为智能制造、风力发电机智能运维与优化。E-mail:

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印四华(1983-),男,博士,讲师,研究方向为智能制造、风力发电机智能运维与优化。E-mail:

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articleId=1152989162761348049, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=翼型), Keyword(id=1159145488294727775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152989162761348049, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=俯仰角), Keyword(id=1159145488424751200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152989162761348049, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=制动圆柱理论), Keyword(id=1159145488470888545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152989162761348049, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=功率系数)], refs=[Reference(id=1159145490714841219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152989162761348049, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=39, issue=null, pageStart=1214, pageEnd=1225, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=Borg M, Shires A, Collu M, journalName=Renewable Sustainable Energy Reviews, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Borg M, Shires A, Collu M. 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Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, 2003, 125(4): 488-496., articleTitle=Summary of the Delft University wind turbine dedicated airfoils, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1159145490471571584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152989162761348049, awardId=360302022202, language=CN, fundingSource=广东海洋大学科研启动经费资助项目(360302022202), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1159145490526097537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152989162761348049, awardId=2024B01062, language=CN, fundingSource=湛江市科技计划项目(2024B01062), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1159145490605789314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152989162761348049, awardId=51975190, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金面上项目(51975190), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1159145486214352942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152989162761348049, xref=1, 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设计变量 最大值 最小值 设计变量 最大值 最小值
${P}_{1}$ 0.1 0.02 ${P}_{6}$ -0.05 -0.4
${P}_{2}$ 0.2 0.05 ${P}_{7}$ -0.05 -0.3
${P}_{3}$ 0.3 0.1 ${P}_{8}$ 0.05 -0.05
${P}_{4}$ 0.3 0.05 ${\theta }_{\mathrm{p}}/\left( {}^{ \circ }\right)$ 20 -20
${P}_{5}$ -0.05 -0.3
), ArticleFig(id=1159145489943089273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152989162761348049, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=设计变量范围, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设计变量 最大值 最小值 设计变量 最大值 最小值
${P}_{1}$ 0.1 0.02 ${P}_{6}$ -0.05 -0.4
${P}_{2}$ 0.2 0.05 ${P}_{7}$ -0.05 -0.3
${P}_{3}$ 0.3 0.1 ${P}_{8}$ 0.05 -0.05
${P}_{4}$ 0.3 0.05 ${\theta }_{\mathrm{p}}/\left( {}^{ \circ }\right)$ 20 -20
${P}_{5}$ -0.05 -0.3
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参数 数值 参数 数值
叶片数 $B$ /个 3 设计叶尖速比 $\lambda$ 4
风轮半径 $R/\mathrm{m}$ 3.6 来流风速 ${V}_{\infty }/\mathrm{m} \cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$ 15
风轮实度 ${3c}/{2R}$ 0.1 转速 $\omega /\mathrm{{rad}} \cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$ 20
$\rho /\mathrm{g} \cdot {\mathrm{{cm}}}^{-3}$ 1.225 ${Re}$ $6 \times {10}^{6}$
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参数 数值 参数 数值
叶片数 $B$ /个 3 设计叶尖速比 $\lambda$ 4
风轮半径 $R/\mathrm{m}$ 3.6 来流风速 ${V}_{\infty }/\mathrm{m} \cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$ 15
风轮实度 ${3c}/{2R}$ 0.1 转速 $\omega /\mathrm{{rad}} \cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$ 20
$\rho /\mathrm{g} \cdot {\mathrm{{cm}}}^{-3}$ 1.225 ${Re}$ $6 \times {10}^{6}$
), ArticleFig(id=1159145490119250044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152989162761348049, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=Aerodynamic parameters comparisons of VAWT airfoils, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
翼型名称 光滑条件 粗糙条件
AIR001 1.436 124.212 1.336 78.032
VAWT250 1.609 128.756 1.551 91.367
), ArticleFig(id=1159145490173775997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152989162761348049, language=CN, label=表 3, caption=垂直轴翼型关键气动参数对比, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
翼型名称 光滑条件 粗糙条件
AIR001 1.436 124.212 1.336 78.032
VAWT250 1.609 128.756 1.551 91.367
), ArticleFig(id=1159145490228301950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152989162761348049, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=Comparison of maximum power coefficient between VAWT250 and AIR001, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
条件 提升百分比
AIR001 翼型 VAWT250 翼型
光滑条件 0.5251 0.546 8 4.13
粗糙条件 0.4854 0.5184 6.81
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条件 提升百分比
AIR001 翼型 VAWT250 翼型
光滑条件 0.5251 0.546 8 4.13
粗糙条件 0.4854 0.5184 6.81
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考虑可变俯仰角的垂直轴风力机翼型优化设计方法
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印四华 1 , 朱成就 2 , 莫抒志 1 , 张明康 1 , 汪泉 3 , 陈戈 4
可再生能源 | 2025,43(1): 54-60
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可再生能源 | 2025, 43(1): 54-60
考虑可变俯仰角的垂直轴风力机翼型优化设计方法
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印四华1 , 朱成就2, 莫抒志1, 张明康1, 汪泉3, 陈戈4
作者信息
  • 1 广东海洋大学 机械与能源工程学院 广东 阳江 529500
  • 2 佛山市南海区广工大数控装备协同创新研究院 广东 佛山 528225
  • 3 湖北工业大学 机械工程学院 湖北 武汉 430068
  • 4 广东海洋大学 机械工程学院 广东 湛江 524088
  • 印四华(1983-),男,博士,讲师,研究方向为智能制造、风力发电机智能运维与优化。E-mail:

通讯作者:

陈戈(1989-),男,博士,讲师,研究方向为数字微流控、风力发电机的空气动力学性能。E-mail:
Airfoil optimized design of vertical axis wind turbine considering variable pitch angle
Sihua Yin1 , Chengjiu Zhu2, Shuzhi Mo1, Mingkang Zhang1, Quan Wang3, Ge Chen4
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Mechanical and Energy Engineering Guangdong Ocean University Yangjiang 529500 China
  • 2 CNC Equipment Cooperative Innovation Institute Foshan Nanhai Guangdong Technology University Foshan 528225 China
  • 3 School of Mechanical Engineering Hubei University of Technology Wuhan 430068 China
  • 4 School of Mechanical Engineering Guangdong Ocean University Zhanjiang 524088 China
出版时间: 2025-01-20
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针对设计垂直轴风力机翼型时普遍将俯仰角(6)设定为固定值,导致不能很好地发挥翼型的气动性能的问题,文章首先提出了一种考虑可变 6 的垂直轴风力机设计方法,并将其应用于翼型优化;然后,基于制动圆柱理论不断迭代计算其功率系数(C。),以极大功率系数直接作为目标函数,利用遗传算法耦合 RFOIL 软件优化翼型廓线与6,分布;最后,优化得到垂直轴风力机新翼型 VAWT250。与参考翼型 AIR001 相比,无论是光滑条件,还是粗糙条件,新翼型的气动性能具有明显提升,尤其是粗糙条件,其最大升力系数与升阻比分别提升了16.1%和17.1%;在粗糙条件下,考虑俯仰角时,风力机的最大C,提高了 6.81%。该结果对垂直轴风力机翼型的优化设计具有一定的指导意义。

垂直轴风力机  /  翼型  /  俯仰角  /  制动圆柱理论  /  功率系数

The pitch Angle is generally set to a fixed value in the design of vertical axis wind airfoil, which leads to the problem that the aerodynamic performance of the airfoil can't be fully utilized. In this paper, a design method of vertical axis wind turbine considering variable pitch Angle is proposed and applied to airfoil optimization. Then, based on the braking cylinder theory, the power coefficient is iteratively calculated, and the maximum power coefficient is directly taken as the objective function, and the profile and pitch Angle distribution are optimized by using genetic algorithm coupled with RFOIL software. Finally, the new airfoil VAWT250 of vertical axis wind turbine is optimized. Compared with the reference airfoil AIR001, the optimization results show that the aerodynamic performance of the new airfoil is significantly improved under both smooth and rough conditions, especially under rough conditions, the maximum lift coefficient and liftdrag ratio are increased by 16.1% and 17.1% respectively. Under rough conditions, the maximum power coefficient of the wind turbine is increased by 6.81% considering the pitch Angle. The results have a certain guiding significance for the optimal design of vertical axis wind turbine airfoil.

vertical axis wind turbine  /  airfoil  /  pitch angle  /  brake cylinder theory  /  power factor
印四华, 朱成就, 莫抒志, 张明康, 汪泉, 陈戈. 考虑可变俯仰角的垂直轴风力机翼型优化设计方法. 可再生能源, 2025 , 43 (1) : 54 -60 .
Sihua Yin, Chengjiu Zhu, Shuzhi Mo, Mingkang Zhang, Quan Wang, Ge Chen. Airfoil optimized design of vertical axis wind turbine considering variable pitch angle[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2025 , 43 (1) : 54 -60 .
水平轴风力机(HAWT)被广泛应用于陆地及海上发电,而垂直轴风力机 (VAWT) 没有得到广泛的应用。为了实现与常见的 HAWT 相同的竞争力, 提高风轮性能是 VAWT 商业化的关键。有研究人员表示, VAWT 可以实现与当前 HAWT 一致的最大功率系数 ${\left( {C}_{\mathrm{p}}\right) }$ [ 1 ] ,甚至有可能降低城市应用或大型海上风电场的能源成本 [ 2 ]
VAWT 翼型的设计与变桨俯仰控制对功率特性的提高尤为重要。文献[ 3 ]研究了 $\mathrm{H}$ 型 VAWT 气动性能目标函数的推导过程, 并利用遗传算法对 VAWT 翼型进行了研究,在固定俯仰角 $\left( {\theta }_{\mathrm{p}}\right)$ 的情况下,其最大 ${C}_{\mathrm{p}}$ 可达 0.52。文献[ 4 ]研究了对称翼型对 VAWT 功率性能的影响, 结果表明, 叶尖速比、翼型的厚度及最大厚度所处的位置均对 VAWT 的功率特性有影响。文献[ 5 ]采用反应面优化方法对某 VAWT 叶片进行了优化设计, 发现在风轮叶尖端实施优化小翼可显著提高风轮的平均 ${C}_{\mathrm{p}}$ 。文献[ 6 ]研究了 VAWT 气动性能与桨距角之间的关系,发现 $\mathrm{{VAWT}}$${C}_{\mathrm{p}}$ 在桨距角为 $- {2}^{ \circ }$ 时最大。文献[ 7 ]对 VAWT 叶片的桨距角进行了优化, 结果表明,其平均 ${C}_{\mathrm{p}}$ 可达 0.317,通过控制 ${\theta }_{\mathrm{p}}$ 可减少流体分离。文献[ 8 ]基于计算流体力学(CFD) 高精度模拟工具分析了风力机实度和叶尖速比保持不变时, $\mathrm{C}$ 型叶片和初始安装角对 VAWT 的影响, 发现正安装角有利于减小风力机推力幅值并延长风力机使用寿命, 合适的安装角可减小阻力系数, 获得更佳的气动特性。文献[ 9 ]提出了一种 VAWT 叶片攻角 $\left( \alpha \right)$ 的调节方法,通过调节 $\alpha$ 分布可使其最大 ${C}_{\mathrm{p}}$ 提高 ${11.03}\%$ 。文献[ 10 ]提出了广泛 $\alpha$ 情况下的 VAWT 翼型优化设计方法,相比参考风力机,新翼型使得 VAWT 最大 ${C}_{\mathrm{p}}$ 提高了 8.45%。然而,已开展的对 VAWT 翼型参数及变桨 ${\theta }_{\mathrm{p}}$ 的研究,大都忽略了翼型设计过程中 ${\theta }_{\mathrm{p}}$ 变化的影响,即大都是针对固定 ${\theta }_{\mathrm{p}}$ 时的翼型参数优化, 使得设计出来的翼型不能最大限度地发挥气动性能。
本文提出了考虑可变 ${\theta }_{\mathrm{p}}$ 的 VAWT 翼型设计方法, 同时, 不以翼型的升阻比或切向力系数作为目标函数, 而是基于二维制动圆柱理论不断迭代计算其 ${C}_{\mathrm{p}}$ ,直接以设计叶尖速比条件下的最大 ${C}_{\mathrm{p}}$ 作为目标函数。采用 $\mathrm{B}$ 样条函数来表达翼型曲线,编制多目标遗传算法优化程序并结合 RFOIL 软件对 VAWT 翼型进行优化设计,从 ${\theta }_{\mathrm{p}}$ 分布、 $\alpha$ 变化及最大 ${C}_{\mathrm{p}}$ 对优化结果进行分析与评价。
制动圆柱模型 ${\left( \mathrm{{ACM}}\right) }$ [ 11 ] 与叶素动量理论一维模型不同,该模型用二维圆柱表面来描述 (图 1), 法向力 $\left( {F}_{n}\right)$ 和切向力 $\left( {F}_{t}\right)$ 作用于圆柱体表面, ${F}_{n}$ 的存在使压力沿着圆柱面产生压力跃变, 功率可由作用在圆柱边界层上的压力跃变和相对速度计算。
主要计算过程如下。
①将圆柱面沿着方位角 $\left( \theta \right)$ 离散成 $N$ 等分, 文献[ 11 ]认为 36 个控制点足以获得精确的解。
②计算风轮上每个控制点的影响系数 $\left( {R}_{ux}\right.$ , $\left. {R}_{wy}\right)$
${R}_{{wx}, j, i} = - {\int }_{{\theta }_{i} - {0.5\theta }}^{{\theta }_{i} + {0.5\theta }}\frac{-\left( {x + \sin \theta }\right) \sin \theta + \left( {y - \cos \theta }\right) \cos \theta }{{\left( x + \sin \theta \right) }^{2} + {\left( y - \cos \theta \right) }^{2}}\mathrm{\;d}\theta$
${R}_{{wy}, j, i} = - {\int }_{{\theta }_{i} - {0.5\theta }}^{{\theta }_{i} + {0.5\theta }}\frac{-\left( {x + \sin \theta }\right) \cos \theta + \left( {y - \cos \theta }\right) \sin \theta }{{\left( x + \sin \theta \right) }^{2} + {\left( y - \cos \theta \right) }^{2}}\mathrm{\;d}\theta$
③通过不断迭代,计算每个控制点的诱导速度 $\left( {{w}_{x},{w}_{y}}\right)$
首先,分别计算法向速度 ${V}_{n}$ 和切向速度 ${V}_{t}$
${V}_{n} = {V}_{\infty }\sin \theta + {V}_{\infty }\left( {{w}_{x}\sin \theta - {w}_{y}\cos \theta }\right)$
${V}_{t} = - {V}_{\infty }\cos \theta - {V}_{\infty }\left( {{w}_{x}\cos \theta + {w}_{y}\sin \theta }\right) - {V}_{\infty }\lambda$
式中: ${V}_{\infty }$ 为来流风速; $\lambda$ 为叶尖速比。
相对速度 ${V}_{\text{rel }}$$\alpha$ 分别为
${V}_{\mathrm{{rel}}} = \sqrt{{V}_{n}^{2} + {V}_{t}^{2}}$
$\alpha = - \left( {\frac{{V}_{n}}{{V}_{t}} + {\theta }_{\mathrm{p}}}\right)$
本文将 ${\theta }_{\mathrm{p}}$ 作为优化设计变量参数。
${F}_{n}$${F}_{t}$ 分别为
${F}_{n} = {0.5\rho }{V}_{\mathrm{{rel}}}^{2}c\left( {{C}_{\mathrm{l}}\cos \alpha + {C}_{\mathrm{d}}\sin \alpha }\right)$
${F}_{t} = {0.5\rho }{V}_{\mathrm{{rel}}}^{2}c\left( {{C}_{\mathrm{l}}\sin \alpha - {C}_{\mathrm{d}}\cos \alpha }\right)$
式中: $\rho$ 为空气密度; $c$ 为叶片弦长; ${C}_{1}$ 为翼型升力系数; ${C}_{\mathrm{d}}$ 为翼型阻力系数。
法向力系数 ${Q}_{n}$ 和切向力系数 ${Q}_{t}$ 分别为
${Q}_{n} = B\frac{{F}_{n}\cos {\theta }_{\mathrm{p}} - {F}_{t}\sin {\theta }_{\mathrm{p}}}{{2\pi R}\rho {V}_{\infty }^{2}}$
${Q}_{t} = B\frac{{F}_{n}\sin {\theta }_{\mathrm{p}} - {F}_{t}\cos {\theta }_{\mathrm{p}}}{{2\pi R}\rho {V}_{\infty }^{2}}$
式中: $B$ 为叶片数量。
由此,可以计算出第 $j$ 节点的 $x$ 轴方向的诱导速度 ${w}_{x}\left( j\right)$
${w}_{x}\left( j\right) = \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{N}{Q}_{n, i}{R}_{ux}\left( {i, j}\right) - {Q}_{n, j}^{ * } + {Q}_{n, N - j}^{* * }$
如果控制点位于制动圆柱面内,则第 $j$ 节点的法向力 ${Q}_{n, j}^{ * }$ 添加到计算中; 如果控制点位于制动圆柱面外,则第 $N - j$ 节点的法向力 ${Q}_{n, N - j}^{* * }$ 添加到计算中。
进一步可求出第 $j$ 节点的 $y$ 轴方向的诱导速度 ${w}_{y}\left( j\right)$
${w}_{y}\left( j\right) = \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{N}{Q}_{n, i}{R}_{wy}\left( {i, j}\right)$
图 2 为 VAWT 叶片受力分析图。
④计算风轮的推力系数 ${C}_{\mathrm{T} \circ }$
${C}_{\mathrm{T}} = {\int }_{0}^{2\pi }\left( {{Q}_{n}\sin \theta - {Q}_{t}\cos \theta }\right) \mathrm{d}\theta$
⑤计算修正因子 ${k}_{a}$
${k}_{a} = 1/\left( {1 - a}\right)$
式中: $a$ 为轴向因子, $a = {0.0892}{C}_{\mathrm{T}}^{3} + {0.0544}{C}_{\mathrm{T}}^{2} +$ ${0.2511}{C}_{\mathrm{T}} - {0.0017}$
⑥将修正因子与诱导速度 $\left( {{w}_{x},{w}_{y}}\right)$ 相乘,并检查其收敛性。
⑦收敛后可计算 ${C}_{\mathrm{p}}$
${C}_{\mathrm{p}} = \frac{1}{2\pi }\frac{{\int }_{0}^{2\pi }B\left( {{F}_{t}\cos {\theta }_{\mathrm{p}} + {F}_{n}\sin {\theta }_{\mathrm{p}}}\right) \omega \mathrm{d}\theta }{\rho {V}_{\infty }^{3}}$
式中: $\omega$ 为旋转风轮的角速度。
VAWT 翼型可以用 B 样条曲线表示。
${P}_{k, n}\left( \mathbf{t}\right) = \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{k = 0}}^{n}{P}_{i + k}{G}_{i, n}\left( \mathbf{t}\right) \;\mathbf{t} \in \left\lbrack {0,1}\right\rbrack$
式中: $i = 0,1,2,\ldots , n$${P}_{i + k}$ 为控制点; $t$ 为节点矢量; ${G}_{i, n}\left( \mathbf{t}\right)$$n$ 次基函数。
${G}_{i, n}\left( \mathbf{t}\right) = \frac{1}{n!}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 0}}^{{n - i}}{\left( -1\right) }^{j}{C}_{n + 1}^{j}{\left( \mathbf{t} + n - i - j\right) }^{n} \\ t \in \left\lbrack {0,1}\right\rbrack \;i = 0,1,\cdots , n$
三次均匀 B 样条函数的基函数为
$\left\{ \begin{array}{l} {G}_{0,3}\left( t\right) = \frac{1}{6}\left( {-{t}^{3} + 3{t}^{2} - {3t} + 1}\right) \\ {G}_{1,3}\left( t\right) = \frac{1}{6}\left( {3{t}^{3} - 3{t}^{2} + 4}\right) \\ {G}_{2,3}\left( t\right) = \frac{1}{6}\left( {-3{t}^{3} + 3{t}^{2} + {3t} + 1}\right) \;t \in \left\lbrack {0,1}\right\rbrack \\ {G}_{3,3}\left( t\right) = \frac{1}{6}{t}^{3} \end{array}\right.$
将式(18)代入式(16),并将 B 样条函数转化成矩阵。
${\mathbf{G}}_{0,3}\left( \mathbf{t}\right) = \frac{1}{6}\left\lbrack \begin{array}{llll} 1 & t & {t}^{2} & {t}^{3} \end{array}\right\rbrack \left\lbrack \begin{matrix} 1 & 4 & 1 & 0 \\ - 3 & 0 & 3 & 0 \\ 3 & - 6 & 3 & 0 \\ - 1 & 3 & - 3 & 1 \end{matrix}\right\rbrack \left\lbrack \begin{array}{l} {P}_{0} \\ {P}_{1} \\ {P}_{2} \\ {P}_{3} \end{array}\right\rbrack \\ t \in \left\lbrack {0,1}\right\rbrack$
式中: ${P}_{0},{P}_{1},{P}_{2},{P}_{3}$ 均为控制点; $t$$\mathrm{B}$ 样条曲线的横坐标等分参数。
通过选取适当的控制点, 并将翼型分成上、下两条曲线, 将曲线首尾设置成固定的点, 即可表达翼型外形。一般翼型 $\mathrm{B}$ 样条表达曲线如图 3 所示。
文献[ 3 ]指出 VAWT 功率的提升与整个$\theta$的叶片翼型升阻比有关, 并推导出了垂直轴翼型优化目标函数。本文直接以 VAWT 功率系数作为优化目标函数, 其表达式为
$F = \max \left\lbrack {C}_{\mathrm{p}}\right\rbrack = \max \left\lbrack {\frac{1}{2\pi }\frac{{\int }_{0}^{2\pi }B\left( {{F}_{t}\cos {\theta }_{\mathrm{p}} + {F}_{n}\sin {\theta }_{\mathrm{p}}}\right) \omega \mathrm{d}\theta }{\rho {V}_{\infty }^{3}}}\right\rbrack$
考虑到${\theta }_{\mathrm{p}}$的变化,本文将${\theta }_{\mathrm{p}}$设置为$- {20}^{ \circ } \sim$${20}^{ \circ }$
由于 VAWT 叶片经常受粉尘、风沙及雨水的清浊,将影响叶片的气动性能。在设计翼型时,须考虑这一因素。考虑叶片翼型光滑条件${F}_{\text{free }}$和粗糙条件${F}_{\text{fixed }}$下 VAWT 气动性能的提升,最终目标函数为
${F}_{\mathrm{{obj}}} = \max \left\lbrack {w{F}_{\text{free }} + \left( {1 - w}\right) {F}_{\text{fixed }}}\right\rbrack \;w = {0.25}$
由于首尾曲线为固定点,因此,选取上、下翼面各 4 个点作为设计变量。同时,${\theta }_{\mathrm{p}}$的变化对 VAWT 的功率特性影响较大,将${\theta }_{\mathrm{p}}$作为设计变量。因此,总计有 9 个设计变量。
$X = \left( {{P}_{1},{P}_{2},{P}_{3},{P}_{4},{P}_{5},{P}_{6},{P}_{7},{P}_{8},{\theta }_{\mathrm{p}}}\right)$
为了生成翼型的曲线及提高 VAWT 的功率特性,将翼型上、下曲线及${\theta }_{\mathrm{p}}$进行约束。
${X}_{\min } \leq X \leq {X}_{\max }$
具体约束范围见表 1
除了翼型气动外形外,还须考虑叶片厚度,因为叶片厚度直接决定了叶片的刚度特性。本文拟设计出相对厚度为 25%的翼型。
本文采用遗传算法优化 VAWT 的翼型,其优化流程如图 4 所示。基于制动圆柱理论模型,通过$\theta ,\alpha$${\theta }_{\mathrm{p}}$之间的耦合关系,编程实现目标函数及功率特性的计算。在优化设计过程中, 通过不断调用 RFOIL [ 12 ] 软件计算翼型在设计$\alpha$$- {20} \sim$${20}^{ \circ }$、雷诺数${Re}$$6 \times {10}^{6}$边界条件下的${C}_{1}$${C}_{\mathrm{d}}$
$\mathrm{H}$ 型 VAWT 叶片的设计输入参数如表 2 所示。
将 RFOIL 计算翼型的气动参数作为已知条件, 代入到制动圆柱理论模型中, 通过不断迭代求解计算诱导速度及修正因子,直到收敛,并计算 ${C}_{\mathrm{p}}$ 。将计算出的 ${C}_{\mathrm{p}}$ 作为适应度值,在遗传算法优化迭代过程中不断更新,最终迭代 300 次,目标函数趋于收敛 (图 5), 优化得到的新翼型几何廓线如图 6 所示。新翼型命名为 VAWT250, 将优化结果与文献 [ 3 ] 中的 25%厚度翼型 AIR001 进行对比。
图 6 可知, VAWT250 较趋于对称翼型,翼型的弯度小于 AIR001 翼型,翼型前缘半径大于 AIR001 翼型。
为了详细分析 VAWT250 与 AIR001 翼型的气动性能,利用 RFOIL 计算 ${Re}$$6 \times {10}^{6}$ ,马赫数 ${Ma}$ 为 0.15 的边界条件下的气动参数,结果如图 7,8 所示。
VAWT 翼型的关键空气动力性能参数见表 3
图 7,8表 3 可知: 在光滑条件下, VAWT250 的 ${C}_{1,\max }$$L/{D}_{,\max }$ 分别为 1.609 和 128.756,相比于 AIR001 翼型,分别提高了 12.0%和 3.7%; 在粗糙条件下, VAWT250 的 ${C}_{1,\max }$$L/{D}_{,\max }$ 分别为 1.551 和 91.367, 相比于 AIR001 翼型, 分别提高了 16.1%和 17.1%。由此可见,在粗糙条件下, VAWT250 的气动性能提升明显,主要原因是, 在翼型目标函数中, 粗糙条件下的权重因子占比大, VAWT250 更有利于提升粗糙工况下的气动性能。
为了深入分析 VAWT250 及 ${\theta }_{\mathrm{p}}$ 参数对 VAWT 功率特性的影响,本文绘制了优化 ${\theta }_{\mathrm{p}}$ 与固定 ${\theta }_{\mathrm{p}}$$\theta$ 的变化曲线(图 9)。
图 9 可知,当初始固定 ${\theta }_{\mathrm{p}}$${0}^{ \circ }$ 时,在 $\theta$$0 \sim {180}^{ \circ }$ (上风向区域),优化 ${\theta }_{\mathrm{p}}$ 变化范围较大,在 $\theta$${180} \sim {360}^{ \circ }$ (下风向区域),优化 ${\theta }_{\mathrm{p}}$ 变化范围较小。主要原因在于上风向区域是风机功率主要贡献区域,可以不断调整 ${\theta }_{\mathrm{p}}$ 使得 VAWT 功率最优。
图 10 为优化 $\alpha$ 与原始 $\alpha$$\theta$ 的变化曲线。
在上风向区域, 两者的差别较大, 在下风向区域,两者的差别较小。其主要原因在于 ${\theta }_{\mathrm{p}}$ 的改变引起的 $\alpha$ 不同。
同时优化翼型和 ${\theta }_{\mathrm{p}}$ 使得 VAWT 功率特性显著提升。图 11${C}_{\mathrm{p}}$ 随叶尖速比 $\lambda$ 的变化曲线。表 4 为 VAWT250 与 AIR001 翼型最大 ${C}_{\mathrm{p}}$ 对比。
图 11表 4 可知: 在光滑条件下, VAWT250 的最大 ${C}_{\mathrm{p}}$ 为 0.5468,提升了 ${4.13}\%$ ;在粗糙条件下, VAWT250 的最大 ${C}_{\mathrm{p}}$ 为 0.5184,提升了 6.81%。由此可见,结合制动圆柱理论模型与 $\mathrm{B}$ 样条翼型表达方法,本文提出的考虑 ${\theta }_{\mathrm{p}}$ 变化的翼型优化设计显著提高了 VAWT 的气动性能。
本文建立了一种考虑可变 ${\theta }_{\mathrm{p}}$ 的翼型设计数学模型,用于 $\mathrm{H}$ 型 VAWT 的翼型优化。基于 ACM 理论, 通过不断迭代、收敛, 求解诱导速度与轴向因子,从而计算 VAWT 的功率性能。采用B 样条函数表示 VAWT 的翼型曲线, 并利用 RFOIL 软件计算翼型的空气动力性能。最终,将 ACM 理论、 翼型参数化表达及 RFOIL 耦合到多目标遗传算法中,通过不断优化得到气动性能俱佳的 VAWT 翼型及可变 ${\theta }_{\mathrm{p}}$ 分布。
与固定 ${\theta }_{\mathrm{p}}$ 风力机相比,可变 ${\theta }_{\mathrm{p}}$ 风力机的 $\alpha$ 分布更均匀。相比 ARI001 翼型, 优化后的 VAWT250 翼型几乎是对称的,这也是 $\alpha$ 分布接近对称的直接结果。与 AIR001 翼型及参考 VAWT 相比, VAWT250 表现出更高的气动性能。引入可变 ${\theta }_{\mathrm{p}}$ 可以增加风力机的 ${C}_{\mathrm{p}}$ ,表明VAWT250 翼型的效率有所提高。在 ${C}_{\mathrm{p}}$ 方面,优化后的 VAWT250 翼型及 ${\theta }_{\mathrm{p}}$ 变化优于参考翼型与固定 ${\theta }_{\mathrm{p}}$
  • 广东海洋大学科研启动经费资助项目(360302022202)
  • 湛江市科技计划项目(2024B01062)
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(51975190)
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  • 接收时间:2023-01-08
  • 首发时间:2025-07-18
  • 出版时间:2025-01-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-01-08
基金
广东海洋大学科研启动经费资助项目(360302022202)
湛江市科技计划项目(2024B01062)
国家自然科学基金面上项目(51975190)
作者信息
    1 广东海洋大学 机械与能源工程学院 广东 阳江 529500
    2 佛山市南海区广工大数控装备协同创新研究院 广东 佛山 528225
    3 湖北工业大学 机械工程学院 湖北 武汉 430068
    4 广东海洋大学 机械工程学院 广东 湛江 524088

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陈戈(1989-),男,博士,讲师,研究方向为数字微流控、风力发电机的空气动力学性能。E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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