Article(id=1152988931047018675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1152988930656948403, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1692374400000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-19, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752823582660, onlineDateStr=2025-07-18, pubDate=1739980800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752823582660, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752823582660, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752823582660, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1152988930656948403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, year='2025', volume='43', issue='2', pageStart='143', pageEnd='284', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1752823582567, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753694496025, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156641806499570521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1152988930656948403, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156641806499570522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1152988930656948403, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=143, endPage=151, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1152988931349008564, articleId=1152988931047018675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, language=EN, title=Research on enzymatic hydrolysis and saccharification process of corn straw based on mild pretreatment, columnId=null, journalTitle=Renewable Energy Resources, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of straw type biomass are among the key technologies for its high value conversion and utilization. Using corn stover as the raw material, pretreatment methods with formic acid, sodium chlorite, and alkaline hydrogen peroxide were studied and compared. Methods such as scanning electron microscopy, Xray diffraction, and Fouriertransform infrared spectroscopy were employed to analyze the composition, morphology, crystal structure, and functional groups of corn straw before and after pretreatment. After pretreatment with formic acid, sodium chlorite, and alkaline hydrogen peroxide, the lignin removal rates were 66.71%, 97.12%, and 91.88% respectively, and the enzymatic hydrolysis rates reached 63.26%, 71.83%, and 95.14% respectively. Under the conditions where the cellulase dosage is 19.6 FPU/g, the xylanase dosage is 35.44 IU/g, and the Tween 80 dosage is 20.96 mg/g, the predicted enzymatic hydrolysis rate of corn straw pretreated with alkaline hydrogen peroxide is 95.57%, while the actual enzymatic hydrolysis rate is 94.42%. The optimal feeding strategy for high solid enzymatic hydrolysis was an initial substrate concentration of 8%, with 4% of the substrate added at 6, 12 h, and 24 h respectively. After 120 h of enzymatic hydrolysis, the enzymatic hydrolysis rate reached 87.57%.

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秸秆类生物质的预处理和酶解是实现其高值化转化、利用的关键技术之一。文章以玉米秸秆为原料,对甲酸、亚氯酸钠和碱性过氧化氢预处理方法进行了研究和比较。采用扫描电镜、X射线衍射和傅里叶变换红外光谱等方法对预处理前后玉米秸秆的组成、形貌、晶体结构和官能团进行了分析。经过甲酸、亚氯酸钠和碱性过氧化氢预处理后,木质素去除率分别为66.71%,97.12%和91.88%,酶解率分别达到63.26%,71.83%和95.14%。在纤维素酶添加量为19.6 FPU/g,木聚糖酶添加量为35.44 IU/g,吐温80添加量为20.96 mg/g 的条件下,碱性过氧化氢预处理后玉米秸秆的预测酶解率为95.57%,实际酶解率为94.42%。高固体酶解的最佳补料策略是初始底物浓度为8%,在6,12,24h分别添加4%的底物,酶解120h后,酶解率达到87.57%。

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常春(1973-),男,教授,博士生导师,研究方向为生物质高值化利用。E-mail:
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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159145430639825710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988931047018675, language=CN, label=图 4, caption=不同因素对酶解率的交互影响, figureFileSmall=343BbODKbbV+AnzLGyzFWg==, figureFileBig=8ecWKQmwwBF+Mage2diRZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159145430694351663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988931047018675, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Coding of factors and levels for response surface experiments, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素 编码 水平
-1 0 1
纤维素酶/FPU· ${\mathrm{g}}^{-1}$ ${\mathrm{X}}_{1}$ 14 18 22
木聚糖酶/IU・ ${\mathrm{g}}^{-1}$ ${\mathrm{X}}_{2}$ 20 30 40
吐温 ${80}/\mathrm{{mg}} \cdot {\mathrm{g}}^{-1}$ ${\mathrm{X}}_{3}$ 10 20 30
), ArticleFig(id=1159145430753071920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988931047018675, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=响应面实验因素水平编码, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素 编码 水平
-1 0 1
纤维素酶/FPU· ${\mathrm{g}}^{-1}$ ${\mathrm{X}}_{1}$ 14 18 22
木聚糖酶/IU・ ${\mathrm{g}}^{-1}$ ${\mathrm{X}}_{2}$ 20 30 40
吐温 ${80}/\mathrm{{mg}} \cdot {\mathrm{g}}^{-1}$ ${\mathrm{X}}_{3}$ 10 20 30
), ArticleFig(id=1159145430811792177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988931047018675, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Components of straw before and after different pretreatments and results of enzymatic saccharification, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品 纤维素/% 半纤维素/% 木质素/% 半纤维素去除率1% 木质素去除率1% 酶解率/%
原料 36.17 27.98 14.75
F-R 79.38 1.67 7.84 97.55 77.69 63.26
S-R 57.56 32.46 0.41 24.82 98.19 71.83
H-R 74.04 17.32 1.78 73.95 93.72 95.14
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样品 纤维素/% 半纤维素/% 木质素/% 半纤维素去除率1% 木质素去除率1% 酶解率/%
原料 36.17 27.98 14.75
F-R 79.38 1.67 7.84 97.55 77.69 63.26
S-R 57.56 32.46 0.41 24.82 98.19 71.83
H-R 74.04 17.32 1.78 73.95 93.72 95.14
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序号 纤维素酶 FPU/g 木聚糖酶 吐温 80 mg/g 酶解率 %
1 14 20 20 82.44
2 22 20 20 93.86
3 14 40 20 88.07
4 22 40 20 93.64
5 14 30 10 83.76
6 22 30 10 91.67
7 14 30 30 84.28
8 22 30 30 93.63
9 18 20 10 87.54
10 18 40 10 93.58
11 18 20 30 89.34
12 18 40 30 93.51
13 18 30 20 94.02
14 18 30 20 93.38
15 18 30 20 94.34
16 18 30 20 94.25
17 18 30 20 96.13
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序号 纤维素酶 FPU/g 木聚糖酶 吐温 80 mg/g 酶解率 %
1 14 20 20 82.44
2 22 20 20 93.86
3 14 40 20 88.07
4 22 40 20 93.64
5 14 30 10 83.76
6 22 30 10 91.67
7 14 30 30 84.28
8 22 30 30 93.63
9 18 20 10 87.54
10 18 40 10 93.58
11 18 20 30 89.34
12 18 40 30 93.51
13 18 30 20 94.02
14 18 30 20 93.38
15 18 30 20 94.34
16 18 30 20 94.25
17 18 30 20 96.13
), ArticleFig(id=1159145431109587765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988931047018675, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=Analysis of variance of coefficients of response surface regression equations, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方差来源 平方和 自由度 均方差 均方差
模型 285.28 9 31.70 31.70 <0.000 1
${X}_{1}$ 146.63 1 146.63 146.63 <0.000 1
${X}_{2}$ 30.50 1 30.50 30.50 0.000 9
${X}_{3}$ 2.22 1 2.22 2.22 0.184 6
${X}_{1}{X}_{2}$ 8.56 1 8.56 8.56 0.023 2
${X}_{1}{X}_{3}$ 0.52 1 0.52 0.52 0.4996
${X}_{2}{X}_{3}$ 0.87 1 0.87 0.87 0.386 0
${X}_{1}^{2}$ 60.46 1 60.46 60.46 <0.000 1
${X}_{2}^{2}$ 5.40 1 5.40 5.40 0.053 3
${X}_{3}^{2}$ 22.26 1 22.26 22.26 0.0023
残差 7.16 7 1.02 1.02
失拟项 2.96 3 0.99 0.99 0.500 5
纯误差 4.20 4 1.05 1.05
总和 292.44 16
${R}^{2}$ 0.975 5
${R}_{\text{adj }}^{2}$ 0.944 0
), ArticleFig(id=1159145431176696630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988931047018675, language=CN, label=表 4, caption=响应面回归方程系数的方差分析, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方差来源 平方和 自由度 均方差 均方差
模型 285.28 9 31.70 31.70 <0.000 1
${X}_{1}$ 146.63 1 146.63 146.63 <0.000 1
${X}_{2}$ 30.50 1 30.50 30.50 0.000 9
${X}_{3}$ 2.22 1 2.22 2.22 0.184 6
${X}_{1}{X}_{2}$ 8.56 1 8.56 8.56 0.023 2
${X}_{1}{X}_{3}$ 0.52 1 0.52 0.52 0.4996
${X}_{2}{X}_{3}$ 0.87 1 0.87 0.87 0.386 0
${X}_{1}^{2}$ 60.46 1 60.46 60.46 <0.000 1
${X}_{2}^{2}$ 5.40 1 5.40 5.40 0.053 3
${X}_{3}^{2}$ 22.26 1 22.26 22.26 0.0023
残差 7.16 7 1.02 1.02
失拟项 2.96 3 0.99 0.99 0.500 5
纯误差 4.20 4 1.05 1.05
总和 292.44 16
${R}^{2}$ 0.975 5
${R}_{\text{adj }}^{2}$ 0.944 0
), ArticleFig(id=1159145431252194103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988931047018675, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=Results of high-solid enzymatic hydrolysis and saccharification experiments, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
初始1% 补料/% 酶解率1%
6 h 12 h 96 h 120 h
10 4 3 3 70.61 81.56 83.66 84.13
10 6 2 2 72.53 82.11 86.47 86.86
8 4 4 4 73.11 83.21 86.70 87.57
6 5 5 4 70.32 77.10 78.80 83.47
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初始1% 补料/% 酶解率1%
6 h 12 h 96 h 120 h
10 4 3 3 70.61 81.56 83.66 84.13
10 6 2 2 72.53 82.11 86.47 86.86
8 4 4 4 73.11 83.21 86.70 87.57
6 5 5 4 70.32 77.10 78.80 83.47
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基于温和预处理玉米秸秆的酶解糖化工艺研究
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张欢欢 1 , 林钰程 1 , 王圆圆 1 , 赵世强 1 , 杜朝军 2 , 赵子高 3 , 常春 1, 4
可再生能源 | 2025,43(2): 143-151
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可再生能源 | 2025, 43(2): 143-151
基于温和预处理玉米秸秆的酶解糖化工艺研究
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张欢欢1, 林钰程1, 王圆圆1, 赵世强1, 杜朝军2, 赵子高3, 常春1, 4
作者信息
  • 1 郑州大学 化工学院 河南 郑州 450001
  • 2 南阳理工学院 郑州大学南阳研究院 河南 南阳 473004
  • 3 生物基运输燃料技术全国重点实验室 河南 南阳 473000
  • 4 河南省杰出外籍科学家工作室 河南 郑州 450001

通讯作者:

常春(1973-),男,教授,博士生导师,研究方向为生物质高值化利用。E-mail:
Research on enzymatic hydrolysis and saccharification process of corn straw based on mild pretreatment
Huanhuan Zhang1, Yucheng Lin1, Yuanyuan Wang1, Shiqiang Zhao1, Chaojun Du2, Zigao Zhao3, Chun Chang1, 4
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Chemical Engineering Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 China
  • 2 Nanyang Research Institute of Zhengzhou University Nanyang Institute of Technology Nanyang 473004 China
  • 3 National Key Laboratory of Biobased Transport Fuel Technology Nanyang 473000 China
  • 4 Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists Zhengzhou 450001 China
出版时间: 2025-02-20
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秸秆类生物质的预处理和酶解是实现其高值化转化、利用的关键技术之一。文章以玉米秸秆为原料,对甲酸、亚氯酸钠和碱性过氧化氢预处理方法进行了研究和比较。采用扫描电镜、X射线衍射和傅里叶变换红外光谱等方法对预处理前后玉米秸秆的组成、形貌、晶体结构和官能团进行了分析。经过甲酸、亚氯酸钠和碱性过氧化氢预处理后,木质素去除率分别为66.71%,97.12%和91.88%,酶解率分别达到63.26%,71.83%和95.14%。在纤维素酶添加量为19.6 FPU/g,木聚糖酶添加量为35.44 IU/g,吐温80添加量为20.96 mg/g 的条件下,碱性过氧化氢预处理后玉米秸秆的预测酶解率为95.57%,实际酶解率为94.42%。高固体酶解的最佳补料策略是初始底物浓度为8%,在6,12,24h分别添加4%的底物,酶解120h后,酶解率达到87.57%。

玉米秸秆  /  预处理  /  高固酶解  /  分批补料

Pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of straw type biomass are among the key technologies for its high value conversion and utilization. Using corn stover as the raw material, pretreatment methods with formic acid, sodium chlorite, and alkaline hydrogen peroxide were studied and compared. Methods such as scanning electron microscopy, Xray diffraction, and Fouriertransform infrared spectroscopy were employed to analyze the composition, morphology, crystal structure, and functional groups of corn straw before and after pretreatment. After pretreatment with formic acid, sodium chlorite, and alkaline hydrogen peroxide, the lignin removal rates were 66.71%, 97.12%, and 91.88% respectively, and the enzymatic hydrolysis rates reached 63.26%, 71.83%, and 95.14% respectively. Under the conditions where the cellulase dosage is 19.6 FPU/g, the xylanase dosage is 35.44 IU/g, and the Tween 80 dosage is 20.96 mg/g, the predicted enzymatic hydrolysis rate of corn straw pretreated with alkaline hydrogen peroxide is 95.57%, while the actual enzymatic hydrolysis rate is 94.42%. The optimal feeding strategy for high solid enzymatic hydrolysis was an initial substrate concentration of 8%, with 4% of the substrate added at 6, 12 h, and 24 h respectively. After 120 h of enzymatic hydrolysis, the enzymatic hydrolysis rate reached 87.57%.

corn stover  /  pretreatment  /  high solid enzymatic hydrolysis  /  fed-batch
张欢欢, 林钰程, 王圆圆, 赵世强, 杜朝军, 赵子高, 常春. 基于温和预处理玉米秸秆的酶解糖化工艺研究. 可再生能源, 2025 , 43 (2) : 143 -151 .
Huanhuan Zhang, Yucheng Lin, Yuanyuan Wang, Shiqiang Zhao, Chaojun Du, Zigao Zhao, Chun Chang. Research on enzymatic hydrolysis and saccharification process of corn straw based on mild pretreatment[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2025 , 43 (2) : 143 -151 .
化石资源储量减少和能源需求增长促使人们寻求新的可再生资源, 生物质作为碳中性的可再生资源日益受到人们的关注 [ 1 ] 。在众多可再生生物质资源中, 农作物加工过程中产生的秸秆废弃物是来源丰富的生物质资源之一, 如我国每年的农业活动约产生10亿 $\mathrm{t}$ 秸秆废弃物 [ 2 ] 。将数量巨大的秸秆废弃物资源转化为高附加值产品一直是研究热点。
秸秆中纤维素、半纤维素及木质素三种组分之间致密复杂的结构导致其分离困难, 秸秆预处理和酶解糖化是实现其高值化利用的重要方式。 目前, 预处理方法有化学法、物理法、生物法、物理化学法及各种组合技术,但多数方法存在预处理能耗大、目标收率低且成本较高等不足 [ 3 ] ,因此寻求温和条件下具有良好预处理效果的工艺是研究的焦点 [ 4 ] 。唐兴平 [ 5 ] 采用质量分数为 ${60}\%$ 甲酸在 125 °C下对绿竹预处理 ${100}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ ,结果表明,木质素去除率为 51.1%, 酶解后葡萄糖得率为 75.3%, 但此预处理温度过高,甲酸在高温下容易挥发损失。Wen P [ 6 ] 采用质量分数为 $6\%$ 亚氯酸钠溶液在 ${70}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 下对杨木预处理 $3\mathrm{\;h}$ ,再用质量分数为 $1\%$ 的氢氧化钠溶液于 ${50}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 处理 $1\mathrm{\;h}$ ,结果表明,木质素去除率达到 98.7%,葡萄糖和木糖的产率分别达到 92.4%和 86.3%。陈思哲 [ 7 ] 采用质量分数为 2% 的碱性过氧化氢在 ${50}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 预处理水稻秸秆 $5\mathrm{\;h}$ ,结果表明,与未预处理秸秆相比,预处理后秸秆酶解后的还原糖含量提高了 ${336.2}\%$ 。Li J [ 8 ] ${\mathrm{J}}^{\left( 8\right) }$ 将碱性过氧化氢预处理后的玉米秸秆酶解 ${72}\mathrm{\;h}$ 后,葡萄糖产率为 88.34%。
截至目前,对于常压环境且温度小于 ${100}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 条件下的秸秆预处理工艺的研究仍相对较少, 同时秸秆预处理后的高固酶解糖化也是须要研究的重要内容之一。因此, 实现温和预处理与高固酶解工艺对促进秸秆类生物质的高值化转化与利用具有十分重要的研究意义。本文拟采用甲酸、亚氯酸钠及碱性过氧化氢 3 种预处理方式, 对比研究在常压、预处理温度小于 ${100}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 的温和条件下对玉米秸秆的预处理效果, 筛选出适宜的预处理工艺路线, 并对温和预处理后玉米秸秆进行酶解工艺优化及高固酶解糖化研究,从而为秸秆类生物质的高效酶解糖化利用提供参考依据。
玉米秸秆取自周口市郊区农田, 其主要组分为纤维素 36.17%、半纤维素 27.98%、木质素 14.75%。将秸秆洗涤、烘干、粉碎后,过 20 目筛, 储存在密封袋中备用。
试剂:甲酸(质量分数为 88%)、氢氧化钠(分析纯)和柠檬酸(分析纯)均购自天津市永大化学试剂有限公司; 亚氯酸钠和 3,5-二硝基水杨酸 (DNS)均为分析纯,购自上海凛恩科技发展有限公司;过氧化氢(质量分数为${30}\%$)、吐温 80(分析纯)、纤维素酶和木聚糖酶均由河南南阳天冠集团提供。
仪器:$\mathrm{{AL}} - {204}$型电子分析天平、2500Y 型多功能粉碎机、VELP 型纤维素测定仪、8-1J 型马弗炉、ZWY-240 型恒温振荡器、CF080-S 型电热鼓风干燥箱、RE-3000A 型旋转蒸发仪、TU-1810 型紫外可见分光光度计、Zeiss Gemini 300 型发射扫描电子显微镜、Spectrum-2 型傅里叶红外变换光谱、D8 Advance 型 X 射线衍射仪。
甲酸预处理:${50}\mathrm{\;g}$玉米秸秆与${500}\mathrm{\;{mL}}$甲酸充分混合,在${80}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$反应$4\mathrm{\;h}$,待冷却后抽滤,滤渣继续进行温度为${50}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$的循环水热反应$5\mathrm{\;h}$,待反应结束后抽滤,采用质量分数为$1\%$的氢氧化钙溶液洗涤滤渣$1\mathrm{\;h}$,抽滤后用蒸馏水冲洗至中性,于${105}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$烘箱中烘干备用,样品记为$\mathrm{F} - \mathrm{R}$
亚氯酸钠预处理:${50}\mathrm{\;g}$玉米秸秆与${500}\mathrm{\;{mL}}$0.7 mol/L 的亚氯酸钠溶液充分混合,在${70}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$反应$3\mathrm{\;h}$,待冷却后抽滤,用蒸馏水冲洗至中性,于 105${}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$烘箱中烘干备用,样品记为$\mathrm{S} - \mathrm{R}$
碱性过氧化氢预处理:${50}\mathrm{\;g}$玉米秸秆与 500$\mathrm{{mL}}5\%$过氧化氢和${0.6}\mathrm{\;{mol}}/\mathrm{L}$氢氧化钠充分混合, 在常温下反应${24}\mathrm{\;h}$,待冷却后抽滤,用蒸馏水冲洗至中性,于 105 °C 烘箱中烘干备用,样品记为 H-${\mathrm{R}}_{ \circ }$
玉米秸秆预处理后的酶解糖化: 分别取$5\mathrm{\;g}$底物置于${250}\mathrm{\;{mL}}$锥形瓶中,加入${50}\mathrm{\;{mL}}$柠檬酸缓冲溶液,并加入${25}\mathrm{{FPU}}/\mathrm{g}$纤维素酶和${40}\mathrm{{IU}}/\mathrm{g}$木聚糖酶,在 pH 值为 4.8,温度为${50}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$,转速为${150}\mathrm{r}/\mathrm{{min}}$的条件下反应${72}\mathrm{\;h}$
设计单因素实验考察纤维素酶$(6,{10},{14},{18}$,${22}\mathrm{{FPU}}/\mathrm{g}$)、木聚糖酶$\left( {{10},{20},{30},{40},{50}\mathrm{{IU}}/\mathrm{g}}\right)$和吐温${80}\left( {{10},{20},{30},{40},{50}\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{g}}\right)$添加量对玉米秸秆酶解效率的影响。在单因素试验基础上,选取纤维素酶、木聚糖酶和吐温 80 作为响应面设计自变量, 酶解率作为响应值, 采用 3 因素 3 水平的响应面分析方法优化玉米秸秆的酶解条件, 进行中心组合优化实验,因素和水平设计见表 1
高固酶解糖化:按照纤维素酶、木聚糖酶和吐温 80 优化后的添加量一次性添加到装有柠檬酸缓冲液的${250}\mathrm{\;{mL}}$锥形瓶中,分别在$6,{12},{24}\mathrm{\;h}$添加不同含量的$\mathrm{H} - \mathrm{R}$,使最终底物浓度达到${20}\%$。酶解反应在$\mathrm{{pH}}$值为 4.8,温度为${50}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$,转速为${150}\mathrm{r}/\mathrm{{min}}$条件下进行,分别在${48},{72},{96},{120}\mathrm{\;h}$取样分析。
采用 DNS 法绘制葡萄糖标准曲线并进行拟合,得到回归方程$y = {0.0578x} + {0.0026},{R}^{2}$为 0.9997, 利用该方程计算酶解后的还原糖含量。采用 NREL 法测定预处理后玉米秸秆中的纤维素、半纤维素与木质素含量。
木质素去除率$L$、半纤维素去除率$H$、还原糖总质量$m$和酶解率$Y$的计算式分别为
$L = \frac{{n}_{1} - {n}_{2}}{{n}_{1}} \times {100}\%$
$H = \frac{{m}_{1} - {m}_{2}}{{m}_{1}} \times {100}\%$
$m = C \times V \times N$
$Y = \frac{m \times {0.9}}{M} \times {100}\%$
式中:${n}_{1}$为未处理秸秆中的木质素质量,$\mathrm{g};{n}_{2}$为处理后秸秆中的木质素质量,$\mathrm{g};{m}_{1}$为未处理秸秆中的半纤维素质量,$\mathrm{g};{m}_{2}$为处理后秸秆中的半纤维素质量,$\mathrm{g};C$为酶解液中的还原糖含量,$\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{{mL}};V$为酶解液的体积,$\mathrm{{mL}};N$为稀释倍数;$M$为玉米秸秆中的纤维素和半纤维素总质量,$\mathrm{g}$
采用 ZEISS Gemini SEM 300 型扫描电镜 (SEM)表征预处理前、后样品的微观结构和形态变化, 放大倍数为 2000 倍; 采用 Spetrum-2 型光谱仪表征预处理前、后样品的傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR),扫描波数为${400} \sim {4000}{\mathrm{\;{cm}}}^{-1}$;采用 D8 Advance 型 X 射线衍射仪表征预处理前、后样品的$\mathrm{X}$射线衍射光谱(XRD),衍射角(2$\theta$)为$5 \sim {50}^{ \circ }$, 扫描速率为${1.2}^{ \circ }/\mathrm{{min}}$。根据衍射图谱强度采用 Segal 法计算结晶度指数$\left( {I}_{\mathrm{{Cr}}}\right)$
${I}_{\mathrm{{Cr}}} = \frac{{I}_{002} - {I}_{\mathrm{{am}}}}{{I}_{002}} \times {100}\%$
式中:${I}_{\mathrm{{am}}}$为无定形部分的最小衍射强度,是衍射角${2\theta } = {18.7}^{ \circ }$时的衍射强度;${I}_{002}$为无定形部分的最大衍射强度,是衍射角${2\theta } = {22}^{ \circ }$时的衍射强度。
预处理前、后玉米秸秆的组分变化如表 2 所示。
表 2 可知, 3 种预处理方法均能有效降低秸秆中的半纤维素和木质素含量, 提高纤维素含量。其中:甲酸预处理样品$\mathrm{F} - \mathrm{R}$的半纤维素含量降至1.67%,半纤维去除率为 97.55%;亚氯酸钠预处理样品$\mathrm{S} - \mathrm{R}$的木质素去除率最高,为${98.19}\%$; 碱性过氧化氢预处理样品$\mathrm{H} - \mathrm{R}$中保留的纤维素较多,木质素去除率为 93.72%。木质素可通过静电作用、疏水性和氢键作用抑制纤维素酶的活性, 因此,脱除木质素有利于提高酶解率 [ 9 ] 。经过 3 种温和条件预处理后,与原料中的纤维素含量 (36.17%) 相比, F-R, S-R 和 H-R 的纤维素含量显著提高,提高率分别为${119.46}\% ,{59.39}\%$和 104.70%。进一步对 3 种预处理后的秸秆进行酶解,$\mathrm{F} - \mathrm{R}$的酶解率为 63.26%,酶解率相对偏低,原因在于酸预处理的木质素去除率较低, 留存的木质素和残留的甲酰基阻碍了酶解反应的进行 [ 4 ] $\mathrm{S} - \mathrm{R}$中的木聚糖水解受到乙酰基、表面木质素和表面氯含量的限制,可能导致 S-R 的酶解率较低 [ 6 ] $\mathrm{H} - \mathrm{R}$的酶解率最高,为${95.14}\%$,优于$\mathrm{F} - \mathrm{R}$和 S-R,表明碱性过氧化氢预处理能够去除大量木质素,保留原料中的纤维素成分,且预处理后玉米秸秆具有较优的酶解糖化效果。这是因为在碱性条件下,${\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$可分解形成自由基物种 (如$\mathrm{{HOO}} \cdot$$\mathrm{{HO}}$.)和分子氧,进而选择性地与木质素反应,高效率脱除木质素, 几乎不会降解糖和产生呋喃衍生物。此外,过氧化氢是一种相对“绿色”的试剂, 易分解产生水和氧气作为最终产物, 对环境影响较小 [ 10 ]
图 1 为玉米秸秆预处理前、后的 SEM 图。由图 1 可以看出:未处理玉米秸秆表面结构紧密, 有序完整;$\mathrm{F} - \mathrm{R}$表面有碎片从机体上剥离,这是甲酸预处理去除了大量半纤维素引起的, 经过甲酸处理后, 部分微纤维更容易暴露出来, 在进行酶解时可以增加酶的可及性,进而提高酶解率 [ 11 ] ; S-R表面虽然较为完整,但折皱和孔洞明显增多,这是亚氯酸钠预处理后玉米秸秆紧密的木质素屏障被破坏引起的,有利于后续的酶解,方鑫 [ 12 ] 也报道了类似的结果。$\mathrm{H} - \mathrm{R}$表面转化为更多孔、更粗糙的结构,这是碱性过氧化氢预处理去除了非纤维素聚合物造成的 [ 10 ] ; 还有少量碎片可能来自于木质素和半纤维素, 多孔疏松的结构进一步提高了纤维素和半纤维素对酶的可及性, 增加了酶的接触位点,有利于酶解糖化效率的提高 [ 13 ]
图 2 为玉米秸秆预处理前、后的 FTIR 图谱。
图 2 可以看出,${3415}{\mathrm{\;{cm}}}^{-1}$${2895}{\mathrm{\;{cm}}}^{-1}$处的吸收峰分别是$- \mathrm{{OH}}$$\mathrm{C} - \mathrm{H}$基团的伸缩振动峰,${1637}{\mathrm{\;{cm}}}^{-1}$处的吸收峰为木质素苯环骨架及 C-O振动峰,${1428},{1374},{1156}{\mathrm{\;{cm}}}^{-1}$处的吸收峰是纤维素和半纤维素的特征峰,${1053}{\mathrm{\;{cm}}}^{-1}$处的吸收峰与纤维素和半纤维素中$\mathrm{C} - \mathrm{O}$反对称桥的伸缩振动有关,${897}{\mathrm{\;{cm}}}^{-1}$处的吸收峰是纤维素及糖类的$\mathrm{C} - \mathrm{H}$变形振动引起的。通过特征峰对比,$\mathrm{H} -$$\mathrm{R}$${1637}{\mathrm{\;{cm}}}^{-1}$处的峰振动幅度降低,这是预处理脱除木质素引起的, 表明木质素脱除程度较高。原料、$\mathrm{F} - \mathrm{R}$$\mathrm{S} - \mathrm{R}$${1730} \sim {1740}{\mathrm{\;{cm}}}^{-1}$处有明显的波带, 这是与半纤维素连接的乙酰基的非共轭羰基拉伸引起的,而$\mathrm{H} - \mathrm{R}$在该波段显示出非常弱的信号, 表明碱性过氧化氢预处理过程中发生了去乙酰化,这是由于碱的皂化作用引起了乙酰基的水解 [ 14 ] 。乙酰基会干扰酶的识别,从而降低纤维素酶的生产性吸附。碱性过氧化氢预处理底物具有更好的酶解效果可能与高度去乙酰化有关。与原料对比,预处理后玉米秸秆在${1428},{1374}{\mathrm{\;{cm}}}^{-1}$${1156}{\mathrm{\;{cm}}}^{-1}$处的吸收峰表现为不同程度地增强,这表明预处理后秸秆中的纤维素和半纤维素相对含量升高 [ 15 ] ,这一结果与组分分析结果相一致。
XRD 可以表征玉米秸秆预处理前、后的结晶度, 结晶度与酶解速率存在一定的关系, 是影响酶解糖化效果的重要参数。图 3 为玉米秸秆预处理前、后的 XRD 图谱。
结合图 3 中数据,利用式(5)可计算出未处理玉米秸秆的结晶度为${50.47}\%$,与之相比,$\mathrm{F} - \mathrm{R},\mathrm{S} -$$\mathrm{R}$$\mathrm{H} - \mathrm{R}$的结晶度分别提高了${11.4}\% ,{6.54}\%$和 13.64%。从图 3 可以看出, 经过 3 种试剂预处理之后, 002 峰面变得尖锐且边界较窄 [ 16 ] 。这是因为预处理破坏了细胞壁的结构, 造成聚合物之间的氢键解离及交联作用减弱, 去除了秸秆中半纤维素、木质素等无定形区域,使纤维素的相对含量上升,从而提高了纤维素的结晶度 [ 17 ] 。不同试剂预处理对半纤维素、木质素提取效果不同,因此预处理后秸秆的结晶度也有差异。${I}_{\mathrm{{Cr}}}$值与半纤维素和木质素含量成反比 [ 18 ] ,3 种试剂预处理后结晶度大小为$\mathrm{H} - \mathrm{R} > \mathrm{F} - \mathrm{R} > \mathrm{S} - \mathrm{R}$,这与预处理效果有关,3 种试剂对于半纤维素和木质素的提取效果为碱性过氧化氢>甲酸>亚氯酸钠,同时 F-R, S-R 和 H-R 在相同条件下进行酶解糖化, H-R的酶解糖化率最高,也证明了这一结论。
进一步对 3 种温和条件的预处理工艺进行物料衡算, F-R, S-R 和 H-R 的酶解率分别为 63.26%, 71.83%和 95.14%,同等质量的玉米秸秆经过预处理后,$\mathrm{H} - \mathrm{R},\mathrm{S} - \mathrm{R}$$\mathrm{F} - \mathrm{R}$经过酶解糖化所得还原糖质量分别为${50.29},{46.55},{23.91}\mathrm{g}$。同时, 通过对比预处理工艺, 甲酸预处理方法较为复杂且效果欠佳;亚氯酸钠预处理方法效果最好, 但反应过程中会产生有毒的二氧化氯气体;碱性过氧化氢预处理方法最为温和。因此,碱性过氧化氢预处理方法具有条件温和、工艺简单、绿色环保、 效果好的优点。
通过单因素实验考察纤维素酶、木聚糖酶和吐温 80 添加量对玉米秸秆酶解效率的影响,结果如图 4 所示。
在木聚糖酶和吐温 80 添加量分别为${40}\mathrm{{IU}}/\mathrm{g}$${30}\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{g}$的情况下,纤维素酶添加量对$\mathrm{H} - \mathrm{R}$酶解率的影响如图 4(a) 所示。由图 4(a) 可知:在同一纤维素酶添加量下,随着酶解时间的延长,酶解率逐渐升高,当纤维素酶添加量为$6\mathrm{{FPU}}/\mathrm{g}$,酶解分别进行${24}\mathrm{\;h}$${96}\mathrm{\;h}$时,酶解率分别为${37.99}\%$和 74.43%;在同一酶解时间下,随着纤维素酶添加量的增大,酶解率也随之增大,当纤维素酶添加量分别为$6,{22}\mathrm{{FPU}}/\mathrm{g}$,酶解时间为${96}\mathrm{\;h}$时,酶解率分别为${74.43}\% ,{95.83}\%$。当酶解时间为${60} \sim {96}\mathrm{\;h}$时,随着纤维素酶添加量的增大,酶解率升高缓慢并趋于平稳。当纤维素酶添加量分别为14,18,22$\mathrm{{FPU}}/\mathrm{g}$,酶解进行${60}\mathrm{\;h}$时,$\mathrm{H} - \mathrm{R}$的酶解率分别为 86.92%,92.25%及 93.35%。因此,综合考虑经济性, 为减少酶用量和短时间内获得高酶解率, 确定纤维素酶最佳添加量为${18}\mathrm{{FPU}}/\mathrm{g}$,酶解时间为${60}\mathrm{h}$
在纤维素酶和吐温 80 添加量分别为 18$\mathrm{{FPU}}/\mathrm{g}$${30}\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{g}$,酶解时间为${60}\mathrm{\;h}$的情况下,木聚糖酶添加量对$\mathrm{H} - \mathrm{R}$酶解率的影响如图 4(b)所示。由图 4(b)可知:随着木聚糖酶添加量的增加, 酶解率也逐渐增大,从 77.5%升高至 92.86%。当木聚糖酶添加量大于${30}\mathrm{{IU}}/\mathrm{g}$时,酶解率增长缓慢,如木聚糖酶添加量分别为${30},{40},{50}\mathrm{{IU}}/\mathrm{g}$时,$\mathrm{H} - \mathrm{R}$的酶解率分别为${91.44}\% ,{92.18}\%$和 92.86%。 因此, 为节省用酶成本, 选择木聚糖酶的最佳添加量为${30}\mathrm{{IU}}/\mathrm{g}$
作为表面活性剂, 吐温 80 可有效辅助酶解, 减少酶的用量从而降低生产成本。在纤维素酶和木聚糖酶添加量分别为${18}\mathrm{{FPU}}/\mathrm{g}$${30}\mathrm{{IU}}/\mathrm{g}$,酶解时间为${60}\mathrm{\;h}$时,吐温 80 添加量对$\mathrm{H} - \mathrm{R}$酶解率的影响如图 4(c) 所示。由图 4(c) 可知:随着吐温 80 添加量的逐渐增加, 酶解率先升高后降低, 当吐温 80 添加量为${20}\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{g}$时,酶解率最高,为 95.55%。 因此,选择吐温 80 最佳添加量为${20}\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{g}$
根据响应面 Box-Behnken 实验设计对$\mathrm{H} - \mathrm{R}$酶解工艺进行优化, 根据 17 个试验点建立响应面二次回归模型,寻求最佳因素水平。Box-Behnken 实验结果见表 3
利用 Box-Behnken 软件对表 3 中数据进行多元二次回归分析, 得到多元二次回归方程:
$Y = {94.42} + {4.28}{X}_{1} + {1.95}{X}_{2} + {0.53}{X}_{3} - {3.79}{X}_{1}^{2} - {1.13}{X}_{2}^{2} - \\ {2.30}{X}_{3}^{2} - {1.46}{X}_{1}{X}_{2} + {0.36}{X}_{1}{X}_{3} - {0.47}{X}_{2}{X}_{3}$
响应面回归方程系数的方差分析见表 4 。由表 4 可知,回归模型的$F$值为${30.99}, P < {0.0001}$, 表明该模型具有较高的显著性,失拟项$P = {0.5005} >$0.05,表现为不显著,表明该模型具有较高的可信度。回归模型的决定系数${R}^{2} = {0.9755} > {0.80},{R}_{\text{adj }}^{2} =$0.9440>0.80,决定系数接近 1 , 说明该模型的预测结果与实验值有较好的拟合度, 可用该模型对纤维素酶、木聚糖酶和吐温 80 添加量进行分析和预测。模型的$F$值越大,表明因素对酶解率影响程度越大, 由此可以看出, 三因素的影响程度为纤维素酶>木聚糖酶>吐温 80。
基于响应面分析优化结果可知, 当纤维素酶添加量为${19.60}\mathrm{{FPU}}/\mathrm{g}$,木聚糖酶添加量为 35.44$\mathrm{{IU}}/\mathrm{g}$,吐温 80 添加量为${20.96}\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{g}$时,酶解率最高,预测结果为 95.97%。与此同时, 通过 5 个重复独立实验验证优化参数和预测酶解率,结果表明, 在优化后的酶解条件下,平均酶解率为 94.42%, 与预测结果的误差为 1.62%,数据波动范围相对较小,故结果可靠。
不同因素对酶解率的交互影响如图 5 所示。
图 5(a)可以看出, 纤维素酶和木聚糖酶的交互作用对酶解率影响显著, 在纤维素酶添加量一定时,酶解率随着木聚糖酶添加量的增大而显著增加, 这种趋势随着纤维素酶的增加而逐渐减小。由图 5(b)可以看出,纤维素酶和吐温 80 的交互作用对酶解率影响不显著, 在纤维素酶添加量一定时, 酶解率随着吐温 80 添加量的增大而显著增加,但当纤维素酶添加量大于${18}\mathrm{{FPU}}/\mathrm{g}$时,增加吐温 80 用量对酶解率影响不大。因此,添加适量的吐温 80 可以促进酶解, 通过减少纤维素酶的使用降低用酶成本。由图 5(c)可以看出,木聚糖酶和吐温 80 的交互作用对酶解率影响不显著,随着木聚糖酶和吐温 80 添加量的增大,酶解率显著增加。Hou S W [ 19 ] 采用石英晶体微天平分析探讨了吐温 80 对木质素-酶相互作用的影响, 研究发现:在低酶负荷$\left( {{10}\mathrm{{FPU}}/\mathrm{g}}\right)$下,添加吐温 80 后,葡萄糖产率从 26.6%提高到 99.6%,并且吐温 80 可将所需的纤维素酶负荷降低 75%;吐温 80 在木质素表面的结合率是酶的 3 倍, 显著降低了酶对木质素的结合能力。
为获得高浓度还原糖酶解液, 采用分批补料技术构建高固酶解体系, 本文比较了不同补料策略(总底物浓度为 20%)对酶解糖化效率的影响, 结果如表 5 所示。
表 5 可知, 初始底物浓度对酶解率有很大的影响,当初始底物浓度为 10%时,前期补料越多,相同酶解时间下,酶解率越高。在同一酶解时间下,初始底物浓度为 8%时的酶解率最高。在同一补料方式下,随着酶解时间的增加,酶解率得到不同程度的显著提高。Mukasekuru M R [ 20 ] 使用甘油对甘蔗渣进行预处理, 探索了高底物浓度的分批补料酶解糖化,初始底物浓度为 10%,在 6,12,${24}\mathrm{\;h}$分别加$6\% ,6\%$$8\%$的底物,使总底物浓度达到 30%,酶解 72 h 后,葡萄糖产率为 70%。 Nwamba M C [ 21 ] 使用氢氧化钠和甘油对甘蔗渣进行预处理, 采用分批补料的方法设置初始底物浓度为$8\%$,在$6,{18},{24}\mathrm{\;h}$分别添加$4\%$的底物,酶解${72}\mathrm{\;h}$后,葡萄糖产率为${83}\%$。由此可见,提高底物浓度可以获得高浓度酶解液, 但若底物浓度过高会导致酶解体系过于黏稠,不利于搅拌,从而影响酶解反应,导致酶解率下降 [ 22 ] 。因此,本文中最佳的分批补料方案是初始底物浓度为$8\%$,在6,12,${24}\mathrm{\;h}$时分别添加$4\%$的底物,使总底物浓度达到${20}\%$,在此补料方案下,酶解率在酶解${120}\mathrm{\;h}$时达到最高,为${87.57}\%$。酶解得到的糖浆是各种发酵产品的主要碳源,其价格在未来将会稳步上涨 [ 23 ] , 碱性过氧化氢预处理有望降低工艺成本, 使规模化生产糖浆进入工业阶段成为可能。
①甲酸、亚氯酸钠、碱性过氧化氢预处理均可以脱除玉米秸秆中的木质素,并保留大部分纤维素,甲酸、亚氯酸钠和过氧化氢预处理后,木质素去除率分别为 66.71%, 97.12% 和 91.88%,
②甲酸、亚氯酸钠和碱性过氧化氢预处理后, 玉米秸秆酶解率分别达到 ${63.26}\% ,{71.83}\%$ 和 95.14%,与其他预处理方法相比,碱性过氧化氢预处理条件最温和,且酶解效果最好。
③对碱性过氧化氢预处理的秸秆样品进行响应面优化,当纤维素酶添加量为 ${19.6}\mathrm{{FPU}}/\mathrm{g}$ ,木聚糖酶添加量为 ${35.44}\mathrm{{IU}}/\mathrm{g}$ ,吐温 80 添加量为 20.96 $\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{g}$ 时,预测酶解率达到最高,为 95.57%,在优化后的酶解条件下进行 5 组独立重复酶解实验,得到平均酶解率为 94.42%,与预测结果基本一致。 添加吐温 80 可以辅助酶解,减少酶的使用从而降低成本。
④高固酶解的最佳补料方案为 8%-4%-4%- $4\%$ ,即初始固体负载为 $8\%$ ,分别在 $6,{12},{24}\mathrm{\;h}$ 补加 4%的新鲜碱性过氧化氢预处理底物,酶解率在 ${120}\mathrm{\;h}$ 时高达 ${87.57}\%$
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(22178328)
  • 南阳市协同创新重大专项(郑州大学南阳研究院)(21XTCX12002)
  • 河南省科技攻关项目(222102320059)
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2025年第43卷第2期
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  • 接收时间:2023-08-19
  • 首发时间:2025-07-18
  • 出版时间:2025-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-19
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(22178328)
南阳市协同创新重大专项(郑州大学南阳研究院)(21XTCX12002)
河南省科技攻关项目(222102320059)
作者信息
    1 郑州大学 化工学院 河南 郑州 450001
    2 南阳理工学院 郑州大学南阳研究院 河南 南阳 473004
    3 生物基运输燃料技术全国重点实验室 河南 南阳 473000
    4 河南省杰出外籍科学家工作室 河南 郑州 450001

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常春(1973-),男,教授,博士生导师,研究方向为生物质高值化利用。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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