Article(id=1152989160894877774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1152989160404144205, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1689264000000, receivedDateStr=2023-07-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752823637459, onlineDateStr=2025-07-18, pubDate=1737302400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752823637459, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752823637459, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752825690780, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1152989160404144205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, year='2025', volume='43', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='142', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1752823637343, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753694506642, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156641851038884698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1152989160404144205, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156641851038884699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1152989160404144205, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=9, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1152989161222033487, articleId=1152989160894877774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, language=EN, title=Simulation and NO emission reduction study of cement calciner utilizing forestry biomass as alternative fuel based on Aspen Plus, columnId=null, journalTitle=Renewable Energy Resources, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A model of cement calciner using forestry biomass as alternative fuel was established based on Aspen Plus. Poplar wood was selected as the representative forestry biomass to replace 40% of the coal fuel, and the effects of gasification temperature, equivalence ratio, and biomass moisture content on the gas production components and calorific value, the outlet temperature of the cement calciner, and NO emission concentration was investigated under the conditions of lowtemperature gasification in a fluidized bed. Then NO emission concentration was taken as the response value, and the central combination test was carried out to establish the response surface and analyzed. The results showed that at a biomass feed rate of 11 000 kg/h, with the gasification temperature increasing from 550 °C to 700 °C, the content of each combustible component in the produced gas firstly decreased and then increased, and the increase in the content of the combustible component had a promotional effect on the generation of NO; at the equivalence ratio of more than 0.15, coke was mostly consumed by the gasification reaction, and the reduction of NO was weakened, which led to the increase in NO emission concentration; the increase in the moisture content of biomass led to the increase in the emission concentration of NO; the increase in the moisture content of biomass leads to a decrease in the content of each combustible component in the produced gas, and the outlet temperature of the cement calciner showed a decreasing trend; there was an interaction between the three factors, and the significance level of the effect of the equivalence ratio on the NO emission concentration was the highest, and the strongest interaction between the gasification temperature and the equivalence ratio was observed; when the gasification temperature was 550 °C, the equivalence ratio was 0.2, and the biomass water content was 12.5%, the NO emission concentration(442.91 mg/m³) was minimized

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基于Aspen Plus 建立利用林业生物质作为替代燃料的水泥分解炉模型,选取杨木作为代表性林业生物质,替代40%的煤燃料,在流化床低温气化条件下,研究气化温度、当量比、生物质含水率对产气组分及热值、水泥分解炉出口温度、NO排放浓度的影响。以NO排放浓度为响应值,进行中心组合试验,建立响应面并进行分析。结果表明:在11000 kg/h 的生物质进料速率下,随着气化温度从550℃升至700℃,产气中各可燃组分含量先下降后上升,可燃组分含量的升高对NO的生成有促进作用;在当量比大于0.15时,焦炭大多被气化反应消耗,对NO的还原减弱,导致 NO排放浓度上升;生物质含水率的增加导致产气中各可燃组分含量下降,分解炉出口温度呈下降趋势;三因素之间存在交互作用,当量比对NO排放浓度影响的显著性水平最高,气化温度和当量比之间交互作用最强;当气化温度为550℃,当量比为0.2,生物质含水率为12.5%时,NO排放浓度(442.91 mg/m³)最小。

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金保昇(1961-),男,博士,教授,研究方向煤与生物质气化技术E-mail:
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figureFileBig=cgLd+gpL4RsMaHSj63zVeQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159145426198049645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152989160894877774, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Effect of gasification temperature on gas production components and calorific value and tar concentration, figureFileSmall=qfIDgdUVidF9S+hyDmu+7g==, figureFileBig=sd04MncrnuK6gQGOPLuH8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159145426252575598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152989160894877774, language=CN, label=图 3, caption=气化温度对产气组分及热值和焦油浓度的影响, figureFileSmall=qfIDgdUVidF9S+hyDmu+7g==, figureFileBig=sd04MncrnuK6gQGOPLuH8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159145426311295855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152989160894877774, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Effect of gasification temperature on calciner outlet temperature and NO emission concentration, 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figureFileBig=WFm0KwaGkIcz/fV0wwLnjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159145426873332601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152989160894877774, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=The impact of any two independent variables on NO emissions, figureFileSmall=pG7zXKuOPnHXXdKV80zYig==, figureFileBig=R+49G5zO/SFrYPCZ1nEYjQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159145426919469946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152989160894877774, language=CN, label=图 9, caption=任意两个自变量对 $\mathrm{{NO}}$ 排放浓度的影响, figureFileSmall=pG7zXKuOPnHXXdKV80zYig==, figureFileBig=R+49G5zO/SFrYPCZ1nEYjQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159145426969801595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152989160894877774, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Kinetic parameters of the gasification reaction, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
反应方程 反应速率计算式 序号
$\mathrm{C} + {\mathrm{O}}_{2} \rightarrow 2\left( {\alpha - 1}\right) \mathrm{{CO}} + \left( {2 - \alpha }\right) {\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ ${r}_{1} = {3.7} \times {10}^{10} \cdot T \cdot \exp \left( \frac{150000}{RT}\right) \left\lbrack {\mathrm{O}}_{2}\right\rbrack$ $\alpha = \frac{1 + {2f}}{1 + f}, f = {4.72} \times {10}^{-3} \cdot \exp \left( \frac{37787}{RT}\right)$
$\mathrm{C} + 2{\mathrm{H}}_{2} \rightarrow {\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}$ ${r}_{2} = {16.4} \cdot \exp \left( \frac{-{94800}}{RT}\right) {\left\lbrack {\mathrm{H}}_{2}\right\rbrack }^{0.93}$
$\mathrm{C} + {\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2} \rightarrow 2\mathrm{{CO}}$ ${r}_{3} = {4.364} \cdot \exp \left( \frac{248123}{RT}\right) \left\lbrack {\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}\right\rbrack$
$\mathrm{C} + {\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O} \rightarrow \mathrm{{CO}} + {\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ ${r}_{4} = {200} \cdot \exp \left( \frac{-{49900}}{RT}\right) \left\lbrack \mathrm{C}\right\rbrack \left\lbrack {{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}}\right\rbrack$
$\mathrm{{CO}} + {\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O} \leftrightarrow {\mathrm{H}}_{2} + {\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ ${r}_{5} = {0.278} \cdot \exp \left( \frac{-{12600}}{RT}\right) \left\lbrack \mathrm{{CO}}\right\rbrack \left\lbrack {{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}}\right\rbrack - \frac{\left\lbrack {\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}\right\rbrack \left\lbrack {\mathrm{H}}_{2}\right\rbrack }{k}$ $k = {0.022} \cdot \exp \left( \frac{34730}{RT}\right)$
${\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4} + {\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O} \leftrightarrow \mathrm{{CO}} + 3{\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ ${r}_{6} = 3 \times {10}^{-3} \cdot \exp \left( \frac{124710}{RT}\right) \left\lbrack {\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}\right\rbrack \left\lbrack {{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}}\right\rbrack$
${\mathrm{C}}_{3}{\mathrm{H}}_{6}{\mathrm{O}}_{2} \rightarrow {0.5}{\mathrm{C}}_{6}{\mathrm{H}}_{6}\mathrm{O} + {1.5}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$ ${r}_{7} = {1.0} \times {10}^{4} \cdot \exp \left( \frac{-{136000}}{RT}\right) \left\lbrack {{\mathrm{C}}_{3}{\mathrm{H}}_{6}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}}\right\rbrack$
${\mathrm{C}}_{6}{\mathrm{H}}_{6}\mathrm{O} \rightarrow {0.5}{\mathrm{C}}_{10}{\mathrm{H}}_{8} + \mathrm{{CO}} + {\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ ${r}_{8} = {1.0} \times {10}^{7} \cdot \exp \left( \frac{-{100000}}{RT}\right) \left\lbrack {{\mathrm{C}}_{6}{\mathrm{H}}_{6}\mathrm{O}}\right\rbrack$
${\mathrm{C}}_{10}{\mathrm{H}}_{8} \rightarrow {10}\mathrm{C} + 4{\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ ${r}_{9} = {7.9} \times {10}^{14} \cdot \exp \left( \frac{-{360000}}{RT}\right) {\left\lbrack {\mathrm{H}}_{2}\right\rbrack }^{-{0.7}}{\left\lbrack {\mathrm{C}}_{10}{\mathrm{H}}_{8}\right\rbrack }^{2}$
), ArticleFig(id=1159145427032716156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152989160894877774, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=气化反应动力学参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
反应方程 反应速率计算式 序号
$\mathrm{C} + {\mathrm{O}}_{2} \rightarrow 2\left( {\alpha - 1}\right) \mathrm{{CO}} + \left( {2 - \alpha }\right) {\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ ${r}_{1} = {3.7} \times {10}^{10} \cdot T \cdot \exp \left( \frac{150000}{RT}\right) \left\lbrack {\mathrm{O}}_{2}\right\rbrack$ $\alpha = \frac{1 + {2f}}{1 + f}, f = {4.72} \times {10}^{-3} \cdot \exp \left( \frac{37787}{RT}\right)$
$\mathrm{C} + 2{\mathrm{H}}_{2} \rightarrow {\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}$ ${r}_{2} = {16.4} \cdot \exp \left( \frac{-{94800}}{RT}\right) {\left\lbrack {\mathrm{H}}_{2}\right\rbrack }^{0.93}$
$\mathrm{C} + {\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2} \rightarrow 2\mathrm{{CO}}$ ${r}_{3} = {4.364} \cdot \exp \left( \frac{248123}{RT}\right) \left\lbrack {\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}\right\rbrack$
$\mathrm{C} + {\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O} \rightarrow \mathrm{{CO}} + {\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ ${r}_{4} = {200} \cdot \exp \left( \frac{-{49900}}{RT}\right) \left\lbrack \mathrm{C}\right\rbrack \left\lbrack {{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}}\right\rbrack$
$\mathrm{{CO}} + {\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O} \leftrightarrow {\mathrm{H}}_{2} + {\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ ${r}_{5} = {0.278} \cdot \exp \left( \frac{-{12600}}{RT}\right) \left\lbrack \mathrm{{CO}}\right\rbrack \left\lbrack {{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}}\right\rbrack - \frac{\left\lbrack {\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}\right\rbrack \left\lbrack {\mathrm{H}}_{2}\right\rbrack }{k}$ $k = {0.022} \cdot \exp \left( \frac{34730}{RT}\right)$
${\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4} + {\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O} \leftrightarrow \mathrm{{CO}} + 3{\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ ${r}_{6} = 3 \times {10}^{-3} \cdot \exp \left( \frac{124710}{RT}\right) \left\lbrack {\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}\right\rbrack \left\lbrack {{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}}\right\rbrack$
${\mathrm{C}}_{3}{\mathrm{H}}_{6}{\mathrm{O}}_{2} \rightarrow {0.5}{\mathrm{C}}_{6}{\mathrm{H}}_{6}\mathrm{O} + {1.5}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$ ${r}_{7} = {1.0} \times {10}^{4} \cdot \exp \left( \frac{-{136000}}{RT}\right) \left\lbrack {{\mathrm{C}}_{3}{\mathrm{H}}_{6}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}}\right\rbrack$
${\mathrm{C}}_{6}{\mathrm{H}}_{6}\mathrm{O} \rightarrow {0.5}{\mathrm{C}}_{10}{\mathrm{H}}_{8} + \mathrm{{CO}} + {\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ ${r}_{8} = {1.0} \times {10}^{7} \cdot \exp \left( \frac{-{100000}}{RT}\right) \left\lbrack {{\mathrm{C}}_{6}{\mathrm{H}}_{6}\mathrm{O}}\right\rbrack$
${\mathrm{C}}_{10}{\mathrm{H}}_{8} \rightarrow {10}\mathrm{C} + 4{\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ ${r}_{9} = {7.9} \times {10}^{14} \cdot \exp \left( \frac{-{360000}}{RT}\right) {\left\lbrack {\mathrm{H}}_{2}\right\rbrack }^{-{0.7}}{\left\lbrack {\mathrm{C}}_{10}{\mathrm{H}}_{8}\right\rbrack }^{2}$
), ArticleFig(id=1159145427095630717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152989160894877774, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Industrial and elemental analysis of poplar wood and coal, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
原料 工业分析/% 元素分析 低位热值
V FC A C H 0 S Cl
杨木 82.79 14.81 2.40 45.09 6.18 46.19 0.11 0.03 16 296.76
30.40 55.30 14.30 67.33 4.18 11.94 1.30 0.94 0.01 26 411.40
), ArticleFig(id=1159145427150156670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152989160894877774, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=杨木和煤的工业分析与元素分析, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
原料 工业分析/% 元素分析 低位热值
V FC A C H 0 S Cl
杨木 82.79 14.81 2.40 45.09 6.18 46.19 0.11 0.03 16 296.76
30.40 55.30 14.30 67.33 4.18 11.94 1.30 0.94 0.01 26 411.40
), ArticleFig(id=1159145427208876927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152989160894877774, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=Composition analysis of cement raw material % , figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
LOSS CaO
36.02 42.78 2.13 13.12 1.84 3.03 0.733 0.07
), ArticleFig(id=1159145427263402880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152989160894877774, language=CN, label=表 3, caption=水泥生料的组成分析, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
LOSS CaO
36.02 42.78 2.13 13.12 1.84 3.03 0.733 0.07
), ArticleFig(id=1159145427326317441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152989160894877774, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=Fluidized bed gasification model validation results, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
产气组分 文献值 模拟值 误差
${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ 7.40 7.38 0.27
CO 7.65 7.19 6.01
${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 17.2 18.4 6.97
${\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}$ 2.65 2.90 9.43
), ArticleFig(id=1159145427389232002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152989160894877774, language=CN, label=表 4, caption=流化床气化模型验证结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
产气组分 文献值 模拟值 误差
${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ 7.40 7.38 0.27
CO 7.65 7.19 6.01
${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 17.2 18.4 6.97
${\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}$ 2.65 2.90 9.43
), ArticleFig(id=1159145427510866819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152989160894877774, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=Results of model validation of cement calciner, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 文献值 1 模拟值 1 误差 1/% 文献值 2 模拟值 2 误差 2/%
分解炉出口温度/K 1176 1177 0.09 1154 1144 0.87
NO浓度 $/\mathrm{{mg}} \cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-3}$ 776 778 0.26 770
${\mathrm{O}}_{2}/\%$ 2.28 2.24 1.75 1.46 1.33 8.90
${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}/\%$ 39.51 40.12 41.8 4.19
), ArticleFig(id=1159145427569587076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152989160894877774, language=CN, label=表 5, caption=水泥分解炉模型验证结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 文献值 1 模拟值 1 误差 1/% 文献值 2 模拟值 2 误差 2/%
分解炉出口温度/K 1176 1177 0.09 1154 1144 0.87
NO浓度 $/\mathrm{{mg}} \cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-3}$ 776 778 0.26 770
${\mathrm{O}}_{2}/\%$ 2.28 2.24 1.75 1.46 1.33 8.90
${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}/\%$ 39.51 40.12 41.8 4.19
), ArticleFig(id=1159145427645084549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152989160894877774, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=Level of factors, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素 水平
-1 0
$A/{}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 550 625 700
$B$ 0.15 0.175 0.20
$C/\%$ 7.5 10 12.5
), ArticleFig(id=1159145427691221894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152989160894877774, language=CN, label=表 6, caption=因素水平, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素 水平
-1 0
$A/{}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 550 625 700
$B$ 0.15 0.175 0.20
$C/\%$ 7.5 10 12.5
), ArticleFig(id=1159145427762525063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152989160894877774, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=Analysis of variance, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
响应参数 离差平方和 均方差
Model 125 800 13 981.84 49.26 <0.000 1
$A$ 3 230.55 3 230.55 11.38 0.007 1
$B$ 90 265.45 90 265.45 318.03 <0.000 1
$C$ 12 069.15 12 069.15 42.52 <0.000 1
${AB}$ 3008.44 3008.44 10.60 0.008 6
${AC}$ 16.56 16.56 0.058 3 0.8140
${BC}$ 207.51 207.51 0.7311 0.4125
${A}^{2}$ 947.91 947.91 3.34 0.097 6
${B}^{2}$ 16 673.31 16 673.31 58.75 0.000 1
${C}^{2}$ 67.35 67.35 0.237 3 0.636 7
${R}^{2}$ 0.977 9
Adj- ${R}^{2}$ 0.958 1
Pre- ${R}^{2}$ 0.8325
Adeq Precision 27.526 7
), ArticleFig(id=1159145427825439624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152989160894877774, language=CN, label=表 7, caption=方差分析, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
响应参数 离差平方和 均方差
Model 125 800 13 981.84 49.26 <0.000 1
$A$ 3 230.55 3 230.55 11.38 0.007 1
$B$ 90 265.45 90 265.45 318.03 <0.000 1
$C$ 12 069.15 12 069.15 42.52 <0.000 1
${AB}$ 3008.44 3008.44 10.60 0.008 6
${AC}$ 16.56 16.56 0.058 3 0.8140
${BC}$ 207.51 207.51 0.7311 0.4125
${A}^{2}$ 947.91 947.91 3.34 0.097 6
${B}^{2}$ 16 673.31 16 673.31 58.75 0.000 1
${C}^{2}$ 67.35 67.35 0.237 3 0.636 7
${R}^{2}$ 0.977 9
Adj- ${R}^{2}$ 0.958 1
Pre- ${R}^{2}$ 0.8325
Adeq Precision 27.526 7
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基于 Aspen Plus 的利用林业生物质作为替代燃料的水泥分解炉模拟及 NO 减排研究
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古启鑫 1 , 戴晨 1 , 凌影 1 , 陈国威 1 , 金保昇 1
可再生能源 | 2025,43(1): 1-9
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可再生能源 | 2025, 43(1): 1-9
基于 Aspen Plus 的利用林业生物质作为替代燃料的水泥分解炉模拟及 NO 减排研究
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古启鑫1, 戴晨1, 凌影1, 陈国威1, 金保昇1
作者信息
  • 1 东南大学 能源热转换及过程测控教育部重点实验室 江苏 南京 210096

通讯作者:

金保昇(1961-),男,博士,教授,研究方向煤与生物质气化技术E-mail:
Simulation and NO emission reduction study of cement calciner utilizing forestry biomass as alternative fuel based on Aspen Plus
Qixin Gu1, Chen Dai1, Ying Ling1, Guowei Chen1, Baosheng Jin1
Affiliations
  • 1 Key Laboratory of Thermal Energy Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education Southeast University Nanjing 210096 China
出版时间: 2025-01-20 doi:
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基于Aspen Plus 建立利用林业生物质作为替代燃料的水泥分解炉模型,选取杨木作为代表性林业生物质,替代40%的煤燃料,在流化床低温气化条件下,研究气化温度、当量比、生物质含水率对产气组分及热值、水泥分解炉出口温度、NO排放浓度的影响。以NO排放浓度为响应值,进行中心组合试验,建立响应面并进行分析。结果表明:在11000 kg/h 的生物质进料速率下,随着气化温度从550℃升至700℃,产气中各可燃组分含量先下降后上升,可燃组分含量的升高对NO的生成有促进作用;在当量比大于0.15时,焦炭大多被气化反应消耗,对NO的还原减弱,导致 NO排放浓度上升;生物质含水率的增加导致产气中各可燃组分含量下降,分解炉出口温度呈下降趋势;三因素之间存在交互作用,当量比对NO排放浓度影响的显著性水平最高,气化温度和当量比之间交互作用最强;当气化温度为550℃,当量比为0.2,生物质含水率为12.5%时,NO排放浓度(442.91 mg/m³)最小。

Aspen Plus  /  替代燃料  /  低温气化  /  分解炉  /  NO 减排

A model of cement calciner using forestry biomass as alternative fuel was established based on Aspen Plus. Poplar wood was selected as the representative forestry biomass to replace 40% of the coal fuel, and the effects of gasification temperature, equivalence ratio, and biomass moisture content on the gas production components and calorific value, the outlet temperature of the cement calciner, and NO emission concentration was investigated under the conditions of lowtemperature gasification in a fluidized bed. Then NO emission concentration was taken as the response value, and the central combination test was carried out to establish the response surface and analyzed. The results showed that at a biomass feed rate of 11 000 kg/h, with the gasification temperature increasing from 550 °C to 700 °C, the content of each combustible component in the produced gas firstly decreased and then increased, and the increase in the content of the combustible component had a promotional effect on the generation of NO; at the equivalence ratio of more than 0.15, coke was mostly consumed by the gasification reaction, and the reduction of NO was weakened, which led to the increase in NO emission concentration; the increase in the moisture content of biomass led to the increase in the emission concentration of NO; the increase in the moisture content of biomass leads to a decrease in the content of each combustible component in the produced gas, and the outlet temperature of the cement calciner showed a decreasing trend; there was an interaction between the three factors, and the significance level of the effect of the equivalence ratio on the NO emission concentration was the highest, and the strongest interaction between the gasification temperature and the equivalence ratio was observed; when the gasification temperature was 550 °C, the equivalence ratio was 0.2, and the biomass water content was 12.5%, the NO emission concentration(442.91 mg/m³) was minimized

Apsen Plus  /  alternative fuels  /  low temperature gasification  /  calciner  /  NO emission reduction
古启鑫, 戴晨, 凌影, 陈国威, 金保昇. 基于 Aspen Plus 的利用林业生物质作为替代燃料的水泥分解炉模拟及 NO 减排研究. 可再生能源, 2025 , 43 (1) : 1 -9 .
Qixin Gu, Chen Dai, Ying Ling, Guowei Chen, Baosheng Jin. Simulation and NO emission reduction study of cement calciner utilizing forestry biomass as alternative fuel based on Aspen Plus[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2025 , 43 (1) : 1 -9 .
在“双碳”战略要求下, 寻求高效可再生替代燃料成为能源消费结构转型和低碳经济发展的迫切需求 [ 1 ] 。我国水泥行业的燃料替代率不足 $2\%$ , 远低于欧洲国家 85%的替代率 [ 2 ] ,因此发展替代燃料技术十分紧迫。我国林业生物质资源丰富, 据统计,2017 年林业废弃物约有 3.5 亿 t [ 3 ] ,林业生物质的单位体积热值是农作物的 3 倍以上 [ 4 ] ,具备作为替代燃料的巨大潜力 [ 5 ] 。凌桂雄 [ 6 ] 将桉树皮作为替代燃料, 在水泥窑炉上进行试验, 结果表明, 预处理可提高替代燃料的热效率。Rahman A [ 7 ] 搭建了利用替代燃料的水泥窑炉模型并进行了 ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}$ 减排研究, 结果表明, 替代燃料种类和替代率对 ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}$ 排放浓度具有较大影响。
为减少水泥生产过程中的碳排放, 须对煤燃料进行替代, 而林业生物质低温气化产生的可燃产物的品质较煤燃料低, 为维持水泥分解炉稳定且正常的运行温度,不可对煤燃料进行全部替代。 在水泥生产过程中, 流化床低温气化技术可作为预处理方法, 将生物质转化为可燃气、气态焦油和残炭,产物无须提质,可直接通入分解炉燃烧。水泥生产过程产生的 ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}$ 主要以 $\mathrm{{NO}}$ 为主 [ 8 ] ,可通过优化工况降低 NO 排放浓度。
本文基于 Aspen Plus 建立利用林业生物质作为替代燃料的水泥分解炉模型, 选取杨木替代 40%的煤燃料,研究流化床低温气化过程中气化温度、当量比和生物质含水率对产气组分及热值、 焦油浓度, 水泥分解炉出口温度、NO 排放浓度等的影响。以 NO 排放浓度为响应值,通过中心组合试验, 建立响应面并进行分析, 得出 NO 排放浓度最小的最优工况参数。本研究对水泥生产中的替代燃料技术以及 NO 减排有进一步的工程指导意义。
本文中, 模型主要涉及生物质低温气化和水泥分解炉中水泥生料煅烧分解, 是一系列复杂的物理化学反应过程, 因此, 构建模型时须要根据实际情况进行适当简化, 以便于仿真计算。
本文构建模型时基于以下假设 [ 9 , 10 ]
①将气化过程解耦为 3 个连续的子过程, 分别为热解、燃烧和还原;气化过程处于稳定状态, 气化炉内温度分布均匀,反应过程等温;气化炉内压力一定,反应在零压降下进行。
②气体组分服从理想气体定律, 生物质与气化剂在炉内快速均匀混合。
③灰分为惰性物质不影响反应过程。
④ 初级焦油由最具代表性的组分——缩醛$\left( {{\mathrm{C}}_{3}{\mathrm{H}}_{6}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}}\right)$进行表征,通过热裂解生成的具有代表性的二次焦油化合物为苯酚$\left( {{\mathrm{C}}_{6}{\mathrm{H}}_{6}\mathrm{O}}\right)$和萘$\left( {{\mathrm{C}}_{10}{\mathrm{H}}_{8}}\right)$
⑤水泥分解炉中发生气化产物与煤粉的燃烧反应,为碳酸钙和碳酸镁煅烧分解供热;水泥生料中的${\mathrm{{SiO}}}_{2},{\mathrm{{Al}}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3},{\mathrm{{Fe}}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3},{\mathrm{K}}_{2}\mathrm{O},{\mathrm{{Na}}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$视为惰性物质, 不影响反应过程。
热解产物${\mathrm{H}}_{2},\mathrm{{CO}},{\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4},{\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2},{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$,焦油,焦炭的产率分布, 通过联立以下经验式和元素守恒方程中求得。
${Y}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2},\mathrm{\;F}} = {1.145}{\left\lbrack 1 - \exp \left( -{0.11} \times {10}^{-2}{T}_{0}\right) \right\rbrack }^{9.384}$
${Y}_{\mathrm{{CO}},\mathrm{F}} = {\left\lbrack 3 \times {10}^{-4} + \frac{0.0429}{1 + {\left( {T}_{0}/{632}\right) }^{-{7.23}}}\right\rbrack }^{-1} \cdot {Y}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2},\mathrm{\;F}}$
${Y}_{{\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4},\mathrm{\;F}} = {0.146} \cdot {Y}_{\mathrm{{CO}},\mathrm{F}} - {2.18} \times {10}^{-4}$
${Y}_{\mathrm{{ch}},\mathrm{F}} = {0.106} + {2.43} \cdot \exp \left( {-{0.66} \times {10}^{-2}{T}_{0}}\right)$
${Y}_{\mathrm{C},\mathrm{{ch}}} = {0.93} - {0.92} \cdot \exp \left( {-{0.42} \times {10}^{-2}{T}_{0}}\right)$
${Y}_{\mathrm{O},\mathrm{{ch}}} = {0.07} + {0.85} \cdot \exp \left( {-{0.48} \times {10}^{-2}{T}_{0}}\right)$
${Y}_{\mathrm{C},\mathrm{F}} - {Y}_{\mathrm{C},\mathrm{{ch}}}{Y}_{\mathrm{{ch}},\mathrm{F}} = {Y}_{\mathrm{C},\operatorname{tar}}{Y}_{\operatorname{tar},\mathrm{F}} + {Y}_{\mathrm{C},{\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}}{Y}_{{\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4},\mathrm{F}} + {Y}_{\mathrm{C},\mathrm{{CO}}}{Y}_{\mathrm{{CO}},\mathrm{F}} + \\ {Y}_{\mathrm{C},{\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}}{Y}_{{\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2},\mathrm{\;F}} \\ {Y}_{\mathrm{H},\mathrm{F}} - {Y}_{\mathrm{H},\mathrm{{ch}}}{Y}_{\mathrm{{ch}},\mathrm{F}} = {Y}_{\mathrm{H},\operatorname{tar}}{Y}_{\operatorname{tar},\mathrm{F}} + {Y}_{\mathrm{H},{\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}}{Y}_{{\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4},\mathrm{F}} + {Y}_{\mathrm{H},{\mathrm{H}}_{2}}{Y}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2},\mathrm{F}} + \\ {Y}_{\mathrm{H},{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}}{Y}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O},\mathrm{F}} \\ {Y}_{\mathrm{O},\mathrm{F}} - {Y}_{\mathrm{O},\mathrm{{ch}}}{Y}_{\mathrm{{ch}},\mathrm{F}} = {Y}_{\mathrm{O},\operatorname{tar}}{Y}_{\operatorname{tar},\mathrm{F}} + {Y}_{\mathrm{O},\mathrm{{CO}}}{Y}_{\mathrm{{CO}},\mathrm{F}} + {Y}_{\mathrm{O},{\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}}{Y}_{{\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2},\mathrm{F}} + \\ {Y}_{0,{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}}{Y}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O},\mathrm{F}}$
式中:${T}_{0}$为热解温度,$\mathrm{C};{Y}_{\mathrm{H}2,\mathrm{\;F}},{Y}_{\mathrm{{CO}},\mathrm{F}},{Y}_{\mathrm{{CO}}2,\mathrm{\;F}},{Y}_{\mathrm{H}2\mathrm{O},\mathrm{\;F}}$,${Y}_{{\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4},\mathrm{\;F}},{Y}_{\mathrm{{ch}},\mathrm{F}},{Y}_{\mathrm{{tar}},\mathrm{F}}$分别为生物质热解过程的${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$,$\mathrm{{CO}},{\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2},{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O},{\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}$,焦炭和焦油的产率,$\% ;{Y}_{\mathrm{C},\mathrm{F}}$,${Y}_{\mathrm{H},\mathrm{F}},{Y}_{\mathrm{O},\mathrm{F}},{Y}_{\mathrm{C},\mathrm{{ch}}},{Y}_{\mathrm{H},\mathrm{{ch}}},{Y}_{\mathrm{O},\mathrm{{ch}}},{Y}_{\mathrm{C},\mathrm{{tar}}},{Y}_{\mathrm{H},\mathrm{{tar}}},{Y}_{\mathrm{O},\mathrm{{tar}}}$分别为化学元素$\mathrm{C},\mathrm{H},\mathrm{O}$在生物质、焦炭和焦油中的质量分数,$\% ;{Y}_{ij}$为化合物$j\left( {\mathrm{{CO}},{\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2},{\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4},{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}}\right)$中化学元素$i\left( {\mathrm{C},\mathrm{H},\mathrm{O}}\right)$的质量分数,$\%$
本研究利用反应动力学模型描述气化反应过程,涉及的气化反应动力学参数如表 1 所示 [ 9 , 10 ]
表 1 中:$T$为气化温度,${}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C};R$为理想气体常数;${r}_{n}$为反应速率,$\mathrm{{kmol}}/\left( {{\mathrm{m}}^{3} \cdot \mathrm{s}}\right) , n = 1,2,\cdots ,9;\alpha$为由$f$决定的量,用于计算反应方程的化学计量数;$f$为与$T$相关的量;$k$为反应速率常数;$\left\lbrack {\mathrm{O}}_{2}\right\rbrack ,\left\lbrack {\mathrm{H}}_{2}\right\rbrack$,$\left\lbrack {\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}\right\rbrack ,\left\lbrack \mathrm{C}\right\rbrack ,\left\lbrack {{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}}\right\rbrack ,\left\lbrack \mathrm{{CO}}\right\rbrack ,\left\lbrack {\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}\right\rbrack ,\left\lbrack {{\mathrm{C}}_{3}{\mathrm{H}}_{6}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}}\right\rbrack ,\left\lbrack {{\mathrm{C}}_{6}{\mathrm{H}}_{6}\mathrm{O}}\right\rbrack$,$\left\lbrack {{\mathrm{C}}_{10}{\mathrm{H}}_{8}}\right\rbrack$分别为${\mathrm{O}}_{2},{\mathrm{H}}_{2},{\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2},\mathrm{C},{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O},\mathrm{{CO}},{\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4},{\mathrm{C}}_{3}{\mathrm{H}}_{6}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$,${\mathrm{C}}_{6}{\mathrm{H}}_{6}\mathrm{O},{\mathrm{C}}_{10}{\mathrm{H}}_{8}$的浓度,$\mathrm{{kmol}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$
利用替代燃料的水泥分解炉系统模型见图 1。模型主要涉及生物质低温气化和水泥生料煅烧分解两个部分。模块 DRY-1 (Dryer), DRY-2 (RStoic), SEP-1(Sep)用于模拟湿生物质在高温空气中的干燥过程,其中,模块 DRY-1, DRY-2 分别模拟湿生物质的加热和脱水过程, SEP-1 将干燥出的水与生物质分离,得到干燥生物质。根据式(1)~(6)和方程(7),(8)求解生物质热解产物${\mathrm{H}}_{2},\mathrm{{CO}},{\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4},{\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2},{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O},\mathrm{C}$,灰分和初级焦油的产率分布, 并在模块 PYRO(RYield) 中进行设置; 模块 SEP-2(Sep) 和 SEP-3(SSplit) 将热解获得的焦炭进行部分分离, 用于模拟焦炭中的惰性组分; 模块 TAR-CRA(RCSTR)设置反应⑦~⑨中的反应动力学参数, 用于模拟初级焦油的二次热裂解。模块 HEAT(Heater)模拟空气预热器, 加热气化反应所需要的空气;模块 COMBUS-1 (RStoic) 设置反应 ①中的反应动力学参数,模拟焦炭的不完全燃烧过程;模块 REDUCTION(RCSTR)设置反应②~⑥ 中的反应动力学参数, 用于模拟还原过程。水泥生料分解煅烧部分解耦为燃烧和生料分解两个过程。煤流股 COAL 为非常规组分, 通过 Calculator 计算模块编辑 Fortran 语言控制 STOIC(RStoic)模块发生裂解,裂解为常规组分$\mathrm{C},\mathrm{S},{\mathrm{H}}_{2},{\mathrm{O}}_{2},{\mathrm{\;N}}_{2},{\mathrm{{Cl}}}_{2}$及灰分;模块 COMBUS-2(RGibbs)模拟水泥分解炉中的燃烧反应, 燃烧所需燃料来自气化产物 PD-GASI 和煤裂解后的常规组分; 燃烧所需的气体为三次风 TG、送煤风 CG 和窑尾烟气 KG。 PRECALCINER(RStoic)接受燃烧反应产生的热量$\mathrm{Q} - \mathrm{{COM}}2$,对水泥生料 RAW 进行煅烧,实现碳酸钙和碳酸镁的分解。
选取杨木作为代表性林业生物质, 用以替代 40%的煤燃料。杨木和煤的工业分析与元素分析结果(以干燥基为基准)如表 2 所示 [ 12 ] 。水泥生料的组成分析结果如表 3(LOSS 为烧失量)所示 [ 13 ] 。根据表 2,3 中分析结果对相关流股进行参数设定。
验证流化床气化模型时, 选取原料为木片, 气化温度为${650}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$,当量比为 0.15,生物质含水率为7.9 % [ 14 ] ,验证结果如表 4 所示(产气组分以体积分数表示)。对水泥分解炉模型进行验证时, 设置文献值 1 和文献值 2 的煤粉进料速率分别为 7560 , 11268 kg/h, 生料进料速率分别为 160884,202464$\mathrm{{kg}}/\mathrm{h}$,三次风量分别为${78984},{87768}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{3}/\mathrm{h}$,窑尾烟气风量分别为${55224},{70416}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{3}/\mathrm{h}$,三次风温度设定为${960}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$,送煤风 [ 5 ] 温度设定为${25}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$,窑尾烟气温度设定为${1110}{}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$,入口压力均为 0.1 MPa [ 13 ] ,验证结果如表 5 所示$\left( {\mathrm{O}}_{2}\right.$${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$均以质量分数表示)。由表 4,5 可知,产气各组分误差和水泥分解炉各参数误差均在 10% 以内, 说明两部分模型均具有一定的准确性。
本文利用杨木替代煤燃料, 替代率为 40%, 设置煤粉进料速率为${4536}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/\mathrm{h}$,生料进料速率为 160 704 kg$/\mathrm{h}$。在气化温度为${625}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$,当量比为 0.15,生物质含水率为 10% 的条件下,生物质进料速率对分解炉出口温度和$\mathrm{{NO}}$排放浓度的影响如图 2 所示。
图 2 可知, 随着生物质进料速率的升高, 分解炉出口温度和 NO 排放浓度均呈上升趋势, 分别从${861}{}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C},{422.91}\mathrm{{mg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$上升至${928}{}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C},{595.80}$$\mathrm{{mg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$。在当量比一定时,随着生物质进料速率的升高, 气化反应产生的可燃气量和焦油量增大, 导致分解炉内温度升高, 炉内温度的升高可提升炉内燃料中的氮转化成 NO 的效率, 从而导致 NO 排放浓度增高。为使分解炉内煤粉燃烧完全, 防止剩余煤粉在最末级旋风筒内继续燃烧, 保持分解炉运行稳定,须将分解炉出口温度保持在${880}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$以上。为尽量控制$\mathrm{{NO}}$的排放浓度,选取生物质进料速率为${11000}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/\mathrm{h}$较为合适,此时,分解炉出口温度为${894}{}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C},\mathrm{{NO}}$排放浓度为${510.96}\mathrm{{mg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$
在当量比为 0.15,生物质含水率为 10%的条件下, 气化温度对产气组分及热值、焦油浓度的影响如图 3 所示。
图 3(a)可知:随着气化温度从${550}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$升高至${700}{}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C},{\mathrm{H}}_{2}$含量先由${6.90}\%$下降至${6.26}\%$,再升高至 7.37%;$\mathrm{{CO}}$含量先从${550}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$时的${10.82}\%$下降至 625 °C时的 9.27%,再由 675 °C时的 9.55% 升高到${700}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$时的${9.98}\% ;{\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}$含量先由${1.44}\%$下降至${1.19}\%$,再上升至${1.58}\% ;{\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$含量先由${15.50}\%$上升至 15.99%,再下降至 15.15%;产气热值先由${2624.24}\mathrm{\;{kJ}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$下降至${2291.40}\mathrm{\;{kJ}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$,再上升至${2621.60}\mathrm{\;{kJ}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$。气化温度升高促使焦油发生裂解反应⑦~⑨,同时加剧焦炭燃烧反应①生成更多${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$,使产气中的可燃组分含量降低。气化温度升至${650}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$之后,${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$含量降低,原因是气化温度的升高会促进${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$还原反应③,消耗${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$生成$\mathrm{{CO}}$, 导致水煤气反应⑤和甲烷水蒸气重整反应⑥的化学平衡正向移动,分别使得${\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}$${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$逐渐向${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$$\mathrm{{CO}}$转化,促进更多焦炭向$\mathrm{{CO}}$${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$转化,因此${\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}$含量上升幅度较$\mathrm{{CO}},{\mathrm{H}}_{2}$小。由图 3(b)可知, 随着气化温度的升高, 焦油浓度先由 275.89$\mathrm{{mg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$上升至${277.81}\mathrm{{mg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$,再下降至${207.56}\mathrm{{mg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$, 在 575 °C时有最大值。
气化温度对分解炉出口温度和$\mathrm{{NO}}$排放浓度的影响如图 4 所示。
图 4 可知:随着气化温度的升高,$\mathrm{{NO}}$排放浓度先从${520.43}\mathrm{{mg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$下降至${509.85}\mathrm{{mg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$,再上升至${535.7}\mathrm{{mg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$,原因是在${625}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$之后,产气可燃组分含量增加, 燃烧时可产生更多的活性基团,促进$\mathrm{{NO}}$的前驱物${\mathrm{{NH}}}_{3}$氧化为NO [ 15 ] ,导致 NO 排放浓度上升;分解炉出口温度呈下降趋势, 从${900}{}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$下降至${892}{}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$,原因是在${575}{}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$之后,产物中热值较高的焦油的浓度不断下降, 产气热值先下降再上升但幅度较小,总体上体现为气化产物热值下降,导致分解炉出口温度下降。
在气化温度为${650}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$,生物质含水率为${10}\%$的条件下, 当量比对产气组分及热值、焦油浓度的影响如图 5 所示。
(b)当量比对焦油浓度的影响
图 5(a) 可知, 随着当量比的增加, 可燃组分${\mathrm{H}}_{2},\mathrm{{CO}},{\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}$的含量呈下降趋势,分别从${14.15}\%$, 15.59% , 3.64% 下降至 4.86% , 8.29% , 1.03% ,${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$的含量从 16.63%降至12.86%。这是因为随着当量比的增加,通入的空气量增加,在${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$的稀释作用下,产气中各组分含量不断下降。在当量比为 0.075$\sim$0.150 时,${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$含量较其他组分含量的下降幅度较小,原因是随着当量比的增大,引入了更多的${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$,加剧了焦炭燃烧反应①,产生了更多${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$。 可燃组分含量不断降低,导致产气热值从 4799.48$\mathrm{{kJ}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$下降至${1937.03}\mathrm{\;{kJ}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$。由图 5(b)可知,随着当量比的增加,焦油浓度不断下降,从${348.18}\mathrm{{mg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$下降至 224 mg/m${}^{3}$
当量比对分解炉出口温度和$\mathrm{{NO}}$排放浓度的影响如图 6 所示。
图 6 可知,随着当量比的增加,$\mathrm{{NO}}$排放浓度由${673.79}\mathrm{{mg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$下降至${510}\mathrm{{mg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$,再上升至${520.19}\mathrm{{mg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$。这是因为当量比为${0.075} \sim {0.150}$时, 可燃组分含量下降, 导致燃烧产生的活性基团含量下降, NO 排放浓度下降; 当量比大于 0.150 时, 焦炭大多被气化反应消耗,焦炭对 NO 的还原减弱, NO 排放浓度上升。由于产气热值与焦油含量均呈下降趋势,分解炉出口温度从 903 ℃下降至 888 °C。
图 7 为在气化温度为${650}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$,当量比为 0.150 的条件下, 生物质含水率对产气组分及热值、焦油含量的影响。
图 7(a) 可知,随着生物质含水率从 0 增至 20%,产气各组分含量呈下降趋势,${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$含量下降幅度较小,由 16.28%下降至 15.99%, CO 含量从 13.10% 下降至${9.27}\% ,{\mathrm{H}}_{2}$含量从${7.38}\%$下降至 6.26%。这是因为蒸发生物质中的水分会吸收部分氧化反应①产生的热量,同时削弱吸热的水煤气反应⑤和甲烷水蒸气重整反应⑥,抑制了${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$和 CO 产生,促进放热反应⑥ [ 8 ] ,导致${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$绝对含量上升。随着生物质含水率的增加,产气热值由${3018.91}\mathrm{\;{kJ}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$降低至${1921}\mathrm{\;{kJ}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$。由图 7 (b)可知, 随着生物质含水率的增加, 焦油含量逐渐减小,从 303.68 mg$/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$降低至${226}\mathrm{{mg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$
生物质含水率对分解炉出口温度和 NO 排放浓度的影响如图 8 所示。
图 8 可知: 随着生物质含水率的增加, 分解炉出口温度呈下降趋势,从 933 ℃下降至 856${}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$$\mathrm{{NO}}$排放浓度从${639.33}\mathrm{{mg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$下降至422.30$\mathrm{{mg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$,因为水蒸气对$\mathrm{{NO}}$的生成有抑制作用 [ 15 ] 。 从水泥生产流程来看, 为使分解炉内煤粉燃烧完全, 防止过剩煤粉在最末级旋风筒内继续燃烧, 确保水泥分解炉平稳运行且控制 NO 排放浓度不过高, 水泥分解炉出口温度须稳定在 880~910 °C,此时选取生物质含水率为 7.5%~ 12.5%较为合适。
为进一步研究各工况参数对 NO 排放浓度的影响规律, 借助 Design-Expert 软件, 利用中心组合设计试验法建立响应面,考察气化温度、当量比和生物质含水率对 NO 排放浓度的影响规律。气化温度、当量比和生物质含水率分别对应因素$A$,$B, C$,因素高、中、低水平分别被编码为$+ 1,0, - 1$。 因素水平如表 6 所示。
在此基础上, 以 NO 排放浓度为响应值, 设计三因素三水平的共 20 个试验点的响应面试验, 并根据试验结果构建模型。借助 Design-Expert 软件对试验结果进行多元回归分析,得出关于$\mathrm{{NO}}$排放浓度(Y)的二次多项回归编码方程:
$Y = {537.89} + {15.38A} - {81.30B} - {29.73C} + {19.39AB} - \\ {1.44}\mathrm{{AC}} + {5.09}\mathrm{{BC}} + {8.11}{\mathrm{A}}^{2} + {34.01}{\mathrm{B}}^{2} + {2.16}{\mathrm{C}}^{2}$
对试验结果进行方差分析,分析结果见表 7
表 7 可知: 该模型的$F$值为${49.26}, P$$<$0.05,表示模型具有极高的显著性和可靠性; 确定系数${R}^{2}$值为 0.9779,表示模型可准确描述 97.79%的数据变化, Pre-${R}^{2}$值 (0.8325) 与 Adj-${R}^{2}$值(0.9581)之差小于 0.2,表示数据与预测模型具有合理性与一致性; Adeq Precision 表示信号与噪音的比率 (须大于 4 ), 体现模型的失拟程度, Adeq Precision 为 27.5267 , 表明模型拟合度较好, 噪音影响较小。
根据试验结果和回归方程, 利用 Design-Expert 软件得出任意两个自变量对 NO 排放浓度影响的 3D 响应面图(图 9)。
图 9(a)可知,在生物质含水率为${10}\%$的条件下, 随着气化温度的升高和当量比的降低, NO 排放浓度均增加, 3D 响应面图较为弯曲, 说明当量比与气化温度的交互作用对 NO 排放浓度的影响显著,显著水平为$B > A > {AB}$。在此条件下,当量比为 0.2,气化温度为${550}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$时,$\mathrm{{NO}}$排放浓度 (464.02 mg/m${}^{3}$)最低。
图 9(b)可知, 在当量比为 0.175 的条件下, 随着生物质含水率的升高, NO 排放浓度降低, 3D 响应面图较为平直, 说明生物质含水率与气化温度的交互作用对 NO 排放浓度的影响不显著, 显著水平为$C > A > A{C}_{ \circ }$在此条件下,生物质含水率为 12.5%,气化温度为${550}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$时,$\mathrm{{NO}}$排放浓度 (504.48 mg/m${}^{3}$)最低。
图 9(c)可知,在气化温度为${625}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$的条件下,随着生物质含水率和当量比的升高, NO 排放浓度均下降, 3D 响应面图较为弯曲, 说明生物质含水率与当量比的交互作用对 NO 排放浓度的影响显著,显著水平为$B > C > {BC}$。在此条件下,当量比为 0.2,生物质含水率为 12.5%时, NO 排放浓度 (468.22 mg/m${}^{3}$)最低。
综合上述分析可知,各因素对 NO 排放浓度影响的显著性水平为$B > A > C$,各因素交互作用的显著性水平为${AB} > {BC} > {AC}$。通过优化分析可知, 当气化温度为${550}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$,当量比为 0.2,生物质含水率为${12.5}\%$时,$\mathrm{{NO}}$排放浓度$\left( {{442.91}\mathrm{{mg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}}\right)$最低, 三因素之间存在交互作用。
①当气化温度从 ${550}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 升至 ${700}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 时,产气中各可燃组分的含量先下降后上升, 焦油浓度先由 ${275.89}\mathrm{{mg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ 上升至 ${277.81}\mathrm{{mg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ ,再下降至 ${207.56}\mathrm{{mg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ ,在 ${575}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 时有最大值; $\mathrm{{NO}}$ 排放浓度先从 ${520.43}\mathrm{{mg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ 下降至 ${509.85}\mathrm{{mg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ ,再上升至 ${535.7}\mathrm{{mg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ ,产气中可燃组分含量的增加对 NO 的生成有促进作用。
②在当量比从 0.075 升高至 0.2 时,可燃组分 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2},\mathrm{{CO}},{\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}$ 的含量呈下降趋势,焦油浓度不断下降,从 ${348.18}\mathrm{{mg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ 下降至 ${224}\mathrm{{mg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3};\mathrm{{NO}}$ 排放浓度先由 ${673.79}\mathrm{{mg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ 下降至 ${510}\mathrm{{mg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ ,再上升至 ${520.19}\mathrm{{mg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$
③当生物质含水率从 0 增加至 20%时,产气中各组分含量均下降,产气热值由 ${3018.91}\mathrm{\;{kJ}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ 降低至 ${1921}\mathrm{\;{kJ}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ ;焦油浓度从 ${303.68}\mathrm{{mg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ 降低至 ${226}\mathrm{{mg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ ,分解炉出口温度呈下降趋势,从 933 ℃下降至 856 ℃。
④当量比对 NO 排放浓度影响的显著性水平最高,气化温度和当量比的交互作用最强。当气化温度为 ${550}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,当量比为 0.2,生物质含水率为 12.5%时, NO 排放浓度(442.91 mg/m ${}^{3}$ )最低。
  • 江苏省“碳达峰碳和”科技创新专项资金(重大科技成果转化)(BA2022103)
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  • 接收时间:2023-07-14
  • 首发时间:2025-07-18
  • 出版时间:2025-01-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-07-14
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江苏省“碳达峰碳和”科技创新专项资金(重大科技成果转化)(BA2022103)
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    1 东南大学 能源热转换及过程测控教育部重点实验室 江苏 南京 210096

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金保昇(1961-),男,博士,教授,研究方向煤与生物质气化技术E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Genus
种数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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