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In order to comprehensively evaluate the power generation performance of solar cells, aiming at solving the problem that the existing photovoltaic (PV) equivalent circuit model cannot estimate its spectral response characteristics, in this paper, an equivalent physical model of solar cells and its parameter identification method based on the finite element method is proposed to estimate its electrical characteristics and spectral response. Firstly, the influence of key parameters in the finite element model on the estimation results of electrical characteristics is analyzed. Six parameters, including the thickness of the emitter region, the thickness of the base region, the doping concentration of the emitter region, the doping concentration of the base region, the series resistance, and the parallel resistance, are determined as the model parameter identification objects. Then, based on the measured currentvoltage (IV) characteristic data under high irradiation conditions, the particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to identify the above parameters. Finally, the IV characteristics under different irradiation and temperature conditions are measured and compared with the model estimation results. Meanwhile, the solar spectrum curves are measured to indirectly verify the accuracy of the spectral response of the solar cell estimated by the model. The experimental results show that the root mean square error (RMSE) of the estimated current for monoSi and polySi cell models are in the range of 0.019 2 A to 0.030 2 A and 0.018 0 A to 0.051 5 A, respectively. The absolute percentage error between the estimated shortcircuit current and the measured shortcircuit current is concentrated below 15%. The proposed equivalent physical model of solar cell and corresponding parameter identification method can comprehensively reflect its actual performance.

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为全面评估光伏电池片发电性能,针对现有光伏等效电路模型无法估算其光谱响应特性问题,文章基于有限元法提出了光伏电池片等效物理模型及其参数辨识方法,对其电气特性与光谱响应进行估算。首先,分析有限元模型中关键参数对电气特性估算结果的影响,确定发射区厚度、基区厚度、发射区掺杂浓度、基区掺杂浓度、串联电阻和并联电阻共6参数作为模型参数辨识对象;然后,以高辐照工况下实测电流电压(IV)特性数据为依据,使用粒子群算法对上述参数进行辨识;最后,实测了不同辐照和温度条件下I–V 特性并与模型估算结果对比验证,同时测量了太阳光谱曲线与光伏组件短路电流,间接验证模型估算电池片光谱响应的精确性。实验结果表明,单晶硅、多晶硅电池片模型估算结果的电流均方根误差分别为0.0192~0.030 2 A, 0.018 0~0.0515A,模型计算光谱响应结果的短路电流和实测短路电流绝对百分误差在 15%以下,使用该参数辨识方法建立的模型能够较综合地反映光伏电池片的光电转换性能。

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张经炜(1989-),男,博士,副教授,研究方向为太阳能光伏发电系统建模、故障诊断与智能运维。E-mail:

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张经炜(1989-),男,博士,副教授,研究方向为太阳能光伏发电系统建模、故障诊断与智能运维。E-mail:

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张经炜(1989-),男,博士,副教授,研究方向为太阳能光伏发电系统建模、故障诊断与智能运维。E-mail:

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参数 MPE180 单晶硅 组件 TSMPC05 多晶硅 组件
每片电池片面积 $/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$ 156.25 243.36
电池片数量 72 60
短路电流/A 5.35 8.63
开路电压 $/\mathrm{V}$ 44.6 37.3
最大功率/W 180 240
最大功率点电流/A 4.96 8.10
最大功率点电压/V 36.3 29.7
), ArticleFig(id=1159145614379701173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988931369980085, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=光伏组件规格参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 MPE180 单晶硅 组件 TSMPC05 多晶硅 组件
每片电池片面积 $/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$ 156.25 243.36
电池片数量 72 60
短路电流/A 5.35 8.63
开路电压 $/\mathrm{V}$ 44.6 37.3
最大功率/W 180 240
最大功率点电流/A 4.96 8.10
最大功率点电压/V 36.3 29.7
), ArticleFig(id=1159145614459392950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988931369980085, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Initial model parameters of PC1D simulation, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 设定值 参数 设定值
绒面深度/μm 3 基区厚度/mm 0.1
键角 $\left( {}^{ \circ }\right)$ 54.74 发射区掺杂浓度 $/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{-3}$ ${10}^{19}$
前表面反射率1% 5 基区掺杂浓度 $/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{-3}$ $5 \times {10}^{15}$
表面复合率 $/\mathrm{{cm}} \cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$ ${10}^{6}$ 串联电阻/ $\Omega$ 0.01
发射区厚度/μm 0.1 并联电阻/ $\Omega$ 2
), ArticleFig(id=1159145614551667639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988931369980085, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=PC1D 仿真模型初始参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 设定值 参数 设定值
绒面深度/μm 3 基区厚度/mm 0.1
键角 $\left( {}^{ \circ }\right)$ 54.74 发射区掺杂浓度 $/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{-3}$ ${10}^{19}$
前表面反射率1% 5 基区掺杂浓度 $/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{-3}$ $5 \times {10}^{15}$
表面复合率 $/\mathrm{{cm}} \cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$ ${10}^{6}$ 串联电阻/ $\Omega$ 0.01
发射区厚度/μm 0.1 并联电阻/ $\Omega$ 2
), ArticleFig(id=1159145614618776504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988931369980085, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=Model parameters and fitness values, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数及 适应度值 MPE180 单晶硅组件 TSMPC05 多晶硅组件
2014 2018 2013 2019
${T}_{\mathrm{n}}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ ${1.11} \times {10}^{-5}$ ${1.10} \times {10}^{-5}$ ${7.10} \times {10}^{-6}$ ${7.80} \times {10}^{-6}$
${T}_{\mathrm{p}}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 0.020 0.020 0.018 0.019
${N}_{\mathrm{A}}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{-3}$ ${1.03} \times {10}^{16}$ ${1.01} \times {10}^{16}$ ${2.36} \times {10}^{16}$ ${1.94} \times {10}^{16}$
${N}_{\mathrm{D}}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{-3}$ ${3.05} \times {10}^{20}$ ${3.38} \times {10}^{20}$ ${3.50} \times {10}^{20}$ ${3.39} \times {10}^{20}$
${R}_{\mathrm{{sh}}}/\Omega$ 0.010 0.010 0.008 0.006
${R}_{\mathrm{s}}/\Omega$ 0.422 0.415 0.301 0.456
适应度值/A 0.015 4 0.0157 0.025 4 0.0172
), ArticleFig(id=1159145614690079673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988931369980085, language=CN, label=表 3, caption=模型参数及适应度值, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数及 适应度值 MPE180 单晶硅组件 TSMPC05 多晶硅组件
2014 2018 2013 2019
${T}_{\mathrm{n}}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ ${1.11} \times {10}^{-5}$ ${1.10} \times {10}^{-5}$ ${7.10} \times {10}^{-6}$ ${7.80} \times {10}^{-6}$
${T}_{\mathrm{p}}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 0.020 0.020 0.018 0.019
${N}_{\mathrm{A}}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{-3}$ ${1.03} \times {10}^{16}$ ${1.01} \times {10}^{16}$ ${2.36} \times {10}^{16}$ ${1.94} \times {10}^{16}$
${N}_{\mathrm{D}}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{-3}$ ${3.05} \times {10}^{20}$ ${3.38} \times {10}^{20}$ ${3.50} \times {10}^{20}$ ${3.39} \times {10}^{20}$
${R}_{\mathrm{{sh}}}/\Omega$ 0.010 0.010 0.008 0.006
${R}_{\mathrm{s}}/\Omega$ 0.422 0.415 0.301 0.456
适应度值/A 0.015 4 0.0157 0.025 4 0.0172
), ArticleFig(id=1159145614744605626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988931369980085, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=RMSE under different irradiance and temperature (MPE180 module), figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
2014 年 2018 年
辐照度 温度 RMSE 辐照度 温度 RMSE
$\mathrm{W}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ A $\mathrm{W}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ A
608 40.3 0.030 2 700 41.1 0.030 2
702 43.7 0.022 2 800 44.3 0.029 7
806 47.4 0.017 7 902 49.4 0.028 9
900 488.3 0.019 2 100 1 53.3 0.024 0
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2014 年 2018 年
辐照度 温度 RMSE 辐照度 温度 RMSE
$\mathrm{W}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ A $\mathrm{W}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ A
608 40.3 0.030 2 700 41.1 0.030 2
702 43.7 0.022 2 800 44.3 0.029 7
806 47.4 0.017 7 902 49.4 0.028 9
900 488.3 0.019 2 100 1 53.3 0.024 0
), ArticleFig(id=1159145614874629052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988931369980085, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=RMSE under different irradiance and temperature (TSMPC05 module), figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
2013 年 2019 年
辐照度 温度 RMSE 辐照度 温度 RMSE
$\mathrm{W}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ A $\mathrm{W}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ A
459 53.21 0.030 2 408.2 39.8 0.051 5
577 42.11 0.029 7 505.1 43.17 0.042 5
687 53.26 0.028 9 612.1 46.38 0.026 2
701.5 54.11 0.018 0
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2013 年 2019 年
辐照度 温度 RMSE 辐照度 温度 RMSE
$\mathrm{W}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ A $\mathrm{W}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ A
459 53.21 0.030 2 408.2 39.8 0.051 5
577 42.11 0.029 7 505.1 43.17 0.042 5
687 53.26 0.028 9 612.1 46.38 0.026 2
701.5 54.11 0.018 0
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光伏电池片等效物理模型参数辨识及其光谱响应估算研究
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张经炜 1 , 曹尚 1 , 冯莉 2 , 丁坤 1 , Frank U. Hamelmann 2 , 杨航 3 , 陈翔 1
可再生能源 | 2025,43(2): 173-182
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可再生能源 | 2025, 43(2): 173-182
光伏电池片等效物理模型参数辨识及其光谱响应估算研究
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张经炜1 , 曹尚1, 冯莉2, 丁坤1, Frank U. Hamelmann2, 杨航3, 陈翔1
作者信息
  • 1 河海大学 机电工程学院 江苏 常州 213200
  • 2 比勒菲尔德应用科学与艺术大学 太阳能计算实验室 德国北莱茵-威斯特法伦 明登 32427
  • 3 常州市光伏系统集成及生产装备技术重点实验室 江苏 常州 213200
  • 张经炜(1989-),男,博士,副教授,研究方向为太阳能光伏发电系统建模、故障诊断与智能运维。E-mail:

Parameter identification and spectral response estimation of equivalent physical model of solar cells
Jingwei Zhang1 , Shang Cao1, Li Feng2, Kun Ding1, U. Hamelmann Frank2, Hang Yang3, Xiang Chen1
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Hohai University Changzhou 213200 China
  • 2 Solar Computing Laboratory Hochschule Bielefeld University of Applied Sciences and Arts Minden 32427 Germany
  • 3 Changzhou Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic System Integration and Production Equipment Technology Changzhou 213200 China
出版时间: 2025-02-20
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为全面评估光伏电池片发电性能,针对现有光伏等效电路模型无法估算其光谱响应特性问题,文章基于有限元法提出了光伏电池片等效物理模型及其参数辨识方法,对其电气特性与光谱响应进行估算。首先,分析有限元模型中关键参数对电气特性估算结果的影响,确定发射区厚度、基区厚度、发射区掺杂浓度、基区掺杂浓度、串联电阻和并联电阻共6参数作为模型参数辨识对象;然后,以高辐照工况下实测电流电压(IV)特性数据为依据,使用粒子群算法对上述参数进行辨识;最后,实测了不同辐照和温度条件下I–V 特性并与模型估算结果对比验证,同时测量了太阳光谱曲线与光伏组件短路电流,间接验证模型估算电池片光谱响应的精确性。实验结果表明,单晶硅、多晶硅电池片模型估算结果的电流均方根误差分别为0.0192~0.030 2 A, 0.018 0~0.0515A,模型计算光谱响应结果的短路电流和实测短路电流绝对百分误差在 15%以下,使用该参数辨识方法建立的模型能够较综合地反映光伏电池片的光电转换性能。

光伏电池  /  光伏模型  /  有限元模型  /  光谱响应  /  参数辨识

In order to comprehensively evaluate the power generation performance of solar cells, aiming at solving the problem that the existing photovoltaic (PV) equivalent circuit model cannot estimate its spectral response characteristics, in this paper, an equivalent physical model of solar cells and its parameter identification method based on the finite element method is proposed to estimate its electrical characteristics and spectral response. Firstly, the influence of key parameters in the finite element model on the estimation results of electrical characteristics is analyzed. Six parameters, including the thickness of the emitter region, the thickness of the base region, the doping concentration of the emitter region, the doping concentration of the base region, the series resistance, and the parallel resistance, are determined as the model parameter identification objects. Then, based on the measured currentvoltage (IV) characteristic data under high irradiation conditions, the particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to identify the above parameters. Finally, the IV characteristics under different irradiation and temperature conditions are measured and compared with the model estimation results. Meanwhile, the solar spectrum curves are measured to indirectly verify the accuracy of the spectral response of the solar cell estimated by the model. The experimental results show that the root mean square error (RMSE) of the estimated current for monoSi and polySi cell models are in the range of 0.019 2 A to 0.030 2 A and 0.018 0 A to 0.051 5 A, respectively. The absolute percentage error between the estimated shortcircuit current and the measured shortcircuit current is concentrated below 15%. The proposed equivalent physical model of solar cell and corresponding parameter identification method can comprehensively reflect its actual performance.

solar cells  /  photovoltaic model  /  finite element model  /  spectral response  /  parameter identification
张经炜, 曹尚, 冯莉, 丁坤, Frank U. Hamelmann, 杨航, 陈翔. 光伏电池片等效物理模型参数辨识及其光谱响应估算研究. 可再生能源, 2025 , 43 (2) : 173 -182 .
Jingwei Zhang, Shang Cao, Li Feng, Kun Ding, U. Hamelmann Frank, Hang Yang, Xiang Chen. Parameter identification and spectral response estimation of equivalent physical model of solar cells[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2025 , 43 (2) : 173 -182 .
光伏电池片是光伏组件的基础发电单元,光伏电池片串联封装后构成光伏组件。精确的光伏电池片模型能准确地反映其发电性能, 降低电池片研发成本, 基于此模型还可扩展为光伏组件、光伏阵列发电模型, 广泛应用于光伏电池片老化分析 [ 1 ] 、光伏阵列最大功率点追踪 [ 2 ] 、功率预测 [ 3 , 4 ] 、故障诊断 [ 5 ] 、含光伏电源的微电网建模 [ 6 ] 等领域。随着光伏行业的不断发展, 对于光伏电池片模型的要求日渐提高,不仅要求模型精度高,还要求模型能够更全面地反映光伏电池片的光电转换特性。 通过对光伏电池片光谱响应等光电转换特性分析, 可以在电池片设计和优化中获取最佳方案。因此, 准确估算光伏电池片光电转换特性有着重要意义。
当前, 光伏电池片模型主要有物理模型、拟合模型等。物理模型包括有限元模型 [ 7 , 8 ] 、等效电路模型 [ 9 - 11 ] ,其中有限元模型主要用于电池片结构设计与电场中载流子寿命、浓度等物理特性分析 [ 8 ] , 模型中涉及的工艺参数较多; 而等效电路模型主要用于分析电池片或组件、阵列的输出特性, 包括单二极管模型 [ 9 ] 、双二极管模型 [ 9 , 10 ] 、多二极管模型 [ 11 ] 等。二极管模型参数包括光生电流、反向饱和电流、串联电阻、并联电阻以及理想因子, 模型参数较少且模型求解较快 [ 9 ] ,在仿真实际 $I - V$ 输出特性上具有较好的效果, 但不能用于估算光伏电池片的光谱响应(Spectral Response, SR)等光电特性。另一类拟合模型 [ 12 ] 是根据光伏电池片的输出特性数据, 采用非线性拟合方程或神经网络等方法建立模型。拟合模型计算速度快,但其精度更依赖样本数据, 且此类黑盒模型没有实际物理意义, 且同样无法估算不同太阳辐照光谱下光伏电池片的光电特性。
在建立上述模型过程中, 模型参数的辨识精度直接影响建模精度。传统等效电路模型参数辨识的方法主要分为解析法 [ 12 , 13 ] 和元启发式算法 [ 14 , 15 ] 。 解析法根据主要电气参数如最大功率点电压、电流,短路电流、开路电压数据 [ 13 ] ,可通过解析方程求解模型参数。元启发式算法常用于处理复杂优化问题,近年来广泛应用于光伏模型的参数辨识。 常用的元启发式算法有:粒子群算法、灰狼算法、 教与学算法及其改进算法等, 元启发式算法具有一定的全局搜索特点, 辨识出的模型参数具有更高的精度和稳定性 [ 15 ]
综上可知, 光伏电池片建模及其参数辨识方法主要用于估算光伏电池片输出电气特性, 无法表征其光谱响应等光电转换特性。为全面评估光伏电池片光电转换性能, 本文基于有限元法提出光伏电池片等效物理模型及其参数辨识方法。建立等效有限元物理模型, 并对主要参数进行合理选择及分析;提出了电流、电压双线性插值法, 对实测 $I - V$ 数据做插值处理,有效消除实测数据点不均匀对参数提取精度的影响;基于元启发式算法提出了等效物理模型参数的辨识方法, 以加快辨识收敛速度、保障辨识精度。本文建立的等效物理模型可对电池片电气特性与光谱响应特性进行估算, 具有较高精度, 可更全面地反映电池片综合性能。
本文采用 PC1D (Personal Computer One Dimension)开源求解器作为光伏电池片有限元模型求解程序 [ 16 ] ,该求解器可求解描述晶硅光伏器件中电子-空穴运输的全耦合非线性方程组 [ 17 ] ,包括:
${J}_{\mathrm{n}} = {\mu }_{\mathrm{n}} \cdot n \cdot \nabla {E}_{\mathrm{{Fn}}}$
${J}_{\mathrm{p}} = {\mu }_{\mathrm{p}} \cdot p \cdot \nabla {E}_{\mathrm{{Fp}}}$
$\frac{\partial n}{\partial t} = \frac{\nabla \cdot {J}_{\mathrm{n}}}{q} + {G}_{\mathrm{L}} - {U}_{\mathrm{n}}$
$\frac{\partial p}{\partial t} = \frac{\nabla \cdot {J}_{\mathrm{p}}}{q} + {G}_{\mathrm{L}} - {U}_{\mathrm{p}}$
$\nabla \cdot \left( {\varepsilon \nabla \psi }\right) = - \rho$
其中:式(1),(2)为电池片中载流子运输方程;式 (3),(4)为其连续性方程;式(5)为泊松方程。
式中:${J}_{\mathrm{n}},{J}_{\mathrm{p}}$分别为电子和空穴电流密度;${\mu }_{\mathrm{n}},{\mu }_{\mathrm{p}}$分别为电子和空穴的迁移率;$n, p$分别为电子和空穴的密度;${E}_{\mathrm{{Fn}}},{E}_{\mathrm{{Fp}}}$分别为电子和空穴准费米能级;$q$为基本电荷常数,取${1.602} \times {10}^{-{19}}\mathrm{C};{G}_{\mathrm{L}}$为电子- 空穴的光生速率;${U}_{\mathrm{n}},{U}_{\mathrm{p}}$分别为电子和空穴的净复合率;$\varepsilon$为介电常数,取${8.854} \times {10}^{-{12}}\mathrm{\;F}/\mathrm{m};\psi$为静电势;$\rho$为体电荷密度。
求解以上方程, 还需相应的载流子统计模型。 PC1D 6.2 中引入了费米-狄拉克统计模型, 可更精确求解晶硅电池片中高掺杂区域载流子状态 [ 16 ] 。 基于上述模型,在 PC1D 中建立了晶硅光伏电池片准一维有限元模型, 如图 1 所示。
已有研究表明, 在电池片工艺参数中, 发射区厚度$\left( {T}_{\mathrm{n}}\right)$、基区厚度$\left( {T}_{\mathrm{p}}\right)$、发射区掺杂浓度$\left( {N}_{\mathrm{A}}\right)$、 基区掺杂浓度$\left( {N}_{\mathrm{D}}\right)$、等效串联电阻$\left( {R}_{\mathrm{s}}\right)$和并联电阻$\left( {R}_{\mathrm{{sh}}}\right)$对电池片发电性能影响显著 [ 17 ] 。本文所分析的单晶硅与多晶硅光伏组件参数如表 1 所示。
为保证有限元模型仿真精度, 采用文献[ 17 ] 中参数作为 PC1D 仿真初始值,如表 2 所示。
以 MPE180 单晶硅组件中电池片为例, 通过依次设置以上各参数变化, 分析各参数对其电流-电压(I - V)特性影响关系,验证以上参数选择的合理性,结果如图 2 所示。
图 2(a) 可知, 当保持其他参数不变时, 随着发射区厚度${T}_{\mathrm{n}}$的增加,光伏电池片开路电压变化较小,短路电流不断减小。由图 2(b)可知,随着基区厚度${T}_{\mathrm{p}}$的增加,电池片的短路电流和开路电压明显增加,当从${0.1}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$增加到${1.0}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$时,短路电流和开路电压基本不再发生变化, 但最大功率明显降低。由图 2(c)可知,随着发射区掺杂浓度${N}_{\mathrm{A}}$的提高,电池片的短路电流减小,开路电压略有增加。由图 2(d)可知,随着基区掺杂浓度${N}_{\mathrm{D}}$的提高,电池片的开路电压不断增大。由图 2(e)可知,随着光伏电池片等效串联电阻${R}_{\mathrm{s}}$的增大,$I - V$曲线中接近开路电压处斜率绝对值减小。由图 2 (f) 可知,当光伏电池片的等效并联电阻${R}_{\mathrm{{sh}}}$减小时, 短路电流附近曲线斜率绝对值增大, 最大功率点也出现了明显的降低。
通过上述分析, 本文选取对电池片性能影响较大的 6 个参数$\left( {{T}_{\mathrm{n}},{T}_{\mathrm{p}},{N}_{\mathrm{A}},{N}_{\mathrm{D}},{R}_{\mathrm{s}},{R}_{\mathrm{{sh}}}}\right)$,作为光伏电池片模型参数辨识的目标。
在实验设备采样获取实测数据过程中, 由于采用固定电流步长或固定电压步长扫描光伏组件或光伏阵列$I - V$特性曲线,但实测$I - V$曲线在短路点 (Short Circuit Point, SCP) 到最大功率点 (Maximum Power Point, MPP)间的斜率和 MPP 到开路点(Open Circuit Point, OCP)间的斜率差别较大,导致$I - V$曲线上数据点的分布不均匀,容易出现在 SCP 到 MPP 之间扫描点数较少, OCP 到 MPP 之间扫描点数过多的情况。为消除数据点不均匀、SCP-MPP 段数据点过少对建模精度的影响,采用电流、电压双线性插值,对原始$I - V$数据进行重采样 [ 18 ] ,采样流程如图 3 所示。
①首先,对原始的$I - V$数据中最小的电流值${I}_{\min }$和最大的电流值${I}_{\max }$之间采用相同的步长均匀采样 150 个电流值${I}_{\text{res }}$。以同样方法将电压从电压最小值${V}_{\min }$到电压最大值${V}_{\max }$之间采用相同的步长均匀采样 150 个电压值${V}_{\text{res }}$
②对于以上采样选取的电流、电压值,通过线性插值的方式计算得到相对应的电压与电流值, 得到重采样后的 300 个$I - V$数据点。通过线性插值计算相对应的电压与电流值的具体公式为
${V}_{\text{int }, i} = \frac{\left( {{I}_{\text{res }, i} - {I}_{\mathrm{L}1}}\right) \cdot {V}_{\mathrm{R}1} + \left( {{I}_{\mathrm{R}1} - {I}_{\text{res }, i}}\right) \cdot {V}_{\mathrm{L}1}}{{I}_{\mathrm{R}1} - {I}_{\mathrm{L}1}}$
式中:${I}_{\mathrm{{res}}, i}$为电流重采样中均匀采样点${I}_{\mathrm{{res}}}$中的第$i$个采样点;${V}_{\text{int }, i}$${I}_{\text{res }, i}$相对应的插值所得的电压值;${I}_{\mathrm{L}1},{V}_{\mathrm{L}1}$分别为采样点${I}_{\mathrm{{res}}, i}$左侧相邻的实测采样点的电流和电压值;${I}_{\mathrm{{Rl}}},{V}_{\mathrm{{Rl}}}$分别为采样点${I}_{\mathrm{{res}}, i}$右侧相邻的实测采样点的电流和电压值。
${I}_{\text{int }, j} = \frac{\left( {{V}_{\mathrm{{res}}, j} - {V}_{\mathrm{L}2}}\right) \cdot {I}_{\mathrm{R}2} + \left( {{V}_{\mathrm{R}2} - {V}_{\mathrm{{res}}, j}}\right) \cdot {I}_{\mathrm{L}2}}{{V}_{\mathrm{R}2} - {V}_{\mathrm{L}2}}$
式中:${V}_{\mathrm{{res}}, j}$为电压重采样中均匀采样点${V}_{\mathrm{{res}}}$中的第$j$个采样点;${I}_{\text{int }, j}$${V}_{\text{res }, j}$相对应的插值所得的电流值;${I}_{\mathrm{L}2},{V}_{\mathrm{L}2}$分别为采样点${V}_{\mathrm{{res}}, j}$左侧相邻的实测采样点的电流和电压值;${I}_{\mathrm{R}2},{V}_{\mathrm{R}2}$分别为采样点${V}_{\mathrm{{res}}, j}$右侧相邻的实测采样点的电流和电压值。
③将重采样的 300 个数据点, 按照电压进行降序排列,得到重采样后的$I - V$数据。
图 4$I - V$曲线重采样原理图。其中: 图 4 (a) 为原始实测数据的$I - V$曲线,存在着数据点分布不均匀问题; 图 4(d)为采用上述重采样方法获取的$I - V$曲线。可以看出,重采样后的$I - V$曲线保留了原始$I - V$曲线的特征,同时,数据点更加均匀,更能满足光伏电池片参数辨识的要求。
为了精确地辨识上述 6 个模型参数值, 依照表 2 设定的模型参数默认值, 采用粒子群算法 (Particle Swarm Optimization, PSO)对所须辨识的 6 个参数进行寻优辨识, 相应寻优辨识流程如图 5 所示。
①初始化种群粒子。算法中各个粒子维数为所须要辨识光伏电池片模型参数的数目, 本文为 6 维; 种群中粒子数目为$P$个。种群中每个粒子的位置和初始速度可以表示为
$\left\{ \begin{array}{l} {x}_{i} = \left\lbrack {{x}_{i,1},{x}_{i,2},\cdots ,{x}_{i,6}}\right\rbrack , i = 1,2,\cdots , P \\ {v}_{i} = \left\lbrack {{v}_{i,1},{v}_{i,2},\cdots ,{v}_{i,6}}\right\rbrack , i = 1,2,\cdots , P \end{array}\right.$
②计算粒子的适应度。将初始化的粒子位置所代表的模型参数值代入有限元模型中, 计算实测环境条件下有限元模型的$I - V$曲线与实测$I - V$曲线的电流均方根误差(Root Mean Square Error, RMSE), 作为该粒子的适应度。其计算式为
${\varepsilon }_{\text{RMSE }} = \sqrt{\frac{1}{N}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{N}{\left( {I}_{\text{measure }, i} - {I}_{\text{model }, i}\right) }^{2}}$
式中:$N$$I - V$曲线点的个数;${I}_{\text{measure }, i}$为第$i$个点的实测电流值;${I}_{\text{model }, i}$为模型计算得到的电流值。
③第$i$个粒子在此次迭代中所搜索到的最佳位置为个体最佳位置${p}_{\mathrm{{best}}, i}$。对每个粒子,如果适应度值小于个体最优值, 则用该适应度值将其替换。
④整个种群所搜索到的最佳位置为种群历史最优位置${g}_{\text{best }}$。对每个粒子,如果它的适应度值小于全局最优值, 则用该适应度值替换为种群历史最优值。
⑤更新粒子的速度和位置。根据式(10)对粒子的速度和位置进行更新 [ 19 ]
$\left\{ \begin{array}{l} {v}_{i} = \omega {v}_{i} + {c}_{1}{r}_{1}\left( {{p}_{\text{best }, i} - {x}_{i}}\right) + {c}_{2}{r}_{2}\left( {{g}_{\text{best }, i} - {x}_{i}}\right) \\ {x}_{i} = {x}_{i} + {v}_{i} \end{array}\right.$
式中:$\omega$为惯性权重;${c}_{1}$${c}_{2}$为学习因子;${r}_{1}$${r}_{2}$为在$\left\lbrack {0,1}\right\rbrack$内变化的加速度权重系数。
⑥在更新完粒子的速度和位置之后,进入下一次迭代的过程,直到达到最大迭代次数后,输出最优解, 包括模型的参数值及最优适应度, 即电流的均方根误差。
为提取光伏电池片等效物理模型参数, 利用实验室已搭建的光伏组件实验平台, 测量了 MPE180 单晶硅组件与 TSMPC05 多晶硅组件$I - V$特性及相应时刻的辐照度、组件背板温度数据,如图 6 所示。图 6(a)中实验平台位于德国明登市, 包含辐照传感器、PT1000 温度传感器,采用 Papendorf$I - V$测量系统测量 MPE180 单晶硅组件$I - V$特性。图 6(b)中实验平台位于中国常州市,包含 TBQ-2 型辐照传感器、PT100 温度传感器,采用 Ceyear 87715D$I - V$曲线测试仪测量 TSMPC05 多晶硅组件$I - V$特性。将实测光伏组件$I - V$特性电压值除以组件中串联电池片数量,建立光伏组件中电池片平均的$I - V$特性曲线并与建模结果对比。此外还配置 MS-700 太阳光谱仪, 以测量太阳光谱, 验证模型对电池片光谱响应的估算精度。分别使用 2014 年 07 月 28 日 14 时 43 分和 2018 年 08 月 06 日 13 时 58 分实测数据, 提取MPE180 单晶硅组件中电池片的等效物理模型参数,相应的辐照度分别为${936},{1005}\mathrm{\;W}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$,组件背板温度分别为${49.4},{53.1}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$;分别使用 2013 年 06 月 17 日 10 时 11 分和 2019 年 06 月 15 日 11 时 09 分实测数据,计算 TSMPC05 多晶硅组件中电池片的等效物理模型参数, 相应的辐照度分别为${802.0},{720.8}\mathrm{\;W}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$,组件背板温度分别为 52.30,${50.97}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$,其中 2013 年 06 月 17 日实测数据源于文献[ 20 ]中测量结果。
对实测数据进行 2.1 节所示预处理后, 设置 PSO 算法迭代次数为 60 次, 种群数目为 100 , 学习因子${c}_{1} = {c}_{2} = {1.5}$,所辨识 6 个参数:${T}_{\mathrm{n}}$${0.5} \times {10}^{-5} \sim$${1.5} \times {10}^{-5}\mathrm{\;{mm}};{T}_{\mathrm{p}}$${0.015} \sim {0.030}\mathrm{\;{mm}};{N}_{\mathrm{A}}$${0.5} \times$${10}^{16} \sim {2.5} \times {10}^{16}{\mathrm{\;{cm}}}^{-3};{N}_{\mathrm{D}}$${2.5} \times {10}^{20} \sim {4.0} \times {10}^{20}{\mathrm{\;{cm}}}^{-3};{R}_{\mathrm{s}}$${0.001} \sim {0.030\Omega };{R}_{\mathrm{{sh}}}$${1.7} \sim {5.0\Omega }$
迭代过程中适应度值的变化如图 7 所示。在对有限元模型进行参数辨识时, PSO 算法收敛速度较快,在 30 次迭代后已趋于收敛。在 60 次迭代完成时, 2014 年、2018 年 MPE-180 单晶硅模型、 2013 年、2019 年 TSMPC05 多晶硅电池片模型的适应度值分别为 0.0154,0.0157,0.0254,0.0172 A,所提取 6 参数值和适应度值如表 3 所示。
对于 MPE180 单晶硅组件和 TSMPC05 多晶硅组件,均采用不同的辐照度和温度下 $I - V$ 曲线进行精确度验证。计算模型仿真得到的 $I - V$ 曲线相比于实测 $I - V$ 曲线的电流 RMSE 值作为模型精度评价依据,由式 (9) 计算得出。图 8 为实测 $I -$ $V$ 曲线和采用 3.1 节中所辨识模型参数建立的光伏电池片等效物理模型仿真 $I - V$ 曲线。
图 8 可见,仿真 $I - V$ 特性曲线与实测 $I - V$ 特性曲线基本一致。
各实测环境条件的辐照度、温度, 及相应的 RMSE 值如表 4,5 所示。
表 4,5 可见,采用本文方法提取的模型参数满足所建立的光伏电池片等效物理模型建模精度要求。在高辐照环境条件下建模精度较高, 在中、低辐照下 MPE180 单晶硅电池片 $I - V$ 特性建模均方根误差最大为 0.0302 A, TSMPC05 多晶硅电池片 $I - V$ 特性建模均方根误差在 ${0.0515}\mathrm{\;A}$ 以内。
本文建立的光伏电池片等效物理模型除了可估算$I - V$特性曲线之外,还可计算电池片外量子效率(External Quantum Efficiency, EQE)等光电性能 [ 21 ] 。在建模过程中以辐照为${0.001}\mathrm{\;W}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$的单色光作为光伏电池片等效物理模型的激励输入, 设置其光谱从${300} \sim {1200}\mathrm{\;{nm}}$${10}\mathrm{\;{nm}}$间隔变化,基于有限元法估算出各波长下光伏电池片外量子效率, 再由外量子效率计算光伏电池片光谱响应为
$R\left( \lambda \right) = \frac{{\eta }_{\text{ext }}\lambda }{hc}$
式中:$R\left( \lambda \right)$为所估算的电池片的光谱响应;${\eta }_{\text{ext }}$为所估算的电池片的外量子效率;$\lambda$为实际光源波长,$\mathrm{m};h$为普朗克常数,为${4.1457}\mathrm{{eV}} \cdot \mathrm{s};c$为光速,为$3 \times {10}^{8}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$
采用本文方法提取的模型参数建立的光伏电池片等效物理模型可以对光谱响应, 为了验证其估算精度, 通过模型估算的外量子效率, 结合实测太阳光谱计算电池片光生电流, 并与实测短路电流对比,间接验证模型精度。实验中选用 TSMPC05 多晶硅组件在 2021 年 07 月 30 日 10 时 24 分的实测气象数据, 通过模型获得的外量子效率计算的光谱响应曲线及实测太阳光谱曲线见图 9
通过模型估算的电池片光谱响应及太阳光谱曲线, 积分可得到光伏电池片的光生电流密度, 进而获得光生电流, 其计算式为
$\left\{ \begin{array}{l} {J}_{\mathrm{{ph}}} = \int R\left( \lambda \right) \times G \times \mathrm{d}\lambda \\ {I}_{\mathrm{{ph}}} = {J}_{\mathrm{{ph}}} \times S \end{array}\right.$
式中:${J}_{\mathrm{{ph}}}$为光生电流密度;$G$为太阳光谱;$\mathrm{d}\lambda$为太阳光波长的微分;${I}_{\mathrm{{ph}}}$为光生电流;$S$为电池片面积。
通常情况下, 光生电流值约为其短路电流, 因此, 可以通过对光谱响应计算得到的光生电流与实测短路电流进行误差比较, 验证模型光谱响应的准确性。
选取 2021 年夏季 07 月 30 日,在晴天条件下,10:00-16:30 采样 96 条太阳光谱曲线 (采样周期约为$4\mathrm{\;{min}}$);2021 年冬季 12 月 01 日多云条及 12 月 02 日晴天条件下,分别从 10:00-16:00 采样共 72 条太阳光谱曲线(采样周期约为 10$\min )$,如图10所示。
对不同太阳光谱辐照条件下的数据进行误差统计,并在每条太阳光谱下,计算模型输出光生电流值与实测短路电流的绝对百分误差,即:
${\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{{abs}}} = \frac{\left| {I}_{\mathrm{{ph}}} - {I}_{\mathrm{{sc}}}\right| }{{I}_{\mathrm{{sc}}}} \times {100}\%$
式中:${\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{{abs}}}$为模型输出光生电流和实测短路电流的绝对百分误差;${I}_{\mathrm{{sc}}}$为实测短路电流。
对百分比误差进行计算、统计、分析, 如图 11 所示。可见模型输出光生电流和实测短路电流的绝对百分误差集中在 15%以内,证明采用本文模型参数提取方法建立的光伏电池片等效物理模型估算光谱响应精度较高,基本满足工程应用,可以通过该模型获得电池片外量子效率, 估算光伏电池片的光谱响应。
与光伏电池片传统的物理模型和数学模型相比,本文建立的有限元模型可更全面反映光伏电池片性能, 且一维有限元模型具有较快的计算速度、高精确度及光谱响应。
①分析有限元模型中不同参数的变化对电池片输出特性的影响,选取发射区厚度 $\left( {T}_{\mathrm{n}}\right)$ 、基区厚度 $\left( {T}_{\mathrm{p}}\right)$ 、发射区掺杂浓度 $\left( {N}_{\mathrm{A}}\right)$ 、基区掺杂浓度 $\left( {N}_{\mathrm{D}}\right)$ 、串联电阻 $\left( {R}_{\mathrm{s}}\right)$ 和并联电阻 $\left( {R}_{\mathrm{{sh}}}\right) 6$ 个参数作为参数辨识的目标。
②对实测 $I - V$ 数据进行电流、电压双线性插值预处理后,采用 PSO 算法对 2014 年、2018 年 MPE180 单晶硅组件及 2013 年、2019 年 TSMPC05 多晶硅组件进行参数辨识。算法在迭代 30 次时已经趋于收敛,在迭代 60 次时,适应度值分别为 ${0.0154},{0.0157},{0.0254},{0.0172}\mathrm{\;A}$ ,辨识精度较高。
③为验证模型精度, 对模型在不同辐照度和温度下的 $I - V$ 特性曲线拟合度及光谱响应精度进行验证,实测 $I - V$ 曲线和模型仿真得到的 $I - V$ 曲线的电流均方根误差(RMSE)多数在 ${0.03}\mathrm{\;A}$ 以下; 使用该模型求解的光谱响应估算的光生电流和实测短路电流误差集中在 15%以下。所建立光伏电池片有限元模型在不同气象条件下同样具有较高的精度。
  • 常州市科技计划资助(CJ20230043)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助(B230201004)
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2025年第43卷第2期
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  • 接收时间:2023-12-04
  • 首发时间:2025-07-18
  • 出版时间:2025-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-04
基金
常州市科技计划资助(CJ20230043)
中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助(B230201004)
作者信息
    1 河海大学 机电工程学院 江苏 常州 213200
    2 比勒菲尔德应用科学与艺术大学 太阳能计算实验室 德国北莱茵-威斯特法伦 明登 32427
    3 常州市光伏系统集成及生产装备技术重点实验室 江苏 常州 213200
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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