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The study elucidated the relationship between anaerobic digestion gas production efficiency and temperature and hydraulic retention time (HRT) using synthetic glucose wastewater as a substrate. Gas production under different temperatures (37,55 °C) and HRTs (25, 30, 50 d) was compared. The results indicated that the hydrolysis rate of glucose was higher at thermophilic temperature than at mesophilic temperature. However, volatile fatty acids, especially propionic acid, tended to accumulate at thermophilic temperature. Additionally, Methanomicrobiaes and Methanosarcinales were enriched at both moderate and high temperatures, suggesting the presence of pathways for methane production from acetic acid and acetate oxidation at both temperatures, with the acetate oxidation pathway exhibiting greater environmental resilience. The recommended optimal fermentation conditions for treating heavy glucosecontaining wastewater through anaerobic digestion are 37 °C and an HRT of 30 days.

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文章阐释了厌氧消化处理葡萄糖合成废水过程中产气效率与温度和水力停留时间的关系,比较了不同温度(37,55℃)和水力停留时间(25,30,50d)下的产气情况。结果表明,高温下葡萄糖的水解速率高于中温,但高温下挥发性脂肪酸易发生积累,尤其是丙酸。此外,中温和高温均富集了 Methanomicrobiales 和 Methanosarcinales,表明两种温度下均存在嗜乙酸产甲烷途径和乙酸氧化途径,且乙酸氧化途径具有更强的环境耐受力。在厌氧消化处理含葡萄糖浓度较高的废水时,推荐发酵条件为中温37℃、水力停留时间30d。

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李煜(1991-),男,博士,副教授,研究方向为厌氧发酵处理有机废弃物、CO₂高值化利用。E-mail:

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李煜(1991-),男,博士,副教授,研究方向为厌氧发酵处理有机废弃物、CO₂高值化利用。E-mail:

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李煜(1991-),男,博士,副教授,研究方向为厌氧发酵处理有机废弃物、CO₂高值化利用。E-mail:

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Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 2005, 89(6): 670-679., articleTitle=Group-specific primer and probe sets to detect methanogenic communities using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1159145479235031989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988933022535870, awardId=2022M713393, language=CN, fundingSource=中国博士后面上项目(2022M713393), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1159145479293752246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988933022535870, awardId=YJ20210197, language=CN, fundingSource=博士后国际交流引进项目(YJ20210197), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1159145476164801402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988933022535870, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1159145476173190011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988933022535870, companyId=1159145476164801402, 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figureFileBig=dZa3abD59WwNahoePCH0SA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159145478660412332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988933022535870, language=CN, label=图 4, caption=中温和高温反应器在添加葡萄糖的 ${48}\mathrm{\;h}$ 内累积沼气产量和 VFA 成分, figureFileSmall=2jNoJwOg1aEoRSTUDL2jKw==, figureFileBig=dZa3abD59WwNahoePCH0SA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159145478706549677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988933022535870, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Acetic acid and propionic acid degradation under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions, figureFileSmall=glqWcxPFnSfTO5C/6ag85g==, figureFileBig=fwtaDa+Uh2yZXha70e5l3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159145478752687022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988933022535870, language=CN, label=图 5, caption=乙酸和丙酸在高温和中温下的降解情况, figureFileSmall=glqWcxPFnSfTO5C/6ag85g==, figureFileBig=fwtaDa+Uh2yZXha70e5l3w==, 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参数 含量
TS/% ${4.61} \pm {0.1}$ (中温); ${5.14} \pm {0.04}$ (高温)
VS/% ${2.89} \pm {0.02}$ (中温); ${3.24} \pm {0.04}$ (高温)
pH ${7.60} \pm {0.02}$ (中温); ${7.73} \pm {0.01}$ (高温)
C/% ${30.23} \pm {0.22}$ (中温); ${30.41} \pm {0.07}$ (高温)
N/% ${4.59} \pm {0.04}$ (中温); ${4.59} \pm {0.05}$ (高温)
H/% ${5.08} \pm {0.03}$ (中温); ${4.62} \pm {0.00}$ (高温)
O/% ${58.97} \pm {0.68}$ (中温); ${58.69} \pm {0.28}$ (高温)
S/% ${1.22} \pm {0.05}$ (中温); 1.68 $\pm {0.19}$ (高温)
C/N 6.58(中温);6.62(高温)
), ArticleFig(id=1159145478974985138, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988933022535870, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=用于连续和批式试验的接种污泥组分, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 含量
TS/% ${4.61} \pm {0.1}$ (中温); ${5.14} \pm {0.04}$ (高温)
VS/% ${2.89} \pm {0.02}$ (中温); ${3.24} \pm {0.04}$ (高温)
pH ${7.60} \pm {0.02}$ (中温); ${7.73} \pm {0.01}$ (高温)
C/% ${30.23} \pm {0.22}$ (中温); ${30.41} \pm {0.07}$ (高温)
N/% ${4.59} \pm {0.04}$ (中温); ${4.59} \pm {0.05}$ (高温)
H/% ${5.08} \pm {0.03}$ (中温); ${4.62} \pm {0.00}$ (高温)
O/% ${58.97} \pm {0.68}$ (中温); ${58.69} \pm {0.28}$ (高温)
S/% ${1.22} \pm {0.05}$ (中温); 1.68 $\pm {0.19}$ (高温)
C/N 6.58(中温);6.62(高温)
), ArticleFig(id=1159145479029511091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988933022535870, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Kinetic parameters of anaerobic degradation of acetic acid and propionic acid under the mesophilic and thermophilic conditions, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
VFA 温度 ℃ 沼气产量 最大产气速率 滞后期 d
乙酸 37 338.8 125.74 0.55 0.9976
55 345.1 71.70 1.51 0.9964
丙酸 37 359.5 39.33 5.03 0.9887
55 332.4 32.80 4.03 0.9925
), ArticleFig(id=1159145479096619956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988933022535870, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=乙酸和丙酸在中温和高温条件下厌氧消化的动力学参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
VFA 温度 ℃ 沼气产量 最大产气速率 滞后期 d
乙酸 37 338.8 125.74 0.55 0.9976
55 345.1 71.70 1.51 0.9964
丙酸 37 359.5 39.33 5.03 0.9887
55 332.4 32.80 4.03 0.9925
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温度和水力停留时间对厌氧消化处理葡萄糖合成废水产甲烷动力学的影响
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李煜 , 王思齐 , 朱雅丽 , 李道宇 , 张宗钦 , 叶青青 , 李欣
可再生能源 | 2025,43(2): 165-172
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可再生能源 | 2025, 43(2): 165-172
温度和水力停留时间对厌氧消化处理葡萄糖合成废水产甲烷动力学的影响
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李煜 , 王思齐, 朱雅丽, 李道宇, 张宗钦, 叶青青, 李欣
作者信息
  • 1 中国农业大学 工学院 农业部可再生能源清洁化利用技术重点实验室 北京 100083
  • 李煜(1991-),男,博士,副教授,研究方向为厌氧发酵处理有机废弃物、CO₂高值化利用。E-mail:

Impact of temperature and hydraulic retention time on the methane production kinetics in anaerobic digestion of synthetic glucose wastewater
Yu Li , Siqi Wang, Yali Zhu, Daoyu Li, Zongqin Zhang, Qingqing Ye, Xin Li
Affiliations
  • 1 Key Laboratory for Clean Renewable Energy Utilization Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Engineering China Agricultural University Beijing 100083 China
出版时间: 2025-02-20
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文章阐释了厌氧消化处理葡萄糖合成废水过程中产气效率与温度和水力停留时间的关系,比较了不同温度(37,55℃)和水力停留时间(25,30,50d)下的产气情况。结果表明,高温下葡萄糖的水解速率高于中温,但高温下挥发性脂肪酸易发生积累,尤其是丙酸。此外,中温和高温均富集了 Methanomicrobiales 和 Methanosarcinales,表明两种温度下均存在嗜乙酸产甲烷途径和乙酸氧化途径,且乙酸氧化途径具有更强的环境耐受力。在厌氧消化处理含葡萄糖浓度较高的废水时,推荐发酵条件为中温37℃、水力停留时间30d。

温度  /  水力停留时间  /  乙酸  /  丙酸  /  微生物群落结构  /  多元分析

The study elucidated the relationship between anaerobic digestion gas production efficiency and temperature and hydraulic retention time (HRT) using synthetic glucose wastewater as a substrate. Gas production under different temperatures (37,55 °C) and HRTs (25, 30, 50 d) was compared. The results indicated that the hydrolysis rate of glucose was higher at thermophilic temperature than at mesophilic temperature. However, volatile fatty acids, especially propionic acid, tended to accumulate at thermophilic temperature. Additionally, Methanomicrobiaes and Methanosarcinales were enriched at both moderate and high temperatures, suggesting the presence of pathways for methane production from acetic acid and acetate oxidation at both temperatures, with the acetate oxidation pathway exhibiting greater environmental resilience. The recommended optimal fermentation conditions for treating heavy glucosecontaining wastewater through anaerobic digestion are 37 °C and an HRT of 30 days.

temperature  /  hydrolytic retention time  /  acetic acid  /  propionic acid  /  microbial community structure  /  multivariate analysis
李煜, 王思齐, 朱雅丽, 李道宇, 张宗钦, 叶青青, 李欣. 温度和水力停留时间对厌氧消化处理葡萄糖合成废水产甲烷动力学的影响. 可再生能源, 2025 , 43 (2) : 165 -172 .
Yu Li, Siqi Wang, Yali Zhu, Daoyu Li, Zongqin Zhang, Qingqing Ye, Xin Li. Impact of temperature and hydraulic retention time on the methane production kinetics in anaerobic digestion of synthetic glucose wastewater[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2025 , 43 (2) : 165 -172 .
厌氧消化技术以有机废水、工业和农业废物为原料,通过有机物水解发酵产沼气 [ 1 - 3 ] 。一方面提供生物质能源, 另一方面可缓解废弃物带来的环境压力。厌氧消化过程中,底物经过水解、产酸和产甲烷途径产生甲烷和二氧化碳, 其中挥发性脂肪酸(Volatile Fatty Acid, VFA)是主要中间代谢产物 [ 4 ] 。在实际运行中,受消化条件和物料性质的影响, 消化系统经常出现由 VFA 积累过多导致的酸抑制问题 [ 4 ] ,抑制产甲烷菌活性,造成产甲烷能力下降 [ 5 , 6 ]
厌氧消化中 VFA 积累主要表现在乙酸盐和丙酸盐的积累 [ 5 - 8 ] 。乙酸盐可通过两种途径降解: ①嗜乙酸产甲烷(Acetoclastic Methanogenesis, AM)途径;②乙酸氧化(Syntrophic Acetate Oxidation, SAO) 途径 [ 9 , 10 ] 。丙酸盐降解有 3 种可能的途径:①硫酸盐还原细菌(Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria, SRB)以硫酸盐为电子受体,降解丙酸盐 [ 11 ] ; ②丙酸盐氧化细菌(Propionate Oxidizing Bacteria, POB)将丙酸盐降解为乙酸盐和丁酸盐;③POB 将丙酸盐降解为乙酸盐和氢气,并进一步通过嗜氢产甲烷菌产甲烷 [ 7 ]
厌氧消化中,温度对产甲烷效率有重要的影响,如中温下微生物群落丰度更高 [ 12 ] 。与中温相比,高温厌氧消化水解速率更快 [ 10 ] ,且高温下嗜氢产甲烷菌活性更高, 有助于维持体系较低的氢分压,从而促进乙酸和丙酸的降解 [ 9 , 10 ] 。然而,高温下微生物群落丰度下降, 体系易受到干扰, 且高温可抑制 $\mathrm{{POB}}$ 活性 [ 9 ] ,造成 $\mathrm{{VFA}}$ 尤其是丙酸盐积累, 抑制产甲烷菌活性 [ 9 , 10 ] ,因此温度对 VFA 代谢途径的影响亟待充分阐释。除温度外, 水力停留时间(Hydraulic Retention Time, HRT)也是厌氧消化的一个重要参数。低 HRT 可提高厌氧消化处理能力, 但会造成底物降解不充分和反应器运行波动。 当HRT小于微生物的倍增时间时,微生物易流失 ${}^{10}$
本文以葡萄糖合成废水为模式底物, 在不同温度和 HRT 下设置两个连续反应器开展试验。同时, 选择乙酸、丙酸作为批式试验的底物, 了解不同温度下的 VFA 降解途径。通过这些试验, 本文旨在阐明温度 $\left( {{37}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}\text{和}{55}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}}\right)$ 和 HRT 对葡萄糖降解为乙酸和/或丙酸途径以及后续产甲烷途径的影响, 并进一步分析温度和 HRT 与反应器其他运行参数之间的关系。最后,通过荧光定量 PCR 明确不同温度条件下的微生物群落结构。
中温和高温反应器的接种污泥分别取自实验室正在运行的中温和高温反应器, 接种污泥基本性状见表 1,其中 $\mathrm{C},\mathrm{N},\mathrm{H},\mathrm{O},\mathrm{S}$ 含量均以干重计。 本试验使用两个连续搅拌反应器 (Continuous Stirring Tank Reactor, CSTR), 每个反应器的总容积为 $2\mathrm{\;L}$ ,工作容积为 ${1.5}{\mathrm{\;L}}_{ \circ }$ 通过水浴将反应温度分别控制在 $\left( {{37} \pm 1}\right) {}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ (中温)和 $\left( {{55} \pm 1}\right) {}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ (高温)。 反应器配有机械搅拌,转速设定为 ${150}\mathrm{r}/\mathrm{{min}}$ 。中温和高温连续试验均分为 4 个阶段,共 ${150}\mathrm{\;d}$ 。第 1 阶段,0~40 d;第 2 阶段,41~80 d;第 3 阶段,81~ ${100}\mathrm{\;d}$ ;第 4 阶段, ${101} \sim {150}\mathrm{\;d}$ 。其中:第 1,2,4 阶段的 HRT 分别为 ${30},{25},{50}\mathrm{\;d}$ ;第 3 阶段为酸化恢复阶段。
中温和高温反应器以半连续方式进料, 以葡萄糖 $\left( {{1.25}\mathrm{{mmol}}/\mathrm{L}}\right)$ 为唯一碳源,其他营养液组分 (单位为 $\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{L}$ )包括: ${\mathrm{{NH}}}_{4}\mathrm{{Cl}}{2.0},{\mathrm{K}}_{2}{\mathrm{{HPO}}}_{4} \cdot 3{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}{3.6}$ , ${\mathrm{{KH}}}_{2}{\mathrm{{PO}}}_{4}{2.8},{\mathrm{{NaHCO}}}_{3}{5.0}$ 。每 1 L 营养液配置 $1\mathrm{{mL}}$ 微量元素溶液和 $1\mathrm{{mL}}$ 维他命溶液,其中:微量元素溶液 (单位为 $\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{L}$ ) 由 ${\mathrm{{Na}}}_{2}{\mathrm{{SeO}}}_{3}{3.28},{\mathrm{{NiCl}}}_{2} \cdot 6{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$ ${6.04},{\mathrm{{CoCl}}}_{2} \cdot 6{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}{6.51},{\mathrm{{NaMoO}}}_{4} \cdot 2{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}{3.78},{\mathrm{{ZnCl}}}_{2}$ ${3.13},{\mathrm{{CuCl}}}_{2} \cdot 2{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}{3.99},{\mathrm{{MnCl}}}_{2} \cdot 4{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}{5.40},{\mathrm{H}}_{3}{\mathrm{{BO}}}_{3}$ ${8.46},{\mathrm{{Na}}}_{2}{\mathrm{{WO}}}_{4} \cdot 2{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}{2.68},{\mathrm{{FeCl}}}_{2} \cdot 4{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}{1.80},{\mathrm{{MgCl}}}_{2} \cdot$ $6{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}{2.20}$ 组成; 维他命溶液(单位为mg/L)由 ${\mathrm{C}}_{8}{\mathrm{H}}_{11}{\mathrm{{NO}}}_{3}{10},{\mathrm{C}}_{12}{\mathrm{H}}_{17}{\mathrm{\;N}}_{4}\mathrm{{OS}}5,{\mathrm{C}}_{17}{\mathrm{H}}_{20}{\mathrm{\;N}}_{4}{\mathrm{O}}_{6}5,{\mathrm{C}}_{6}{\mathrm{H}}_{5}{\mathrm{{NO}}}_{2}5$ , ${\mathrm{C}}_{18}{\mathrm{H}}_{32}{\mathrm{{CaN}}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{10}5,{\mathrm{C}}_{7}{\mathrm{H}}_{7}{\mathrm{{NO}}}_{2}5,{\mathrm{C}}_{8}{\mathrm{H}}_{14}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}{\mathrm{\;S}}_{2}5,{\mathrm{C}}_{10}{\mathrm{H}}_{16}{\mathrm{\;N}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}\mathrm{\;S}$ $5,{\mathrm{C}}_{19}{\mathrm{H}}_{19}{\mathrm{\;N}}_{7}{\mathrm{O}}_{6}5,{\mathrm{C}}_{63}{\mathrm{H}}_{88}{\mathrm{{CoN}}}_{14}{\mathrm{O}}_{14}\mathrm{P}{0.1}$ 组成。
中温和高温批式试验的接种污泥分别取自连续试验第 1 阶段结束时中温和高温反应器的出料。批式试验分别在对应条件[(37±1) ${}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$$({55} \pm$ 1 $){}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C},{150}\mathrm{r}/\mathrm{{min}}\rbrack$ 的旋转培养箱中进行。在厌氧血清瓶中加入 ${200}\mathrm{\;{mL}}$ 接种污泥和 ${50}\mathrm{\;{mL}}$ 含酸营养液,以达到试验所需的 ${2200}\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}$ 酸浓度。用 5 $\mathrm{{mol}}/\mathrm{L}\mathrm{{NaOH}}$ 将含酸营养液的 $\mathrm{{pH}}$ 调至 ${6.8} \sim {7.0}$ 。使用 Gompertz 模型模拟产气动力学 [ 9 ]
$P = {P}_{0} \cdot \exp \left\{ {-\exp \left\lbrack {\frac{{R}_{\max } \cdot \mathrm{e}}{{P}_{0}}\left( {\lambda - t}\right) + 1}\right\rbrack }\right\}$
式中: $P$ 为累积产气量, $\mathrm{{mL}}/\mathrm{g};{P}_{0}$ 为产气潜力, $\mathrm{{mL}}/\mathrm{g}$ ; ${R}_{\max }$ 为最大产气速率, $\mathrm{{mL}}/\left( {\mathrm{g} \cdot \mathrm{d}}\right) ;\lambda$ 为停滞时间, $\mathrm{d}$ ; $\mathrm{e}$ 为自然对数的底, $\mathrm{e} = {2.7183};t$ 为时间, $\mathrm{d}$
${P}_{0},{R}_{\max }$$\lambda$ 由 Matlab 软件 R2017 的非线性拟合程序确定。
$\mathrm{{pH}}$通过数字$\mathrm{{pH}}$$\mathrm{H}{160}\left( \mathrm{{HACH}}\right)$测定。总挥发性有机酸(FOS)和总碱度(TAC)通过自动滴定仪 AT1000(HACH)测定。
VFA 的测定:样品收集后立即在${12000}\mathrm{r}/\mathrm{{min}}$下离心${20}\mathrm{\;{min}}$。上清液过${0.20\mu }\mathrm{m}$膜后放入冰箱, 待后续测定。VFA 用 Agilent Technologies 1200, Bio-Rad Aminex HPX-87H 型高效液相色谱(300$\mathrm{{mm}} \times {7.8}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$色谱柱,$T = {60}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C},{0.5}\mathrm{{mmol}}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{{SO}}}_{4}$作为洗脱液)进行分析。连续和批式试验产生的沼气体积通过排水集气法测定。沼气中${\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}$${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$成分由 C2V-200 Micro GC, Thermo Scientific 型气相色谱仪测定, 该仪器配有不锈钢色谱柱和热导检测器,色谱柱、进样器和检测器的温度分别为 60,120 ℃和 120 ℃。载气为氦气。
微生物分析:分别在第 6 天、第 27 天和第 33 天使用荧光定量 PCR 对细菌和产甲烷古菌进行分析。首先使用 FastDNA SPIN 试剂盒 (MP Biomedicals, Solon, OH, United States) 提取 DNA。 分离后的 DNA 用于产甲烷古菌的荧光定量 PCR 分析。使用 MJ Opticon Monitor 3.1 软件包对数据进行分析, 阈值设定为-1.6。
主成分分析 (Principal Component Analysis, PCA)用于解释变量之间的关系, 以及变量与试验条件之间的关系。采用 PCA 分析厌氧消化过程中运行参数的相对变化, 基于参数值之间的差异进行计算。主成分(Principal Component, PC)从原始变量的相关矩阵中提取, 以避免所研究变量的测量单位的干扰。本文选择了足够多的主成分来解释 70%以上的数据方差。使用 Python 3.7 统计软件对数据进行分析。
本文使用 Microsoft Excel 2019 计算数据的平均值和标准偏差, 使用 Origin Lab 2019 作图, 采用 SPSS 完成相关性的分析。
2.1 不同温度和 HRT 下连续反应器的产气性能
连续反应器在甲烷产量、VFA 浓度、pH、甲烷含量和系统稳定性[总酸度/总碱度(FOS/TAC)]等方面的性能如图 1图 2 所示,其中1,2,3,4代表连续反应试验的 4 个阶段。在第 1 阶段, HRT= ${30}\mathrm{\;d}$ ,高温反应器的平均产沼气速率(Volumetric Biogas Production, VBP)为 ${186.82}\mathrm{{mL}}/\mathrm{d}$ ,高于中温反应器的 ${174.55}\mathrm{\;{mL}}/\mathrm{d}\left( {P < {0.05}}\right)$ 。这可能因为与中温接种污泥相比,高温接种污泥含有更高的 VS, 在反应初期有更多的物质水解, 从而将多余的 VFA 转化为沼气(表 1)。因此第 1 阶段高温反应器的沼气不仅来自葡萄糖,也可能来自污泥水解产生的 ${\mathrm{{VFA}}}_{0}$ 尽管高温反应器的 $\mathrm{{VBP}}$ 显著高于中温,但高温下的平均甲烷含量为 ${49.44}\%$ ,显著低于中温时的 ${53.72}\% {\left( P < {0.05}\right) }_{ \circ }$ 因此两个温度下平均产甲烷速率差异不显著 $\left( {P > {0.05}}\right)$
在第 2 阶段, HRT=25 d,中温反应器的平均 VBP 增加到 ${205.97}\mathrm{\;{mL}}/\mathrm{d}$ ,但在该阶段结束时急剧下降到 ${88.41}\mathrm{{mL}}/\mathrm{d}$ ,这是由于乙酸和丙酸显著增加所致[图 1(b)]。由于 VFA 积累, pH 从 7.24 降至 6.81 [图 1(c)]。在高温反应器中, VBP 逐渐增加到 ${215.15}\mathrm{\;{mL}}/\mathrm{d}$ ,随后产气波动, VFA 浓度达到 300 $\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}$ 以上[图 2(a),(b)]。在该阶段,较短的 HRT 导致 VFA 的积累和 VBP 的下降。VFA 的积累表明, 在以葡萄糖为原料的厌氧消化反应器中, 酸生成速率与甲烷生成速率之间的差异会由于 HRT 缩短而增大, 这与产甲烷菌较慢的生长速率有关。 低 HRT 下,与中温相比,高温下 VFA 的浓度更低 (P<0.05),表明高温下产甲烷菌受 HRT 影响较小,但体系中的丙酸积累, 产气波动, 使得高温体系运行时处于一种抑制下的平衡状态 [ 13 ]
图 1(b)图 2(b)显示了不同温度下的 VFA 浓度, 乙酸和丙酸是葡萄糖降解产生的主要 VFA。此外,反应器内还检测到丁酸、异丁酸和戊酸, 但浓度较低或低于检测限数据而未显示。反应 ${60}\mathrm{\;d}$ 后,中温反应器的乙酸和丙酸开始累积, 导致第 2 阶段结束时产气效果不佳[图 1(a)]。本研究表明, 高温下丙酸更容易积累, 这与文献[ 14 ] 的研究结果相一致, 可能是由于高温抑制了 POB 的活性 [ 9 , 15 ] 。试验结果表明, HRT 和温度直接影响 VFA 的积累, 在低 HRT 下, 中温反应器中乙酸更容易积累, 高温反应器中丙酸更容易积累。
为缓解 VFA 逐步积累对厌氧消化过程的抑制作用, 第 80 天后即第 3 阶段停止添加葡萄糖, 此时中温和高温反应器中的 VFA 浓度分别达到 1 374.35 mg/L 和 ${431.14}\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}$ 。在不添加碳源的 ${20}\mathrm{\;d}$$\left( {{81} \sim {100}\mathrm{\;d}}\right)$ ,积累的乙酸和丙酸浓度逐渐降至检测限以下[图 1(b), 图 2(b)]。从第 101 天起,试验进入第 4 阶段,本阶段 HRT 设为 ${50}\mathrm{\;d}$ 。须要注意的是,第 4 阶段中甲烷含量和 $\mathrm{{pH}}$ 值均显著高于其他阶段。这意味着充足的 HRT 对于厌氧消化的稳定运行非常重要。本文中的 HRT 最短是 ${25}\mathrm{\;d}$ ,而 ${\mathrm{H}}_{0}{\mathrm{D}}$ [ 10 ] 报道的 $\mathrm{{HRT}}$${23}\mathrm{\;d}$ 。这是因为本文使用的葡萄糖比其他底物更容易降解产生 VFA, 且由于接种物中固体含量较低, 生物量较少,使得厌氧消化系统更易受外界扰动 [ 4 , 16 ] 。当 $\mathrm{{HRT}}$ 降低时,微生物尤其是产甲烷菌更易被洗脱,影响整个厌氧消化过程。因此, 在低 HRT 条件下, 易降解有机物 (本文中是葡萄糖) 厌氧消化的限速步骤是产甲烷过程而不是水解过程 [ 10 ]
与其他参数相比,两个反应器的 $\mathrm{{pH}}$ 相对稳定,尤其是高温反应器的 $\mathrm{{pH}}$ 始终保持在 ${7.1} \sim {7.3}$ [图 1(c),图 2(c)]。尽管存在 VFA 积累,但反应器的 $\mathrm{{pH}}$ 仍高于 6.8,这得益于进料中的缓冲离子 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{{PO}}}_{4}{}^{ - },{\mathrm{{HPO}}}_{4}{}^{2 - }$${\mathrm{{HCO}}}_{3}{}^{ - }$ ,这些离子可缓冲因 VFA 积累而导致的 $\mathrm{{pH}}$ 下降。此外, FOS/TAC 比值是评估厌氧消化过程的一个重要指标, 除中温反应器的第 60~90 天外,两个反应器的 FOS/TAC 比值均为 0.1 ~ 0.3 。在中温的第 2 阶段, 从第 71 天开始, FOS/TAC 比值超过了 0.3 , 并持续上升, 表明系统不稳定[图 1(b)] [ 17 ] 。该结果进一步表明,低 HRT 不利于中温反应器的稳定运行。
PCA 能够更好地解释不同温度和 HRT 条件与反应器运行参数之间的关系(图 3)。PCA 选定的前两个主成分能够解释 72%的数据变化。
A-HRT;B-温度;C-沼气产量(mL);D-甲烷浓度(%);E-甲烷产量(mL);F-pH;G-TAC(mg/L);H-FOS(mg/L);I-FOS/TAC;J-乙酸浓度(mg/L);K-丙酸浓度(mg/L);L-丙酸/乙酸;M-总产酸量(mg/L)
图 3 所示: 与 PC1 呈现正相关的变量是甲烷产量、沼气产量、HRT、甲烷浓度、pH 和 TAC;呈现负相关的变量是总产酸量、FOS、FOS/TAC、乙酸浓度、丙酸浓度、丙酸/乙酸比值和温度, 这些变量共解释了 47.16%的数据差异性。PC1 主要体现系统产气能力(以正相关变量为代表)与系统内有机组分 (以负相关变量为代表)之间的关系。因此, 可以认为 PC1 代表“有机组分/产气量”这一相关关系,因为有机组分 (如 VFA) 含量越低,产气量越高。如图 3 所示,沿 PC1 的$Y$轴右侧的点代表不利于 VFA 积累的试验条件,左侧的点代表有利于 VFA 积累的试验条件。整体而言,$\left( {{37}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}}\right.$, HRT= 25d),$\left( {{37}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C},\mathrm{{HRT}} = {30}\mathrm{\;d}}\right) ,\left( {{37}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C},\mathrm{{HRT}} = {50}\mathrm{\;d}}\right)$$\left( {{55}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C},\mathrm{{HRT}} = {50}\mathrm{\;d}}\right)$,主要集中于$\mathrm{{PC}}1$$Y$轴右侧,表明中温不利于 VFA 积累,从而更有利于体系稳定。
与 PC2 呈现正相关的变量是 TAC、温度、丙酸/乙酸比值、$\mathrm{{pH}}$和丙酸浓度; 呈现负相关的是总 VFA、FOS、FOS/TAC、乙酸浓度、沼气产量、甲烷产量、甲烷浓度和 HRT,这些变量共同解释了 24.81%的数据变化。在 PC2 中, 温度与描述产气潜力的变量呈负相关,表明温度升高不利于产气。 温度升高与丙酸浓度成正相关, 意味着温度升高促进丙酸积累,从而造成系统稳定性下降。
图 3 所示,与$\left( {{55}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C},\mathrm{{HRT}} = {25}\mathrm{\;d}}\right) ,\left( {{55}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}}\right.$, HRT=30 d) 和$\left( {{37}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C},\mathrm{{HRT}} = {25}\mathrm{\;d}}\right)$等反应条件相比,(37°C, HRT=30 d),(37°C, HRT=50 d)和(55 ℃, HRT=50d)的数据更为集中,表明这些条件下反应器运行更加稳定,这与图 1图 2 相一致。例如:在${37}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$, HRT=30 d 条件下,其点位分布最为集中, 这与该阶段无 VFA 积累和稳定的产气量相一致; 在${37}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C},\mathrm{{HRT}} = {25}\mathrm{\;d}$条件下,点位分布比其他点更分散, 这与第 2 阶段结束时反应器出现 VFA 积累以及产气下降相一致[图 1(a), (b)]。尽管高温下产气效率更高, 但为保证反应器长期稳定运行, 在合适的 HRT 下, 中温比高温更稳定, 这也与 Zhao J [ 9 ] 的研究结果相一致。
为更好地了解葡萄糖在不同温度下的厌氧消化情况, 本文在进料后连续取样监测中间代谢产物 VFA 和最终产物沼气的变化,结果如图 4 所示。由图 4 可以看出, 除了甲烷和二氧化碳作为主要的代谢产物外, 体系中还检测到一些中间产物 (甲酸、乙酸和丙酸)。在中温下,进料后${0.5}\mathrm{\;h}$内乙酸和丙酸的总浓度达到最大浓度${67.81}\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}$[图 4(b)]。在高温条件下,甲酸、乙酸和丙酸均在进料后${4.5}\mathrm{\;h}$内达到最大值,分别为${12.24},{121.99}\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}$和${26.63}\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}$ [图 4(c)],均显著高于中温条件下的 VFA 浓度$\left( {P < {0.05}}\right)$,这表明高温下水解产酸菌更活跃,可以快速将葡萄糖转化为 VFA。从这个峰值开始,丙酸略有下降,在高温下几乎整个过程都存在丙酸,这意味着丙酸在高温下更容易积累。这一结果与 Zhao J [ 9 ] 的研究结果相一致。此外,与高温相比,中温下形成的乙酸和丙酸被快速降解产沼气, 因此没有在反应器中积累[图 4(b)]。
在中温和高温下, 乙酸的降解速率都快于丙酸。这是因为乙酸可直接通过 AM 和 SAO 途径转化为沼气 (图 5),而丙酸不能被产甲烷菌直接利用, 必须先由 POB 转化为甲烷的前体物质, 如乙酸盐、甲酸盐或氢,然后才能被产甲烷菌利用 [ 18 ] 。 因此,丙酸的降解滞后期较长,为 4~5 d(表 2)。进一步地, 在中温和高温条件下用 Gompertz 模型中的${R}_{\max }$表示乙酸的总降解率,其值分别为 125.74,$\mathrm{{mL}}/\left( {\mathrm{g} \cdot \mathrm{d}}\right)$${71.70}\mathrm{\;{mL}}/\left( {\mathrm{g} \cdot \mathrm{d}}\right)$。相比之下,丙酸的${R}_{\max }$值低于乙酸,在中温和高温下分别为 39.33$\mathrm{{mL}}/\left( {\mathrm{g} \cdot \mathrm{d}}\right)$${32.80}\mathrm{\;{mL}}/\left( {\mathrm{g} \cdot \mathrm{d}}\right)$。此外与高温相比,中温下乙酸和丙酸降解速率更快, 这与图 4 的结果相一致。综上, 高温不利于乙酸和丙酸的降解, 与乙酸相比,丙酸更难降解。这也是丙酸在高温下积累的主要原因。
产甲烷菌的群落结构如图 6 所示, 其中, SA003 -Methanococcales, SA004 -Methanobacteriales, SA005 -Methanomicrobiales, SA006 -Methanosarcinales, SA007-Methanosarcinaceae, SA008-Methanosaetaceae。中温下产甲烷菌的阈值循环数$\left( {{Ct}\text{值}}\right)$显著低于高温$\left( {P < {0.05}}\right)$,因此中温更有利于产甲烷菌富集。
在产甲烷菌目水平, Methanomicrobiales 占主导,其属于严格的嗜氢产甲烷菌 [ 6 ] 。研究表明,嗜氢产甲烷菌与丙酸盐氧化途径(Syntrophic Propionate Oxidation, SPO) 和 SAO 相关菌互营共生 [ 9 ] ,因此不同温度下均存在 SPO 和 SAO 途径。 此外,体系内还检测到嗜乙酸产甲烷菌 Methanosarcinales,且中温下的${Ct}$值显著低于高温$\left( {P < {0.05}}\right)$,这与中温下更快的乙酸代谢速率相一致(图 4,图 5)。乙酸快速代谢转化为沼气,可驱动丙酸开始降解, 这与中温下丙酸更快的代谢速率相一致 (图 4,图 5)。
在产甲烷菌科水平, Methanosarcinaceae 和 Methanosaetaceae 都属于 Methanosarcinales 目, 且均与 AM 相关 [ 19 ] 。在中温下,这两类嗜乙酸产甲烷菌的${Ct}$值显著低于高温,这与产甲烷菌目的结果相一致$\left( {P < {0.05}}\right)$。此外,中温下发现了 Methanococcales, 高温下仅在第 6 天的样品中发现了这种菌。这表明,温度升高导致微生物群落的丰度下降。
综上, 两种温度条件下都存在嗜乙酸产甲烷菌和嗜氢产甲烷菌, 说明两个反应器中都存在嗜乙酸产甲烷菌介导的 AM 途径和嗜氢产甲烷菌介导的 SAO 途径。与嗜乙酸产甲烷菌相比,嗜氢产甲烷菌在本试验的产甲烷菌中占主导,这与嗜氢产甲烷菌更强的环境耐受性有关 [ 6 , 10 ]
①中温反应器在 $\mathrm{{HRT}}$${30}\mathrm{\;d}$ 降到 ${25}\mathrm{\;d}$ 时出现酸积累,且 VBP 下降。高温反应器尽管未出现明显的 VBP 下降,但产气波动且体系内丙酸积累大于 ${300}\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}$ ,不利于反应体系稳定。因此,建议厌氧消化处理含葡萄糖浓度较高废水的 HRT 为 30 d。
②高温会导致丙酸积累。在厌氧消化中,嗜乙酸产甲烷菌 Methanosarcinales 和嗜氢产甲烷菌 Methanomicrobiales 在中温和高温中都存在, 表明体系中同时存在 AM 和 SAO 途径, 且 SAO 途径占主导。这两种菌在中温下的 ${Ct}$ 值均显著低于高温, 表明中温下 VFA 降解率更高。因此, 推荐厌氧消化处理含葡萄糖浓度较高废水的条件为中温 37 °C, HRT=30 d。
  • 中国博士后面上项目(2022M713393)
  • 博士后国际交流引进项目(YJ20210197)
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  • 接收时间:2023-10-07
  • 首发时间:2025-07-18
  • 出版时间:2025-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-07
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中国博士后面上项目(2022M713393)
博士后国际交流引进项目(YJ20210197)
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    1 中国农业大学 工学院 农业部可再生能源清洁化利用技术重点实验室 北京 100083
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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