Article(id=1152988933420999003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1152988930656948403, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1700755200000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752823583226, onlineDateStr=2025-07-18, pubDate=1739980800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752823583226, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752823583226, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752823583226, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1152988930656948403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, year='2025', volume='43', issue='2', pageStart='143', pageEnd='284', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1752823582567, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753694496025, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156641806499570521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1152988930656948403, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156641806499570522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1152988930656948403, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=183, endPage=190, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1152988933706211676, articleId=1152988933420999003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, language=EN, title=Study on thermal parameters of semi-transparent photovoltaic window in cold regions of China — Take an office building in Taiyuan as an example, columnId=null, journalTitle=Renewable Energy Resources, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Due to the selection of solar radiation spectrum by solar cells in semi transparent photovoltaic windows, the energy consumption, indoor daylight and thermal environment of photovoltaic window buildings are different with clear glass window buildings. When semitransparent photovoltaic windows are applied to building, specific design values for thermal parameters are required for reference, but there is a lack of basis. Therefore, this paper took an office building in Taiyuan as an example, established a reference building model and a design building model, and explored the influence of the Heat Transfer Coefficient (Uvalue) and Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) on the energy consumption of semi transparent photovoltaic window buildings. The recommended range of Uvalue and SHGC value of photovoltaic window is obtained by the method of tradeoff judgment. The results show that smaller Uvalue and larger SHGC value are more beneficial to energy saving when photovoltaic windows are used in Taiyuan. When the windowwall ratio of photovoltaic window building is greater than 0.60 and the transmittance is equal to 0.46, the maximum Uvalue limit is 1.9 times the existing energysaving standard limit. By comparing the recommended range of SHGC value with different window wall ratio, the lower limit of SHGC decreases by 25%.

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由于半透明光伏窗中的太阳能电池对太阳辐射光谱有选择作用,光伏窗建筑的能耗和室内光热环境与普通白玻建筑均有差异。在建筑物应用光伏窗时,需有特定的热工参数设计值进行参考,但目前缺少相关依据。因此,文章以太原某办公建筑为例,建立基准建筑和设计建筑模型,探究传热系数(Heat Transfer Coefficient, Uvalue)和太阳得热系数(Solar Heat Gain Coefficient, SHGC)对光伏窗建筑能耗的影响,并采用权衡判断法得出光伏窗 U值和SHGC 值的推荐范围。结果表明:在太原地区应用光伏窗时,较小的U值和较大的SHGC 值更有利于建筑节能;当光伏窗建筑窗墙比大于0.60、透过率等于0.46时,U值的最大限值是现有节能标准限值的1.9倍;通过对比不同窗墙比时 SHGC 值的推荐范围,发现随着窗墙比的增大,SHGC 下限值减小了25%。研究结果对于光伏窗建筑热工设计与优化具有一定的指导意义与参考价值。

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程远达(1985-),男,博士,教授,主要从事建筑节能与可再生能源利用研究。E-mail:
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围护结构 名称 窗墙比 SHGC 值
外窗 (0,0.20] 2.50 0.48 0.53
(0.20,0.30] 2.40 0.48 0.53
$\left( {{0.30},{0.40}}\right\rbrack$ 1.80 0.40 0.44
$\left( {{0.40},{0.50}}\right\rbrack$ 1.70 0.40 0.44
$({0.50},{0.60}\rbrack$ 1.60 0.35 0.46
$({0.60},{0.70}\rbrack$ 1.60 0.30 0.39
$\left( {{0.70},{0.80}}\right\rbrack$ 1.40 0.30 0.39
), ArticleFig(id=1159145521584918748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988933420999003, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=透光围护结构参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
围护结构 名称 窗墙比 SHGC 值
外窗 (0,0.20] 2.50 0.48 0.53
(0.20,0.30] 2.40 0.48 0.53
$\left( {{0.30},{0.40}}\right\rbrack$ 1.80 0.40 0.44
$\left( {{0.40},{0.50}}\right\rbrack$ 1.70 0.40 0.44
$({0.50},{0.60}\rbrack$ 1.60 0.35 0.46
$({0.60},{0.70}\rbrack$ 1.60 0.30 0.39
$\left( {{0.70},{0.80}}\right\rbrack$ 1.40 0.30 0.39
), ArticleFig(id=1159145521647833309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988933420999003, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Indoor temperature in heating and air-conditioning zones of office buildings, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时刻 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00
工作日 空调 28 26 26 26 26 26
供暖 5 5 5 5 5 12 18 20 20 20 20 20
节假日 空调 供暖 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
时刻 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 24:00
工作日 空调 26 26 26 26 26 26
供暖 20 20 20 20 20 20 18 12 5 5 5 5
节假日 空调 供暖 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
), ArticleFig(id=1159145521702359262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988933420999003, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=办公建筑供暖空调区室内温度, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时刻 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00
工作日 空调 28 26 26 26 26 26
供暖 5 5 5 5 5 12 18 20 20 20 20 20
节假日 空调 供暖 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
时刻 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 24:00
工作日 空调 26 26 26 26 26 26
供暖 20 20 20 20 20 20 18 12 5 5 5 5
节假日 空调 供暖 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
), ArticleFig(id=1159145521761079519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988933420999003, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=$U$ -value simulation results for different window-to-wall ratio (WWR), figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
窗墙比 标准范围 透过率 推荐范围
(0,0.20] $\leq {2.50}$ 0.22 $U \leq {1.20}$
0.30 $U \leq {1.00}$
0.38 $U \leq {0.90}$
0.46 $U \leq {2.20}$
(0.20,0.30] $\leq {2.40}$ 0.22 $U \leq {1.60}$
0.30 $U \leq {1.60}$
0.38 $U \leq {1.60}$
0.46 $U \leq {2.90}$
$({0.30},{0.40}\rbrack$ $\leq {1.80}$ 0.22 $U \leq {1.30}$
0.30 $U \leq {1.60}$
0.38 $U \leq {1.60}$
0.46 $U \leq {2.90}$
$({0.40},{0.50}\rbrack$ $\leq {1.70}$ 0.22 $U \leq {0.70}$
0.30 $U \leq {0.90}$
0.38 $U \leq {1.00}$
0.46 $U \leq {1.80}$
$\left( {{0.50},{0.60}}\right\rbrack$ $\leq {1.60}$ 0.22 $U \leq {0.80}$
0.30 $U \leq {1.20}$
0.38 $U \leq {1.20}$
0.46 $U \leq {2.10}$
$({0.60},{0.70}\rbrack$ $\leq {1.60}$ 0.22 $U \leq {1.80}$
0.30 $U \leq {2.20}$
0.38 $U \leq {2.30}$
0.46 $U \leq {3.10}$
$({0.70},{0.80}\rbrack$ $\leq {1.40}$ 0.22 $U \leq {1.80}$
0.30 $U \leq {2.00}$
0.38 $U \leq {2.10}$
0.46 $U \leq {2.70}$
), ArticleFig(id=1159145521836576992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988933420999003, language=CN, label=表 3, caption=各窗墙比 $U$ 值模拟结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
窗墙比 标准范围 透过率 推荐范围
(0,0.20] $\leq {2.50}$ 0.22 $U \leq {1.20}$
0.30 $U \leq {1.00}$
0.38 $U \leq {0.90}$
0.46 $U \leq {2.20}$
(0.20,0.30] $\leq {2.40}$ 0.22 $U \leq {1.60}$
0.30 $U \leq {1.60}$
0.38 $U \leq {1.60}$
0.46 $U \leq {2.90}$
$({0.30},{0.40}\rbrack$ $\leq {1.80}$ 0.22 $U \leq {1.30}$
0.30 $U \leq {1.60}$
0.38 $U \leq {1.60}$
0.46 $U \leq {2.90}$
$({0.40},{0.50}\rbrack$ $\leq {1.70}$ 0.22 $U \leq {0.70}$
0.30 $U \leq {0.90}$
0.38 $U \leq {1.00}$
0.46 $U \leq {1.80}$
$\left( {{0.50},{0.60}}\right\rbrack$ $\leq {1.60}$ 0.22 $U \leq {0.80}$
0.30 $U \leq {1.20}$
0.38 $U \leq {1.20}$
0.46 $U \leq {2.10}$
$({0.60},{0.70}\rbrack$ $\leq {1.60}$ 0.22 $U \leq {1.80}$
0.30 $U \leq {2.20}$
0.38 $U \leq {2.30}$
0.46 $U \leq {3.10}$
$({0.70},{0.80}\rbrack$ $\leq {1.40}$ 0.22 $U \leq {1.80}$
0.30 $U \leq {2.00}$
0.38 $U \leq {2.10}$
0.46 $U \leq {2.70}$
), ArticleFig(id=1159145521958211809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988933420999003, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=SHGC simulation results for different window-to-wall ratio, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
窗墙比 标准范围 SHGC 推荐范围
$\left( {{0.20},{0.30}}\right\rbrack$ SHGC≤0.48 ${0.51} \leq$ SHGC $\leq {0.87}$
(0.30,0.40] SHGC $\leq {0.40}$ ${0.43} \leq$ SHGC $\leq {0.87}$
(0.40,0.50] SHGC $\leq {0.40}$ ${0.48} \leq$ SHGC $\leq {0.87}$
(0.50,0.60] SHGC $\leq {0.35}$ ${0.43} \leq$ SHGC $\leq {0.87}$
(0.60,0.70] SHGC $\leq {0.30}$ ${0.38} \leq \mathrm{{SHGC}} \leq {0.87}$
$\left( {{0.70},{0.80}}\right\rbrack$ SHGC $\leq {0.30}$ ${0.38} \leq$ SHGC $\leq {0.87}$
), ArticleFig(id=1159145522025320674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988933420999003, language=CN, label=表 4, caption=各窗墙比 SHGC 值模拟结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
窗墙比 标准范围 SHGC 推荐范围
$\left( {{0.20},{0.30}}\right\rbrack$ SHGC≤0.48 ${0.51} \leq$ SHGC $\leq {0.87}$
(0.30,0.40] SHGC $\leq {0.40}$ ${0.43} \leq$ SHGC $\leq {0.87}$
(0.40,0.50] SHGC $\leq {0.40}$ ${0.48} \leq$ SHGC $\leq {0.87}$
(0.50,0.60] SHGC $\leq {0.35}$ ${0.43} \leq$ SHGC $\leq {0.87}$
(0.60,0.70] SHGC $\leq {0.30}$ ${0.38} \leq \mathrm{{SHGC}} \leq {0.87}$
$\left( {{0.70},{0.80}}\right\rbrack$ SHGC $\leq {0.30}$ ${0.38} \leq$ SHGC $\leq {0.87}$
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寒冷地区半透明光伏窗热工参数限值研究——以太原地区某办公建筑为例
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胡伊林 1 , 王昊博 1 , 程远达 1 , 王瑞 1 , 张海云 2 , 郭霖 2 , 范宝秀 2
可再生能源 | 2025,43(2): 183-190
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可再生能源 | 2025, 43(2): 183-190
寒冷地区半透明光伏窗热工参数限值研究——以太原地区某办公建筑为例
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胡伊林1, 王昊博1, 程远达1 , 王瑞1, 张海云2, 郭霖2, 范宝秀2
作者信息
  • 1 太原理工大学 山西 太原 030000
  • 2 山西建筑工程集团有限公司 山西 太原 030000

通讯作者:

程远达(1985-),男,博士,教授,主要从事建筑节能与可再生能源利用研究。E-mail:
Study on thermal parameters of semi-transparent photovoltaic window in cold regions of China — Take an office building in Taiyuan as an example
Yilin Hu1, Haobo Wang1, Yuanda Cheng1 , Rui Wang1, Haiyun Zhang2, Lin Guo2, Baoxiu Fan2
Affiliations
  • 1 Taiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan 030000 China
  • 2 Shanxi Construction Engineering Group Co. LTD Taiyuan 030000 China
出版时间: 2025-02-20
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由于半透明光伏窗中的太阳能电池对太阳辐射光谱有选择作用,光伏窗建筑的能耗和室内光热环境与普通白玻建筑均有差异。在建筑物应用光伏窗时,需有特定的热工参数设计值进行参考,但目前缺少相关依据。因此,文章以太原某办公建筑为例,建立基准建筑和设计建筑模型,探究传热系数(Heat Transfer Coefficient, Uvalue)和太阳得热系数(Solar Heat Gain Coefficient, SHGC)对光伏窗建筑能耗的影响,并采用权衡判断法得出光伏窗 U值和SHGC 值的推荐范围。结果表明:在太原地区应用光伏窗时,较小的U值和较大的SHGC 值更有利于建筑节能;当光伏窗建筑窗墙比大于0.60、透过率等于0.46时,U值的最大限值是现有节能标准限值的1.9倍;通过对比不同窗墙比时 SHGC 值的推荐范围,发现随着窗墙比的增大,SHGC 下限值减小了25%。研究结果对于光伏窗建筑热工设计与优化具有一定的指导意义与参考价值。

半透明光伏窗  /  U值  /  SHGC  /  权衡判断法

Due to the selection of solar radiation spectrum by solar cells in semi transparent photovoltaic windows, the energy consumption, indoor daylight and thermal environment of photovoltaic window buildings are different with clear glass window buildings. When semitransparent photovoltaic windows are applied to building, specific design values for thermal parameters are required for reference, but there is a lack of basis. Therefore, this paper took an office building in Taiyuan as an example, established a reference building model and a design building model, and explored the influence of the Heat Transfer Coefficient (Uvalue) and Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) on the energy consumption of semi transparent photovoltaic window buildings. The recommended range of Uvalue and SHGC value of photovoltaic window is obtained by the method of tradeoff judgment. The results show that smaller Uvalue and larger SHGC value are more beneficial to energy saving when photovoltaic windows are used in Taiyuan. When the windowwall ratio of photovoltaic window building is greater than 0.60 and the transmittance is equal to 0.46, the maximum Uvalue limit is 1.9 times the existing energysaving standard limit. By comparing the recommended range of SHGC value with different window wall ratio, the lower limit of SHGC decreases by 25%.

semi-transparent photovoltaic window  /  U-value  /  SHGC  /  trade-off judgment
胡伊林, 王昊博, 程远达, 王瑞, 张海云, 郭霖, 范宝秀. 寒冷地区半透明光伏窗热工参数限值研究——以太原地区某办公建筑为例. 可再生能源, 2025 , 43 (2) : 183 -190 .
Yilin Hu, Haobo Wang, Yuanda Cheng, Rui Wang, Haiyun Zhang, Lin Guo, Baoxiu Fan. Study on thermal parameters of semi-transparent photovoltaic window in cold regions of China — Take an office building in Taiyuan as an example[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2025 , 43 (2) : 183 -190 .
2020 年 09 月我国明确提出“双碳”目标。当前,建筑能源消耗占全球终端能源的 35%, 碳排放占全球碳排放的 38 % [ 1 ] ,是重要的耗能与排碳场景, 因此建筑领域的节能、减碳将成为我国实现 “双碳”目标的关键一环。而外窗作为建筑围护结构节能的薄弱环节, 其造成的传热损失占建筑能耗的 ${20}\% \sim {40}\% $ [ 2 ] ,是建筑节能领域研究的重点。
半透明光伏窗由于其主动节能的优势, 近年来受到广泛关注。Zhang W L [ 3 ] 通过 EnergyPlus 对建筑能耗进行模拟, 分析了香港地区分别装有半透明光伏窗、Low-e 玻璃和双层玻璃的建筑整体能源消耗, 结果表明, 与 Low-e 玻璃和双层玻璃相比,半透明光伏窗每年可分别节省 18% 和 16% 的耗电量。Jia J [ 4 ] 研究了双层光伏窗不同通风模式的建筑能耗表现,结果表明,采用送风模式的双层半透明光伏窗比采用无通风、内循环模式分别减少 ${18.5}\%$${20.2}\%$ 的建筑净用电量。Wheeler V M [ 5 ] 通过建立数千个不同建筑模型来评估光伏窗的能源使用和碳减排潜力,结果表明,与普通白玻建筑相比,光伏窗建筑的年能耗可减少 ${40}\%$ 。Sun Y Y [ 6 ] 以碲化镉半透明光伏窗为例, 采用 Radiance 软件研究了办公建筑全年室内自然采光, 发现碲化镉半透明光伏窗比传统的双层玻璃窗具有更好的视觉效果,能有效降低眩光的可能性。Tian H [ 7 ] 通过实验和问卷调查, 研究了半透明光伏窗房间与普通窗房间的热舒适性,研究结果表明,光伏窗房间的热感觉投票的预测不满意百分比低于普通窗房间,可为室内人员提供更好的热环境。Wang H B [ 8 ] 通过实测, 对比了半透明光伏窗与透明玻璃窗房间的透射太阳辐射光谱、透过辐照度以及围护结构表面温度等方面差异。
目前有关半透明光伏窗的研究主要针对其光电性能、节能潜力及室内光热环境进行分析。由于半透明光伏窗表面覆盖有太阳能电池进行发电, 太阳辐射透过率较低,表面辐射温度较高,导致其热工性能、建筑能耗特性与普通白玻外窗存在较大差异 [ 9 ] 。因此,半透明光伏窗的热工参数选择应与普通白玻外窗有所不同。然而,目前有关半透明光伏窗热工参数选择的研究较少, 现行标准中也缺少相关条文规定, 在一定程度上制约了半透明光伏窗建筑的推广应用。
针对现有研究不足, 本文以寒冷地区 (太原) 某办公建筑为例, 依据设计规范与建筑实际情况, 分别设置基准建筑和设计建筑模型。通过 Ladybug&Honeybee 进行能耗和采光模拟, 研究了半透明光伏窗的传热系数(Heat transfer coefficient, $U$ -value) 和太阳得热系数 (Solar Heat Gain Coefficient, SHGC)对建筑能耗的影响, 并采用权衡判断法的基本原理分析得出寒冷地区(太原)半透明光伏窗 $U$ 值和 SHGC 值的推荐范围。
本文选取寒冷地区(太原)的某办公建筑,在 Ladybug&Honeybee 中建立与此办公建筑大小一致的模型, 如图 1 所示。此办公建筑共有两层, 长 $\times$$\times$ 高尺寸为 ${25.90}\mathrm{\;m} \times {7.75}\mathrm{\;m} \times {7.20}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,总建筑面积为 ${401.50}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{2}$ ,体形系数为 0.45。每个房间南向外墙均安装大小相同的玻璃窗, 其窗墙比在软件中根据不同工况进行设置。
对建筑的围护结构热工性能进行权衡、判断时使用的“基准建筑”称为“参照建筑”, 该建筑用于计算在满足全年供暖和空气调节要求的能耗 [ 10 ] 。 本文中的参照建筑为白玻建筑,屋面为${160}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$模塑聚苯板保温系统,传热系数为${0.34}\mathrm{\;W}/\left( {{\mathrm{m}}^{2} \cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$,外墙采用${250}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$加气混凝土砌块墙,外挂${100}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$岩棉保温板,传热系数为${0.28}\mathrm{\;W}/\left( {{\mathrm{m}}^{2} \cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$
《建筑采光设计标准》 [ 11 ] 中对采光材料的光热比做出了规定:推荐在窗墙比小于 0.45 时,采用光热比大于 1.00 的采光材料,窗墙比大于 0.45 时,采用光热比大于 1.20 的采光材料。因此参照建筑的窗墙比小于 0.45 时, 光热比取 1.10, 窗墙比大于 0.45 时, 光热比取 1.30。参照建筑透光围护结构的热工性能参数如表 1 所示,其中${\tau }_{\mathrm{v}}$为可见光透过率 [ 11 ] ,光热比依据不同窗墙比选取。
${\tau }_{\mathrm{v}} = \mathrm{{SHGC}} \times 光热比$
为了使建筑总体能耗达到标准要求, 改变围护结构某一热工参数进行建筑能耗计算的建筑称为“设计建筑”。本文中的设计建筑为光伏窗建筑, 其非透光围护结构的热工参数与参照建筑完全相同,透光围护结构的光热性能参数根据不同窗墙比进行设定。
办公建筑工作日空调和供暖系统的运行时间为 07:00-18:00 , 其供暖空调区的室内温度根据表 2 进行设置 [ 10 ] 。夏季室内温度高于表中温度则开启制冷, 冬季室内温度低于表中温度则开启制热。照明功率密度值为$8\mathrm{\;W}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$,人均占有建筑面积${10}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{2}$,电器设备功率密度${15}\mathrm{\;W}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$,换气次数为 0.50 次$/\mathrm{h}$。照明使用时间、房间人员逐时在室率、新风运行情况、电器设备逐时使用率均参照 《建筑节能与可再生能源利用通用规范》进行设定。此外,照明控制根据室内照度进行自动调节, 选择${450}\mathrm{\;{lx}}$为最低照度控制点,即室内照度低于${450}\mathrm{{lx}}$时开启照明,高于${450}\mathrm{{lx}}$时关闭照明 [ 11 ]
根据《建筑节能与可再生能源利用通用规范》 中权衡判断法的要求, 公共建筑判断指标为建筑全年供暖、供冷总耗电量 [ 10 ] 。由于不同透过率的半透明光伏窗会导致较大照明能耗差异, 且发电量有所不同, 因此设计建筑总耗电量应考虑全年供暖、供冷、照明耗电量和光伏发电量, 对应地, 将照明能耗计入参照建筑的总耗电量。
参照建筑和设计建筑的总耗电量计算式 [ 12 ] 分别为
$E = {E}_{\mathrm{H}} + {E}_{\mathrm{C}} + {E}_{\mathrm{L}}$
${E}^{\prime } = {E}_{\mathrm{H}} + {E}_{\mathrm{C}} + {E}_{\mathrm{L}} - {E}_{\mathrm{{PV}}}$
式中:$E$为参照建筑单位面积全年供暖、供冷和照明总耗电量,$\mathrm{{kW}} \cdot \mathrm{h}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2};{E}_{\mathrm{H}},{E}_{\mathrm{C}}$分别为单位面积全年供热耗电量、供冷耗电量,$\mathrm{{kW}} \cdot \mathrm{h}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2};{E}_{\mathrm{L}}$为单位面积照明耗电量,$\mathrm{{kW}} \cdot \mathrm{h}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2};{E}^{\prime }$为设计建筑单位面积全年供暖、供冷和照明总耗电量,$\mathrm{{kW}} \cdot \mathrm{h}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2};{E}_{\mathrm{{PV}}}$为光伏窗单位面积发电量,$\mathrm{{kW}} \cdot \mathrm{h}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$
全年${E}_{\mathrm{C}}$${E}_{\mathrm{H}}$计算式分别为 [ 10 ]
${E}_{\mathrm{C}} = {Q}_{\mathrm{C}}/\left( {A \times {\mathrm{{COP}}}_{\mathrm{C}}}\right)$
${E}_{\mathrm{H}} = {Q}_{\mathrm{H}}{\eta }_{1}{q}_{1}{q}_{2}/A$
式中:${Q}_{\mathrm{c}}$为全年累计耗冷量,通过 Ladybug&Honeybee 软件计算得到,$\mathrm{{kW}} \cdot \mathrm{h};A$为建筑总面积,${\mathrm{m}}^{2}$,取${401.45}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{2};{\mathrm{{COP}}}_{\mathrm{C}}$为公共建筑供冷系统综合性能系数,取${3.50};{Q}_{\mathrm{H}}$为全年累计耗热量,通过 Ladybug&Honeybee 软件计算得到,$\mathrm{{kW}} \cdot \mathrm{h};{\eta }_{1}$为燃煤锅炉供暖系统的综合效率,取${0.81};{q}_{1}$为标准煤热值,取${8.14}\mathrm{{kW}} \cdot \mathrm{h}/\mathrm{{kg}}\mathrm{{ce}};{q}_{2}$为综合发电煤耗,取${0.33}\mathrm{{kg}}\mathrm{{ce}}/\left( {\mathrm{{kW}} \cdot \mathrm{h}}\right)$
本文模拟软件选取内置于 Grasshopper 中的开源代码环境插件 Ladybug&Honeybee。其中, Honeybee 能够调用 Radiance, Daysim, Energyplus 软件的计算内核进行能耗和采光模拟。然而, Ladybug&Honeybee 插件无法模拟薄膜电池 BIPV 组件的发电量,故本文采用 Wang M [ 13 ] 提出的一种针对碲化镉薄膜电池组件的发电量计算方法, 计算误差在 2%以内,其计算式为
${E}_{\mathrm{{PV}}} = \left( {\sum {\eta }_{\mathrm{T}}{\eta }_{\mathrm{{STG}}}{A}_{\mathrm{{PV}}}{Gt}}\right) /A$
${\eta }_{\mathrm{T}} = 1 + \gamma \left( {{T}_{\text{module }} - {T}_{\mathrm{{STC}}}}\right)$
式中: ${\eta }_{\mathrm{T}}$ 为温度损失系数; ${\eta }_{\mathrm{{STC}}}$ 为标准测试条件下的能量转换效率; ${A}_{\mathrm{{PV}}}$ 为光伏电池所占面积, ${\mathrm{m}}^{2};G$ 为入射到光伏玻璃上的总辐照度, $\mathrm{W}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2};t$ 为工作小时数, $\mathrm{h};\gamma$ 为厂家提供的光伏组件功率温度系数, $1/{}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,取 $- {0.002}/{}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C};{T}_{\text{module }}$ 为数值模拟中计算得到的太阳能电池温度, ${}^{o}\mathrm{C};{T}_{\mathrm{{STC}}}$ 为光伏组件在标准测试条件下温度,本文取 ${25}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$
图 2 为建筑综合能耗模拟技术路线。
在模拟软件中输入各参数值后进行采光和能耗模拟,得到参照建筑和设计建筑的综合能耗值。 采用权衡判断法,得出光伏窗 $U$ 值和 SHGC 值的推荐范围。
参照建筑的围护结构热工参数根据 2.1 节进行设置,模拟得出参照建筑的全年能耗。
确定光伏窗 $U$ 值推荐范围时,保持 SHGC 值和可见光透过率不变,以规范限值为基准。首先以 0.50 为步长改变 $U$ 值设定,确定光伏窗 $U$ 值限值所在区间,然后在区间内以 0.10 为步长改变 $U$ 值设定, 当设计建筑总能耗小于或等于参照建筑总能耗时, 可以判定围护结构整体热工性能符合要求;当设计建筑总能耗大于参照建筑时,应调整 $U$ 值重新计算,直至设计建筑能耗不大于参照建筑。
可见光能量是太阳辐射能量中的重要组成部分,因此 SHGC 值和可见光透过率存在某种关系 [ 14 ] 。 进行 SHGC 值模拟时, 须考虑可见光透过率的影响。若仍采用控制变量法保持 $U$ 值和可见光透过率不变来确定 SHGC 值范围, 得到的结果将会不准确。本文对厂家提供的半透明碲化镉光伏窗的 SHGC 值和可见光透过率进行拟合, 得到 SHGC 值和可见光透过率的关系式为
${\tau }_{\mathrm{v}} = {1.58}\mathrm{{SHGC}} - {0.39}$
在进行 SHGC 值模拟时,保持 $U$ 值为通用规范中各窗墙比对应的限值不变, 改变 SHGC 值和可见光透过率, 将得到的建筑总耗电量和参照建筑耗电量进行对比, 得到 SHGC 值的推荐范围。由于通用规范中, 没有对太原地区窗墙比等于 0.20 时的 SHGC 值做出规定, 因此模拟从窗墙比为 0.30 时开始。
本文以窗墙比等于 0.30 为例, 通过模拟结果分别分析光伏窗$U$值、SHGC 值各自单一变量下对能耗的影响, 为寻求光伏窗设计参数推荐范围提供参考。
由于《建筑节能与可再生能源利用通用规范》 要求 $U$ 值不应低于 ${2.40}\mathrm{\;W}/\left( {{\mathrm{m}}^{2} \cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$ ,且软件在设置 $U$ 值时无法超过 ${5.80}\mathrm{\;W}/\left( {{\mathrm{m}}^{2} \cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$ ,故本文将 $U$ 值的研究限定为 ${2.40} \sim {5.80}\mathrm{\;W}/\left( {{\mathrm{m}}^{2} \cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$ ,步长取 ${0.50}\mathrm{\;W}/\left( {{\mathrm{m}}^{2} \cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$ 。在其他参数不变,只改变 $U$ 值的情况下,用 Ladybug&Honeybee 模拟光伏窗建筑各项能耗和总能耗值,模拟结果如图 3 所示。
图 3 可知,随着外窗 $U$ 值的减小,制热能耗显著下降,降幅达到 ${2.25}\mathrm{\;{kW}} \cdot \mathrm{h}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ ,制冷能耗减少了 ${0.80}\mathrm{\;{kW}} \cdot \mathrm{h}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ ,这是由于外窗 $U$ 值降低,热阻变大,冬季通过外窗向室外传递热量少,夏季室外热量通过外窗传入室内热量也有减少,因此制冷能耗和制热能耗均有下降。可见光透过率保持不变,建筑的照明能耗始终维持在 ${19.33}\mathrm{\;{kW}} \cdot \mathrm{h}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ 。 光伏发电量有小幅上升,这是由于 $U$ 值降低,热阻变大,通过外窗传热量减少,从而降低光伏窗组件温度,提升了光伏窗运行工作效率,最终导致发电量略有升高。综合上述各项能耗变化趋势, $U$ 值减小时,建筑总能耗降低。
由式 (8) 可知,当 SHGC>0.87 时,可见光透过率大于 1 , 因此 SHGC 值的上限值为 0.87 。选择 《建筑节能与可再生能源利用通用规范》中对应的限值 0.35 为下限值, 结合以上限制值, 将 SHGC 值研究阈值确定为 0.35~0.65, 步长取 0.05。在其他参数不变, 只改变 SHGC 值的情况下, 用 Ladybug&Honeybee 模拟光伏窗建筑各项能耗和总能耗值,模拟结果如图 4 所示。
图 4 可知, 外窗 SHGC 值从 0.35 上升到 0.65 时,建筑总能耗减小了 ${9.35}\mathrm{\;{kW}} \cdot \mathrm{h}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ 。其中, 制冷能耗随着 SHGC 值增大略有增加,制热能耗和照明能耗均随着 SHGC 值的升高而降低。由式 (8)可知,光伏窗的可见光透过率和 SHGC 值呈正相关。SHGC 值变大,可见光透过率随之增加,透过窗进入室内的太阳辐射增加, 导致制热能耗和照明能耗降低, 制冷能耗增加。透过窗进入室内的太阳辐射增加导致光伏窗太阳能电池吸收太阳辐射减少,因此发电量呈降低趋势。综合上述各项能耗变化趋势, SHGC 值增大时, 建筑总能耗降低。
以窗墙比等于 0.20 时的情况为例, 进行可见光透过率为0.22,0.30,0.38,0.46四种工况的模拟,每种透过率以 0.50 为步长设置 $U$ 值,结果见图 5
图 5(a)可知: 以参照建筑总耗电量 47.11 $\mathrm{{kW}} \cdot \mathrm{h}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ 为基准,光伏窗可见光透过率为 0.22 和 ${0.30}, U$ 值为 ${1.00}\mathrm{\;W}/\left( {{\mathrm{m}}^{2} \cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$ 时,设计建筑总耗电量低于参照建筑; $U$ 值为 ${1.50}\mathrm{\;W}/\left( {{\mathrm{m}}^{2} \cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$ 时,设计建筑总耗电量高于参照建筑,因此 $U$ 值推荐的限值应为 ${1.00} \sim {1.50}\mathrm{\;W}/\left( {{\mathrm{m}}^{2} \cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$ 。同理,光伏窗可见光透过率为 0.38 时, $U$ 值推荐的限值为 ${0.50} \sim {1.00}$ $\mathrm{W}/\left( {{\mathrm{m}}^{2} \cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$ ; 光伏窗可见光透过率为 0.46 时, $U$ 值推荐的限值为 ${2.00} \sim {2.50}\mathrm{\;W}/\left( {{\mathrm{m}}^{2} \cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$
得到 $U$ 值推荐范围的限值所在区间后,以 0.10 为步长对建筑总耗电量进行模拟,得到最终的推荐范围限值,具体模拟结果见图 5 (b)。以 0.22 透过率为例, $U$ 值为 ${1.00} \sim {1.50}\mathrm{\;W}/\left( {{\mathrm{m}}^{2} \cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$ ,以 0.10 为步长进行模拟。 $U$ 值为 ${1.20}\mathrm{\;W}/\left( {{\mathrm{m}}^{2} \cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$ 时, 建筑耗电量为 ${47.06}\mathrm{\;{kW}} \cdot \mathrm{h}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ ,低于参照建筑 ${47.11}\mathrm{\;{kW}} \cdot \mathrm{h}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ ,因此窗墙比为 0.20,光伏窗可见光透过率等于 0.22 的工况下, $U$ 值能够达到的最大限值为 ${1.20}\mathrm{\;W}/\left( {{\mathrm{m}}^{2} \cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$ ,因此 $U$ 值推荐为 $\leq {1.20}$ $\mathrm{W}/\left( {{\mathrm{m}}^{2} \cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$
不同透过率时光伏窗 $U$ 值限值对应的各项能耗值变化情况见图 6
图 6 可以发现, 照明能耗和发电量都随透过率的增加而显著减少,分别下降了 ${3.73}\mathrm{\;{kW}} \cdot \mathrm{h}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$${2.56}\mathrm{\;{kW}} \cdot \mathrm{h}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ 。这是由于照明能耗随透过率的增加而减小;同时随着电池覆盖率减小,光伏窗建筑发电量减少。此外, 照明能耗降幅大于发电量的降幅,因此,当光伏窗透过率较大时, $U$ 值的限值也较大。
各种窗墙比的模拟结果如表 3 所示。由表 3 可以发现,在窗墙比为 0.30~0.80 的工况下,随着光伏窗可见光透过率的增加,其 $U$ 值的限值也在不断增大, 当可见光透过率为 0.46 和窗墙比大于 0.70 时, $U$ 值的限值大于标准限值。在窗墙比等于 0.70,可见光透过率等于 0.46 时,光伏窗 $U$ 值为 3.10,是对应的标准规范值的 1.9 倍。根据权衡判断法的判断原理, 这些工况的窗的设计参数不满足规范要求, 但是总能耗低于参照建筑, 可以采取此设计参数。
由 3.1.2 节可知,南窗 SHGC 值增大有利于建筑节能,因此当设计建筑耗电量大于参照建筑时, 增大 SHGC 值的设置重新进行模拟。
图 7 为不同窗墙比时 SHGC 值对建筑总能耗的影响, 图 7(a)中虚线部分代表参照建筑在不同窗墙比下的能耗。由图 7(a) 可知:窗墙比等于 0.30, SHGC=0.48 工况下, 设计建筑耗电量大于参照建筑;将 SHGC 值设定增大到 0.53 时,设计建筑耗电量低于参照建筑, 因此 SHGC 值推荐的下限值在 0.48~0.53。在此范围内再以 0.01 的步长进行模拟, 最终得到 SHGC 值的下限值为 0.51, 由式(8)确定的 SHGC 值的上限值为 0.87 。其余窗墙比模拟结果如表 4 所示。
表 4 可知, 本文给出的光伏窗 SHGC 值推荐范围与标准中规定的普通白玻的 SHGC 值范围略有出入。标准中规定了 SHGC 值的上限值, 而本文中得到的是 SHGC 值不同的下限值, 上限值则是依据可见光透过率得到的。由 3.1.2 节的 SHGC 值和能耗的关系可知, 建筑能耗随 SHGC 值的增大而减小,当 SHGC 值过小时,光伏窗建筑能耗会高于普通白玻建筑, 故本文给出了光伏窗 SHGC 值的下限值。
进一步分析表 4 的结果可以发现, 随着窗墙比增加, SHGC 的下限值由 0.51 降到 0.38 ,减小了 25%。这是由于窗墙比增大, 光伏窗电池的覆盖率增加, 发电量增加, 因此可以采用 SHGC 值较低的光伏窗。
本文依据相关规范和实际建筑设计参数分别建立了外窗为普通玻璃的基准建筑模型和外窗为光伏窗的设计建筑模型; 然后,使用 Ladybug & Honeybee 软件进行能耗模拟,探究光伏窗 $U$ 值和 SHGC 值对光伏窗建筑能耗的影响; 最后, 采用权衡判断法给出寒冷地区(太原)光伏窗建筑热工参数推荐范围。研究结果对于光伏窗建筑热工设计与优化具有一定的指导意义与参考价值。具体结论如下。
① 本文通过分析光伏窗 $U$ 值对光伏窗建筑能耗的影响, 发现在寒冷地区 (太原) 应用光伏窗时,较小的 $U$ 值更有利于建筑节能。采用权衡判断法对模拟结果进行分析, 得到了适用于寒冷地区(太原)的光伏窗建筑不同窗墙比、可见光透过率下光伏窗 $U$ 值的推荐范围。其中,当透过率等于 0.46 和窗墙比大于 0.60 时, $U$ 值的最大限值是现有节能标准限值的 1.9 倍。
②通过分析寒冷地区(太原)光伏窗 SHGC 值对建筑能耗的影响,发现较大的 SHGC 值有利于建筑节能。同时结合光伏窗 SHGC 值与可见光透过率的拟合关系式, 得到寒冷地区 (太原) 光伏窗建筑各窗墙比 SHGC 值的推荐范围。通过对比结果可以发现, SHGC 下限值随着窗墙比增大可减小 25%。
  • 中央引导地方科技发展资金项目(YDZJSX2021A022)
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  • 接收时间:2023-11-24
  • 首发时间:2025-07-18
  • 出版时间:2025-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-24
基金
中央引导地方科技发展资金项目(YDZJSX2021A022)
作者信息
    1 太原理工大学 山西 太原 030000
    2 山西建筑工程集团有限公司 山西 太原 030000

通讯作者:

程远达(1985-),男,博士,教授,主要从事建筑节能与可再生能源利用研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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