Article(id=1152989161096209354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1152989160404144205, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1696953600000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752823637508, onlineDateStr=2025-07-18, pubDate=1737302400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752823637508, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752823637508, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752823637508, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1152989160404144205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, year='2025', volume='43', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='142', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1752823637343, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753694506642, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156641851038884698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1152989160404144205, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156641851038884699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1152989160404144205, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=27, endPage=35, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1152989161419170763, articleId=1152989161096209354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, language=EN, title=Numerical simulation of a right-angle hexagonal artificial roughness solar air collector based on CFD, columnId=null, journalTitle=Renewable Energy Resources, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The heat transfer efficiency of the solar air collector with smooth heat absorption plate is very low. Using artificial roughness on the absorption plate can interrupt the boundary layer and improve the heat transfer efficiency of the system. The improvement is made based on the rectangular artificial roughness, and a twodimensional simulation of the solar air collector with the rightangle hexagonal artificial roughness is performed using ANSYS FLUENT. The influence of artificial roughness spacing on heat transfer efficiency and flow characteristics in the specific Reynolds number range is discussed, and the thermohydraulic performance is evaluated under different working conditions. The governing equations are solved using the finite volume method and the transport equations of the turbulent kinetic energy and the turbulent dissipation rate are solved using the RNG kɛ turbulence model. The result show that the heat transfer characteristic of the system is significantly improved by the addition of the rightangle hexagonal artificial roughness compared to the smooth plate. The rightangle hexagonal artificial roughness with p = 10mm had the maximum THPP of 1.76 at Re=4000, which is 1.6 times the artificial roughness of the rectangle under the same geometric parameters.

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带有光滑吸热板的太阳能空气集热器传热效率很低,在吸收板上使用人工粗糙度元素能中断边界层,提高系统的传热效率。文章在矩形人工粗糙度元素的基础上进行改进,使用ANSYS FLUENT 对带有直角六边形粗糙度的太阳能空气集热器进行二维模拟;在特定雷诺数范围内,讨论了人工粗糙度元素间距对传热效率和流动特性的影响,并对其热工水力性能(THPP)进行评价;使用有限体积法求解控制方程,RNG k−ɛ 湍流模型求解湍动能和湍动能耗散率的输运方程。结果表明,与光滑吸热板相比,加入直角六边形人工粗糙度元素后显著提高了系统的传热效果。当雷诺数 Re=4 000、间距p=10 mm 时,太阳能空气集热器的传热性能和压力损失保持最佳比例,系统最大的热工水力系数 THPP=1.76,是相同几何参数下矩形人工粗糙度元素的1.6倍。

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夏鹏(1986-),男,副教授,主要从事流固耦合动力学的理论与应用方面的研究。E-mail:
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Renewable Energy, 2022, 198: 587-601., articleTitle=A CFD-adjoint reverse design of transverse rib profile for enhancing thermohydraulic performance in the solar air heater, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1159145523883389298, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152989161096209354, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1999, volume=42, issue=9, pageStart=1597, pageEnd=1615, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=13, authorNames=Karwa R, Solanki S C, Saini J S, journalName=International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Karwa R, Solanki S C, Saini J S. Heat transfer coefficient and friction factor correlations for the transitional flow regime in rib -roughened rectangular ducts[J]. 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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152989161096209354, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Geometric parameters of the system, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
入口区 ${L}_{1}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 350
测试区 ${L}_{2}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 600
出口区 ${L}_{3}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 200
流道高度 $H/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 20
水力直径 ${D}_{\mathrm{b}}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 33.33
肋高 $e/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 1.4
间距 $p/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 10,15,20
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参数 数值
入口区 ${L}_{1}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 350
测试区 ${L}_{2}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 600
出口区 ${L}_{3}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 200
流道高度 $H/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 20
水力直径 ${D}_{\mathrm{b}}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 33.33
肋高 $e/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 1.4
间距 $p/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 10,15,20
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物性 空气
密度 $\rho /\mathrm{{kg}} \cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-3}$ 1.22 2719.0
比热容 ${Cp}/\mathrm{J} \cdot {\left( \mathrm{{kg}} \cdot \mathrm{K}\right) }^{-1}$ 1 006.43 871.0
粘度 $\mu /\mathrm{{Pa}} \cdot \mathrm{s}$ ${1.79} \times {10}^{-5}$
导热系数 $K/\mathrm{W} \cdot {\left( \mathrm{m} \cdot \mathrm{K}\right) }^{-1}$ 0.02 202.4
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物性 空气
密度 $\rho /\mathrm{{kg}} \cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-3}$ 1.22 2719.0
比热容 ${Cp}/\mathrm{J} \cdot {\left( \mathrm{{kg}} \cdot \mathrm{K}\right) }^{-1}$ 1 006.43 871.0
粘度 $\mu /\mathrm{{Pa}} \cdot \mathrm{s}$ ${1.79} \times {10}^{-5}$
导热系数 $K/\mathrm{W} \cdot {\left( \mathrm{m} \cdot \mathrm{K}\right) }^{-1}$ 0.02 202.4
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网格数量 努塞尔数 摩擦系数
1 704 359 34.878 1.093
2 033 496 36.193 0.917
2 398 421 36.361 0.910
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网格数量 努塞尔数 摩擦系数
1 704 359 34.878 1.093
2 033 496 36.193 0.917
2 398 421 36.361 0.910
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基于CFD 的直角六边形人工粗糙度元素太阳能空气集热器的数值模拟
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郭雪妍 , 夏鹏 , 谢绍樟 , 许世成
可再生能源 | 2025,43(1): 27-35
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可再生能源 | 2025, 43(1): 27-35
基于CFD 的直角六边形人工粗糙度元素太阳能空气集热器的数值模拟
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郭雪妍, 夏鹏 , 谢绍樟, 许世成
作者信息
  • 1 东北林业大学 黑龙江 哈尔滨 150040

通讯作者:

夏鹏(1986-),男,副教授,主要从事流固耦合动力学的理论与应用方面的研究。E-mail:
Numerical simulation of a right-angle hexagonal artificial roughness solar air collector based on CFD
Xueyan Guo, Peng Xia , Shaozhang Xie, Shicheng Xu
Affiliations
  • 1 Northeast Forestry University Harbin 150040 China
出版时间: 2025-01-20
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带有光滑吸热板的太阳能空气集热器传热效率很低,在吸收板上使用人工粗糙度元素能中断边界层,提高系统的传热效率。文章在矩形人工粗糙度元素的基础上进行改进,使用ANSYS FLUENT 对带有直角六边形粗糙度的太阳能空气集热器进行二维模拟;在特定雷诺数范围内,讨论了人工粗糙度元素间距对传热效率和流动特性的影响,并对其热工水力性能(THPP)进行评价;使用有限体积法求解控制方程,RNG k−ɛ 湍流模型求解湍动能和湍动能耗散率的输运方程。结果表明,与光滑吸热板相比,加入直角六边形人工粗糙度元素后显著提高了系统的传热效果。当雷诺数 Re=4 000、间距p=10 mm 时,太阳能空气集热器的传热性能和压力损失保持最佳比例,系统最大的热工水力系数 THPP=1.76,是相同几何参数下矩形人工粗糙度元素的1.6倍。

太阳能空气集热器  /  CFD  /  直角六边形人工粗糙度元素  /  传热分析

The heat transfer efficiency of the solar air collector with smooth heat absorption plate is very low. Using artificial roughness on the absorption plate can interrupt the boundary layer and improve the heat transfer efficiency of the system. The improvement is made based on the rectangular artificial roughness, and a twodimensional simulation of the solar air collector with the rightangle hexagonal artificial roughness is performed using ANSYS FLUENT. The influence of artificial roughness spacing on heat transfer efficiency and flow characteristics in the specific Reynolds number range is discussed, and the thermohydraulic performance is evaluated under different working conditions. The governing equations are solved using the finite volume method and the transport equations of the turbulent kinetic energy and the turbulent dissipation rate are solved using the RNG kɛ turbulence model. The result show that the heat transfer characteristic of the system is significantly improved by the addition of the rightangle hexagonal artificial roughness compared to the smooth plate. The rightangle hexagonal artificial roughness with p = 10mm had the maximum THPP of 1.76 at Re=4000, which is 1.6 times the artificial roughness of the rectangle under the same geometric parameters.

solar air heater  /  CFD  /  right-angle hexagonal artificial roughness  /  heat transfer performance
郭雪妍, 夏鹏, 谢绍樟, 许世成. 基于CFD 的直角六边形人工粗糙度元素太阳能空气集热器的数值模拟. 可再生能源, 2025 , 43 (1) : 27 -35 .
Xueyan Guo, Peng Xia, Shaozhang Xie, Shicheng Xu. Numerical simulation of a right-angle hexagonal artificial roughness solar air collector based on CFD[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2025 , 43 (1) : 27 -35 .
随着经济的快速发展, 在传统化石燃料大量消耗的同时, 还造成严重的环境问题, 因此必须探索新能源的开发和使用 [ 1 ] 。太阳能作为最有发展前景的新能源,其开发不受地域限制,采集后可直接使用,并且不产生环境污染。太阳能空气集热器是最常见的太阳能利用装置, 可将太阳辐射的能量转化为热能。太阳能空气集热器主要用于农林产品干燥,与传统开放式相比,封闭的干燥环境使产品免于遭受鸟、虫的侵害,也保证了食品安全。 然而, 带有光滑吸热板的太阳能空气集热器的对流换热系数小,吸收的热量只有少部分被利用,能源转化率较低。这是因为空气流过吸热板后,在近壁面会形成极薄的边界层,显著增大了热阻;在光滑吸热板表面增加人工粗糙度是解决这一问题的有效措施 [ 2 ] 。但是,人工粗糙度的增加也带来了压力损失, 因此有必要对带有人工粗糙度元素的太阳能空气集热器的综合性能进行研究。
为了实现更强的流动传热,除了矩形 [ 3 ] 、三角形 [ 4 ] 、圆形 [ 5 ] 等简单形状的人工粗糙度元素,形状复杂的元素也逐渐应用到太阳能集热板上。程友良 [ 6 ] 在不同雷诺数和角度下对比了光滑吸热板、 三角形和抛物线形人工粗糙度元素,结果表明,抛物线轮廓增强换热效果更加显著。Mahanand Y [ 7 ] 模拟了 $\mathrm{T}$ 型人工粗糙度内部的流动行为和传热机制, 在粗糙度高度固定的情况下, 探究入口速度和相对粗糙度间距对系统传热的影响。Kumar B V [ 8 ] 阐明了雷诺数、相对粗糙度间距、相对粗糙度高度等各种相关参数对梯形人工粗糙度的太阳能空气集热器热工水力性能的影响,在雷诺数 ${Re} = {15000}$ 、相对粗糙度间距 $p/e = {10}$ 、相对粗糙度高度 $e/D = {0.06}$ 时, 系统最大热工水力系数 (Thermo-Hydraulic Performance Parameter, THPP)达到 ${1.89}_{ \circ }$ Patel YM [ 9 ] 提出了翼型轮廓的人工粗糙度并进行 CFD 数值模拟和实验研究, 在所研究的范围内, 翼型轮廓集热器比光滑集热器的努塞尔特数增加了 98%~ 193%,摩擦系数增加了 55%~65%。Mahanand Y [ 10 ] 利用 ANSYS 对带有人工粗糙度元素形状为四分之一圆的太阳能空气加热器的二维模型进行了数值模拟,在雷诺数 ${Re} = {15000}$ 和相对粗糙度间距 $p/e = {7.14}$ 、相对粗糙度高度 $e/{D}_{\mathrm{h}} = {0.042}$ 的配置下, 系统最大热工水力系数 THPP 达到 1.88。人工粗糙度元素的分布方式也影响着介质的流动行为。 Lanjewar A [ 11 ] 的研究证明了吸热板上添加 $\mathrm{W}$ 型分布的人工粗糙度元素可以提高集热器的性能。 Wang D [ 12 ] $\mathrm{S}$ 型分布中插入间隙,结果表明,随着间距的减小,系统的传热效率升高,并且间隙的存在显著降低泵送功率。
以上文献表明, 加入人工粗糙度有利于系统传热。然而,太阳能空气集热器造价较低,使用上述高成本的内部结构不符合实际。直角六边形造型简单, 外形由直线组成, 加工难度低, 有利于降低成本;且相较于传统的矩形设计, 它既增大了换热面积也节省了材料。因此, 本文对带有直角六边形人工粗糙度元素的太阳能空气集热器进行数值模拟。在人工粗糙度元素高度固定的情况下, 探究雷诺数和相对粗糙度间距对集热器性能的影响, 分析管道内部流体流动行为和传热机制, 并对结构进行优化设计。
二维数值模拟避免了三维模拟的复杂性且准确性在 Yadav 的实验中得到验证 [ 4 ] ,因此本文用 ANSYS ICEM 软件建立二维计算域,如图 1 所示。
计算域为一个总长${1150}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,高$H$${20}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$的矩形,由 3 部分组成,包括入口区$\left( {{L}_{1} = {350}\mathrm{\;{mm}}}\right)$、 测试区$\left( {{L}_{2} = {600}\mathrm{\;{mm}}}\right)$和出口区$\left( {{L}_{3} = {200}\mathrm{\;{mm}}}\right)$,系统参数如表 1 所示。
设置入口区的目的是使流体在与人工粗糙度元素接触之前充分发展,而出口区可将冷、热气流适当混合并确保流出的气体不会产生回流。
人工粗糙度元素为直角六边形凸起,固定肋高为$e = {1.4}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$。为了研究固定高度下间距对太阳能空气集热器的影响, 选择了 3 种不同的间距配置,分别为$p = {10}\mathrm{\;{mm}}, p = {15}\mathrm{\;{mm}}, p = {20}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$。将直角六边形人工粗糙度元素排布在测试区的底部, 而其他部分是光滑壁面。结构如图 2 所示。
太阳能空气集热器中气流的传热行为可通过连续性方程、与时间无关的不可压缩纳维-斯托克斯方程和能量方程来求解, 利用有限体积离散化方法将控制方程转化为一系列可以进行迭代计算的代数方程。在湍流、稳态条件下,系统满足以下控制方程。
连续性方程 [ 13 ]
$\frac{\partial }{\partial {x}_{i}}\left( {\partial {u}_{i}}\right) = 0$
与时间无关的不可压缩纳维-斯托克斯方程 [ 13 ]
$\frac{\partial }{\partial {x}_{i}}\left( {\rho {u}_{i}{u}_{j}}\right) = - \frac{\partial p}{\partial {x}_{j}} + \frac{\partial }{\partial {x}_{j}}\left\lbrack {\mu \left( {\frac{\partial {u}_{i}}{\partial {x}_{j}} + \frac{\partial {u}_{j}}{\partial {x}_{i}}}\right) }\right\rbrack + \\ \frac{\partial }{\partial {x}_{i}}\left( {-\rho {u}_{i}^{\prime }{u}_{j}^{\prime }}\right)$
能量方程 [ 13 ]
$\frac{\partial }{\partial {x}_{i}}\left( {\rho {u}_{i}T}\right) = \frac{\partial }{\partial {x}_{j}}\left\lbrack {\left( {\Gamma + {\Gamma }_{\mathrm{t}}}\right) \frac{\partial T}{\partial {x}_{j}}}\right\rbrack$
式(1)~(3)中:${\mu }_{1}$为涡流粘度,${Pa} \cdot s;{u}_{i}$$x, y$$z$方向的平均速度,$\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s};\rho$为气体的平均密度,$\mathrm{{kg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3};T$为气体的温度,$\mathrm{K};\Gamma$为分子热扩散系数;${\Gamma }_{\mathrm{t}}$为湍流热扩散系数。
使用 RNG$k - \varepsilon$湍流模型,其湍流动能$k$及其耗散率$\varepsilon$的运输方程 [ 13 ]
$\frac{\partial }{\partial {x}_{i}}\left( {{\rho k}{u}_{i}}\right) = \frac{\partial }{\partial {x}_{j}}\left( {{\alpha }_{k}{\mu }_{\text{eff }}\frac{\partial k}{\partial {x}_{j}}}\right) + {G}_{k} - {\rho \varepsilon }$
$\frac{\partial }{\partial {x}_{i}}\left( {{\rho \varepsilon }{u}_{i}}\right) = \frac{\partial }{\partial {x}_{j}}\left( {{\alpha }_{\varepsilon }{\mu }_{\mathrm{{eff}}}\frac{\partial \varepsilon }{\partial {x}_{j}}}\right) + {C}_{1\varepsilon }\frac{\varepsilon }{k}{G}_{k} - \\ {C}_{2\varepsilon }\frac{{\varepsilon }^{2}}{k} - {R}_{\varepsilon }$
式中:${G}_{k}$为由平均速度梯度引起的湍流动能生成项;${R}_{\varepsilon }$为用户定义的源项;${\mu }_{\text{eff }}$为有效黏度;${C\mu },{\alpha }_{k}$,${\alpha }_{\varepsilon },{C}_{1\varepsilon },{C}_{2\varepsilon }$分别为0.0845,1.39,1.39,1.44,1.92。
${D}_{\mathrm{h}}$为太阳能空气集热器管道的水力直径,计算方法 [ 13 ]
${D}_{\mathrm{h}} = \frac{4WH}{{2W} + {2H}}$
式中:$W$为太阳能空气集热器管道的宽度,$\mathrm{m};H$为太阳能空气集热器管道的高度,$\mathrm{m}$
雷诺数$R{e}$ [ 13 ] 的计算式为
${Re} = \frac{{\rho v}{D}_{\mathrm{h}}}{\mu }$
式中:$\nu$为入口的平均速度,$\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s};\mu$为流体动力粘度,${\mathrm{m}}^{2}/\mathrm{s}$
$h$为系统平均对流换热系数,反映系统的换热能力,计算方法 [ 13 ]
$h = \frac{\bar{q}}{{\bar{T}}_{\text{wall }} - {\bar{T}}_{\text{air }}}$
式中:$\bar{q}$为吸热板接收的平均热通量,$\mathrm{W};{\bar{T}}_{\text{wall }}$为吸热板的平均温度,$\mathrm{K};{\bar{T}}_{\text{air }}$为管道中流体的平均温度,${\mathrm{K}}_{0}$
努塞尔数${Nu}$表示流体层的导热阻力与对流传热阻力的比例, 即集热器中发生对流换热的强度,计算方法 [ 13 ]
${Nu} = \frac{h{D}_{\mathrm{h}}}{k}$
式中:$k$为对流换热系数,$\mathrm{W}/\left( {{\mathrm{m}}^{2} \cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$
系统参数确定后,摩擦系数${f}$ [ 13 ] 由压降决定。
$f = \frac{{2\Delta P}{D}_{\mathrm{h}}}{{L\rho }{v}^{2}}$
式中:${\Delta P}$为测试区的压降,$\mathrm{{Pa}};L$为测试区的长度,${\mathrm{m}}_{0}$
THPP 作为评价太阳能空气集热器传热性能的参数 [ 13 ] 被提出,本文将此参数作为评价带肋的太阳能空气集热器性能的重要指标, 以确保系统换热的有效性,计算式为
$\mathrm{{THPP}} = \frac{{Nu}/N{u}_{\mathrm{s}}}{{\left( f/{f}_{\mathrm{s}}\right) }^{1/3}}$
式中:$N{u}_{\mathrm{s}}$为平板型太阳能空气集热器的努塞尔数,根据 Dittus-Bolter 经验公式 [ 13 ] 表示为
$N{u}_{\mathrm{s}} = {0.023}{\operatorname{Re}}^{0.8}P{r}^{0.4}$
式中:${Pr}$为普朗特数。
${f}_{\mathrm{s}}$为平板型太阳能空气集热器的摩擦系数, 根据 Blasius 经验公式 [ 13 ] 表示为
${f}_{\mathrm{s}} = {0.316R}{e}^{-{0.25}}$
本文中使用的工作流体和吸热板的物性参数如表 2 所示。鉴于进、出口温差变化不大,空气物性的变化很小, 即在所涉及的压力和温度范围内可以认为恒定。
空气从入口区进入,出口区流出。入口处设置速度边界条件, 通过调节入口速度即可改变雷诺数的大小。雷诺数在 4000~16000,与其对应的入口速度在${1.78} \sim {7.01}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$。将出口处的压力设置为大气压力,模拟流体流出的实况。空气入口温度为${300}\mathrm{\;K}$,空气进、出口湍流强度均取$5\%$。在太阳能空气集热器测试区的吸热板上添加${1000}\mathrm{\;W}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$的热通量,作为流体升温的热源,替代太阳在实际运行中的作用 [ 4 ] 。为避免热传导产生的能量损失, 其余所有壁面均作绝热处理。
本文使用 ANSYS FLUENT 完成对太阳能空气集热器内部流动行为和热传递的模拟, ANSYS FLUENT 使用有限体积法求解稳态下的连续性方程、动量方程和能量方程。对控制方程的求解采用压力求解器,离散过程中使用 Couple 算法。考虑到精度的要求, 所有运输方程均使用二阶迎风离散格式, 松弛因子采用默认设置。设置收敛条件: 连续两次迭代能量方程的偏差$< {1.0} \times {10}^{-{12}}$; 速度分量和连续性方程解的偏差$< {1.0} \times {10}^{-6}$
太阳能空气集热器内部的流动是由多种流动行为组成的非线性运动, 因此, 近壁流动的准确表达决定了预测的准确性。首先,壁面的无滑移条件对集热器内部的速度场有干扰作用;其次,边界层的存在使近壁流动趋于复杂,当气体流过壁面时, 由于流体粘性的影响, 在壁面会形成边界层, 层内为粘性区,层外为理想流体势流区,粘性区速度梯度变化很大。鉴于雷诺数范围和计算精度要求, 最终选择 RNG$k - \varepsilon$湍流模型结合增强壁处理的壁面函数用于本文中的方案模拟。
对带有矩形人工粗糙度元素的太阳能空气集热器进行建模和数值分析,所得结果与实验结果 [ 14 ] 吻合良好,如图 3 所示。
图 3 可知,${Nu}$$f$的平均偏差分别为 8.3%和 13.5%,由此证明了二维建模的准确性和湍流模型选择的合理性。
本文所使用的网格都由 ANSYS ICEM 生成, 流体力学仿真的网格情况决定数值计算的准确性, 数量足够、分布合理且过渡平缓的网格能增强数值的可信度。对${Re} = {4000}, p = {10}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$的人工粗糙度元素采用 3 组不同数量的网格进行数值仿真, 以确保仿真结果的网格无关性, 结果如表 3 所示。
对比网格数量为 2033496 和 2 398421 的努塞尔数和摩擦系数仅有小于 1%的微小变化,因此, 网格无关性得到验证。
局部网格的情况如图 4 所示。
不同雷诺数下的湍流强度和湍动能云图如图 5,6 所示。
图 5,6 可见,空气保持流动状态,流经测试区第一个人工粗糙度元素的瞬间会承受剪切力。 雷诺数越大,剪切强度越强,流体的湍动能和湍流强度越大, 从人工粗糙度元素拐角尖端喷射的流体速度就越快。高速的向后流动可将更多吸热板的热量带入到主流流体中。
${Re} = {10000}$时,不同间距下的速度云图如图 7 所示。
图 7 可见,在雷诺数${Re} = {10000}$时,间距$p = {10}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$的直角六边形人工粗糙度元素产生的最大速度大于间距$p = {15}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$$p = {20}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$粗糙度元素产生的最大速度。人工粗糙度元素破坏了近壁面的粘性底层,空气发生流动分离和再附着,产生更多的局部湍流, 增加空气流速, 提高系统传热性能。
努塞尔数反映了直角六边形人工粗糙度元素太阳能空气集热器的传热性能, 雷诺数 (入口速度) 和人工粗糙度元素间距对努塞尔数的影响如图 8 所示。
图 8 可见, 在固定间距下, 带有人工粗糙度元素的太阳能空气集热器的努塞尔数随着雷诺数增加而增大。这是由于高速的向后流动引起了更大的湍流, 不仅提升系统的对流换热系数, 加速不同流层之间的换热, 还将吸热板的热量带到冷的主流体中, 从而增大了集热器的努塞尔系数。图 8 中也显示了人工粗糙度元素间距对努塞尔数的影响, 努塞尔数随着人工粗糙度元素间距的增大而降低。间距的增加造成人工粗糙度元素个数的减少,局部湍流随之减少,进而减小了太阳能空气集热器的努塞尔数;反之,人工粗糙度元素间距减小,发生流动分离和再附着的次数增加,系统传热性提升。综上, 高速的向后流动和大量的局部涡流是提升系统传热性能的关键。在雷诺数${Re} = {16000}$, 间距$p = {10}$时,系统有最大的努塞尔数${Nu} = {97.77}$
雷诺数为 16000 时, 不同间距下的压力云图见图 9
图 9 可见,随着流体在管道中流动,流体压力在整体上呈现从入口到出口处逐渐减小的趋势。在局部的粗糙度元素处, 其左侧压力明显高于右侧,且尖端处出现压力骤降现象。这是因为尖端的存在改变了流体的流动路径, 导致流体的速度分布不均匀,产生了涡旋和湍流。这些湍流运动增加了流体的动量,从而增加了湍动能。湍动能增加也会导致流体的能量耗散增加, 从而降低了流体的压强。流体在流动过程中,尖端处的压力梯度与流动方向相反,称为逆压梯度区域;反之,当压力梯度与流动方向一致时, 称为顺压梯度区域, 顺压梯度区域主要集中在粗糙度元素前、后。从图 9 中发现,当人工粗糙度元素高度保持不变时,流动摩擦系数随着间距的减小而增大, 这是因为边界层被中断的次数增多,分离和再附着产生额外的动量消耗,造成压力损失。
雷诺数为 16000 时,粗糙度元素间距$p = {10}$$\mathrm{{mm}}$时的速度矢量见图 10
图 10 可观察到:流体处于顺压梯度区时没有产生分离;然而,当经过逆压梯度区时,流体产生回流并发生分离。这是因为当经过逆压梯度区时, 流体升压减速, 存在动能损耗, 速度的减小使流体出现粘滞, 流体产生回流并发生分离。边界层发生分离后, 在人工粗糙度元素的后方产生尾涡区,在尾涡区内旋涡不断消耗机械能,其内部压强降低,尾涡区压强小于人工粗糙度元素前部和外面的压强, 因此在人工粗糙度元素的前、后形成压强差,产生压差阻力。
直角六边形人工粗糙度元素的太阳能空气加热器的摩擦系数与雷诺数的关系如图 11 所示。
图 11 可见, 任何间距下, 带有人工粗糙度元素的太阳能空气集热器的摩擦系数均大于光滑板。光滑平板的摩擦系数随着雷诺数的增加单调减小,但是添加人工粗糙度元素后,摩擦系数不再随着进口速度呈现单调变化。在雷诺数${Re} = {7000}$时流动阻力达到最大值, 之后摩擦系数随着雷诺数的增加趋于减小。进口速度的增大抑制边界层的生长,边界层厚度变薄,流动阻力减小,压降降低。
人工粗糙度元素的加入在提高太阳能空气集热器传热性能的同时, 也导致更多的能量耗散和压力损失。基于以上的流体力学分析和仿真研究, 努塞尔数和摩擦系数在不同工况下的表现各不相同,因此有必要确定综合性能更好的参数。热工水力系数可以平衡系统传热和压力损失, 使二者增长的程度保持最佳比例。不同人工粗糙度元素间距太阳能空气集热器的热工水力系数随雷诺数的变化情况如图 12 所示。
图 12 可见, 雷诺数增大, 气体湍流增强的同时边界层被抑制生长, 但是热工水力性能依旧保持下降的趋势。当边界层变薄, 更多人工粗糙度元素部分暴露在主流中, 流动阻力增大, 系统的传热增长幅度小于摩擦的增长幅度,因此,热工水力系数不断下降。人工粗糙度元素间距小,流动中断次数增多, 气体出现流动分离和再附着的几率增大,因此,$p = {10}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$的太阳能空气集热器热工水力性能更好。与间距$p = {10}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,高度$e = {1.4}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$的矩形人工粗糙度元素 [ 3 ] 相比,直角六边形人工粗糙度元素在低雷诺数下的传热能力更强。在雷诺数${Re} = {4000}$工况下,$p = {10}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$的太阳能空气集热器传热性能和压力损失保持最佳比例, THPP=1.76。
本文对带有直角六边形人工粗糙度元素的太阳能空气集热器内部的传热行为和流动现象进行分析,并结合数值分析方法, 研究人工粗糙度元素在固定高度下,雷诺数和人工粗糙度元素间距分别对太阳能空气集热器的传热特性和摩擦系数产生的影响, 参考热工水力系数对不同雷诺数和间距的太阳能空气集热器进行评价,所得结论如下。
①在太阳能空气集热器的吸热板上添加人工粗糙度元素,会明显地增强系统传热性能,这是由于人工粗糙度元素打破了边界层, 降低了吸热板的热阻。
②提升系统传热性能的关键是高速的向后流动和大量的局部涡流。
③雷诺数增大,系统的努塞尔数也增大。在雷诺数 ${Re} = {16000}$ 、间距 $p = {10}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 时,系统有最大的努塞尔数 ${Nu} = {97.77}$ ,为光滑管道的 2.07 倍。
④雷诺数的增大抑制了边界层的生长,减小气体的流动阻力。当人工粗糙度元素数量增加时, 流体流阻增加,同时,雷诺数也会相应地增加。这表明人工粗糙度元素数量与雷诺数之间存在正相关。
⑤当雷诺数 ${Re} = {4000}$ 、间距 $p = {10}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 时,带有直角六边形人工粗糙度元素的太阳能空气集热器的传热性能和压力损失将保持最佳比例, 系统获得的最大热工水力系数为 1.76。
  • 国家自然科学基金(11572098)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费专项基金(2572021BF06)
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  • 接收时间:2023-10-11
  • 首发时间:2025-07-18
  • 出版时间:2025-01-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-11
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国家自然科学基金(11572098)
中央高校基本科研业务费专项基金(2572021BF06)
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    1 东北林业大学 黑龙江 哈尔滨 150040

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夏鹏(1986-),男,副教授,主要从事流固耦合动力学的理论与应用方面的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
种数
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占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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