Article(id=1152988931831353527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1152988930656948403, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1701878400000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752823582847, onlineDateStr=2025-07-18, pubDate=1739980800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752823582847, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752823582847, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752823582847, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1152988930656948403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, year='2025', volume='43', issue='2', pageStart='143', pageEnd='284', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1752823582567, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753694496025, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156641806499570521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1152988930656948403, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156641806499570522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1152988930656948403, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=191, endPage=199, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1152988932112371896, articleId=1152988931831353527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, language=EN, title=Study on the performance of steam methane reforming membrane reactor driven by solar energy, columnId=null, journalTitle=Renewable Energy Resources, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Steam methane reforming membrane reactor removes hydrogen through a hydrogen selective permeation membrane, which can promote the forward movement of the reaction, improve methane conversion rate with reduced reaction temperature, and achieve thermochemical storage under mediumtemperature of trough solar collector. However, the characteristics of multiphysical field coupling in the reactor are complex, and the influence of operating parameters on the performance of the reactor needs to be further investigated. The steam methane steam reforming reaction in the membrane reactor driven by solar at mid temperature was taken as the research object in this paper. The multiphysics coupling model of fluid flow, heat/mass transfer and chemical reactions in the reactor was established by using ANSYS FLUENT, and the effects of the key operating parameters (i.e., inlet mass flow rate, temperature, reaction pressure, water to carbon ratio and permeation pressure) on the reactor chemical and thermodynamic performances were studied. The results show that the methane conversion rate and energy efficiency are negatively correlated with the inlet flow rate. The conversion rate of methane is positively correlated with reaction temperature. The energy efficiency first increases and then decreases with the increase of temperature, existing a peak value. When the inlet flow rate is low, the methane conversion rate and energy efficiency increase with the increase of the reaction pressure, while the methane conversion rate and energy efficiency decrease with the increase of reaction pressure when the inlet flow rate is high. The increase of the water to carbon ratio can significantly improve the chemical reaction performance but reduce the energy efficiency. The lower the pressure on the permeation side, the better the reactor performance. The research results are of great significance for highgrade solar thermal utilization.

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甲烷水蒸气重整膜反应器通过氢选择性渗透膜移除氢气,可促进反应正向移动,在降低反应温度的情况下提高甲烷转化率,实现槽式太阳能集热器中温供热条件下的热化学储能,但反应器內多物理场耦合特性复杂,操作参数对反应器性能的影响有待进一步研究。文章通过 ANSYS FLUENT 建立了由中、高温太阳能驱动的甲烷水蒸气重整膜反应器內流动传热—传质化学反应多物理场耦合模型,研究了关键操作参数(入口流量、温度、反应压力、水碳比和渗透压)对反应器化学反应性能和热力学性能的影响。结果表明:甲烷转化率和能量效率均与入口流量呈负相关性;甲烷转化率与温度呈正相关性;能量效率随温度的升高先增大后减小,存在极值。当入口流量较低时,甲烷转化率和能量效率随反应侧压力的增大而增大;而入口流量较大时,甲烷转化率和能量效率随反应侧压力的增大而减少。增大水碳比可显著提高化学反应性能,但也会降低能量效率。渗透侧压力越小,越有利于提升反应器性能。研究结果对于高品位太阳能热利用具有重要意义。

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王晶钰(1991-),女,博士,副教授,主要从事多孔介质内多物理场耦合特性研究。E-mail:
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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988931831353527, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Designed operating parameters, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
反应温度/K 723~1 023
入口流量 $/\mathrm{{kg}} \cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$ ${4.95} \times {10}^{-6} \sim {2.81} \times {10}^{-5}$
反应侧压力(表压)/kPa 400~800
渗透侧压力(表压)/kPa $- {85.0} \sim - {45.0}$
进料组成(水碳比) $2 \sim 3$
), ArticleFig(id=1159145611158467480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988931831353527, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=设计操作参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
反应温度/K 723~1 023
入口流量 $/\mathrm{{kg}} \cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$ ${4.95} \times {10}^{-6} \sim {2.81} \times {10}^{-5}$
反应侧压力(表压)/kPa 400~800
渗透侧压力(表压)/kPa $- {85.0} \sim - {45.0}$
进料组成(水碳比) $2 \sim 3$
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太阳能驱动的甲烷水蒸气重整膜反应器性能研究
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刘宗鑫 1 , 王晶钰 1 , 沈雷雷 2 , 王磊 1 , 姬长发 1
可再生能源 | 2025,43(2): 191-199
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可再生能源 | 2025, 43(2): 191-199
太阳能驱动的甲烷水蒸气重整膜反应器性能研究
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刘宗鑫1, 王晶钰1 , 沈雷雷2, 王磊1, 姬长发1
作者信息
  • 1 西安科技大学 能源学院 陕西 西安 710054
  • 2 西安科技大学 建筑与土木工程学院 陕西 西安 710054

通讯作者:

王晶钰(1991-),女,博士,副教授,主要从事多孔介质内多物理场耦合特性研究。E-mail:
Study on the performance of steam methane reforming membrane reactor driven by solar energy
Zongxin Liu1, Jingyu Wang1 , Leilei Shen2, Lei Wang1, Changfa Ji1
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Energy Engineering Xi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an 710054 China
  • 2 College of Architecture and Civil Engineering Xi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an 710054 China
出版时间: 2025-02-20
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甲烷水蒸气重整膜反应器通过氢选择性渗透膜移除氢气,可促进反应正向移动,在降低反应温度的情况下提高甲烷转化率,实现槽式太阳能集热器中温供热条件下的热化学储能,但反应器內多物理场耦合特性复杂,操作参数对反应器性能的影响有待进一步研究。文章通过 ANSYS FLUENT 建立了由中、高温太阳能驱动的甲烷水蒸气重整膜反应器內流动传热—传质化学反应多物理场耦合模型,研究了关键操作参数(入口流量、温度、反应压力、水碳比和渗透压)对反应器化学反应性能和热力学性能的影响。结果表明:甲烷转化率和能量效率均与入口流量呈负相关性;甲烷转化率与温度呈正相关性;能量效率随温度的升高先增大后减小,存在极值。当入口流量较低时,甲烷转化率和能量效率随反应侧压力的增大而增大;而入口流量较大时,甲烷转化率和能量效率随反应侧压力的增大而减少。增大水碳比可显著提高化学反应性能,但也会降低能量效率。渗透侧压力越小,越有利于提升反应器性能。研究结果对于高品位太阳能热利用具有重要意义。

甲烷重整  /  膜反应器  /  热化学储能  /  多物理场耦合

Steam methane reforming membrane reactor removes hydrogen through a hydrogen selective permeation membrane, which can promote the forward movement of the reaction, improve methane conversion rate with reduced reaction temperature, and achieve thermochemical storage under mediumtemperature of trough solar collector. However, the characteristics of multiphysical field coupling in the reactor are complex, and the influence of operating parameters on the performance of the reactor needs to be further investigated. The steam methane steam reforming reaction in the membrane reactor driven by solar at mid temperature was taken as the research object in this paper. The multiphysics coupling model of fluid flow, heat/mass transfer and chemical reactions in the reactor was established by using ANSYS FLUENT, and the effects of the key operating parameters (i.e., inlet mass flow rate, temperature, reaction pressure, water to carbon ratio and permeation pressure) on the reactor chemical and thermodynamic performances were studied. The results show that the methane conversion rate and energy efficiency are negatively correlated with the inlet flow rate. The conversion rate of methane is positively correlated with reaction temperature. The energy efficiency first increases and then decreases with the increase of temperature, existing a peak value. When the inlet flow rate is low, the methane conversion rate and energy efficiency increase with the increase of the reaction pressure, while the methane conversion rate and energy efficiency decrease with the increase of reaction pressure when the inlet flow rate is high. The increase of the water to carbon ratio can significantly improve the chemical reaction performance but reduce the energy efficiency. The lower the pressure on the permeation side, the better the reactor performance. The research results are of great significance for highgrade solar thermal utilization.

steam methane reforming  /  membrane reactor  /  thermochemical energy storage  /  multi-physics coupling
刘宗鑫, 王晶钰, 沈雷雷, 王磊, 姬长发. 太阳能驱动的甲烷水蒸气重整膜反应器性能研究. 可再生能源, 2025 , 43 (2) : 191 -199 .
Zongxin Liu, Jingyu Wang, Leilei Shen, Lei Wang, Changfa Ji. Study on the performance of steam methane reforming membrane reactor driven by solar energy[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2025 , 43 (2) : 191 -199 .
在全球能源短缺以及“双碳”战略目标的背景下,寻求和利用清洁能源已经是大势所趋。在众多可再生能源中,太阳能因其储量丰富、分布广泛、 绿色清洁、利用方便等优点 [ 1 ] ,成为最为优质的可再生能源之一。然而,太阳能具有间歇性和波动性的特征,会造成能源系统中能量需求与供给在时空上不匹配。因此, 发展高效储能技术对太阳能利用至关重要。
基于太阳能光热利用的中、高温热化学储能可以将太阳能以化学能或化学品的形式进行储存,在储能密度、储存时间、热损失方面都有着极大的优势。甲烷重整反应(Steam Methane Reforming, SMR) 不仅是强吸热反应, 其产物氢气也是清洁能源, 当 SMR 被用于太阳能储能时, 能够有效减少甲烷燃烧以及降低二氧化碳排放 [ 2 ] , 因此, 基于甲烷重整反应的太阳能热化学储能已成为研究前沿热点之一。但 SMR 所需的高温条件限制了太阳能集热器的选择, 仅有高成本的太阳能碟式聚光器 [ 3 ] 和中央接收器 [ 4 ] 能够达到反应温度。目前成熟度最高的是抛物槽式太阳能集热技术,当使用熔盐作为热载体时,其所能达到的集热温度仅为 ${300} \sim {400}{}^{ \circ }{\mathrm{C}}$ [ 5 ] ,该温度远低于 SMR 的反应温度。因此,要将抛物槽式太阳能集热技术应用于 SMR, 必须克服低温对甲烷重整反应的热力学限制。膜反应器可通过氢选择性渗透膜移除氢气, 可在降低反应温度的情况下提高甲烷转化率,有望实现槽式太阳能集热器中温供热条件下的太阳能热化学储能。近年国内外许多学者已经证实了中温供热条件下利用甲烷重整膜反应器进行太阳能热化学储能的可行性。Ling Y [ 6 ] 对多产物定向分离的太阳能甲烷重整制氢展开了机理验证实验和模拟研究,结果发现,该反应器优于传统制氢工艺,可在 ${673}\mathrm{\;K}$ 较低的操作温度下连续分离氢,证实了中温供热条件下利用膜反应器热化学储能的可行性。为了更好地理解太阳能驱动的甲烷水蒸气重整膜反应器性能, 学者们开展了许多相关研究。Wang H S [ 7 ] 建立了钯膜反应器中太阳能驱动甲烷重整反应的理论模型, 分析了不同温度、压力等对转化率、产氢率和能量效率的影响规律,研究结果显示,水碳比(Steam-to-Carbon Ratio, S/C)为 1,反应温度在 ${400} \sim {450}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 时,第一定律热力学效率和净太阳能-燃料效率均可达最大。Yang W W [ 8 ] 建立了由太阳能驱动的 SMR 反应器三维数值模型,并重点分析了不同水碳比、操作压力、入口流量等操作参数对反应器性能的影响, 结果表明, 甲烷转化率主要受水碳比和甲烷进料流量的影响, 而氢气回收率主要受操作压力的影响。李勇霞 [ 9 ] 采用 Aspen Plus 软件建立了太阳能膜反应器重整制氢及燃料电池的数学模型,分析了反应温度、 水碳比及太阳能直接辐射强度对系统甲烷转化率、氢收率等各性能指标的影响, 结果表明, 反应温度为 ${500}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C},\mathrm{S}/\mathrm{C}$ 为 2.5 时最有利于太阳能甲烷重整反应。
综上所述, 化学反应特性和热力学储能特性是衡量甲烷重整膜反应器性能的重要指标, 目前很多文献研究了操作参数对反应特性或储能特性的影响。但反应器内物理过程复杂,有必要在掌握其多物理场耦合机理的基础上, 对反应器反应特性和储能特性进行详细研究。因此,本文以利用甲烷重整反应进行太阳能储能的膜反应器为研究对象, 用 FLUENT 建立膜反应器内的流动-传热-传质-化学反应二维耦合模型,重点分析反应温度、 入口流量、反应侧压力、水碳比、渗透压等操作参数对膜反应器化学反应性能和储热性能的影响, 以期为中、高温太阳能驱动的甲烷重整膜反应器的设计、优化提供指导。
本文所研究的膜反应器为双套管式结构,外管外径为 ${25.4}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ ,内径为 ${22.4}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ ;内管外径为 ${12.0}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ ,内径为 ${8.0}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ ;反应器长度为 ${70.0}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 。 其中,内、外管之间的环形空间构成反应侧,内管内部空间构成渗透侧。反应侧中填充直径为 2.0 $\mathrm{{mm}}$$\mathrm{{Ni}}/{\mathrm{{Al}}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ 催化剂颗粒,为甲烷重整反应提供活性位点, 床层孔隙率为 0.4 。内管为多孔不锈钢材质,其外壁上涂覆一层厚度为 $5 \sim {10\mu }\mathrm{m}$ 的钯膜,用于实现氢气选择性渗透。另外,后续研究中所提及的传统反应器是在上述膜反应器的尺寸基础上将内管改为实心不锈钢管, 即不考虑氢气渗透的无膜反应器。
膜反应器的反应侧和渗透侧均涉及流体流动、传热和传质。除此之外, 两侧分别须要考虑反应和氢气渗透, 以及氢气渗透对温度及物质分布的影响。该过程涉及到的控制方程分别如下。
①连续性方程
$\nabla \cdot \left( {{\rho }_{\mathrm{f}}v}\right) = {S}_{\mathrm{m}}$
②动量守恒方程
$\nabla \cdot \left( {{\rho }_{\mathrm{f}}\mathbf{v}\mathbf{v}}\right) = - \nabla p + \nabla \cdot \left\lbrack {\mu \left( {\nabla \mathbf{v} + \nabla {\mathbf{v}}^{\mathrm{T}}}\right) }\right\rbrack + {S}_{\mathrm{f}}$
式中:${\rho }_{\mathrm{f}}$为流体密度,$\mathrm{{kg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3};v$为表观速度矢量,$\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s};{S}_{\mathrm{m}}$为由于物质渗透而引起的质量源项,$\mathrm{{kg}}/\left( {{\mathrm{m}}^{3} \cdot \mathrm{s}}\right) ;p$为静压,$\mathrm{{Pa}};\mu$为流体的分子粘度,$\mathrm{{Pa}} \cdot \mathrm{s};{S}_{\mathrm{f}}$为动量源项,$\mathrm{N}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$
由于反应侧可视为各向同性的多孔介质区域,故其带来的阻力须在${S}_{\mathrm{f}}$中体现,本文采用 Ergun 公式 [ 10 ] 计算惯性阻力和粘性阻力。对于渗透侧,${S}_{\mathrm{f}} = 0$
③能量守恒方程
$\nabla \cdot \left( {{\rho }_{\mathrm{f}}{c}_{p,\mathrm{f}}\mathbf{v}T}\right) = \nabla \cdot \left( {{k}_{\text{eff }}\nabla T - \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{N}{h}_{i}{\mathbf{J}}_{i}}\right) + {S}_{\text{chem }}$
${S}_{\text{chem }} = {\rho }_{\text{cat }}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 1}}^{m}{r}_{j}\left( {-\Delta {H}_{j}}\right) {\eta }_{j}$
式中:${c}_{p,\mathrm{f}}$为流体恒压热容,$\mathrm{J}/\left( {\mathrm{{kg}} \cdot \mathrm{K}}\right) ;T$为温度,$\mathrm{K};{k}_{\text{eff }}$为有效导热系数,$\mathrm{W}/\left( {\mathrm{m} \cdot \mathrm{K}}\right) ;{h}_{i}$为物质$i$的标准生成焓,$\mathrm{{kJ}}/\mathrm{{mol}};{\mathbf{J}}_{i}$为物质$i$的扩散通量,$\mathrm{{kg}}/\left( {{\mathrm{m}}^{2} \cdot \mathrm{s}}\right)$,定义为${\mathbf{J}}_{i} = {\rho }_{\mathrm{f}}{D}_{i,\mathrm{m}}\nabla {Y}_{i}$,其中,${D}_{i,\mathrm{m}}$为混合物中第$i$种物质的质量扩散系数,${\mathrm{m}}^{2}/\mathrm{s},{Y}_{i}$为第$i$种物质的质量分数;$N$为物质的数量;${S}_{\text{chem }}$为由反应引起的热量源项,$\mathrm{W}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$,仅在反应侧考虑;${\rho }_{\text{cat }}$为催化剂密度,$\mathrm{{kg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3};{r}_{j}$$\Delta {H}_{j}$分别为第$j$个反应的反应速率,$\mathrm{{kmol}}/\left( {\mathrm{{kg}} \cdot \mathrm{s}}\right)$和反应热,$\mathrm{J}/\mathrm{{kmol}};{\eta }_{j}$为第$j$个反应的化学反应有效因子;$m$为反应的数量。
④物质输运方程
$\nabla \cdot \left( {{\rho }_{\mathrm{f}}\mathbf{v}{Y}_{i}}\right) = - \nabla \cdot {\mathbf{J}}_{i} + {S}_{i,\mathrm{\;h},\text{ chem }} + {S}_{i,\mathrm{\;m}}$
式中:${S}_{i, h,\text{ chem }}$为由化学反应引起的第$i$个物质的源项,$\mathrm{{kg}}/\left( {{\mathrm{m}}^{3} \cdot \mathrm{s}}\right) ;{S}_{i,\mathrm{\;m}}$为由渗透引起的第$i$个物质的源项,$\mathrm{{kg}}/\left( {{\mathrm{m}}^{3} \cdot \mathrm{s}}\right)$
由于渗透膜具有氢选择性,只允许氢气透过, 故只有氢气物质方程须考虑${S}_{i,\mathrm{m}}$,对于其他物质,${S}_{i,\mathrm{m}} = 0$。由此可得连续性方程中的质量源项即为氢渗透量,即${S}_{\mathrm{m}} = {S}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2},\mathrm{m}}$
由于物质渗透而引起的质量源项${S}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2},\mathrm{m}}$由下式表示:
${S}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2},\mathrm{m}} = \frac{{A}_{\mathrm{c}}{J}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2}}{M}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2}}}{{V}_{\mathrm{c}}}$
式中:${A}_{\mathrm{c}}$为网格表面积,${\mathrm{m}}^{2};{J}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2}}$为氢气渗透通量,$\mathrm{{mol}}/\left( {{\mathrm{m}}^{2} \cdot \mathrm{s}}\right) ;{M}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2}}$为氢气摩尔质量,$\mathrm{{kg}}/\mathrm{{mol}};{V}_{\mathrm{c}}$为网格体积,${\mathrm{m}}^{3}$
由于渗透只发生在膜两侧, 故只在与膜相邻的网格上考虑由渗透引起的质量源项, 对于其他网格,${S}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2},\mathrm{m}} = 0$
通过钯膜的氢气渗透通量可用 Sievert 公式 [ 11 ] 表示:
${J}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2}} = {A}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2}}{\mathrm{e}}^{-\frac{{E}_{\mathrm{a}}}{RT}}\left( \begin{matrix} {0.5} & {0.5} \\ {p}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\text{, reaction }} - {p}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\text{, permeate }} & \end{matrix}\right)$
式中:${A}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2}}$${E}_{\mathrm{a}}$分别为 Arrhenius 指前因子和反应活化能,取值为${A}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2}} = {1.35} \times {10}^{-3}\mathrm{\;{mol}}/\left( {{\mathrm{m}}^{2} \cdot \mathrm{s} \cdot {\mathrm{{Pa}}}^{0.5}}\right)$,${E}_{\mathrm{a}} = {8.24}\mathrm{\;{kJ}}/{\mathrm{{mol}}}^{\left\lbrack {12}\right\rbrack };{p}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\text{, reaction }}$${p}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\text{, permeate }}$分别为反应侧和渗透侧的氢气分压, Pa。
SMR 过程包括 3 个反应, 分别为
${\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4} + {\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O} \rightleftharpoons \mathrm{{CO}} + 3{\mathrm{H}}_{2},\Delta {\mathrm{H}}_{298}^{0} = {206}\mathrm{\;{kJ}}/\mathrm{{mol}}$
$\mathrm{{CO}} + {\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O} \rightleftharpoons {\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2} + {\mathrm{H}}_{2},\Delta {\mathrm{H}}_{298} = - {41.1}\mathrm{\;{kJ}}/\mathrm{{mol}}$
${\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4} + 2{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O} \rightleftharpoons {\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2} + 4{\mathrm{H}}_{2},\Delta {\mathrm{H}}_{298}^{0} = {164.9}\mathrm{\;{kJ}}/\mathrm{{mol}}$
每个反应的反应速率 [ 13 ]
$\frac{{k}_{1}}{2.5}\left( {{p}_{{\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}}{p}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}} - {p}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2}}^{3}{p}_{\mathrm{{CO}}}/{K}_{1}}\right) \\ {r}_{1} = \frac{{p}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2}}}{3600}\;{3600}{\mathrm{{DEN}}}^{2} \\ {r}_{2} = \frac{\frac{{k}_{2}}{{p}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2}}}\left( {{p}_{\mathrm{{CO}}}{p}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}} - {p}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2}}{p}_{{\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}}/{K}_{2}}\right) }{{3600}{\mathrm{{DEN}}}^{2}} \\ \frac{{k}_{3}}{3.5}\left( {{p}_{{\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}}{p}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}}^{2} - {p}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2}}^{4}{p}_{{\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}}/{K}_{3}}\right) \\ {r}_{3} = \frac{{\rho }_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2}}}{3600}\;{3600}\mathrm{{DEN}}{}^{2} \\ \mathrm{{DEN}} = 1 + {K}_{{\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}}{p}_{{\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}} + {K}_{\mathrm{{CO}}}{p}_{\mathrm{{CO}}} + {K}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2}}{p}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2}} + {K}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}}{p}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}}/{p}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2}}$
式中:${r}_{1},{r}_{2},{r}_{3}$为 3 个反应的反应速率,$\mathrm{{kmol}}/\left( {\mathrm{{kg}} \cdot }\right.$s);${k}_{1},{k}_{3}$为反应 1,3 的反应常数,$\mathrm{{kmol}} \cdot {\mathrm{{Pa}}}^{0.5}/\left( {\mathrm{{kg}} \cdot }\right.$h);${k}_{2}$为反应 2 的反应常数,$\mathrm{{kmol}}/\left( {\mathrm{{kg}} \cdot \mathrm{{Pa}} \cdot \mathrm{h}}\right) ;{K}_{1}$,${K}_{3}$为反应1,3的平衡常数,Pa${}^{2};{K}_{2}$为反应 2 的平衡常数;${K}_{{\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}},{K}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2}},{K}_{\mathrm{{CO}}}$分别为${\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4},{\mathrm{H}}_{2},\mathrm{{CO}}$的吸附系数,Pa${}^{-1};{K}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}}$${\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$的吸附系数;${p}_{{\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}},{p}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2}},{p}_{\mathrm{{CO}}}$,${p}_{{\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}},{p}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}}$为各物质分压,${\mathrm{{Pa}}}_{ \circ }$
本文利用 ANSYS FLUENT 求解控制方程, 反应速率和渗透通量均采用用户自定义函数(UDF) 实现。由于反应管为轴对称结构,本文采用二维轴对称模型进行研究, 如图 1 所示。
在模型中,反应侧入口设置为质量流量入口, 反应侧出口设为压力出口; 渗透侧采用真空泵抽成负压,其两侧分别设为盲端和开口端,开口端为压力出口,表压为负值;反应器外壁面模拟太阳能加热,设为恒定温度壁面,其温度与反应侧入口温度相同。在数值模型中, 压力和速度的耦合采用 SIMPLE 算法, 动量、能量和物质运输方程中的对流项均采用二阶迎风离散格式。当计算残差小于${10}^{-8}$,且监测的出口甲烷质量分数不再变化时,认为计算收敛。操作参数如表 1 所示。
采用四边形结构化网格对计算域进行网格划分, 并在管壁和膜两侧设置边界层网格。通过改变径向和轴向网格尺寸, 获得网格无关性解。最终采用的网格数量为 2880 个。
为了验证该模型的正确性, 本文重新构建了文献[ 12 ]中的反应器结构,并在 FLUENT 里设置相同的边界条件, 将模拟结果与实验结果进行对比。研究工况为反应温度${823}\mathrm{\;K}$,反应侧压力400$\mathrm{{kPa}}$,渗透侧压力$- {65.0}\mathrm{{kPa}}$,体积空速${284} \sim {1607}$${\mathrm{h}}^{-1}$,水碳比$2 \sim 3$。甲烷转化率的实验值与计算所得模拟值的比较结果如图 2 所示, 可以看出, 本文模拟值与实验值的偏差小于 20%, 说明本文的数值模型可靠,可用于开展后续研究。
本文研究反应温度、入口流量、反应侧压力、 进口水碳比和渗透侧压力 5 个操作参数对膜反应器内化学反应特性与热力学特性的影响。选取甲烷转化率 $\left( {X}_{{\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}}\right)$ 、氢气产率 $\left( {Y}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2}}\right)$ 和氢气回收比 $\left( {R}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2}}\right) 3$ 个指标作为化学反应特性衡量指标,3 个参数的定义 [ 14 ]
${X}_{{\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}} = \left( {{F}_{{\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}}^{\text{inlet }} - {F}_{{\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}}^{\text{outlet }}}\right) /{F}_{{\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}}^{\text{inlet }} \times {100}\%$
${Y}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2}} = {F}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2},\mathrm{t}}^{\text{outlet }}/\left( {4{F}_{{\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}}^{\text{inlet }}}\right) \times {100}\%$
${R}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2}} = {F}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2},\text{ per }}^{\text{outlet }}/{F}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2},\text{ reac }}^{\text{outlet }}$
式中: ${F}_{{\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}}^{\text{inlet }},{F}_{{\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}}^{\text{outlet }},{F}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2},\mathrm{t}}^{\text{outlet }},{F}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2},\text{ per }}^{\text{outlet }},{F}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2},\text{ reac }}^{\text{outlet }}$ 分别为反应器入口处的甲烷摩尔流量、出口处的甲烷摩尔流量、 反应侧和渗透侧出口的总氢气摩尔流量、渗透侧出口的氢气摩尔流量和反应侧出口的氢气摩尔流量, mol/s。
选取系统尺度能量效率 $\left( {\eta }_{\mathrm{{HHV}}}\right)$ 和系统尺度净能量效率 $\left( {\eta }_{\mathrm{{en}}}\right)$ 作为热力学特性衡量指标。其中, 系统尺度能量效率是考虑反应器出口显热余热回收和分离未消耗甲烷用于循环使用时的能量效率。二者具体定义为
${\eta }_{\mathrm{{HHV}}} = \frac{{F}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2}} \cdot {\mathrm{{HHV}}}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2}} + {F}_{{\mathrm{{CO}}}^{ + }} \cdot {\mathrm{{HHV}}}_{\mathrm{{CO}}}}{\left( {{Q}_{\mathrm{{th}}} + {Q}_{{\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4},\mathrm{{rg}}} + {Q}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O},\mathrm{{rg}}}}\right) {\eta }_{\mathrm{{opt}}}^{-1}{\eta }_{\mathrm{{abs}}}^{-1} + \left( {{W}_{{\mathrm{P}}_{1}}{\eta }_{{\mathrm{P}}_{1}}^{-1} + {W}_{{\mathrm{P}}_{2}}{\eta }_{{\mathrm{P}}_{2}}^{-1}}\right) {\eta }_{s \rightarrow e}^{-1} - {Q}_{\mathrm{{wh}}} \cdot {\eta }_{\mathrm{{nc}}} + {Q}_{\mathrm{{sep}}} \cdot {\eta }_{s \rightarrow e}^{-1} + {F}_{{\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}} \cdot {\mathrm{{HHV}}}_{{\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}}}$
${\eta }_{\mathrm{{en}}} = \frac{{F}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2}} \cdot {\mathrm{{HHV}}}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2}} + {F}_{\mathrm{C}0} \cdot {\mathrm{{HHV}}}_{\mathrm{C}0} - {F}_{{\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}} \cdot {\mathrm{{HHV}}}_{{\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}}}{\left( {{Q}_{\mathrm{{th}}} + {Q}_{{\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4},\mathrm{{rg}}} + {Q}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O},\mathrm{{rg}}}}\right) {\eta }_{\mathrm{{opt}}}^{-1}{\eta }_{\mathrm{{abs}}}^{-1} + \left( {{W}_{{\mathrm{P}}_{1}}{\eta }_{{\mathrm{P}}_{1}}^{-1} + {W}_{{\mathrm{P}}_{2}}{\eta }_{{\mathrm{P}}_{2}}^{-1}}\right) {\eta }_{s \rightarrow e}^{-1} - {Q}_{\mathrm{{wh}}} \cdot {\eta }_{\mathrm{{rec}}} + {Q}_{\mathrm{{sep}}} \cdot {\eta }_{s \rightarrow e}^{-1}}$
式中: ${F}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2}},{F}_{\mathrm{{CO}}},{F}_{{\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}}$ 分别为反应生成 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ 的摩尔流量、反应生成 $\mathrm{{CO}}$ 的摩尔流量和反应消耗 ${\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}$ 的摩尔流量, mol/s; ${\mathrm{{HHV}}}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2}},{\mathrm{{HHV}}}_{\mathrm{{CO}}},{\mathrm{{HHV}}}_{{\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}}$ 分别为 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2},\mathrm{{CO}},{\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}$ 的高位发热值,其数值分别为 285.5 kJ/mol,282.96 kJ/mol,890.94 kJ/mol [ 14 ] ;${Q}_{\mathrm{{th}}}$ 为反应吸收的能量, $\mathrm{{kJ}}/\mathrm{s}$ ,按照 3 个反应的总吸热量计算; ${Q}_{{\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4},\mathrm{{rg}}}$${Q}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O},\mathrm{{rg}}}$ 分别为将 ${\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}$${\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$ 加热到反应器进口温度所需要的热量, $\mathrm{{kJ}}/\mathrm{s};{\eta }_{\mathrm{{opt}}},{\eta }_{\mathrm{{abs}}}$ 分别为聚光器的光学效率和吸收效率 [ 15 ] 分别为将流体加压到反应侧操作压力所需要的泵功 (kJ/s)、渗透侧维持负压所需要的泵功 $\left( {\mathrm{{kJ}}/\mathrm{s}}\right)$ 、压缩机的效率和真空泵的效率 [ 7 ] ${Q}_{\mathrm{{sep}}}$ 分别为生成物的显热量和从产物中分离甲烷所需的电能, $\mathrm{{kJ}}/\mathrm{s};{\eta }_{\mathrm{{rec}}}$${\eta }_{\mathrm{s} \rightarrow \mathrm{e}}$ 分别为热回收效率和太阳能转化为电能的能量效率 [ 15 ]
本文首先研究相同操作条件下膜反应器和传统反应器的性能,并将二者进行对比,以验证膜反应器的优越性。图 3~5 展示了膜反应器渗透侧压力为$- {65.0}\mathrm{{kPa}}$,其他操作条件与传统反应器相同 (即反应温度为${823}\mathrm{\;K}$,入口流量为${9.9} \times {10}^{-6}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/\mathrm{s}$, 反应侧压力为${400}\mathrm{{kPa}}$,水碳比为 3 )时,两种反应器中氢气质量分数云图、甲烷质量分数云图以及温度云图。由图 3~5 可知, 膜反应器对氢气的渗透作用从靠近膜处开始,进而逐渐扩散,故在相同轴向位置上, 靠近渗透膜处氢气质量分数低于主流区域, 表现为径向浓差极化。由于膜对氢气的渗透作用,反应正向移动使得反应物浓度降低,在相同的轴向位置上, 膜反应器中的甲烷质量分数明显低于传统反应器的; 在出口处, 传统反应器的甲烷质量分数在 0.15 左右,而膜反应器的甲烷质量分数为 0.11 , 说明膜反应器的甲烷转化率明显提升。由于本研究中反应器的尺寸较小, 反应器中的温度差异不大,仅为$2\mathrm{\;K}$左右,但仍可从图 5 中观察到膜反应器中的等温线在靠近膜壁面处有所偏移,这是由于氢气渗透带走部分热,使得化学反应热效应不同所致。
进一步研究其他条件相同(反应温度为 823 K,反应侧压力为${400}\mathrm{{kPa}}$,水碳比为 3 )时,不同入口流量下膜反应器和传统反应器内甲烷转化率和氢气产率的变化规律,结果如图 6 所示。
图 6 中可以看出:膜反应器的甲烷转化率和氢气产率均高于传统反应器; 且差异随入口流量的减少而增大,膜反应器可将传统反应器的甲烷转化率或产氢率最大提升约 1 倍。这是由于钯膜可实现对氢气的选择性渗透, 将反应侧生成的氢气及时移除至渗透侧,从而打破化学反应平衡, 促使反应正向进行,提高甲烷转化率和氢气产率; 且入口流量越小,反应物与钯膜接触得越充分,氢气渗透量越大,化学反应进行程度越深,因而甲烷转化率和氢气产率越大。
综上所述, 膜反应器将甲烷重整与氢气分离过程集成为一体,同时显著提高了反应性能。
保持$\mathrm{S}/\mathrm{C}$为 3,反应侧压力为${400}\mathrm{{kPa}}$,渗透侧压力为$- {65.0}\mathrm{{kPa}}$,反应温度为${723} \sim {1023}\mathrm{\;K}$时, 入口流量对膜反应器甲烷转化率、氢气产率、氢气回收比和能量效率的变化规律如图 7 所示。
图 7(a) 可知, 随着入口流量的增加, 甲烷转化率、氢气产率以及氢气回收比不断减少。这是因为入口流量的变化即为入口速度的变化,当入口速度增大时, 反应物在反应器内的滞留时间变短,与催化剂颗粒的接触时间缩短, 故反应程度降低。但须要说明的是, 入口流量增大后, 生成的氢气摩尔流量和消耗的甲烷摩尔流量均有所增大。
图 7(b) 分析得到, 随着入口流量的增加, 虽然储热量变大,但能量效率和净能量效率均呈下降趋势。这是由于增大入口流量会大幅增加将反应物加热到反应温度所需的能量, 同时反应侧泵功有所增大, 且反应侧出口残留的甲烷更多, 需要从出口混合气体中分离甲烷的能量变多,出口显热所回收的热量也增加了。总的输入能量变大, 且相比于储热量,输入能量的增加幅度更高,故能量效率降低。因此,当其他操作参数不变时,反应器效率随入口流量的增大而减小, 故须根据能量效率和总储能量选择合适的入口流量。
图 7(a) 可知,随着温度从${723}\mathrm{\;K}$增加到${1023}\mathrm{\;K}$,甲烷转化率、氢气产率和氢气回收比都在不断增加。当入口流量为${9.9} \times {10}^{-6}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/\mathrm{s}$,水碳比为3,反应侧压力和渗透侧压力分别为${400}\mathrm{{kPa}}$$- {65.0}\mathrm{{kPa}}$时,甲烷转化率从${18}\%$提高到${98}\%$, 氢气产率从 18%提高到 89%, 氢气回收比从 0.51 提高到 2.22, 这反映出温度对反应动力学影响显著, 高温有利于甲烷重整反应的进行。
图 7(b) 分析得到, 随着温度的升高, 两种能量效率均先增大后减少,且在${823}\mathrm{\;K}$${923}\mathrm{\;K}$之间存在一个温度${T}_{\mathrm{s}}$,使得能量效率达到最大值。 保持入口流量不变,当反应温度$T < {T}_{\mathrm{s}}$时,提升温度会导致反应物所需加热量增大,但同时也能大幅提升生成物的总燃烧热值, 且对输出量影响更显著,从而使两种能量效率呈上升趋势;当反应温度$T > {T}_{\mathrm{s}}$时,增大温度对提升生成物的总燃烧热值的作用逐渐减弱, 而反应物加热量增长幅度未发生变化, 因此输出量的增长幅度相对降低, 两种能量效率呈下降趋势。综上所述,温度的设置既不能过高也不能过低, 要选择合适的温度, 才能实现膜反应器的高效率。
反应温度设为${823}\mathrm{\;K}$,入口$\mathrm{S}/\mathrm{C}$设为 3,渗透侧压力设为$- {65.0}\mathrm{{kPa}}$,不同入口流量下,反应侧压力对甲烷转化率、氢气产率、氢气回收比和能量效率、净能量效率的影响如图 8 所示。
图 8(a) 可知: 当入口流量约为${1.5} \times {10}^{-5}$$\mathrm{{kg}}/\mathrm{s}$以下时,随着反应侧压力的增加,甲烷转化率和氢气产率同时增大; 但当入口流量约为${1.5} \times {10}^{-5}$$\mathrm{{kg}}/\mathrm{s}$以上时,随着反应侧压力的增加,甲烷转化率和氢气产率却在减小,这主要与化学反应移动方向有关。甲烷水蒸气重整反应为气体体积增大的反应,当反应侧压力增大时,化学平衡向气体体积减少的方向移动,即反应逆向移动,甲烷转化率减少。而增大反应侧压力有利于提高渗透膜两侧压力,提高氢气渗透量,促使反应正向移动,甲烷转化率升高, 因此最终的化学反应移动方向受上述两种因素的影响。当入口流量较低时,产生的氢气可及时渗透,促进反应正向进行;而当入口流量较大时, 产生的氢气不能及时渗透, 逆向反应则占主导地位。因此, 甲烷重整反应速率与渗透速率之间存在最优匹配的问题; 反应侧压力并不是越大越好, 须要针对特定的反应器和反应条件进行设计。
图 8(b) 可知,当入口流量约为${1.5} \times {10}^{-5}$$\mathrm{{kg}}/\mathrm{s}$以下时,能量效率和净能量效率随压力的增大而增大,但当入口流量约为${1.5} \times {10}^{-5}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/\mathrm{s}$以上时, 能量效率和净能量效率随压力的增大而减小, 这与图 8(a)中甲烷转化率和氢气产率的变化规律是一致的。
反应温度设定为${823}\mathrm{\;K}$,反应侧操作压力和渗透侧压力分别设定为${400}\mathrm{{kPa}}, - {65.0}\mathrm{{kPa}}$,随入口流量的增加,不同水碳比对甲烷转化率、氢气产率、氢气回收比和能量效率、净能量效率的影响如图 9 所示。
图 9(a) 可知, 当其他参数不变时, 提高水碳比,甲烷转化率和氢气产率均有显著提升,这是因为提高水碳比可促进甲烷蒸汽重整的反应向正向移动。同时,可以防止碳沉积,避免对催化剂活性产生不良影响。由图 9(b)可见,能量效率和净能量效率均随着水碳比升高而略微下降。这是水含量升高,水汽化过程所需的能耗增大所致。因此, 实际操作中应权衡甲烷转化率与能量效率之间的关系,并选择合适的水碳比。
反应温度设定为${823}\mathrm{\;K}$,水碳比设定为 3 ,反应侧操作压力设定为${400}\mathrm{{kPa}}$,随入口流量的增加,不同渗透侧压力对甲烷转化率、氢气产率、氢气回收比和能量效率、净能量效率的影响如图 10 所示。
图 10(a) 可知, 随着渗透侧压力的增大,${X}_{{\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}},{Y}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2}},{R}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2}}$均呈减小趋势,且入口流量越小,这种趋势越明显。这是因为渗透压的增大会降低膜两侧压差, 导致氢气渗透量减小, 化学反应的正向进行程度减小,从而导致反应器反应性能下降。而渗透侧压力的影响在小流量时尤为显著的原因在于入口流量越小,甲烷重整反应速率越高,反应侧氢气生成量和氢气分压越大, 此时减小渗透侧压力则可大幅提升两侧压差,促进氢气的渗透,显著提高甲烷转化率等。由图 10(b)可见,能量效率和净能量效率均随着渗透压的升高而下降, 这与图 10(a)中甲烷转化率和氢气产率的变化规律一致。 因此, 选择越小的渗透侧压力越有利于提升反应器性能。
本文采用 FLUENT 建立了甲烷水蒸气重整膜反应器的流动-传热-传质-化学反应多物理场耦合的二维数值模型,系统地研究了反应温度、入口流量、反应侧压力、渗透侧压力和水碳比对膜反应器性能的影响。主要研究结论如下。
①在相同的反应条件下,膜反应器中甲烷重整反应进行的程度更深。且入口流量越小,膜反应器的优势更为明显; 膜反应器可将传统反应器的甲烷转化率或产氢率最大提升约 1 倍。
②甲烷转化率、能量效率均随入口流量的增加而减少, 因此应权衡甲烷转化率/能量效率和甲烷转化总量/总储热量,选择合适的入口流量。
③反应温度对反应动力学影响显著,高温有利于反应的进行, 当控制其他变量不变, 仅升高反应温度,甲烷转化率和氢气产率大幅升高。当反应温度小于 ${823}\mathrm{\;K}$ 时,能量效率与温度成正比,而当反应温度大于 ${923}\mathrm{\;K}$ 时,能量效率与温度成反比。 在 ${823} \sim {923}\mathrm{\;K}$ 存在某一温度,在该温度下能量效率最高。
④反应侧压力主要影响氢气生成量和氢气渗透量。当入口流量小于 ${1.5} \times {10}^{-5}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/\mathrm{s}$ 时,甲烷转化率和能量效率随反应侧压力的增大而增大; 而入口流量超过 ${1.5} \times {10}^{-5}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/\mathrm{s}$ 后,甲烷转化率和能量效率随反应侧压力的增大而减少。因此, 反应侧压力并不是越大越好。
⑤提升水碳比有利于提高化学反应性能,但也会增加总体能耗, 降低能量效率, 因此应权衡甲烷转化率与能量效率之间的关系, 选择合适的水碳比。
⑥选择越小的渗透侧压力越有利于提升反应器性能。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52206115)
  • 陕西省自然科学基础研究计划(2022JQ-401)
  • 陕西省教育厅一般专项科研计划项目(21JK0768)
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  • 接收时间:2023-12-07
  • 首发时间:2025-07-18
  • 出版时间:2025-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-07
基金
国家自然科学基金(52206115)
陕西省自然科学基础研究计划(2022JQ-401)
陕西省教育厅一般专项科研计划项目(21JK0768)
作者信息
    1 西安科技大学 能源学院 陕西 西安 710054
    2 西安科技大学 建筑与土木工程学院 陕西 西安 710054

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王晶钰(1991-),女,博士,副教授,主要从事多孔介质内多物理场耦合特性研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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