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Aiming at the problem that the random fluctuation of new energy output in new energy power grid leads to the large demand for system flexibility and the imbalance between supply and demand of flexibility, this paper proposes a robust optimization planning method for electric – hydrogen energy storage in new energy power grid considering flexibility. Firstly, the operation characteristics of electrohydrogen conversion facilities and electrohydrogen energy storage facilities in the new energy grid are analyzed, and the electrohydrogen energy coupling model is established. Secondly, the characteristics of flexibility demand and flexibility supply capacity after the introduction of electrohydrogen energy storage are analyzed, and the flexibility margin index of new energy power grid considering electrohydrogen energy storage is established. Then, with the goal of minimizing the cost, a robust optimization planning model for the distribution of electricityhydrogen energy storage in new energy power grids considering flexibility is established. Finally, through the simulation of IEEE 33 node system, it is verified that the proposed method can determine the configuration capacity of electrohydrogen energy storage in new energy power grid and improve the flexible adjustment ability of new energy power grid system.

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针对新能源电网中新能源出力随机波动导致系统灵活性需求较大、灵活性供需失衡的问题,文章提出一种考虑灵活性的新能源电网电氢储能鲁棒优化规划方法。首先,分析新能源电网内电氢转换设施和电氢储能设施运行特性,建立电氢能量耦合模型;其次,分析电网引入电氢储能后的灵活性需求与灵活性供给能力特性,建立考虑电氢储能的新能源电网灵活性裕度指标;再次,以成本最小为目标,建立了考虑灵活性的新能源电网电氢储能分布鲁棒优化规划模型;最后,通过 IEEE 33 节点系统进行算例仿真,验证了文章所提方法能够确定新能源电网电氢储能的配置容量,提高新能源电网系统灵活性的调节能力。

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吉星(1988-),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事电网运行规划分析研究工作。E-mail:

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吉星(1988-),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事电网运行规划分析研究工作。E-mail:

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吉星(1988-),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事电网运行规划分析研究工作。E-mail:

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keyword=氢储能), Keyword(id=1159145332572795385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152989162404832208, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=鲁棒优化)], refs=[Reference(id=1159145333894001165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152989162404832208, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=习近平, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=习近平. 在第七十五届联合国大会一般性辩论上的讲话[N]. 人民日报, 2020-09-23., articleTitle=在第七十五届联合国大会一般性辩论上的讲话, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1159145333940138510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152989162404832208, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=40, issue=5, pageStart=675, pageEnd=682, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=1, authorNames=唐建兴, 霍勇, 刘明顺, journalName=可再生能源, refType=null, unstructuredReference=唐建兴, 霍勇, 刘明顺, 等. 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figureFileSmall=hN9Okd7RG1uvC9GWXunZGA==, figureFileBig=DgVzAdH4HCVaZvEkfaf/Ww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159145333231301124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152989162404832208, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Up-adjustment flexibility margin indicators for the three schemes, figureFileSmall=/eLjK5ROJ4EYLdZ8kimAgw==, figureFileBig=HVP/ZQJ5EGy1YDtXSqQc7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159145333285827077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152989162404832208, language=CN, label=图 6, caption=3 种方案的上调灵活性裕度指标, figureFileSmall=/eLjK5ROJ4EYLdZ8kimAgw==, figureFileBig=HVP/ZQJ5EGy1YDtXSqQc7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159145333336158726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152989162404832208, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Up-adjustment flexibility margin indicators for the three schemes, figureFileSmall=TMP7f+LQ9Wq9vyI5DaG4sg==, figureFileBig=Of46cg9u8lOI9cBnHKaTLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159145333399073287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152989162404832208, language=CN, label=图 7, caption=3 种方案的下调灵活性裕度指标, figureFileSmall=TMP7f+LQ9Wq9vyI5DaG4sg==, figureFileBig=Of46cg9u8lOI9cBnHKaTLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159145333491347976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152989162404832208, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Optimized configuration results of EHSS, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 安装节点 电解槽/kW 电池储能/kW 燃料电池/kW
方案 2 8 183 164 130
10 164 120
13 117
17 131 170
方案 3 6 237
9 243 137
11 143
19 134 270 134
), ArticleFig(id=1159145333545873929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152989162404832208, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=电一氢储能优化配置结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 安装节点 电解槽/kW 电池储能/kW 燃料电池/kW
方案 2 8 183 164 130
10 164 120
13 117
17 131 170
方案 3 6 237
9 243 137
11 143
19 134 270 134
), ArticleFig(id=1159145333604594186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152989162404832208, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Economic indicators 万元, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 综合成本 投资成本 运行成本 灵活性成本
方案 1 3636.1 0 976.1 2 673.1
方案 2 5879.1 2046.4 1061.4 1123.4
方案 3 3249.4 1101.1 1976.2 378.9
), ArticleFig(id=1159145333684285963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152989162404832208, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=经济性指标, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 综合成本 投资成本 运行成本 灵活性成本
方案 1 3636.1 0 976.1 2 673.1
方案 2 5879.1 2046.4 1061.4 1123.4
方案 3 3249.4 1101.1 1976.2 378.9
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考虑灵活性的新能源电网电-氢储能优化规划方法
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吉星 1 , 侯依昕 1 , 白坚实 1 , 张玫珊 1 , 蒋海玮 1 , 叶鹏 2
可再生能源 | 2025,43(1): 107-114
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可再生能源 | 2025, 43(1): 107-114
考虑灵活性的新能源电网电-氢储能优化规划方法
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吉星1 , 侯依昕1, 白坚实1, 张玫珊1, 蒋海玮1, 叶鹏2
作者信息
  • 1 国网辽宁省电力有限公司 经济技术研究院 辽宁 沈阳 110000
  • 2 沈阳工程学院 辽宁 沈阳 110136
  • 吉星(1988-),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事电网运行规划分析研究工作。E-mail:

Optimal planning method for electric-hydrogen energy storage in new energy grid considering flexibility
Xing Ji1 , Yixin Hou1, Jianshi Bai1, Meishan Zhang1, Haiwei Jiang1, Peng Ye2
Affiliations
  • 1 Economic and Technological Research Institute State Grid Liaoning Electric Power Co., Ltd. Shenyang 110000 China
  • 2 Shenyang Institute of Technology Shenyang 110136 China
出版时间: 2025-01-20
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针对新能源电网中新能源出力随机波动导致系统灵活性需求较大、灵活性供需失衡的问题,文章提出一种考虑灵活性的新能源电网电氢储能鲁棒优化规划方法。首先,分析新能源电网内电氢转换设施和电氢储能设施运行特性,建立电氢能量耦合模型;其次,分析电网引入电氢储能后的灵活性需求与灵活性供给能力特性,建立考虑电氢储能的新能源电网灵活性裕度指标;再次,以成本最小为目标,建立了考虑灵活性的新能源电网电氢储能分布鲁棒优化规划模型;最后,通过 IEEE 33 节点系统进行算例仿真,验证了文章所提方法能够确定新能源电网电氢储能的配置容量,提高新能源电网系统灵活性的调节能力。

灵活性  /  新能源电网  /  电储能  /  氢储能  /  鲁棒优化

Aiming at the problem that the random fluctuation of new energy output in new energy power grid leads to the large demand for system flexibility and the imbalance between supply and demand of flexibility, this paper proposes a robust optimization planning method for electric – hydrogen energy storage in new energy power grid considering flexibility. Firstly, the operation characteristics of electrohydrogen conversion facilities and electrohydrogen energy storage facilities in the new energy grid are analyzed, and the electrohydrogen energy coupling model is established. Secondly, the characteristics of flexibility demand and flexibility supply capacity after the introduction of electrohydrogen energy storage are analyzed, and the flexibility margin index of new energy power grid considering electrohydrogen energy storage is established. Then, with the goal of minimizing the cost, a robust optimization planning model for the distribution of electricityhydrogen energy storage in new energy power grids considering flexibility is established. Finally, through the simulation of IEEE 33 node system, it is verified that the proposed method can determine the configuration capacity of electrohydrogen energy storage in new energy power grid and improve the flexible adjustment ability of new energy power grid system.

flexibility  /  new energy power grid  /  electrical energy storage  /  hydrogen energy storage  /  robust optimization
吉星, 侯依昕, 白坚实, 张玫珊, 蒋海玮, 叶鹏. 考虑灵活性的新能源电网电-氢储能优化规划方法. 可再生能源, 2025 , 43 (1) : 107 -114 .
Xing Ji, Yixin Hou, Jianshi Bai, Meishan Zhang, Haiwei Jiang, Peng Ye. Optimal planning method for electric-hydrogen energy storage in new energy grid considering flexibility[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2025 , 43 (1) : 107 -114 .
在新能源电网中,分散式、分布式风电和光伏发电具有间歇性和波动性的特点,其大规模并网给新能源电网带来了诸多不确定性 [ 1 , 2 ] 。新能源电网中的产业结构多元化, 各产业负荷具有随机性强和季节性差异较大的特点,对新能源电网优化运行提出了挑战。储能系统具有较强的蓄、供电功能且响应速度快, 能够减少可再生能源发电并网带来的不利影响, 能够为复杂动态新型电力系统多元利益主体带来较高的经济效益和社会效益 [ 3 , 4 ] 。储能产业与氢能产业相结合能够促进新型电力系统的建设, 对电力系统的低碳转型以及社会可持续发展具有重要的现实意义 [ 5 ]
可再生能源渗透率的迅速增长以及负荷类型的多样化将导致电网供需严重失衡,通过配置储能可以弥补供需之间的差异。储能规划须要考虑可再生能源发电和需求变化, 不合理的规划会对电力系统产生不利影响, 例如可能出现可再生能源削减和甩负荷的问题 [ 6 ] 。此外,储能规划模型的不准确以及源荷的不确定性可能导致投资成本过高阶。
现有文献针对储能系统的经济性进行了深入研究。文献[ 8 ]设计了基于综合因素的指标, 以定量评估储能系统的价值, 提出了一种基于经济指标决定储能位置的规划方法。文献[ 9 ]研究了储能系统对含高比例可再生能源电网可靠性的影响。部分研究针对地震等自然风险,分析了储能规划对电网可靠性的影响 [ 10 ] 。文献[ 11 ]研究了考虑自然灾害的微电网储能规划方案, 该方案能够提高配电系统的可靠性。文献[ 12 ]提出了储能系统与可控智能开关协调规划方法, 可以潜在地提高电力系统应对突发事件的能力。上述文献对储能规划方法和算法进行了充分研究, 但忽略了储能对于系统源荷供需灵活性的提升,储能因其双向调节能力能够扩大系统的向上和向下的调节, 所以应进一步研究考虑灵活性的储能规划方法。
为应对新形态电网中高渗透率的可再生能源, 学者们对考虑含电、热、气的综合能源系统规划方法进行了大量研究。文献[ 13 ]提出了多能源系统的一般结构,但是一旦能量耦合设备发生变化, 规划模型必须被人为地重新制定。文献[ 14 ]将多能源系统建成具有多层的有向无环图模型, 并通过两阶段框架共同优化多能源系统的结构和容量。 文献[ 15 ]提出了一种考虑电动汽车集成的新型综合能源系统优化配置方法, 该方法可以协同优化综合能源系统的结构和容量, 以及电动汽车的充电和放电方案。文献[ 16 ]为了平衡炯效率和经济性, 根据不同区域的能源消耗差异, 综合优化住宅区、商业区和教育区的能源设备容量。文献[ 17 ]将可靠性约束分别嵌入多个多能源系统规划以及互联线路和管道规划中,可以降低系统总成本并满足可靠性准则。上述文献对电、气、热综合能源系统规划方法进行了充分研究, 但对于电-氢能源系统的规划仅进行了初步探讨,对于电-氢能源的生产、耦合、存储特性没有进行深入分析。考虑电 - 氢能源耦合后系统的灵活性将会进一步改善, 如何在保证系统电压等安全约束的前提下, 考虑系统灵活性进行电-氢储能规划是一个至关重要的问题。
①本文构建了一种由储能电池、电解槽、燃料电池、储氢装置构成的电-氢储能(Electro-Hydrogen Energy Storage System, EHSS)系统, 分析了其能量输入、输出特性,建立了各设备的能量模型。
②从源荷角度分析新能源电网的灵活性需求, 建立电网灵活性裕度指标, 分析了基于电-氢储能与需求侧负荷为电网提供向上和向下的灵活性。
③建立了考虑灵活性的新能源电网功率-氢储能优化双层鲁棒优化规划模型。上层以电-氢储能投资成本最小为目标, 下层以新能源电网运行成本最优为目标。利用 Wasserstein 距离理论处理新能源出力的不确定性, 提出了基于储能的分布式鲁棒优化规划方法。最后, 以改进的 IEEE33 节点系统进行仿真, 验证了考虑灵活性的新能源电网电-氢储能鲁棒优化规划方法的有效性和经济性。
在对电-氢储能系统进行规划时, 应对电-氢储能的结构和特性进行分析。电-氢储能系统由储能电池 (Battery Energy Storage, BES)、电解槽 (Electric Tank, ET)、质子交换膜燃料电池 (Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell, PEMFC)、储氢系统 (Hydrogen Storage System, HES)构成。含电-氢储能系统的新能源电网结构如图 1 所示。
电-氢储能系统各设备模型如下。
①储能电池模型
${S}_{\mathrm{{ES}}, t} = {S}_{\mathrm{{ES}}, t - 1} + \left( {{\eta }_{\mathrm{c}}{P}_{\mathrm{c}, t} - \frac{{P}_{\mathrm{d}, t}}{{\eta }_{\mathrm{d}}}}\right) {\Delta t}$
式中: ${S}_{\mathrm{{ES}}, t},{S}_{\mathrm{{ES}}, t - 1}$ 分别为 $t$ 时刻、 $t - 1$ 时刻 BES 存储的总能量; ${P}_{\mathrm{c}, t},{P}_{\mathrm{d}, t}$ 分别为 BES 充、放能功率; ${\eta }_{\mathrm{c}},{\eta }_{\mathrm{d}}$ 分别为 BES 充、放能效率; ${\Delta t}$ 为时间间隔。
②电解槽模型
$\left\{ \begin{array}{l} {P}_{\mathrm{{ele}}, t} = {n}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2}, t}{H}_{\mathrm{{HHV}}} + {Q}_{\mathrm{{ele}}, t} \\ {\eta }_{\mathrm{{ele}}} = \frac{{n}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2}, t}{H}_{\mathrm{{HHV}}}}{{P}_{\mathrm{{ele}}, t}} \end{array}\right.$
式中: ${P}_{\mathrm{{ele}}, t},{Q}_{\mathrm{{ele}}, t}$ 分别为 ET 的用电功率、制热功率; ${n}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2}, t},{\eta }_{\mathrm{{ele}}}$ 分别为 $\mathrm{{ET}}$ 的制氢速率和设备效率; ${H}_{\mathrm{{HHV}}}$ 为氢气的热值。
③质子交换膜燃料电池模型
$\left\{ \begin{array}{l} {m}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2}, t}{H}_{\mathrm{{HHV}}} = {P}_{\text{fuel }, t} + {Q}_{\text{fuel },} \\ {\eta }_{\text{fuel }} = \frac{{P}_{\text{fuel }, t}}{{m}_{\text{fuel }, t}{H}_{\text{fuel }}} \end{array}\right.$
式中: ${P}_{\text{fuel }, t},{Q}_{\text{fuel }, t}$ 分别为 $t$ 时刻 PEMFC 的发电功率、产热功率; ${m}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2}, t},{\eta }_{\text{fuel }}$ 分别为 $t$ 时刻 PEMFC 的耗氢速率和效率。
HES 与 BES 的模型类似, 不再赘述。
通过调节需求侧响应负荷,可为新能源电网提供调节能力。当电网需要向上灵活性调节能力时, 通过中断或减少需求侧响应负荷为电网提供支撑;当电网需要向下灵活性调节能力时,通过增加需求侧响应负荷为电网提供支撑。具体模型为 [ 18 ]
$\left\{ \begin{array}{l} {F}_{\mathrm{{CL}}, j, t}^{\mathrm{{up}}} = \left( {1 - {v}_{j, t - 1}}\right) {v}_{j, t}{P}_{j,\mathrm{{CL}}, t} \\ {F}_{\mathrm{{CL}}, j, t}^{\mathrm{{down}}} = \left( {1 - {v}_{j, t}}\right) {v}_{j, t - 1}{P}_{j,\mathrm{{CL}}, t} \end{array}\right.$
式中:${F}_{\mathrm{{CL}}, j, t}^{\mathrm{{up}}},{F}_{\mathrm{{CL}}, j, t}^{\mathrm{{down}}}$分别为节点$j$需求侧负荷为新能源电网提供的向上、向下调节能力;${v}_{j, t}$为新能源电网节点$j$需求侧负荷是否参与调节的状态量;${P}_{j,\mathrm{{CL}}, t}$为新能源电网节点$j$需求侧负荷调节量。
考虑将 EHSS 作为新能源电网灵活性资源, 利用灵活性裕度体现新能源电网灵活性。新能源电网的灵活性需求可表示为
$\left\{ \begin{array}{l} {F}_{\mathrm{{ADN}}, t}^{\mathrm{{up}}} = \sum \max \left\{ {{P}_{\mathrm{{NL}}, t + 1} - {P}_{\mathrm{{NL}}, t},0}\right\} \\ {F}_{\mathrm{{ADN}}, t}^{\mathrm{{down}}} = \sum \max \left\{ {{P}_{\mathrm{{NL}}, t} - {P}_{\mathrm{{NL}}, t + 1},0}\right\} \\ {P}_{\mathrm{{NL}}, t} = {P}_{\mathrm{{NL}}, t} + {P}_{\mathrm{{NL}}, t} + P/{F}_{\mathrm{{NL}}, t} \end{array}\right.$
式中:${F}_{\mathrm{{ADN}}, t}^{\mathrm{{up}}},{F}_{\mathrm{{ADN}}, t}^{\mathrm{{down}}}$分别为新能源电网向上、向下灵活性需求;${P}_{\mathrm{{NL}}, t}$为新能源电网净负荷出力;${P}_{\text{load }, t}$,${P}_{\mathrm{{RE}}, t}^{2}$分别为新能源电网负荷、可再生能源预测出力;${P}_{\mathrm{{CL}}, t}$为新能源电网需求侧负荷调节量。
新能源电网向上、向下灵活性裕度$\Delta {F}_{\mathrm{{ADN}}, t}^{\mathrm{{up}}}$,$\Delta {F}_{\mathrm{{ADN}}, t}^{\text{down }}$计算式如下:
$\left\{ \begin{array}{l} \Delta {F}_{\mathrm{{ADN}}, t}^{\mathrm{{up}}} = {F}_{\mathrm{{CL}}, t}^{\mathrm{{up}}} + {F}_{\mathrm{{ES}}, t}^{\mathrm{{up}}} + {F}_{\mathrm{{fuel}}, t}^{\mathrm{{up}}} - {F}_{\mathrm{{ADN}}, t}^{\mathrm{{up}}} \\ \Delta {F}_{\mathrm{{ADN}}, t}^{\mathrm{{down}}} = {F}_{\mathrm{{CL}}, t}^{\mathrm{{down}}} + {F}_{\mathrm{{ES}}, t}^{\mathrm{{down}}} - {F}_{\mathrm{{ele}}, t}^{\mathrm{{down}}} - {F}_{\mathrm{{ADN}}, t}^{\mathrm{{down}}} \end{array}\right.$
式中:${F}_{\mathrm{{CL}}, t}^{\mathrm{{up}}},{F}_{\mathrm{{CL}}, t}^{\mathrm{{down}}}$分别为需求侧负荷为新能源电网提供的向上、向下灵活性调节能力;${F}_{\mathrm{{ES}}, t}^{\mathrm{{up}}},{F}_{\mathrm{{ES}}, t}^{\mathrm{{down}}}$分别为 EHSS 为新能源电网提供的向上、向下灵活性调节能力;${F}_{\text{fuel }, t}^{\mathrm{{up}}},{F}_{\text{ele }, t}^{\mathrm{{down}}}$分别为 PEMFC 和 ET 为新能源电网提供的向上、向下灵活性调节能力。
上层规划以含 EHSS 的新能源电网年综合成本为优化目标,对电-氢储能系统进行优化配置。 3.1.1 目标函数
$\max {C}_{\text{total }} = {C}_{\mathrm{{OP}}} + {C}_{\mathrm{{EIN}}} + {C}_{\mathrm{{FL}}}$
式中:${C}_{\text{total }},{C}_{\mathrm{{OP}}}$分别为新能源电网的年综合成本和年运行成本;${C}_{\mathrm{{EIN}}}$为电-氢储能的年投资成本;${C}_{\mathrm{{FL}}}$为新能源电网灵活性惩罚成本。
①新能源电网 EHSS 投资成本
${C}_{\mathrm{{EIN}}} = \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{n = 1}}^{{N}_{\text{EHS }}}\left\lbrack {\frac{r{\left( 1 + r\right) }^{{y}_{\text{EHSS }}}}{{\left( 1 + r\right) }^{{y}_{\text{EHSS }}} - 1}\left( {{c}_{\mathrm{e}}{E}_{\text{EHSS }, n} + {c}_{\mathrm{p}}{P}_{\text{EHSS }, n}}\right) }\right\rbrack$
式中:$r,{y}_{\text{EHSS }}$分别为新能源电网电-氢储能设备的折现率和运行寿命;${c}_{\mathrm{e}},{c}_{\mathrm{p}}$分别为新能源电网电- 氢储能设备的容量成本和功率成本;${E}_{\mathrm{{EHSS}}, n},{P}_{\mathrm{{EHSS}}, n}$分别为第$n$台电-氢储能设备的额定容量和额定功率。
②新能源电网年运行成本
$\begin{array}{l} {C}_{\mathrm{{OP}}} = {C}_{\mathrm{{OPES}}} + {C}_{\mathrm{{Lo}}} + {C}_{\mathrm{{el}}} + {C}_{\mathrm{{el}}} + {C}_{\mathrm{{RE}}} \\ {C}_{\mathrm{{OPES}}} = {C}_{\mathrm{{CHS}}}{N}_{\mathrm{s}}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{k = 1}}^{N}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{l = 1}}^{N}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{n = 1}}^{{N}_{\mathrm{{co}}}}{N}_{n, l}{N}_{l, n} \\ {C}_{\mathrm{{loss}}} = {N}_{\mathrm{s}}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{k = 1}}^{N}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{l = 1}}^{N}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{r = 1}}^{n}\left( {{C}_{\mathrm{{loss}}} + {P}_{s,\mathrm{{lost}}} + {P}_{s,\mathrm{{Re}}}}\right) \\ {C}_{\mathrm{{cli}}} = {C}_{\mathrm{{cli}}}{N}_{\mathrm{s}}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{k = 1}}^{n}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{l = 1}}^{n}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{r = 1}}^{n}{P}_{r, r,\mathrm{{GL}}}{C}_{\mathrm{r, t}} \\ {C}_{\mathrm{{cost}}} = {C}_{\mathrm{{cost}}}^{\mathrm{{fill}}}{N}_{\mathrm{s}}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{k = 1}}^{n}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{l = 1}}^{n}{P}_{r, l}{N}_{l, n}{C}_{\mathrm{r, t}} \end{array}$
式中:${C}_{\mathrm{{OPESS}}}$为电-氢储能系统年运行成本;${C}_{\mathrm{{loss}}}$为新能源电网年网损成本;${C}_{\mathrm{{cl}}}$为新能源电网对负荷的年补偿成本;${C}_{\text{grid }}$为新能源电网年购能成本;${C}_{\mathrm{{RE}}}$为新能源电网年弃电惩罚成本;${c}_{\mathrm{{EHSS}}}$为 EHSS 充、 放电成本系数;${P}_{s, t, n}^{\mathrm{{EHSS}}}$为第$n$个 EHSS 设备在场景$s$$t$时刻充、放能功率;${N}_{\text{EHSS }}$为新能源电网中待安装 EHSS 设备总数;${c}_{\text{loss }, t},{P}_{s,\text{ loss }, t}$分别为$t$时刻新能源电网网损成本和网损功率;${c}_{\mathrm{{cl}}},{N}_{\mathrm{{cl}}}$分别为新能源电网需求侧负荷成本系数和节点集合;${c}_{t}^{\text{grid }}$为新能源电网$t$时刻电价;${P}_{s, t}^{\text{grid }}$为新能源电网与外电网交互功率;${N}_{\mathrm{{RE}}}$为新能源电网新能源发电待安装节点数;${c}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{RE}}}$为新能源电网节点$i$弃电惩罚因子;${N}_{s}$为场景$s$的数量;${P}_{s, i, t}^{\mathrm{{RE}},\mathrm{f}},{P}_{s, i, t}^{\mathrm{{RE}}}$分别为新能源电网新能源机组预测输出与实际输出。
③灵活性惩罚成本
${C}_{\mathrm{{FL}}} = {N}_{s}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{s = 1}}^{{N}_{s}}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t = 1}}^{T}\left( {{c}_{\mathrm{{up}}}{W}_{\mathrm{{up}}, t} + {c}_{\text{down }}{W}_{\text{down }, t}}\right)$
式中:${c}_{\mathrm{{up}}},{c}_{\mathrm{{down}}}$分别为新能源电网向上、向下灵活性缺额的惩罚因子;${W}_{\mathrm{{up}}, t},{W}_{\mathrm{{down}}, t}$分别为新能源电网切负荷、弃电量大小。
①电解槽和燃料电池约束
$\left\{ \begin{array}{l} {P}_{\mathrm{{ET}},\min } \leq {P}_{\mathrm{{ET}}}\left( t\right) \leq {P}_{\mathrm{{ET}},\max } \\ {P}_{\text{fuel },\min } \leq {P}_{\text{fuel }}\left( t\right) \leq {P}_{\text{fuel },\max } \end{array}\right.$
式中: ${P}_{\mathrm{{ET}},\max },{P}_{\mathrm{{ET}},\min }$ 分别为 $\mathrm{{ET}}$ 额定功率上、下限; ${P}_{\text{fuel,}\max },{P}_{\text{fuel,}\min }$ 分别为 PEMFC 额定容量上、下限。
②储能电池约束
$\left\{ \begin{array}{l} {P}_{\mathrm{{BES}},\min } \leq {P}_{\mathrm{{BES}}, t, n} \leq {P}_{\mathrm{{BES}},\max } \\ {E}_{\mathrm{{BES}},\min } \leq {E}_{\mathrm{{BES}}, t, n} \leq {E}_{\mathrm{{BES}},\max } \\ {S}_{\mathrm{{OC}},\mathrm{{BES}},\min } \leq {S}_{\mathrm{{OC}},\mathrm{{BES}}, t} \leq {S}_{\mathrm{{OC}},\mathrm{{BES}},\max } \end{array}\right.$
式中: ${P}_{\mathrm{{BES}},\max },{P}_{\mathrm{{BES}},\min }$ 分别为 $\mathrm{{BES}}$ 额定功率上、下限; ${E}_{\mathrm{{BES}},\max },{E}_{\mathrm{{BES}},\min }$ 分别为 $\mathrm{{BES}}$ 额定容量上、下限。 ${S}_{\mathrm{{OC}},\mathrm{{BES}},\min },{S}_{\mathrm{{OC}},\mathrm{{BES}},\max }$ 分别为 $\mathrm{{BES}}$ 荷电状态的最小值和最大值; ${P}_{\mathrm{{BES}}, t, n},{E}_{\mathrm{{BES}}, t, n},{S}_{\mathrm{{OC}},\mathrm{{BES}}, t}$ 分别为第 $n$ 个 BES 在 $t$ 时段的功率、容量、荷电状态。
下层规划以新能源电网中 EHSS 各设备和需求侧负荷协调优化灵活性裕度为目标。
①目标函数
$\left\{ \begin{array}{l} {f}_{1} = \min {C}_{\mathrm{{OP}}} \\ {f}_{2} = \max \left\{ {\Delta {F}_{\mathrm{{ADN}}, t}^{\text{up }},\Delta {F}_{\mathrm{{ADN}}, t}^{\text{down }}}\right\} \end{array}\right.$
②潮流约束
$\begin{array}{l} \left( {\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i \in u\left( j\right) }}\left( {{P}_{ij}^{t} - {r}_{ij}{\bar{I}}_{ij}^{t}}\right) }\right) = \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{k \in v\left( j\right) }}\left( {{P}_{jk}^{t} + {P}_{j}^{t}}\right) \\ \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i \in u\left( j\right) }}\left( {{Q}_{ij}^{t} - {x}_{ij}{\bar{U}}_{i}^{t}}\right) = \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{k \in v\left( j\right) }}\left( {{Q}_{jk}^{t} + {Q}_{j}^{t}}\right) \\ \overline{{U}^{t}} = \overline{{U}^{t}} - 2\left( {{r}_{ij}{P}_{ij}^{t} + {x}_{ij}{Q}_{ij}^{t}}\right) + \left( {{r}_{ij}^{2} + {x}_{ij}^{2}}\right) \overline{{I}^{t}} \end{array}$
$\left\{ \begin{array}{l} {P}_{j}^{t} = {P}_{j,\text{ load }}^{t} + {P}_{j,\mathrm{{CL}}}^{t} - {P}_{j,\text{ sub }}^{t} \\ {Q}_{j}^{t} = {Q}_{j,\text{ load }}^{t} + {Q}_{j,\mathrm{{CL}}}^{t} - {Q}_{j,\text{ sub }}^{t} \end{array}\right.$
$\left| \left| \begin{matrix} 2{P}_{ij}^{t} \\ 2{Q}_{ij}^{t} \\ {\bar{I}}_{ij}^{t} - {\bar{U}}_{ij}^{t} \end{matrix}\right| \right| \leq {\bar{I}}_{ij}^{t} + {\overline{{U}^{t}}}_{i}^{t}$
$\left\{ \begin{array}{l} {\bar{I}}_{ij}^{t} = {\left( {I}_{ij}^{t}\right) }^{2} \\ {\overline{{U}^{t}}}_{i} = {\left( {U}_{i}^{t}\right) }^{2} \end{array}\right.$
式中:${r}_{ij},{x}_{ij}$分别为新能源电网支路${ij}$的电阻、电抗$i\left( j\right) , v\left( j\right)$为以新能源电网节点$j$为支路末端的节点集合;${P}_{j}^{t},{Q}_{j}^{t},{P}_{ij}^{t},{Q}_{ij}^{t}$分别为新能源电网节点$j$处有功、无功输入功率和新能源电网支路${ij}$的有功、无功输出功率;${P}_{j,\text{ sub }}^{t},{Q}_{j,\text{ sub }}^{t}$分别为主干网与新能源电网交互的有功、无功功率;${\bar{I}}_{ij}^{t},{\overline{{U}^{t}}}_{i}$分别为新能源电网支路电流和节点电压的平方数;${P}_{j,\text{ load }}^{t},{P}_{j,\mathrm{{CL}}}^{t},{Q}_{j,\text{ load }}^{t},{Q}_{j,\mathrm{{CL}}}^{t}$分别为新能源电网节点$j$处的普通负荷、需求侧响应负荷的有功功率和无功功率。
基于分布鲁棒优化方法 [ 7 ] ,可将本文考虑灵活性的新能源电网电-氢储能优化规划模型写为
$\mathop{\min }\limits_{{x \in X}}g\left( x\right) + \mathop{\max }\limits_{{P \in P}}\left\lbrack {{E}^{P}\mathop{\min }\limits_{{y \in \Omega \left( {x,\xi }\right) }}f\left( y\right) }\right\rbrack$
式中:$x, X$分别为电-氢储能分布鲁棒规划模型阶段 1 的决策变量和可行域;$g\left( x\right) ,\xi$分别为电-氢储能分布鲁棒规划模型阶段 1 的目标函数和不确定变量;$P$$\xi$的概率分布函数;$y$为电-氢储能分布鲁棒规划模型阶段 2 的决策变量;$\Omega \left( {x,\xi }\right)$$y$的可行域;$f\left( y\right)$为电-氢储能分布鲁棒规划模型阶段 2 的目标函数;${E}^{P}\left( \cdot \right)$为在分布函数$P$下电- 氢储能分布鲁棒规划目标的期望函数。
$W\left( {{P}_{1},{P}_{2}}\right)$为分布在${P}_{1}$${P}_{2}$之间的 Wassers-tein 距离,其定义为
$W\left( {{P}_{1},{P}_{2}}\right) \overset{\Delta }{ = }\mathop{\min }\limits_{\Pi }\left\lbrack {{\int }_{{R}^{W} \times {R}^{W}}\begin{Vmatrix}{{\xi }_{1} - {\xi }_{2}}\end{Vmatrix}\Pi \left( {\mathrm{d}{\xi }_{1} - \mathrm{d}{\xi }_{2}}\right) }\right\rbrack$
式中:$\Pi$${P}_{1},{P}_{2}$的联合分布;${\xi }_{1} - {\xi }_{2}$${\xi }_{1},{\xi }_{2}$的距离。
可将新能源电网 EHSS 规划模型中模糊不确定集$P$写为 [ 15 ]
$P\overset{\Delta }{ = }\left\{ {P \in M\left( \varpi \right) : W\left( {{P}_{1},{P}_{N}}\right) \leq \rho }\right\}$
式中:$M\left( \varpi \right)$为 EHSS 规划模型的多面体上所有分布的集合,多面体$\varpi = \left\{ {\xi \in {R}^{W} : {H\xi } \leq h}\right\}$
为方便描述, 将本文的电-氢储能规划模型改写为如下抽象形式:
$\mathop{\min }\limits_{{\left( x\right) \in E}}\left\lbrack {{c}_{x}^{t}x + \mathop{\max }\limits_{{P \in P}}{E}^{P}\left| {{c}_{1}^{\mathrm{T}}\mathbf{Y}{\xi }_{t}}\right| }\right\rbrack$
$\text{s.t.}\mathop{\min }\limits_{{P \in P}}P\left\lbrack {{\mathbf{A}}^{j}\left( \mathbf{Y}\right) {\xi }_{t} \leq {\mathbf{b}}^{j}\left( \mathbf{x}\right) }\right\rbrack \geq 1 - {\alpha }^{j},\forall j \in J$
式中:$\epsilon$为电-氢储能规划第一阶段决策变量的可行域;${\mathbf{A}}^{j}\left( \mathbf{Y}\right) ,{\mathbf{b}}^{j}\left( \mathbf{x}\right)$为相应的矩阵和向量;$j \in J\overset{\Delta }{ = }$$\{ {GG},{GD}\} ,{GG}$${GD}$分别为机组和网络约束。
电-氢储能分布鲁棒规划第二阶段目标函数的可行域如下:
${\mathbf{\Omega }}_{\mathrm{{CC}}} = \left\{ {\left( {\mathbf{x},\mathbf{Y}}\right) : \mathop{\min }\limits_{{P \in P}}P\left\lbrack {\mathbf{A}\left( \mathbf{Y}\right) \xi \leq \mathbf{b}\left( \mathbf{x}\right) }\right\rbrack \geq 1 - \alpha }\right\}$
应用对偶理论将新能源电网电-氢储能分布鲁棒模型的最大值问题变成最小值问题, 将式 (18)转化为
$\mathop{\max }\limits_{{P \in P}}{E}^{P}\left( {{c}^{\mathrm{T}}\mathbf{Y}{\xi }_{t}}\right) = \\ \left\{ \begin{array}{l} \mathop{\min }\limits_{{{\lambda }^{ * },{s}^{\prime },{\gamma }^{0}}}{\lambda }^{0}\rho + \frac{1}{N}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i \in N}}{s}_{i}^{0} \\ \text{ s.t. }{\mathbf{c}}^{\mathrm{T}}\mathbf{Y}{\xi }_{i} + {\gamma }_{i}^{0}{}^{\mathrm{T}}\left( {\mathbf{h} - \mathbf{H}{\mathbf{\xi }}_{i}}\right) \leq {s}_{i}^{0},\forall i \leq N \\ {\left. \left| \left| {H}^{\mathrm{T}}{\gamma }_{i}^{0} - {\mathbf{Y}}_{i}^{\mathrm{T}}\mathbf{c}\right| \right| \right| }_{s} \leq {\lambda }^{0},\forall i \leq N \\ {\gamma }_{i}^{0} \in {R}_{j}^{2K},\forall i \leq N \\ {\left. \left| {V}_{i} - {\rho }_{i} + {\sigma }_{i}^{N},{N}_{i} \leq N\right| \right| }_{s} \end{array}\right.$
式中:${\lambda }^{0},{\mathbf{s}}^{0},{\gamma }_{i}{}^{0}$为对偶理论中新能源电网电-氢储能分布鲁棒模型的辅助变量;$N$为训练样本的个数;$\left| \right| \cdot {\left| \right| }_{ * }$$\left| \right| \cdot \left| \right|$的对偶范数。
将矩阵$\mathbf{A}\left( \mathbf{Y}\right)$和向量$\mathbf{b}\left( \mathbf{x}\right)$分解为
$\left\{ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{A}\left( \mathbf{Y}\right) = {\left\lbrack {a}_{1}\left( Y\right) \cdots {a}_{M}\left( Y\right) \right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}} \\ \mathbf{b}\left( \mathbf{x}\right) = {\left\lbrack {b}_{1}\left( x\right) \cdots {b}_{M}\left( x\right) \right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}} \end{array}\right.$
为方便求解, 基于 Bonferroni 不等式将原电- 氢储能规划模型约束分解为$m$个更易求解的约束,将可行域${\Omega }_{\mathrm{{CC}}}$近似为${\Omega }_{\mathrm{B}}$:
${\Omega }_{\mathrm{B}} = \\ \left\{ {\left( {\mathbf{x},\mathbf{Y}}\right) : \mathop{\min }\limits_{{P \in P}}P\left\lbrack {{\mathbf{a}}_{m}{\left( \mathbf{Y}\right) }^{\mathrm{T}}\xi \leq {\mathbf{b}}_{m}\left( \mathbf{x}\right) }\right\rbrack \geq 1 - {\alpha }_{m},\forall m \leq M}\right\}$
根据文献[ 11 ]及CVaR 定理将可行域${\Omega }_{\mathrm{B}}$写为
${\mathbf{\Omega }}_{\mathrm{{BC}}}\overset{\Delta }{ = }\left\{ {\left( {\mathbf{x},\mathbf{Y}}\right) : \mathop{\min }\limits_{{P \in P}}P - {C}_{\text{VaRam }}\left\lbrack {{\mathbf{a}}_{m}{\left( \mathbf{Y}\right) }^{\mathrm{T}}\xi - {\mathbf{b}}_{m}\left( \mathbf{x}\right) }\right\rbrack \leq 0}\right\}$
根据文献[ 11 ]中的定理 2 , 式 (26) 可转化为
$\begin{array}{l} {P}_{0\mathrm{{SC}}} = 4{P}_{0} \times {P}_{1} \approx 1{P}_{0} \times {P}_{1} \approx 1{P}_{0} \times {P}_{1} \approx 1{P}_{0} \times 1{P}_{1} \approx M \\ \end{array}$
本文基于 Matlab R2016 对新能源电网电-氢储能分布鲁棒规划优化模型进行仿真, 并调用 CPLEX 求解器进行求解。
本文以辽宁省某新能源电网为研究对象, 建立改进的 IEEE 33 节点系统仿真模型, 其拓扑结构如图 2 所示。需求侧负荷成本为 0.1 元 $/\left( {\mathrm{{kW}} \cdot }\right.$ h), BES 单位功率投资成本和运行成本分别为 1130 , 0.74 元/kW,待优化 ET 的投资成本为 2340 元/kW, 待优化 PEMFC 的投资成本为1410元 $/\mathrm{{kW}}$
基于辽宁省某新能源电网实际数据,采用 $\mathrm{K} -$ means 算法生成 4 个聚类代表场景, 分别如图 3~ 5 所示。
为验证本文所提新能源电网 EHSS 规划模型的有效性和经济性, 设置以下 3 种方案进行对比分析。
方案 1: 不考虑灵活性也不考虑 EHSS, 基于本文的模型计算目前的新能源电网经济性。
方案 2: 新能源电网引入 EHSS 后, 对 EHSS 进行优化配置。
方案 3: 采用本文提出的考虑灵活性的新能源电网电-氢储能优化规划方法计算系统经济性。
3 种方案中新能源电网向上、向下灵活性裕度指标如图 6,7 所示。由图 6,7 可以看出,方案 3 能够兼顾新能源电网的向上、向下灵活性。
在方案 2,3 中,新能源电网电-氢储能配置结果和 3 种方案经济性对比如表 1,2 所示。
方案 3 在节点6,9,11,19配置电制氢储能, 方案 2 在节点8,10,13,17配置电制氢储能。这是因为方案 2 未考虑电网灵活性, 仅考虑了 EHSS 配置容量和节点的经济性。方案 3 采用本文提出的考虑灵活性的新能源电网电-氢储能优化规划方法, 能够有效提高新能源电网的灵活性水平。
①将电-氢储能系统作为灵活性调控资源, 考虑新能源电网电-氢储能以及需求侧负荷, 利用电-氢储能提高新能源电网的向上、向下灵活性裕度。
②本文提出了一种以电-氢储能为柔性控制资源的电-氢储能双层分布鲁棒规划模型。通过对分布式鲁棒优化模型的求解, 确定了电-氢储能的最优配置方案。
③在电-氢储能的规划阶段,考虑灵活性的电-氢储能的综合配置能够优化新能源电网的经济成本。
  • 国网辽宁省电力有限公司管理科技项目(2022YF-59)
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2025年第43卷第1期
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  • 接收时间:2023-11-30
  • 首发时间:2025-07-18
  • 出版时间:2025-01-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-30
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国网辽宁省电力有限公司管理科技项目(2022YF-59)
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    1 国网辽宁省电力有限公司 经济技术研究院 辽宁 沈阳 110000
    2 沈阳工程学院 辽宁 沈阳 110136
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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