Article(id=1152988934322770113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1152988930656948403, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1689523200000, receivedDateStr=2023-07-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752823583441, onlineDateStr=2025-07-18, pubDate=1739980800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752823583441, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752823583441, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752823583441, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1152988930656948403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, year='2025', volume='43', issue='2', pageStart='143', pageEnd='284', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1752823582567, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753694496025, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156641806499570521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1152988930656948403, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156641806499570522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1152988930656948403, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=233, endPage=242, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1152988934645731522, articleId=1152988934322770113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, language=EN, title=Dynamic equivalent modeling of wind farm based on multi-step parameter identification, columnId=null, journalTitle=Renewable Energy Resources, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In the security and stability analysis of largescale power grid, the wind farm models are usually simplified with the dynamic equivalent modeling method. For a largescale wind farm, due to the large number of wind turbines and the divergences in their characteristics, the wind farm is generally aggregated into multiple equivalent wind turbines. When estimating the parameters of the equivalent wind turbines, in order to avoid identification of a large number of parameters at the same time, the existing method only selects the key parameters with large sensitivity for identification, and the remaining nonkey parameters are not identified by giving the theoretical values. Therefore, the accuracy and robustness of the equivalent model are greatly affected by the accuracy of the assignment of nonkey parameters. In order to solve this problem, the paper proposes a dynamic equivalent modeling method for wind farms based on multistep parameter identification. Firstly, the clustering method is used to group the wind turbines, and the wind turbines within each subgroup are aggregated into one equivalent wind turbine to establish a simplified wind farm model. Secondly, based on the hybrid dynamic simulation technology, the external system of each equivalent wind turbine is replaced with a variable impedance to realize the independent identification of each equivalent wind turbine. Finally, the equivalent parameters of wind turbine are classified based on the trajectory sensitivity, and the classified parameters are identified with a multistep identification method. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified in a modified IEEE 39 bus system.

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在大电网安全稳定分析中,通常将大型风电场聚合为多台等值风机。在估计多台等值风机参数时,仅选出灵敏度大的关键参数进行辨识,等值模型的准确性和泛化能力受非关键参数赋值准确性的影响较大。文章提出了一种基于分步参数辨识的风电场动态等值建模方法。首先,采用聚类方法对风电场内风电机组进行聚类,并将每一聚类子群内的风电机组聚合为一台等值风机,建立风电场简化模型;其次,基于混合动态仿真技术,将每一台等值风机的外部系统替换为一个可变阻抗,实现各等值风机的独立辨识;最后,基于轨迹灵敏度对等值风机参数进行分类,并采用分步辨识方法对分类后的参数进行辨识。在改进 IEEE 39母线系统中验证了所提方法的有效性。

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王鹏(1988-),男,博士,副教授,研究方向为电力系统动态等值建模。E-mail:
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companyId=1159145570536641060, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 国网河南省电力公司 电力科学研究院 河南 郑州 450052)]), AuthorCompany(id=1159145570603749927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988934322770113, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1159145570612138536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988934322770113, companyId=1159145570603749927, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering UESTC Chengdu 611731 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1159145570616332841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988934322770113, companyId=1159145570603749927, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 电子科技大学 机械与电气工程学院 四川 成都 611731)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1159145572256305739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988934322770113, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=The schematic of variable impedance method, figureFileSmall=ZlUoT6hJ0P7/5/o4He5tmQ==, figureFileBig=sSWsdDJPnIzNlrZEuMcaVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159145572331803212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988934322770113, language=CN, label=图 1, caption=可变阻抗法原理, figureFileSmall=ZlUoT6hJ0P7/5/o4He5tmQ==, figureFileBig=sSWsdDJPnIzNlrZEuMcaVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159145572386329165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988934322770113, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Bus sketch of modified IEEE 39-bus system, figureFileSmall=Pjxo3WW4ly7BFp3gfNCTDw==, figureFileBig=cH++nYNUb2HVMga3udZJGw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159145572449243726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988934322770113, language=CN, label=图 2, caption=改进 IEEE 39 母线系统接线图, figureFileSmall=Pjxo3WW4ly7BFp3gfNCTDw==, figureFileBig=cH++nYNUb2HVMga3udZJGw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159145572495381071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988934322770113, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=The active and reactive power of equivalent wind turbine after step 1, figureFileSmall=78NAatg+o3fO2ngzSbzmIQ==, figureFileBig=OIbFyo2xYzOfrtgKwHjurg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159145572566684240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988934322770113, language=CN, label=图 3, caption=参数辨识步骤 1 后等值风机输出有功、无功功率, figureFileSmall=78NAatg+o3fO2ngzSbzmIQ==, figureFileBig=OIbFyo2xYzOfrtgKwHjurg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159145572608627281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988934322770113, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=The active and reactive power of equivalent wind turbine after step 2, figureFileSmall=iDYyBkC5dz78Ynh6RVWbug==, figureFileBig=Ff1z6DL+xzN6cmh4XaSSlA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159145572684124754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988934322770113, language=CN, label=图 4, caption=参数辨识步骤 2 后等值风机输出有功、无功功率, figureFileSmall=iDYyBkC5dz78Ynh6RVWbug==, figureFileBig=Ff1z6DL+xzN6cmh4XaSSlA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159145572734456403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988934322770113, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=The active and reactive power of equivalent wind turbine after step 3, figureFileSmall=RTy2tZ24vB38gOI7b+drqQ==, figureFileBig=Je9FUXp+8XxZsV5atyQvxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159145572780593748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988934322770113, language=CN, label=图 5, caption=参数辨识步骤 3 后等值风机输出有功、无功功率, figureFileSmall=RTy2tZ24vB38gOI7b+drqQ==, figureFileBig=Je9FUXp+8XxZsV5atyQvxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159145572860285525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988934322770113, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=The active and reactive power of equivalent wind turbine after step 4, figureFileSmall=18RlxhrEO9p6wXnk2LVU+A==, figureFileBig=yV/7bzeXFcMlyoZfA1O3YA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159145572914811478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988934322770113, language=CN, label=图 6, caption=参数辨识步骤 4 后等值风机输出有功、无功功率, figureFileSmall=18RlxhrEO9p6wXnk2LVU+A==, figureFileBig=yV/7bzeXFcMlyoZfA1O3YA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159145572965143127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988934322770113, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=The active power and reactive power at point of common coupling (accuracy), figureFileSmall=+ufeNSM3pX38cj2mlOzkCw==, figureFileBig=Xq8AJM0JrR6i2QZUKtQvww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159145573015474776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988934322770113, language=CN, label=图 7, caption=系统公共连接点处的有功功率和无功功率 (准确性), figureFileSmall=+ufeNSM3pX38cj2mlOzkCw==, figureFileBig=Xq8AJM0JrR6i2QZUKtQvww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159145573074195033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988934322770113, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=The active power at point of common coupling, figureFileSmall=alHZlCeHa0hqsCSiwY7kRA==, figureFileBig=tuFgYMD9SnS7oYyBvF3TOg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159145573141303898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988934322770113, language=CN, label=图 8, caption=风电场公共连接点处的有功功率, figureFileSmall=alHZlCeHa0hqsCSiwY7kRA==, figureFileBig=tuFgYMD9SnS7oYyBvF3TOg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159145573191635547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988934322770113, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=The active power at point of common coupling under fault 3, figureFileSmall=21s1uJ+8TMADOsQ8dCKgBw==, figureFileBig=TOBJgxFcaW06SK8GrPWAOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159145573237772892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988934322770113, language=CN, label=图 9, caption=故障 3 条件下风电场公共连接点处的有功功率, figureFileSmall=21s1uJ+8TMADOsQ8dCKgBw==, figureFileBig=TOBJgxFcaW06SK8GrPWAOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159145573275521629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988934322770113, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=The identified parameters of the DFIG, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 参数
风机定子电阻 ${R}_{\mathrm{s}}$
风机定子电抗 ${L}_{1\mathrm{s}}$
风机转子电阻 ${R}_{\mathrm{r}}$
风机转子电抗 ${L}_{1\mathrm{r}}$
风机磁化电感 ${L}_{\mathrm{m}}$
风机惯量常数 $H$
风机摩擦系数 ${B}_{\mathrm{f}}$
风机跟踪特征速度 $A$
风机跟踪特征速度 $B$
风机跟踪特征速度 $C$
风机跟踪特征速度 $D$
特征速度 $\mathrm{C}$ 额定功率 ${P}_{\mathrm{c}}$
特征速度 $\mathrm{C}$ 输入风速 ${v}_{\mathrm{c}}$
奖距角控制增益 ${K}_{\mathrm{p}}$
最大奖距角 ${P}_{\max }$
奖距角最大变化率 ${r}_{\max }$
变流器最大功率 ${P}_{\mathrm{m}}$
网侧电感器电抗 $L$
网侧电感器电阻 ${R}_{\mathrm{L}}$
直流母线电容 ${C}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$
网侧参考电压 ${V}_{\text{ref }}$
网侧电压控制 P 增益 ${K}_{\text{pgv }}$
网侧电压控制 I 增益 ${K}_{\text{igv }}$
下垂控制增益 ${X}_{\mathrm{s}}$
功率控制 P 增益 ${K}_{\mathrm{{pp}}}$
功率控制 I 增益 ${K}_{\text{ip }}$
直流母线电压控制 P 增益 ${K}_{\text{pdc }}$
直流母线电压控制 I 增益 ${K}_{\text{idc }}$
网侧变流器电流控制 P 增益 ${K}_{\mathrm{{pg}}}$
网侧变流器电流控制 I 增益 ${K}_{\text{ig }}$
转子侧变流器电流控制 P 增益 ${K}_{\mathrm{{pr}}}$
转子侧变流器电流控制 I 增益 ${K}_{\text{ir }}$
网侧参考电压最大变化率 ${r}_{\max }$
参考功率最大变化率 ${r}_{\text{pmax }}$
变流器参考电流最大变化率 ${r}_{\text{inax }}$
), ArticleFig(id=1159145573330047582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988934322770113, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=双馈风机模型待辨识参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 参数
风机定子电阻 ${R}_{\mathrm{s}}$
风机定子电抗 ${L}_{1\mathrm{s}}$
风机转子电阻 ${R}_{\mathrm{r}}$
风机转子电抗 ${L}_{1\mathrm{r}}$
风机磁化电感 ${L}_{\mathrm{m}}$
风机惯量常数 $H$
风机摩擦系数 ${B}_{\mathrm{f}}$
风机跟踪特征速度 $A$
风机跟踪特征速度 $B$
风机跟踪特征速度 $C$
风机跟踪特征速度 $D$
特征速度 $\mathrm{C}$ 额定功率 ${P}_{\mathrm{c}}$
特征速度 $\mathrm{C}$ 输入风速 ${v}_{\mathrm{c}}$
奖距角控制增益 ${K}_{\mathrm{p}}$
最大奖距角 ${P}_{\max }$
奖距角最大变化率 ${r}_{\max }$
变流器最大功率 ${P}_{\mathrm{m}}$
网侧电感器电抗 $L$
网侧电感器电阻 ${R}_{\mathrm{L}}$
直流母线电容 ${C}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$
网侧参考电压 ${V}_{\text{ref }}$
网侧电压控制 P 增益 ${K}_{\text{pgv }}$
网侧电压控制 I 增益 ${K}_{\text{igv }}$
下垂控制增益 ${X}_{\mathrm{s}}$
功率控制 P 增益 ${K}_{\mathrm{{pp}}}$
功率控制 I 增益 ${K}_{\text{ip }}$
直流母线电压控制 P 增益 ${K}_{\text{pdc }}$
直流母线电压控制 I 增益 ${K}_{\text{idc }}$
网侧变流器电流控制 P 增益 ${K}_{\mathrm{{pg}}}$
网侧变流器电流控制 I 增益 ${K}_{\text{ig }}$
转子侧变流器电流控制 P 增益 ${K}_{\mathrm{{pr}}}$
转子侧变流器电流控制 I 增益 ${K}_{\text{ir }}$
网侧参考电压最大变化率 ${r}_{\max }$
参考功率最大变化率 ${r}_{\text{pmax }}$
变流器参考电流最大变化率 ${r}_{\text{inax }}$
), ArticleFig(id=1159145573388767839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988934322770113, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=The clustering result of wind turbine generator, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
聚类组别 风电机组序号 等值风机序号
1 1~16,33~48 #1
2 17~32,49~66 #2
), ArticleFig(id=1159145573439099488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988934322770113, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=风电机组聚类结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
聚类组别 风电机组序号 等值风机序号
1 1~16,33~48 #1
2 17~32,49~66 #2
), ArticleFig(id=1159145573489431137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988934322770113, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=Active power sensitivities of equivalent model parameters, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 灵敏度 参数 灵敏度 参数 灵敏度
${V}_{\text{ref }}$ 1.353 ${K}_{\text{idc }}$ 0.029 $H$ 0.011
$D$ 0.614 ${v}_{c}$ 0.027 ${r}_{\text{inax }}$ 0.011
${L}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 0.173 ${R}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 0.027 ${K}_{\text{ig }}$ 0.009
$C$ 0.167 ${X}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 0.025 ${P}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 0.007
${K}_{\text{igv }}$ 0.128 ${R}_{\mathrm{L}}$ 0.024 ${K}_{\mathrm{{pg}}}$ 0.005
${K}_{\mathrm{{pr}}}$ 0.097 ${R}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 0.021 ${K}_{\text{ip }}$ 0.005
${B}_{\mathrm{f}}$ 0.068 ${P}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 0.019 ${r}_{\text{prox }}$ 0.004
${K}_{\text{pgv }}$ 0.055 ${K}_{\text{pdc }}$ 0.018 $A$ 0.004
${L}_{1\mathrm{s}}$ 0.049 ${K}_{\mathrm{p}}$ 0.016 $B$ 0.003
${K}_{\mathrm{{pp}}}$ 0.042 ${r}_{\max }$ 0.014 ${P}_{\max }$ 0.003
${L}_{1r}$ 0.035 ${C}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$ 0.012 ${r}_{\text{vmax }}$ 0.002
${K}_{\text{ir }}$ 0.031 $L$ 0.012
), ArticleFig(id=1159145573564928610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988934322770113, language=CN, label=表 3, caption=等值模型参数有功功率灵敏度, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 灵敏度 参数 灵敏度 参数 灵敏度
${V}_{\text{ref }}$ 1.353 ${K}_{\text{idc }}$ 0.029 $H$ 0.011
$D$ 0.614 ${v}_{c}$ 0.027 ${r}_{\text{inax }}$ 0.011
${L}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 0.173 ${R}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 0.027 ${K}_{\text{ig }}$ 0.009
$C$ 0.167 ${X}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 0.025 ${P}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 0.007
${K}_{\text{igv }}$ 0.128 ${R}_{\mathrm{L}}$ 0.024 ${K}_{\mathrm{{pg}}}$ 0.005
${K}_{\mathrm{{pr}}}$ 0.097 ${R}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 0.021 ${K}_{\text{ip }}$ 0.005
${B}_{\mathrm{f}}$ 0.068 ${P}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 0.019 ${r}_{\text{prox }}$ 0.004
${K}_{\text{pgv }}$ 0.055 ${K}_{\text{pdc }}$ 0.018 $A$ 0.004
${L}_{1\mathrm{s}}$ 0.049 ${K}_{\mathrm{p}}$ 0.016 $B$ 0.003
${K}_{\mathrm{{pp}}}$ 0.042 ${r}_{\max }$ 0.014 ${P}_{\max }$ 0.003
${L}_{1r}$ 0.035 ${C}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$ 0.012 ${r}_{\text{vmax }}$ 0.002
${K}_{\text{ir }}$ 0.031 $L$ 0.012
), ArticleFig(id=1159145573627843171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988934322770113, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=Reactive power sensitivities of equivalent model parameters, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 灵敏度 参数 灵敏度 参数 灵敏度
${V}_{\text{ref }}$ 19.17 ${X}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 0.394 ${r}_{\text{pmax }}$ 0.153
$D$ 12.14 ${L}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 0.361 ${P}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 0.147
$C$ 2.717 ${R}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 0.323 ${K}_{\text{ir }}$ 0.141
${L}_{\text{lr }}$ 0.737 ${K}_{\text{pdc }}$ 0.295 ${r}_{\text{inax }}$ 0.139
${K}_{\mathrm{{pg}}}$ 0.691 ${r}_{\max }$ 0.287 ${K}_{\mathrm{{ig}}}$ 0.134
${v}_{\mathrm{e}}$ 0.635 ${K}_{\text{pgv }}$ 0.268 $L$ 0.125
${K}_{\mathrm{{pr}}}$ 0.613 ${P}_{c}$ 0.255 ${B}_{\mathrm{f}}$ 0.093
${R}_{\mathrm{L}}$ 0.587 ${K}_{\text{ip }}$ 0.243 ${P}_{\max }$ 0.072
${K}_{\text{igv }}$ 0.552 ${R}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 0.213 $A$ 0.055
${K}_{\mathrm{p}}$ 0.498 $H$ 0.198 $B$ 0.043
${K}_{\text{idc }}$ 0.442 ${L}_{1\mathrm{s}}$ 0.174 ${r}_{\text{vmax }}$ 0.029
${K}_{\mathrm{{pp}}}$ 0.397 ${C}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$ 0.166
), ArticleFig(id=1159145573732700772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988934322770113, language=CN, label=表 4, caption=等值模型参数无功功率灵敏度, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 灵敏度 参数 灵敏度 参数 灵敏度
${V}_{\text{ref }}$ 19.17 ${X}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 0.394 ${r}_{\text{pmax }}$ 0.153
$D$ 12.14 ${L}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 0.361 ${P}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 0.147
$C$ 2.717 ${R}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 0.323 ${K}_{\text{ir }}$ 0.141
${L}_{\text{lr }}$ 0.737 ${K}_{\text{pdc }}$ 0.295 ${r}_{\text{inax }}$ 0.139
${K}_{\mathrm{{pg}}}$ 0.691 ${r}_{\max }$ 0.287 ${K}_{\mathrm{{ig}}}$ 0.134
${v}_{\mathrm{e}}$ 0.635 ${K}_{\text{pgv }}$ 0.268 $L$ 0.125
${K}_{\mathrm{{pr}}}$ 0.613 ${P}_{c}$ 0.255 ${B}_{\mathrm{f}}$ 0.093
${R}_{\mathrm{L}}$ 0.587 ${K}_{\text{ip }}$ 0.243 ${P}_{\max }$ 0.072
${K}_{\text{igv }}$ 0.552 ${R}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 0.213 $A$ 0.055
${K}_{\mathrm{p}}$ 0.498 $H$ 0.198 $B$ 0.043
${K}_{\text{idc }}$ 0.442 ${L}_{1\mathrm{s}}$ 0.174 ${r}_{\text{vmax }}$ 0.029
${K}_{\mathrm{{pp}}}$ 0.397 ${C}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$ 0.166
), ArticleFig(id=1159145573791421029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988934322770113, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=The grouping results of the model parameters, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数集 参数
ASP ${V}_{\mathrm{{ref}}},{L}_{\mathrm{m}}, C,{K}_{\mathrm{{igv}}},{B}_{\mathrm{f}},{K}_{\mathrm{{pgv}}},{L}_{\mathrm{{ls}}},{K}_{\mathrm{{pp}}},{K}_{\mathrm{{ir}}},{R}_{\mathrm{s}},{R}_{\mathrm{r}},{P}_{\mathrm{c}}$
RSP $D,{L}_{\mathrm{{lr}}},{K}_{\mathrm{{pg}}},{\mathrm{v}}_{\mathrm{c}},{K}_{\mathrm{{pr}}},{R}_{\mathrm{L}},{K}_{\mathrm{p}},{K}_{\mathrm{{idc}}},{X}_{\mathrm{s}},{K}_{\mathrm{{pdc}}},{K}_{\mathrm{{ip}}},{r}_{\max }$
ARP ${C}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}, L, H,{r}_{\mathrm{{imax}}},{K}_{\mathrm{{ig}}},{P}_{\mathrm{m}},{r}_{\mathrm{{pmax}}}, A, B,{P}_{\mathrm{{max}}},{r}_{\mathrm{{vmax}}}$
), ArticleFig(id=1159145573845946982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988934322770113, language=CN, label=表 5, caption=等值风机参数分类结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数集 参数
ASP ${V}_{\mathrm{{ref}}},{L}_{\mathrm{m}}, C,{K}_{\mathrm{{igv}}},{B}_{\mathrm{f}},{K}_{\mathrm{{pgv}}},{L}_{\mathrm{{ls}}},{K}_{\mathrm{{pp}}},{K}_{\mathrm{{ir}}},{R}_{\mathrm{s}},{R}_{\mathrm{r}},{P}_{\mathrm{c}}$
RSP $D,{L}_{\mathrm{{lr}}},{K}_{\mathrm{{pg}}},{\mathrm{v}}_{\mathrm{c}},{K}_{\mathrm{{pr}}},{R}_{\mathrm{L}},{K}_{\mathrm{p}},{K}_{\mathrm{{idc}}},{X}_{\mathrm{s}},{K}_{\mathrm{{pdc}}},{K}_{\mathrm{{ip}}},{r}_{\max }$
ARP ${C}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}, L, H,{r}_{\mathrm{{imax}}},{K}_{\mathrm{{ig}}},{P}_{\mathrm{m}},{r}_{\mathrm{{pmax}}}, A, B,{P}_{\mathrm{{max}}},{r}_{\mathrm{{vmax}}}$
), ArticleFig(id=1159145573904667239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988934322770113, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=The search ranges of the identified parameters, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 参数辨识范围 参数 参数辨识范围 参数 参数辨识范围
${R}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 0.003 53~0.010 59 ${v}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 6~18 ${K}_{\mathrm{{pp}}}$ 0.5 ~1.5
${L}_{1\mathrm{\;s}}$ 0.085 5~0.256 5 ${K}_{\mathrm{p}}$ 250~750 ${K}_{\text{ip }}$ 50~150
${R}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 0.0025 % 0.0075 ${P}_{\max }$ 22.5~67.5 ${K}_{\text{pdc }}$ 0.001~0.003
${L}_{1\mathrm{r}}$ 0.078~0.234 ${r}_{\max }$ $1 \sim 3$ ${K}_{\text{idc }}$ 0.025~0.075
${L}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 1.45~4.35 ${P}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 0.25~0.75 ${K}_{\mathrm{{pg}}}$ 0.5 ~1.5
$H$ ${2.52} \sim {7.56}$ $L$ 0.075~0.225 ${K}_{\text{ig }}$ 50~150
${B}_{\mathrm{f}}$ 0.005~0.015 ${R}_{\mathrm{L}}$ 0.000 75~0.002 25 ${K}_{\mathrm{{pr}}}$ 0.15 ~0.45
$A$ 0.68~0.705 ${C}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$ 0.03~0.09 ${K}_{\text{ir }}$ 4~12
$B$ 0.706~0.73 ${V}_{\text{ref }}$ 0.5 ~1.5 ${r}_{\text{vmax }}$ 50~150
$C$ ${1.1} \sim {1.205}$ ${K}_{\text{pgv }}$ 0.625 ~1.875 ${r}_{\text{pmax }}$ 0.5 ~1.5
$D$ 1.206~1.23 ${K}_{\text{igv }}$ 150~450 ${r}_{\max }$ 100~300
${P}_{\mathrm{e}}$ 0.68~0.75 ${X}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 0.01~0.03
), ArticleFig(id=1159145573971776104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988934322770113, language=CN, label=表 6, caption=双馈风机待辨识参数搜索范围, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 参数辨识范围 参数 参数辨识范围 参数 参数辨识范围
${R}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 0.003 53~0.010 59 ${v}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 6~18 ${K}_{\mathrm{{pp}}}$ 0.5 ~1.5
${L}_{1\mathrm{\;s}}$ 0.085 5~0.256 5 ${K}_{\mathrm{p}}$ 250~750 ${K}_{\text{ip }}$ 50~150
${R}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 0.0025 % 0.0075 ${P}_{\max }$ 22.5~67.5 ${K}_{\text{pdc }}$ 0.001~0.003
${L}_{1\mathrm{r}}$ 0.078~0.234 ${r}_{\max }$ $1 \sim 3$ ${K}_{\text{idc }}$ 0.025~0.075
${L}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 1.45~4.35 ${P}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 0.25~0.75 ${K}_{\mathrm{{pg}}}$ 0.5 ~1.5
$H$ ${2.52} \sim {7.56}$ $L$ 0.075~0.225 ${K}_{\text{ig }}$ 50~150
${B}_{\mathrm{f}}$ 0.005~0.015 ${R}_{\mathrm{L}}$ 0.000 75~0.002 25 ${K}_{\mathrm{{pr}}}$ 0.15 ~0.45
$A$ 0.68~0.705 ${C}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$ 0.03~0.09 ${K}_{\text{ir }}$ 4~12
$B$ 0.706~0.73 ${V}_{\text{ref }}$ 0.5 ~1.5 ${r}_{\text{vmax }}$ 50~150
$C$ ${1.1} \sim {1.205}$ ${K}_{\text{pgv }}$ 0.625 ~1.875 ${r}_{\text{pmax }}$ 0.5 ~1.5
$D$ 1.206~1.23 ${K}_{\text{igv }}$ 150~450 ${r}_{\max }$ 100~300
${P}_{\mathrm{e}}$ 0.68~0.75 ${X}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 0.01~0.03
), ArticleFig(id=1159145574051467881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988934322770113, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=The results of multiple parameter identification, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 步骤 1 步骤 2 步骤 3 步骤 4 传统方法
${V}_{\text{ref }}$ 0.9987 0.9994 0.9936
${L}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 2.347 1 2.391 4 2.469 7
$C$ 1.200 7 1.1984 1.200 4
$D$ 1.210 9 1.210 3 1.211 7
${L}_{1\mathrm{r}}$ 0.1514 0.1587 0.1894
${K}_{\mathrm{{pg}}}$ 1.2574 1.250 3 0.800 0
${C}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$ 0.039 7 0.039 7 0.080 0
$L$ 0.2104 0.2104 0.1500
$H$ 4.9337 4.9337 4.500
), ArticleFig(id=1159145574101799530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988934322770113, language=CN, label=表 7, caption=分步辨识参数辨识结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 步骤 1 步骤 2 步骤 3 步骤 4 传统方法
${V}_{\text{ref }}$ 0.9987 0.9994 0.9936
${L}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 2.347 1 2.391 4 2.469 7
$C$ 1.200 7 1.1984 1.200 4
$D$ 1.210 9 1.210 3 1.211 7
${L}_{1\mathrm{r}}$ 0.1514 0.1587 0.1894
${K}_{\mathrm{{pg}}}$ 1.2574 1.250 3 0.800 0
${C}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$ 0.039 7 0.039 7 0.080 0
$L$ 0.2104 0.2104 0.1500
$H$ 4.9337 4.9337 4.500
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基于分步参数辨识的风电场动态等值建模方法研究
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高泽 1 , 刘明洋 1 , 陈幸伟 1 , 田春笋 1 , 王鹏 2
可再生能源 | 2025,43(2): 233-242
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可再生能源 | 2025, 43(2): 233-242
基于分步参数辨识的风电场动态等值建模方法研究
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高泽1, 刘明洋1, 陈幸伟1, 田春笋1, 王鹏2
作者信息
  • 1 国网河南省电力公司 电力科学研究院 河南 郑州 450052
  • 2 电子科技大学 机械与电气工程学院 四川 成都 611731

通讯作者:

王鹏(1988-),男,博士,副教授,研究方向为电力系统动态等值建模。E-mail:
Dynamic equivalent modeling of wind farm based on multi-step parameter identification
Ze Gao1, Mingyang Liu1, Xingwei Chen1, Chunsun Tian1, Peng Wang2
Affiliations
  • 1 State Grid Henan Electric Power Research Institute Zhengzhou 450052 China
  • 2 School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering UESTC Chengdu 611731 China
出版时间: 2025-02-20
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在大电网安全稳定分析中,通常将大型风电场聚合为多台等值风机。在估计多台等值风机参数时,仅选出灵敏度大的关键参数进行辨识,等值模型的准确性和泛化能力受非关键参数赋值准确性的影响较大。文章提出了一种基于分步参数辨识的风电场动态等值建模方法。首先,采用聚类方法对风电场内风电机组进行聚类,并将每一聚类子群内的风电机组聚合为一台等值风机,建立风电场简化模型;其次,基于混合动态仿真技术,将每一台等值风机的外部系统替换为一个可变阻抗,实现各等值风机的独立辨识;最后,基于轨迹灵敏度对等值风机参数进行分类,并采用分步辨识方法对分类后的参数进行辨识。在改进 IEEE 39母线系统中验证了所提方法的有效性。

风电场  /  分步参数辨识  /  动态等值建模  /  灵敏度

In the security and stability analysis of largescale power grid, the wind farm models are usually simplified with the dynamic equivalent modeling method. For a largescale wind farm, due to the large number of wind turbines and the divergences in their characteristics, the wind farm is generally aggregated into multiple equivalent wind turbines. When estimating the parameters of the equivalent wind turbines, in order to avoid identification of a large number of parameters at the same time, the existing method only selects the key parameters with large sensitivity for identification, and the remaining nonkey parameters are not identified by giving the theoretical values. Therefore, the accuracy and robustness of the equivalent model are greatly affected by the accuracy of the assignment of nonkey parameters. In order to solve this problem, the paper proposes a dynamic equivalent modeling method for wind farms based on multistep parameter identification. Firstly, the clustering method is used to group the wind turbines, and the wind turbines within each subgroup are aggregated into one equivalent wind turbine to establish a simplified wind farm model. Secondly, based on the hybrid dynamic simulation technology, the external system of each equivalent wind turbine is replaced with a variable impedance to realize the independent identification of each equivalent wind turbine. Finally, the equivalent parameters of wind turbine are classified based on the trajectory sensitivity, and the classified parameters are identified with a multistep identification method. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified in a modified IEEE 39 bus system.

wind farm  /  multi-step parameter identification  /  dynamic equivalent modeling  /  sensitivity
高泽, 刘明洋, 陈幸伟, 田春笋, 王鹏. 基于分步参数辨识的风电场动态等值建模方法研究. 可再生能源, 2025 , 43 (2) : 233 -242 .
Ze Gao, Mingyang Liu, Xingwei Chen, Chunsun Tian, Peng Wang. Dynamic equivalent modeling of wind farm based on multi-step parameter identification[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2025 , 43 (2) : 233 -242 .
近年来, 大规模风电场在电力系统接入比例显著提升。高比例风电场接入电力系统,会降低系统惯性,增加系统随机特性,对电网安全稳定运行造成影响 [ 1 ] 。因此,建立准确的风电场仿真模型, 并对风电场及其所接入系统进行安全稳定分析至关重要。通常,一个风电场内包含几十台甚至上百台风电机组,由于受到参数不透明、累计误差以及 “维数灾”等因素的影响, 难以建立风电场的详细模型 [ 2 ] 。目前,在电网安全稳定性分析中,一般采用动态等值建模方法对风电场进行简化建模 [ 3 , 4 ]
风电场动态等值建模主要包含两个步骤:① 确定风电场等值模型结构,即将具有相似运行状态的风电机组聚类为一个子群, 并将每一子群内的风电机组简化建模为一台等值风机;②基于容量加权或参数辨识方法确定等值模型参数值 [ 3 - 7 ] 。 在确定风电场等值模型结构后, 基于同步向量测量单元(Phasor Measurement Unit, PMU)测量数据的参数辨识方法被认为是获取等值模型参数的有效方法。相比于容量加权法, 参数辨识不需要风电场详细模型的参数, 也可消除详细模型参数不准确对等值模型准确性的影响 [ 8 ] 。当前,粒子群算法、遗传算法、卡尔曼滤波及其各种改进算法已被应用于风电场等值模型的参数辨识 [ 8 , 9 ] 。但是,现有研究表明, 同时对大量参数进行辨识会显著降低等值模型的准确性和泛化能力, 造成模型“多解问题”, 即在等值模型性能相似的情况下, 等值模型存在多组可行参数解 [ 10 , 11 ] 。一个风电场等值模型通常包含数十个模型参数, 当待辨识参数个数大于模型“有效自由度(effective degrees of freedom)”时, 辨识算法容易陷于局部最优, 这是造成风电场等值模型“多解问题”的最主要原因 [ 12 ]
为解决参数辨识过程中的“多解问题”, 学者提出对等值风机的结构和参数做进一步的简化。 文献[ 8 ]在现有双馈风机模型的基础上, 提出了一种仅有 5 个参数的等值风机模型。文献[ 13 ]基于传递函数对等值风机模型进行简化, 降低了等值风机的模型维数。这些方法虽然显著降低了风电场等值模型的参数个数, 但过于简单的模型结构也降低了等值模型的准确性。为减少待辨识参数的个数, 文献[ 14 ]将参数辨识范围限制于风机本体参数和控制参数。除此之外, 基于灵敏度分析的关键参数选择被认为是解决现有风电场等值模型参数辨识“多解问题”的最有效方法。这类方法仅选出具有较大参数灵敏度值的关键参数进行辨识,其余参数设为理论值不予辨识 [ 15 - 17 ] 。以关键参数选择为代表的降参数辨识方法虽然在很大程度上抑制了参数辨识过程中的“多解问题”, 但风电场等值模型的准确性取决于那些被赋予理论值的非关键参数。非关键参数被赋予的理论值通常与其真实值存在差异, 这些误差不仅直接降低了等值模型的准确性, 同时也影响了关键参数辨识的准确性。到目前为止, 如何在避免等值模型“多解问题”的同时, 有效提升参数辨识的准确性和泛化能力依然是一个亟须解决的问题。
为实现风电场等值风机的全参数辨识, 本文提出了一种有效分步参数辨识方法, 首先, 提出了一种简单有效的风电机组聚类方法, 将风电场聚合为若干台等值风机;其次,基于混合动态仿真技术, 将各等值风机的外部系统简化为一个可变阻抗,实现各等值风机参数的独立辨识;最后,基于灵敏度对等值风机参数进行分类, 并基于多观测变量对等值风机参数进行分步辨识。
确定合理准确且结构最简的等值模型结构是实现风电场等值建模的基础。本文采用聚类方法, 实现风电场的简化建模。
已有研究表明, 可将工作在同一运行点附近且具有相似输出特性的风电机组聚合为一台等值风机 [ 3 , 4 ] 。根据这一原则,本文提出的风电机组聚类指标如下。
①风电机组输入风速
输入风速是风电机组的一个重要特征量, 其直接决定了风电机组的运行状态。与此同时, 输入风速还能够有效反映风电机组的地理位置信息以及各风电机组之间的相互作用, 例如尾流效应和时滞效应等。因此,本文选取输入风速作为风电机组聚类的一个聚类指标。
②风电机组输出有功功率
输出有功功率是风电机组的另一个重要特征量。在实际工作中, 由于设备老化或组件更换等原因, 风电机组的参数会随着运行年限的增加而发生漂移 [ 4 ] 。为了在聚类过程中考虑风电机组参数差异的影响, 本文选取风电机组的输出有功功率作为风电机组聚类的另一个聚类指标。
为充分表征风电机组的输出特征差异, 本文采用系统扰动情况下, 不同典型时刻的风电机组特征量对风电机组进行聚类, 本文所采用的聚类指标如下:
$\left\lbrack {{V}_{0},{P}_{0},{P}_{\mathrm{c}},{P}_{\mathrm{t}}}\right\rbrack$
式中: $V$$P$ 分别为每台风电机组的输入风速和输出有功功率; 下标 0 和 c 分别为系统扰动的开始时刻和切除时刻; ${P}_{\mathrm{t}}$ 为系统扰动有功功率第一摆的幅值。
由于系统扰动持续时间远小于风速波动的持续时间,因此在系统扰动过程中,假设风电机组的输入风速不变。
式(1)中所采用的时间序列聚类指标是一个典型的模糊数据。因此,本文采用模糊 c 均值对风电机组进行聚类 [ 18 ] 。传统模糊 c 均值聚类算法需要人为指定聚类数据, 本文引入平均指数充分性 (Mean Index Adequacy, MIA) 依据风电场特征自适应地选择风电机组最优聚类数目 [ 19 ]
对于数据集$X = \left\lbrack {{x}_{1},{x}_{2},\cdots ,{x}_{j},\cdots ,{x}_{n}}\right\rbrack$,其中${x}_{j}$为第$j$个样本,$j = 1,2,\cdots , n$[式 (1) 中的聚类指标矩阵]。由数据集中随机选择$c$个聚类中心,即$V =$$\left\lbrack {{v}_{1},{v}_{2},\cdots ,{v}_{c}}\right\rbrack$。基于模糊$\mathrm{c}$均值算法的风电机组聚类的具体步骤如下 [ 18 ]
步骤 1: 计算隶属度矩阵$\mathbf{U} = {\left\lbrack {u}_{ij}\right\rbrack }_{c \times n}$,并更新聚类中心:
${u}_{ij} = \frac{{d}_{ij}^{-2/\left( {m - 1}\right) }}{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{c}{d}_{ij}^{-2/\left( {m - 1}\right) }}$
${v}_{i} = \frac{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 1}}^{n}{u}_{ij}^{m}{x}_{j}}{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 1}}^{n}{u}_{ij}^{m}}$
式中:${u}_{ij}$为样本${x}_{j}$对聚类中心${v}_{i}$的隶属度;${d}_{ij}$${x}_{j}$${v}_{i}$之间的欧几里得距离;$m$为模糊加权指数。
步骤 2: 计算模糊 c 均值的目标函数:
$\min J\left( {U, V}\right) = \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{c}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 1}}^{n}{u}_{ij}^{m}{d}_{ij}^{2}\text{, s.t.}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{c}{u}_{ij} = 1$
如果$J\left( {U, V}\right)$小于迭代终止条件,则执行步骤 3, 否则执行步骤 1。
步骤 3: 计算 MIA 系数 [ 19 ] :
$\text{ MIA= }\sqrt{\frac{1}{c}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{c}{\left\lbrack d\left( {v}_{i},{X}_{i}\right) \right\rbrack }^{2}}$
式中:$d\left( {{v}_{i},{X}_{i}}\right) = \sqrt{1/{n}_{i}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{{ji} = 1}}^{{n}_{i}}{d}_{i,{ji}}};{X}_{i}$为聚类中心${v}_{i}$所对应的样本集;${d}_{i,{ji}}$${x}_{jk}$${v}_{i}$的欧几里得距离;${x}_{ji}$${X}_{i}$中的第$j$个样本;${n}_{i}$${X}_{i}$中的样本总数。
步骤 4: 将 MIA 最小值所对应的$c$确定为最优聚类数目。同时,将其所对应的聚类结果确定为风电机组的最终分群结果。
基于风电机组聚类结果, 将每一子群内的风电机组聚合为一台等值风机。
在确定等值模型结构后, 本文采用分步参数辨识方法对风电场等值风机进行全参数辨识。首先, 采用混合动态仿真技术将每一台等值风机的外部系统简化为一个可变阻抗; 然后, 采用灵敏度对等值风机参数进行分类, 并利用多观测变量对分类后的参数进行分步辨识。
本文采用混合动态仿真技术实现各等值风机参数的独立辨识。混合动态仿真将电力系统分为研究系统和外部系统, 且在不用建立外部系统仿真模型的情况下, 通过在系统边界母线处注入实测数据来模拟外部系统的动态特征。作为一个已被广泛使用的混合动态仿真方法, 可变阻抗法的原理如图 1 所示 [ 9 ]
图 1 可知, 将每一台等值风机的外部系统简化为一个随测量数据变化的可变阻抗。在每一个仿真步长, 可变阻抗为
$Z\left( t\right) = \frac{{U}^{2}\left( t\right) }{P\left( t\right) - \mathrm{j}Q\left( t\right) }$
式中:$U\left( t\right) , P\left( t\right)$$Q\left( t\right)$分别为$t$时刻系统公共连接点处的母线电压、有功功率和无功功率。
由式 (6)可以看出, 注入阻抗依据每一个仿真步长的测量数据进行更新, 不须要建立外部系统的详细模型。采用混合动态仿真后, 可实现各等值风机参数的独立辨识。
一个等值风机模型通常包含数十个待辨识参数, 例如, 美国西部电力协调委员会 (Western Electricity Coor-dinating Council, WECC) 所建立的双馈风机模型(Type 3 模型)包含 35 个模型参数 [ 20 ] 。同时对大量参数进行辨识,辨识算法容易陷于局部最优,甚至不收敛,造成模型“多解问题”。 为解决这个问题,本文提出采用分步辨识方法对单台等值风机参数进行分步辨识。
灵敏度是反映参数变化对模型输出影响的重要指标。灵敏度越大,参数对模型输出的调节能力越强, 同时也可以更加稳定地辨识出参数的准确值。本文采用中值法计算参数的轨迹灵敏度, 其表达式为 [ 20 ]
${T}_{s} = \frac{1}{T} \cdot \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t = 1}}^{T}\left| \frac{\left\lbrack f\left( {\omega }_{j} + \Delta {\omega }_{j}, t\right) - f\left( {\omega }_{j}, t\right) \right\rbrack }{\Delta {\omega }_{j}}\right|$
式中:${Ts}$为轨迹灵敏度值;$T$为总采样点数;$f$为模型输出轨迹;${\omega }_{j}$为第$j$个模型参数;$t$为采样时刻。
已有研究表明, 当采用不同模型输出轨迹作为观测变量计算参数${Ts}$时,参数的灵敏度可能存在较大差异 [ 4 , 9 ] 。依据这一特性,可利用不同观测变量条件下参数的灵敏度大小对模型参数进行分类并分步辨识。本文选取系统公共连接点(Point of Common Coupling, PCC) 处的有功功率和无功功率作为观测变量, 依据灵敏度大小, 等值模型参数的分类步骤如下。
①依据式(7)计算参数的有功功率灵敏度和无功功率灵敏度。设定阈值,将等值模型参数分为 3 类,即对模型输出有功功率灵敏的参数集,记为 ASP; 对模型输出无功功率灵敏的参数集, 记为 RSP; 对模型输出有功功率和无功功率均不灵敏的参数集,记为${\mathrm{{ARP}}}_{ \circ }$
②等值模型参数分步辨识。本文采用文献 [ 21 ] 提出的改进自适应遗传算法作为基础算法对等值模型参数进行辨识。基于参数分类结果, 等值模型参数分步辨识的具体步骤如下。
步骤 1:估计参数集 ASP 的取值范围。
首先,利用有功功率估计参数集$\mathrm{{ASP}}$的取值范围。在此次辨识中, 参数集 ASP 的搜索范围设定为$\left\lbrack {{V}_{\min },{V}_{\max }}\right\rbrack ,{V}_{\min },{V}_{\max }$分别为参数理论值的下、 上限。与此同时, 在理论范围内, 对 RSP 和 ARP 随机赋值,不予辨识。
遗传算法的目标函数为
$J\left( \theta \right) = {MS}{E}_{\mathrm{p}} = \frac{1}{K}\sqrt{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{k = 1}}^{K}{\left\lbrack \Delta P\left( k\right) \right\rbrack }^{2}}$
式中:${MS}{E}_{\mathrm{p}}$为系统公共连接点处模型输出有功功率和实测有功功率的均方根误差;${\Delta P}\left( k\right)$$k$时刻系统公共连接点处模型输出有功功率和实测有功功率的差值。
按照如上设置对 ASP 重复辨识$N$次,计算 ASP 参数辨识结果的统计均值, 并将此结果记为${\mathrm{{ASP}}}_{10}$
步骤 2: 估计参数集 RSP 的取值范围。
利用无功功率估计参数集 RSP 的取值范围。 在此次辨识中, 参数集 RSP 的搜索范围设定为$\left\lbrack {{V}_{\min },{V}_{\max }}\right\rbrack$。与此同时,在理论范围内,对 ASP 和 ARP 随机赋值, 不予辨识。遗传算法的目标函数为
$J\left( \theta \right) = {MS}{E}_{\mathrm{Q}} = \frac{1}{K}\sqrt{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{k = 1}}^{K}{\left\lbrack \Delta Q\left( k\right) \right\rbrack }^{2}}$
式中:${MS}{E}_{\mathrm{Q}}$为系统公共连接点处模型输出无功功率和实测无功功率的均方根误差;${\Delta Q}\left( k\right)$$k$时刻系统公共连接点处模型输出无功功率和实测无功功率的差值。
按照如上设置对 RSP 重复辨识$N$次,计算 RSP 参数辨识结果的统计均值, 并将此结果记为${\mathrm{{RSP}}}_{10}$
步骤 3: 辨识参数集 ARP。
利用有功功率和无功功率辨识参数集${\mathrm{{ARP}}}_{0}$在此次辨识中, 参数集 ARP 的搜索范围设定为$\left\lbrack {{V}_{\min },{V}_{\max }}\right\rbrack$。同时将$\mathrm{{ASP}}$$\mathrm{{RSP}}$赋予$\left\lbrack {{0.8}{\mathrm{{ASP}}}_{1}}\right.$,$\left. {{1.2}{\mathrm{{ASP}}}_{1}}\right\rbrack$$\left\lbrack {{0.8}{\mathrm{{RSP}}}_{1},{1.2}{\mathrm{{RSP}}}_{1}}\right\rbrack$的随机值。遗传算法的目标函数为
$J\left( \theta \right) =\frac{1}{K}\left( \sqrt{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{k = 1}}^{K}{\left\lbrack \Delta P\left( k\right) \right\rbrack }^{2} + \sqrt{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{k = 1}}^{K}{\left\lbrack \Delta Q\left( k\right) \right\rbrack }^{2}}}\right.$
按照如上设置对 ARP 重复辨识$N$次,并将$\mathrm{{ARP}}$赋予多次参数辨识的统计均值,记为${\mathrm{{ARP}}}_{10}$
步骤 4: 辨识参数集 ASP 和 RSP。
辨识参数集 ASP 和 RSP。在此次辨识中,将${ARP}$的值设定为${AR}{P}_{1}$。与此同时,参数集${ASP}$和 RSP 的搜索范围分别被限制为$\left\lbrack {{0.8}{\mathrm{{ASP}}}_{1},{1.2}{\mathrm{{ASP}}}_{1}}\right\rbrack$$\left\lbrack {{0.8}{\mathrm{{RSP}}}_{1},{1.2}{\mathrm{{RSP}}}_{1}}\right\rbrack$。遗传算法的目标函数与式 (10)相同。在此次参数辨识中, ASP 和 RSP 辨识值记为${\mathrm{{ASP}}}_{2}$${\mathrm{{RSP}}}_{2}$
最后,等值风机参数的最终辨识值为$\left( {{\mathrm{{ASP}}}_{2}\text{,}}\right.$$\left. {{\mathrm{{RSP}}}_{2},{\mathrm{{ARP}}}_{1}}\right)$
本文采用改进 IEEE 39 母线系统验证所提方法的有效性, 改进 IEEE 39 母线系统的接线图如图 2 所示。
图中, 在母线 33 处接入一个由 66 台双馈风机组成的风电场,风电场总装机容量为${99}\mathrm{{MW}}$。 双馈风机采用美国西部电力协调委员会所建立的 Type 3 双馈风机模型, 模型须要辨识的参数如表 1 所示。其详细数学模型见文献[ 20 ]。此外, 在详细模型中, 对风电机组随机赋予 20 组典型风机参数和 20 组典型控制参数, 以模拟大型风电场内风电机组的差异。
将风电场详细模型的输入风速设为${17}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$, 基于文献[ 17 ]提出的尾流效应模型计算各台风电机组的输入风速。在典型故障 1 条件下 (母线 1 处的两相接地故障,开始于$1\mathrm{\;s}$,结束于${1.2}\mathrm{\;s}$),采用本文提出的聚类方法对详细模型中的风电机组进行聚类, 聚类结果如表 2 所示。
依据表 2 中的聚类结果, 采用连接在公共连接点处的两台等值风机对详细风电场进行简化建模。
在故障 1 条件下,基于式 (7) 计算等值风机输出有功功率和无功功率所对应的参数灵敏度值, 分别如表 3,4 所示。
本文采用分步辨识方法对等值模型参数进行辨识,消除参数辨识过程中的“多解问题”。为此, 在参数分类过程中应尽量保证参数集合 ASP, RSP 以及 ARP 中的参数个数一致, 以避免同时对大量参数进行辨识,降低参数辨识准确性。为此, 本文分别选取参数有功灵敏度阈值和无功灵敏度阈值为 0.014 和 0.2 ,即将有功灵敏度 < 0.014 且无功灵敏度$< {0.2}$的参数确定为$\mathrm{{ARP}}$
此外,由表 3,4 可以看出,部分参数例如${V}_{\text{ref }}$,$D, C,{K}_{\text{igv }}$${K}_{\text{pr }}$等,同时具有较大的有功灵敏度和无功灵敏度。因此,可以根据需要将这些参数分入 ASP 或 RSP。依据这些原则,等值风机参数分类的结果如表 5 所示。
在完成参数分类后, 以表 2 中的等值风机 #1 为例, 说明等值风机参数分步辨识的具体步骤。将详细模型的输出假定为实测 PMU 数据, 在故障 1 条件下将等值风机 #1 的外部系统替换为一个可变阻抗。与此同时,本文依据先验经验(参数理论参考值)对参数寻优空间进行限制, 在参数初始值未知的情况下, 提升遗传算法的收敛能力, 依据文献[ 22 ]给出的参数理论参考值, 待辨识参数的搜索范围如表 6 所示。在故障 1 条件下对等值风机$\# 1$的参数进行分步辨识,每一步参数辨识后等值风机输出的有功和无功功率如图 3~6 所示。
在本算例中,参数辨识步骤 1~步骤 3 的重复辨识次数设定为 10 次。在步骤 1(图 3)中, 采用有功功率作为观测变量对 ASP 的范围进行估计。同时, 步骤 2(图 4)采用无功功率作为观测变量对 RSP 的范围进行估计,可以看出,图 3 中的无功功率和图 4 中的有功功率均与实测数据存在较大差异。这是因为无论是在步骤 1 还是在步骤 2 , 仅采用单一观测变量(有功功率或无功功率)对模型参数进行辨识。由于参数辨识过程中的 “过拟合问题”, 待辨识参数会略微偏离其真实值, 从而导致等值模型和真实系统动态响应的不匹配。在完成步骤 1 和步骤 2 后,将${\mathrm{{ASP}}}_{1}$${\mathrm{{RSP}}}_{1}$赋予多次辨识的统计均值。
参数辨识在步骤 3(图 5)中, 将 ASP 和 RSP 的值赋予$\left\lbrack {{0.8}{\mathrm{{ASP}}}_{1},{1.2}{\mathrm{{ASP}}}_{1}}\right\rbrack$$\left\lbrack {{0.8}{\mathrm{{RSP}}}_{1},{1.2}{\mathrm{{RSP}}}_{1}}\right\rbrack$的随机值, 同时采用有功功率和无功功率作为观测变量对$\mathrm{{ARP}}$的值进行重复辨识 [ 23 ] ,并将${\mathrm{{ARP}}}_{1}$的取值定为多次辨识后的统计均值。
最后, 在参数辨识步骤 4(图 6)中, 将 ARP 的值设定为步骤 3 中的辨识值${\mathrm{{ARP}}}_{1}$,并采用有功功率和无功功率对 ASP 和 RSP 进行辨识。各步骤参数辨识的结果如表 7 所示。表中仅列出每一参数集中灵敏度最大的前 3 个参数。
重复以上步骤,对等值风机 #2 的参数进行分步辨识。至此,完成风电场动态等值建模。
本文从等值模型准确性和等值模型泛化能力两个方面验证所提风电场等值建模方法的有效性。采用文献[ 15 - 17 ]的传统风电场等值建模方法作为对照组,传统方法的相关设置:
① 根据表 2 参数, 将风电场简化建模为 2 台等值风机。基于混合动态仿真技术, 分别对等值风机 #1 和等值风机 #2 的参数进行辨识;
②选择表 3 中有功功率灵敏度最大的 12 个参数作为关键参数进行辨识,即${V}_{\mathrm{{ref}}}, D,{L}_{\mathrm{m}}, C,{K}_{\mathrm{{igv}}}$,${K}_{\mathrm{{pr}}},{B}_{\mathrm{f}},{K}_{\mathrm{{pgv}}},{L}_{\mathrm{{ls}}},{K}_{\mathrm{{pp}}},{L}_{\mathrm{{lr}}}$${K}_{\mathrm{{ir}}}$;
③在故障 1 条件下,利用改进自适应遗传算法对关键参数进行辨识, 参数辨识目标函数如式 (10),其余非关键参数设为理论值。
为验证等值模型的准确性, 采用两种方法所建立的等值模型重现风电场在训练故障(故障 1 ) 下的暂态特性, 风电场公共连接点处的有功功率和无功功率如图 7 所示。
图 7 可以看出, 本文方法建立的风电场等值模型可以更好地重现系统在训练故障(故障1) 下的暂态特性。同时,传统方法的有功功率和无功功率均方根误差分别为 0.0064 和${7.543} \times {10}^{-4}$。本文方法的有功功率和无功功率均方根误差分别为 0.0031 和${2.315} \times {10}^{-4}$。本文方法建立的风电场等值模型在训练故障条件下具有更小的均方根误差,因此具有更高的等值准确性。
由于参数辨识过程中普遍存在的 “多解问题”, 传统方法虽然也可以在训练故障下辨识得到一组参数解(局部最优解),但是这组参数解只能较好地反映风电场在训练故障下的动态特征, 在未知故障条件下则与真实系统存在较大的误差 (泛化能力差)。为验证等值模型的泛化能力,等值模型被用于预测风电场在系统未知扰动下的动态特性。在故障 2 条件下 (母线 16 处的三相接地故障,开始于$1\mathrm{\;s}$,结束于${1.2}\mathrm{\;s}$),风电场公共连接点处的有功功率如图 8 所示。
图 8 可以看出, 在未知故障条件下, 本文方法依然可以较好地反映详细模型的动态特征, 而传统方法输出有功功率却与详细模型存在较大的差异。这是因为传统方法仅对具有较大灵敏度值的关键参数进行辨识。其他非关键参数所赋予的理论值通常与其真实值存在误差, 这些误差不仅直接降低了等值模型的准确性, 同时也影响了关键参数辨识的准确性。基于混合动态仿真技术和分步参数辨识方法, 本文方法可实现风电场等值风机的全参数辨识, 提升了等值模型的准确性和泛化能力。
在故障 3 条件下(公共连接点处的两相接地故障,开始于$1\mathrm{\;s}$,结束于${1.1}\mathrm{\;s}$),风电场公共连接点处的有功功率如图 9 所示。
图 9 可知, 本文方法可以较好地反映详细模型在未知故障条件下的动态特征, 但采用传统方法所建立的等值模型由于直流母线过电压保护动作,等值风电场从系统中切除,这与真实系统存在定性的错误, 仿真结果进一步验证了本文方法的有效性。
本文提出了一种基于分步参数辨识的风电场动态等值建模方法, 有效消除了等值模型参数辨识中的“多解问题”。仿真算例验证了所提方法的有效性,本文的一些关键结论总结如下。
①当非关键参数所赋予的理论值不准确时, 基于关键参数辨识所建立的传统风电场等值模型存在准确性和泛化能力不强的问题。当大规模风电场内风电机组差异较大时, 这一问题将更加严峻。
②在本文方法中,基于混合动态仿真技术,可实现各等值风机参数的独立辨识。同时,采用灵敏度对等值风机参数进行分类并分步辨识, 在实现等值风机全参数辨识的同时可有效避免参数辨识的“多解问题”,提升了风电场等值模型的准确性和泛化能力。
  • 国网河南省电力公司科技项目资助(521702220009)
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  • 接收时间:2023-07-17
  • 首发时间:2025-07-18
  • 出版时间:2025-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-07-17
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国网河南省电力公司科技项目资助(521702220009)
作者信息
    1 国网河南省电力公司 电力科学研究院 河南 郑州 450052
    2 电子科技大学 机械与电气工程学院 四川 成都 611731

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王鹏(1988-),男,博士,副教授,研究方向为电力系统动态等值建模。E-mail:
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