Article(id=1152988804068659609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1152988797865283976, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1724256000000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-22, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752823552386, onlineDateStr=2025-07-18, pubDate=1742400000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752823552386, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752823552386, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752823552386, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1152988797865283976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, year='2025', volume='43', issue='3', pageStart='285', pageEnd='426', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1752823550907, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753694485968, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156641764313260888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1152988797865283976, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156641764313260889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1152988797865283976, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=388, endPage=399, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1152988804488090010, articleId=1152988804068659609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, language=EN, title=Bi-level game optimization model of multi-park integrated energy system based on electricity and carbon coupling, columnId=null, journalTitle=Renewable Energy Resources, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the continuous development of userside distributed energy resources, interactions among multiagent resources have gradually emerged. Due to autonomous regulation of distributed energy equipment and diversification of operational methods among renewable energy and load entities, it is imperative to establish multiagent gametheoretic optimization models to satisfy diverse interests. This paper focuses on multiparklevel integrated energy systems and constructs a twolayer gameoptimized scheduling model. First, a ladder carbongreen certificate trading model incorporating an equivalent offset mechanism is proposed, considering carbon emissions generated by parks during production and operational activities. Second, based on actual cooperative scenarios among parks, a multipark gametheoretic optimization model is developed to study dynamic pricing strategies of integrated system operators and the optimal operational scheduling of parks. Finally, case studies demonstrate that the proposed model achieves economic efficiency while reducing system carbon emissions, unifying economic and carbon reduction benefits.

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随着用户侧分布式能源的不断发展,多主体资源间逐渐呈现互动态势。由于分布式能源设备自主调控以及新能源、负荷等主体的运营方式多样化明显,亟须建立多主体博弈优化模型,满足多样化利益诉求。文章以多园区综合能源系统为研究对象,构建双层博弈优化调度模型。首先,综合考虑园区在生产经营活动中所产生的碳排放量,构建考虑等效抵消机制的阶梯碳绿证交易模型;其次,依据园区实际合作情况,构建多园区博弈模型,研究系统运营商动态定价与园区优化运行调度问题;最后,通过算例分析验证所构建模型能够在保证经济性的同时降低系统碳排放量,实现了经济与碳减排效益相统一。

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王永利(1980-),男,博士,教授,研究方向为技术经济与管理、综合能源系统。E-mail:

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王永利(1980-),男,博士,教授,研究方向为技术经济与管理、综合能源系统。E-mail:

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year=2023, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=22, authorNames=刘振, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘振. 基于混合博弈的综合能源系统多主体交易优化方法[D]. 北京: 华北电力大学, 2023., articleTitle=基于混合博弈的综合能源系统多主体交易优化方法, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1159145710794158494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988804068659609, awardId=72371101, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(72371101), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1159145707484852579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988804068659609, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1159145707493241188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988804068659609, companyId=1159145707484852579, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 North China Electric Power University Beijing 102206 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1159145707497435493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988804068659609, companyId=1159145707484852579, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 华北电力大学 北京 102206)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1159145709066105218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988804068659609, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Energy flow structure diagram of integrated energy system, figureFileSmall=yEeXkaowGkgPVHTwsocrfA==, figureFileBig=0KY7/tLrKkLgW2F660RJmg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159145709116436867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988804068659609, language=CN, label=图 1, caption=综合能源系统能流结构图, figureFileSmall=yEeXkaowGkgPVHTwsocrfA==, figureFileBig=0KY7/tLrKkLgW2F660RJmg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159145709179351428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988804068659609, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Ladder carbon-green certificate joint trading framework, figureFileSmall=zxjOsaAc+f+STYxt89avsw==, figureFileBig=icixlTmD6uSwWBnvVdQqKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159145709229683077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988804068659609, language=CN, label=图 2, caption=阶梯碳-绿证联合交易架构, figureFileSmall=zxjOsaAc+f+STYxt89avsw==, figureFileBig=icixlTmD6uSwWBnvVdQqKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159145709284209030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988804068659609, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=MPIES game architecture, figureFileSmall=sWRHTHjlPYbEbanBCxkq/g==, figureFileBig=eFmtwn/+X8ObrLUEhHWGQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159145709334540679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988804068659609, language=CN, label=图 3, caption=MPIES 博弈架构, figureFileSmall=sWRHTHjlPYbEbanBCxkq/g==, figureFileBig=eFmtwn/+X8ObrLUEhHWGQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159145709389066632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988804068659609, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Resource data graph of the PIES cluster and market price curve, figureFileSmall=EROF2LVX1iHvVveWbY7lAA==, figureFileBig=NAlLqkCC6B1jTqZrYInh9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159145709439398281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988804068659609, language=CN, label=图 4, caption=园区集群资源数据及外部市场价格曲线, figureFileSmall=EROF2LVX1iHvVveWbY7lAA==, figureFileBig=NAlLqkCC6B1jTqZrYInh9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159145709502312842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988804068659609, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Power transmission of PIES union, figureFileSmall=lpmWX3u6xtuwB4KPmojLyA==, figureFileBig=P06eBIxug6rjzQqAucv3fw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159145709561033099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988804068659609, language=CN, label=图 5, caption=园区间电能传输情况, figureFileSmall=lpmWX3u6xtuwB4KPmojLyA==, figureFileBig=P06eBIxug6rjzQqAucv3fw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159145709615559052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988804068659609, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Pricing strategy of ISO, figureFileSmall=A5jzG801S8IJ7B/161rMtA==, figureFileBig=Ih/VPNTF23OjARznK+3bVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159145709691056525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988804068659609, language=CN, label=图 6, caption=ISO 定价策略, figureFileSmall=A5jzG801S8IJ7B/161rMtA==, figureFileBig=Ih/VPNTF23OjARznK+3bVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159145709749776782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988804068659609, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Interaction between ISO and power grid, non-cooperative PIES, figureFileSmall=9nxjpHcz+mUbIkBLIY6TOw==, figureFileBig=IMRbNcbTKdHA2NuWqA2xyg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159145709812691343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988804068659609, language=CN, label=图 7, caption=ISO 与非合作园区、电网交互情况, figureFileSmall=9nxjpHcz+mUbIkBLIY6TOw==, figureFileBig=IMRbNcbTKdHA2NuWqA2xyg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159145709867217296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988804068659609, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=PIES electric, heating and cooling system balance and demand response situation, figureFileSmall=nQ77VAlThQkwiPIsr1tdbQ==, figureFileBig=XJ/fywMb4ExPKA7SQQ696Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159145709946909073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988804068659609, language=CN, label=图 8, caption=园区电、热、冷系统平衡及需求响应, 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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159145710156624277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988804068659609, language=CN, label=图 10, caption=园区效益分配结果, figureFileSmall=PjkjEiSAw3ZLilUEdiTK9g==, figureFileBig=MczjizkvmuhklwUgaeKHyg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159145710223733142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988804068659609, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=PIES equipment capacity, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Table 1
设备 PIES ${\mathrm{{PIES}}}_{2}$ PIES3 ${\mathrm{{PIES}}}_{4}$ PIESs
风机 1000 600 2000 5000 4000
光伏 300 500 600 1000 2000
CCHP 1000 1 800 2500 2000 1500
蓄电池 2000 400 1000 2000 500
蓄热罐 1000 560 1000 1000 560
蓄冰槽 800 1000 800 800
电制冷 1 200 400
电锅炉 300 1200 800
热泵 800 900 800 1000 300
), ArticleFig(id=1159145710274064791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988804068659609, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=园区设备容量配置, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Table 1
设备 PIES ${\mathrm{{PIES}}}_{2}$ PIES3 ${\mathrm{{PIES}}}_{4}$ PIESs
风机 1000 600 2000 5000 4000
光伏 300 500 600 1000 2000
CCHP 1000 1 800 2500 2000 1500
蓄电池 2000 400 1000 2000 500
蓄热罐 1000 560 1000 1000 560
蓄冰槽 800 1000 800 800
电制冷 1 200 400
电锅炉 300 1200 800
热泵 800 900 800 1000 300
), ArticleFig(id=1159145710336979352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988804068659609, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Key parameters of energy supply units, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型 参数 数值
CCHP 电效率 0.375
热效率 0.500
冷效率 0.47
运维成本系数/元 $\cdot {\left( \mathrm{{kW}} \cdot \mathrm{h}\right) }^{-1}$ 0.044
光伏 运维成本系数/元 $\cdot {\left( \mathrm{{kW}} \cdot \mathrm{h}\right) }^{-1}$ 0.024
风电 运维成本系数/元 $\cdot {\left( \mathrm{{kW}} \cdot \mathrm{h}\right) }^{-1}$ 0.02
电锅炉 效率 0.92
运维成本系数/元 $\cdot {\left( \mathrm{{kW}} \cdot \mathrm{h}\right) }^{-1}$ 0.02
热泵 效率 3.64
运维成本系数/元 $\cdot {\left( \mathrm{{kW}} \cdot \mathrm{h}\right) }^{-1}$ 0.03
电制冷机 效率 1.49
运维成本系数/元 $\cdot {\left( \mathrm{{kW}} \cdot \mathrm{h}\right) }^{-1}$ 0.015
蓄电池 效率 0.95
运维成本系数/元 $\cdot {\left( \mathrm{{kW}} \cdot \mathrm{h}\right) }^{-1}$ 0.011
蓄热罐 效率 0.92
运维成本系数/元 $\cdot {\left( \mathrm{{kW}} \cdot \mathrm{h}\right) }^{-1}$ 0.018
蓄冰槽 效率 0.92
运维成本系数/元 $\cdot {\left( \mathrm{{kW}} \cdot \mathrm{h}\right) }^{-1}$ 0.019
${\nu }_{\mathrm{g}}$ 联盟购电折扣系数 0.9
$\sigma$ 传输损耗成本系数 0.08
${\widehat{o}}_{\text{green }}$ 绿证配额转化系数 0.85
${r}_{\mathrm{{GE}}}$ 每个绿证交易价格/元 50
${\psi }_{\text{grid }}$ 电网购电折扣系数 0.8
), ArticleFig(id=1159145710391505305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988804068659609, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=能源供给单元关键参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型 参数 数值
CCHP 电效率 0.375
热效率 0.500
冷效率 0.47
运维成本系数/元 $\cdot {\left( \mathrm{{kW}} \cdot \mathrm{h}\right) }^{-1}$ 0.044
光伏 运维成本系数/元 $\cdot {\left( \mathrm{{kW}} \cdot \mathrm{h}\right) }^{-1}$ 0.024
风电 运维成本系数/元 $\cdot {\left( \mathrm{{kW}} \cdot \mathrm{h}\right) }^{-1}$ 0.02
电锅炉 效率 0.92
运维成本系数/元 $\cdot {\left( \mathrm{{kW}} \cdot \mathrm{h}\right) }^{-1}$ 0.02
热泵 效率 3.64
运维成本系数/元 $\cdot {\left( \mathrm{{kW}} \cdot \mathrm{h}\right) }^{-1}$ 0.03
电制冷机 效率 1.49
运维成本系数/元 $\cdot {\left( \mathrm{{kW}} \cdot \mathrm{h}\right) }^{-1}$ 0.015
蓄电池 效率 0.95
运维成本系数/元 $\cdot {\left( \mathrm{{kW}} \cdot \mathrm{h}\right) }^{-1}$ 0.011
蓄热罐 效率 0.92
运维成本系数/元 $\cdot {\left( \mathrm{{kW}} \cdot \mathrm{h}\right) }^{-1}$ 0.018
蓄冰槽 效率 0.92
运维成本系数/元 $\cdot {\left( \mathrm{{kW}} \cdot \mathrm{h}\right) }^{-1}$ 0.019
${\nu }_{\mathrm{g}}$ 联盟购电折扣系数 0.9
$\sigma$ 传输损耗成本系数 0.08
${\widehat{o}}_{\text{green }}$ 绿证配额转化系数 0.85
${r}_{\mathrm{{GE}}}$ 每个绿证交易价格/元 50
${\psi }_{\text{grid }}$ 电网购电折扣系数 0.8
), ArticleFig(id=1159145710458614170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988804068659609, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=Comparison of optimization results for PIES in scenario 1, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
园区 PIES1 PIES2 PIES PIESs
总成本/元 24 936.54 30428.51 10544.19 38 129.30 40 991.45
运维成本/元 1043.43 2367.34 3778.15 2707.70 1976.34
购电成本/元 20335.35 22542.27 6211.75 29 243.60 32 870.50
阶梯碳 交易成本/元 2969.63 4077.17 -1875.00 4715.37 5 106.95
购气成本/元 538.13 1341.73 2389.29 1412.63 987.66
绿证成本/元 50 100 50 50 50
碳排放量/t 27.59 50.35 36.68 50.05 48.44
), ArticleFig(id=1159145710521528731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988804068659609, language=CN, label=表 3, caption=场景 1 优化结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
园区 PIES1 PIES2 PIES PIESs
总成本/元 24 936.54 30428.51 10544.19 38 129.30 40 991.45
运维成本/元 1043.43 2367.34 3778.15 2707.70 1976.34
购电成本/元 20335.35 22542.27 6211.75 29 243.60 32 870.50
阶梯碳 交易成本/元 2969.63 4077.17 -1875.00 4715.37 5 106.95
购气成本/元 538.13 1341.73 2389.29 1412.63 987.66
绿证成本/元 50 100 50 50 50
碳排放量/t 27.59 50.35 36.68 50.05 48.44
), ArticleFig(id=1159145710580248988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988804068659609, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=Optimization results for PIES in scenario 2, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
园区 总成本/元 实际碳排放量/t
联盟 49491.59 94.85
PIES 29 992.41 39.30
${\mathrm{{PIES}}}_{5}$ 31701.90 37.07
), ArticleFig(id=1159145710638969245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988804068659609, language=CN, label=表 4, caption=PIES 场景 2 优化结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
园区 总成本/元 实际碳排放量/t
联盟 49491.59 94.85
PIES 29 992.41 39.30
${\mathrm{{PIES}}}_{5}$ 31701.90 37.07
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基于电碳耦合的多园区综合能源系统双层博弈优化模型
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王永利 , 周含芷 , 姜斯冲 , 张云飞 , 李雨洋
可再生能源 | 2025,43(3): 388-399
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可再生能源 | 2025, 43(3): 388-399
基于电碳耦合的多园区综合能源系统双层博弈优化模型
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王永利 , 周含芷, 姜斯冲, 张云飞, 李雨洋
作者信息
  • 1 华北电力大学 北京 102206
  • 王永利(1980-),男,博士,教授,研究方向为技术经济与管理、综合能源系统。E-mail:

Bi-level game optimization model of multi-park integrated energy system based on electricity and carbon coupling
Yongli Wang , Hanzhi Zhou, Sichong Jiang, Yunfei Zhang, Yuyang Li
Affiliations
  • 1 North China Electric Power University Beijing 102206 China
出版时间: 2025-03-20
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随着用户侧分布式能源的不断发展,多主体资源间逐渐呈现互动态势。由于分布式能源设备自主调控以及新能源、负荷等主体的运营方式多样化明显,亟须建立多主体博弈优化模型,满足多样化利益诉求。文章以多园区综合能源系统为研究对象,构建双层博弈优化调度模型。首先,综合考虑园区在生产经营活动中所产生的碳排放量,构建考虑等效抵消机制的阶梯碳绿证交易模型;其次,依据园区实际合作情况,构建多园区博弈模型,研究系统运营商动态定价与园区优化运行调度问题;最后,通过算例分析验证所构建模型能够在保证经济性的同时降低系统碳排放量,实现了经济与碳减排效益相统一。

多园区综合能源系统  /  双层博弈优化模型  /  阶梯碳-绿证交易机制  /  动态定价

With the continuous development of userside distributed energy resources, interactions among multiagent resources have gradually emerged. Due to autonomous regulation of distributed energy equipment and diversification of operational methods among renewable energy and load entities, it is imperative to establish multiagent gametheoretic optimization models to satisfy diverse interests. This paper focuses on multiparklevel integrated energy systems and constructs a twolayer gameoptimized scheduling model. First, a ladder carbongreen certificate trading model incorporating an equivalent offset mechanism is proposed, considering carbon emissions generated by parks during production and operational activities. Second, based on actual cooperative scenarios among parks, a multipark gametheoretic optimization model is developed to study dynamic pricing strategies of integrated system operators and the optimal operational scheduling of parks. Finally, case studies demonstrate that the proposed model achieves economic efficiency while reducing system carbon emissions, unifying economic and carbon reduction benefits.

multi-park-level integrated energy system  /  two-layer game-optimized scheduling model  /  ladder carbon-green certificate trading model  /  dynamic pricing
王永利, 周含芷, 姜斯冲, 张云飞, 李雨洋. 基于电碳耦合的多园区综合能源系统双层博弈优化模型. 可再生能源, 2025 , 43 (3) : 388 -399 .
Yongli Wang, Hanzhi Zhou, Sichong Jiang, Yunfei Zhang, Yuyang Li. Bi-level game optimization model of multi-park integrated energy system based on electricity and carbon coupling[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2025 , 43 (3) : 388 -399 .
随着化石能源枯竭和环境污染、温室效应日益加剧, 如何提高可再生能源利用效率、降低碳排放强度成为未来的研究重点 [ 1 , 2 ] 。园区综合能源系统(Park-level Integrated Energy System, PIES) 具有多能互补、能源梯级利用、低碳效益显著等优势, 是未来能源转型、实现“双碳”目标的重要路径 [ 3 , 4 ] 。此外,在 “双碳”背景下,碳排放量已成为考核能源企业综合效益的重要指标, 如何平衡碳排放量与能源生产消费成为 PIES 面临的重大课题。因此, 为促进低碳减排, 须充分考虑碳排放因素,制定合理的低碳交易运行机制。
目前,国内外电力行业针对能源低碳、调度低碳等方面开展了一系列研究。文献[ 5 ]针对碳配额冗余情形,引入碳配额补偿系数,构建了以运行成本、利用率、碳排放量最低为目标的综合能源系统优化调度模型。文献[ 6 ]采用区间理论, 构建了考虑不确定性的园区综合能源系统日前优化调度模型。文献[ 7 ]针对碳排放、新能源消纳等问题,提出一种考虑电-热-气-氢综合能源系统优化调度模型。文献[ 8 ]以系统全年运维成本和投资成本最低为目标, 深入研究不同碳交易价格对能源系统经济性、环保性的影响程度。文献[9 , 10] 提出了考虑多种需求响应的多时间尺度园区级综合能源系统优化调度模型。然而, 上述研究所提策略优化对象大多为单一主体, 并未考虑多利益主体联合优化问题。
非合作博弈与合作博弈常用来解决多园区能源系统(Multi-park-level Integrated Energy System, MPIES) 之间的能源交易与利益博弈问题。文献 [ 11 ] 基于纳什谈判理论, 构建了风-光综合能源系统协同运行优化模型,并将其等效为联盟效益最大化和电能交易支付子问题。文献[12,13]提出基于主从博弈理论的电热能源系统运行优化调度方法,旨在解决多主体交互关系复杂、利益冲突显著的问题。文献[ 14 ]针对综合能源系统各主体间关系复杂、利益摩擦的问题, 提出基于主从博弈的电- 热-氢综合能源系统优化调度模型。然而,上述研究多面向传统电能交易优化, 对碳交易背景下多园区综合能源系统交易调度问题涉及较少。
随着我国碳交易市场机制逐渐成熟, 配额制通过规定新能源配额最低限度, 倒逼能源企业生产、交易绿电, 促进新能源消纳。文献[ 15 ]阐述分析了绿电、绿证与国家核证自愿减排量 CCER(China Certified Emission Reduction)的区别, 联系以及存在的问题,为能源企业利用政策工具提供参考。文献[ 16 ]提出以绿证为纽带的绿电交易与用电碳排放的互认机制, 激励用户调整用电结构。文献[ 17 ] 将阶梯型碳交易与绿证交易机制数学模型引入能源系统低碳经济调度, 大幅提高了系统运行的低碳经济效益。
本文针对涵盖多个不同利益主体的 MPIES, 为响应国家碳减排号召,通过引入绿电-碳排等额抵消机制, 联动绿电与碳交易市场, 依据 PIES 实际合作意愿,提出了一种计及绿电-碳排联合交易机制的 MPIES 双层博弈优化模型, 并通过仿真算例验证了本文所提模型的有效性。
PIES 是一个多种能源输入、转化和输出的多层次复杂耦合系统,通过对系统内部多元能源的科学调度, 实现可再生能源高效消纳、用户用能安全经济、能源低碳环保等目的 [ 18 ] 。PIES 的架构与能量流如图 1 所示, 能源供给侧涵盖电网、光伏、风机和天然气网;能源转化侧涵盖冷-热-电三联供机 组 (Combined Cooling, Heating and Power, CCHP)、热泵、电锅炉、电制冷机;能源储存侧涵盖蓄电池、蓄热罐、蓄冰槽;终端用户侧包括电、热、 冷负荷。
绿证交易侧重于风电、光伏等可再生能源的生产和消纳,碳交易侧重于通过市场化手段减少碳排放量 [ 19 ] 图 2 为阶梯碳-绿证协同交易框架。 政府管理部门规定 PIES 承担的初始碳配额与绿证消纳量, PIES 以经济最优为目标,调整内部设备机组出力与能源购买策略,本文在 “证电合一”的基础上, 假定 PIES 生产或购买的绿电通过一定比例转化为绿证, 盈余绿证用于抵消系统实际碳排放量,不进行绿证交易获取盈利。
${N}_{\mathrm{{ge}}} = \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t = 1}}^{{24}}\frac{{P}_{\mathrm{{pwt}}}\left( t\right) + {P}_{\mathrm{{ppv}}}\left( t\right) + {P}_{\mathrm{{sell}}}^{\mathrm{{ge}}}\left( t\right) }{1000}$
${N}_{\mathrm{{GE}}} = {\partial }_{\text{green }}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t = 1}}^{T}\frac{{P}_{\mathrm{e}}^{t}\left( t\right) }{1000}$
式中:${N}_{\mathrm{{GE}}},{N}_{\mathrm{{ge}}}$分别为政府管理部门规定的 PIES 绿证配额及其实际获得的绿证配额;${\partial }_{\text{green }}$为可再生能源消纳责任权重;${P}_{\mathrm{e}}^{t}$为 PIES 总的电能出力;${P}_{\text{pwt }},{P}_{\text{ppv }}$分别为风机、光伏出力;${P}_{\text{sell }}^{\text{ge }}$为 PIES 购买的绿电量。
政府管理部门依据 PIES 初始绿证配额与实际绿证数量的差值开展考核, 若 PIES 绿证持有量未达到配额标准,则须要向绿证市场购买绿证。
${C}_{\mathrm{{GE}}}^{i} = \left\{ \begin{array}{l} \left( {{N}_{\mathrm{{GE}}} - {N}_{\mathrm{{ge}}}}\right) {r}_{\mathrm{{GE}}},{N}_{\mathrm{{ge}}} \leq {N}_{\mathrm{{GE}}} \\ 0,{N}_{\mathrm{{ge}}} \geq {N}_{\mathrm{{GE}}} \end{array}\right.$
式中:${r}_{\mathrm{{GE}}}$为 PIES 的绿证交易价格;${C}_{\mathrm{{GE}}}^{i}$${\mathrm{{PIES}}}_{i}$的绿证交易成本。
若 PIES 绿证持有量超过绿证配额标准, 则超额绿证可以等效抵消 PIES 碳排放量。
${P}_{\mathrm{{ge}}}^{\mathrm{e}} = \left\{ \begin{array}{l} {\rho }_{\mathrm{{ge}}}\left( {{N}_{\mathrm{{ge}}} - {N}_{\mathrm{{GE}}}}\right) ,{N}_{\mathrm{{ge}}} \geq {N}_{\mathrm{{GE}}} \\ 0,{N}_{\mathrm{{ge}}} \leq {N}_{\mathrm{{GE}}} \end{array}\right.$
式中:${P}_{\mathrm{{ge}}}^{\mathrm{e}}$为可用来抵消碳排放的绿电出力;${\rho }_{\mathrm{{ge}}}$为等额抵消系数。
引入绿证-碳排放等效抵消机制后的阶梯碳交易成本为
$\begin{array}{l} - 2\left( {C + {2p}}\right) \left( {1 + \beta \left( {1 + {3p}}\right) \left( {C{T}_{\text{PFE,}i} + {2l}}\right) ,}\right) \\ C{T}_{\text{PFE,}i} \leq - {2l} \\ - \beta \left( {1 + \rho }\right) l + \beta \left( {1 + {2\rho }}\right) \left( {C{T}_{\text{PFE,}i} + l}\right) , \\ - {2l} < C{T}_{\text{PFE,}i} \leq - l \\ - l < C{T}_{\text{PFE,}i} \leq - l \\ C{T}_{\text{PFE,}i} \leq - l < C{T}_{\text{PFE,}i} \leq 0 \\ {\beta l} + \beta \left( {1 + \beta }\right) \left( {C{T}_{\text{PFE,}i} - l}\right) , l < C{T}_{\text{PFE,}i} \leq {2l} \\ {\beta l} + \beta \left( {1 + \beta }\right) \left( {C{T}_{\text{PFE,}i} - l}\right) , l < C{T}_{\text{PFE,}i} \leq {2l} \\ {\beta l} < C{T}_{\text{PFE,}i} \leq {3l} \\ C{T}_{\text{PFE,}i} \leq {3l} \\ {\beta l} < C{T}_{\text{PFE,}i} \leq {3l} \end{array}$
$C{T}_{\mathrm{{PIES}}, i} = C{E}_{\mathrm{{PIES}}, i} - C{Q}_{\mathrm{{PIES}}, i}$
$C{Q}_{\text{PIES }, i} = \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t = 1}}^{T}\left\lbrack {{\delta }_{\mathrm{E}}{P}_{\mathrm{{ce}}}^{\text{sell }}\left( t\right) }\right\rbrack + \\ {\delta }_{\mathrm{h}}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t = 1}}^{T}\left\lbrack {\kappa {P}_{\mathrm{{CCHP}}}^{\mathrm{E}}\left( t\right) + {P}_{\mathrm{{CCHP}}}^{\mathrm{H}}\left( t\right) + {P}_{\mathrm{{CCHP}}}^{\mathrm{C}}\left( t\right) }\right\rbrack \\ C{E}_{\text{PIES }, i} = \chi \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t = 1}}^{T}\left\lbrack {\kappa {P}_{\mathrm{{CCHP}}}^{\mathrm{E}}\left( t\right) + }\right. \\ {P}_{\mathrm{{CCHP}}}^{\mathrm{H}}\left( t\right) + {P}_{\mathrm{{CCHP}}}^{\mathrm{C}}\left( t\right) + {P}_{\mathrm{{ce}}}^{\mathrm{{sell}}}\left( t\right) - {P}_{\mathrm{{ge}}}^{\mathrm{e}}\left( t\right) \rbrack$
式中:${C}_{\mathrm{{LC}}}^{i}$${\mathrm{{PIES}}}_{i}$阶梯碳-绿证交易成本;$C{T}_{\mathrm{{PIES}}, i}$,$C{Q}_{\mathrm{{PIES}}, i}, C{E}_{\mathrm{{PIES}}, i}$分别为${\mathrm{{PIES}}}_{i}$可交易碳配额、免费碳配额以及实际碳排放量;$\beta$为市场碳交易基准价;$l$为系统碳排放量区间长度;$\rho$为奖励系数;$v$为价格增长幅度;${\delta }_{\mathrm{E}},{\delta }_{\mathrm{h}}$分别为单位电碳配额系数、单位热碳配额系数;${P}_{\mathrm{{CCHP}}}^{\mathrm{E}},{P}_{\mathrm{{CCHP}}}^{\mathrm{H}},{P}_{\mathrm{{CCHP}}}^{\mathrm{C}}$分别为 CCHP 的电、热、冷出力;$\chi ,\kappa$分别为区域单位碳排放系数、电的换算系数;${P}_{\mathrm{{ce}}}^{\mathrm{{sell}}}$为 PIES 购买的常规电量。
本文依据 PIES 实际合作情况, 将 PIES 划分为合作 PIES 与非合作 PIES。在该模型框架中, 系统运营商(Integrated System Operator, ISO)作为领导者, 合作 PIES 不参与博弈竞价, 作为 ISO 的可调资源,以折扣价格向 ISO 交易电量进行整体优化, 并依据各合作 PIES 在经济、环境维度的贡献度, 采用改进 Shapley 值法进行效益分配; 非合作 PIES 作为博弈的跟随者, 依据 ISO 定价策略调整 PIES 能源交易与设备出力策略。该模型同时优化绿电、常规电交易价格,园区机组出力方案以及能源交易策略,旨在实现双方效益最大化。
本文所构建的双层博弈模型架构如图 3 所示。在模型下层建立以由阶梯碳交易、能源交易、 运维成本等构成的综合成本最低为目标的非合作 PIES 优化调度模型, 非合作 PIES 依据 ISO 定价调整机组出力与能源交易策略; 在模型上层以 ISO 经济性最优为目标,制定下层非合作 PIES 绿电、常规电动态定价方案。
在此博弈框架下, ISO 作为领导者, 综合考虑与电网、PIES 互动, 通过优化向 PIES 购售绿电、 常规电的价格,即${r}_{\text{buy }}^{\mathrm{{ge}}} = \left( {{r}_{\text{buy },1}^{\mathrm{{ge}}},{r}_{\text{buy },2}^{\mathrm{{ge}}},\cdots ,{r}_{\text{buy }, t}^{\mathrm{{ge}}}}\right) ,{r}_{\mathrm{{sell}}}^{\mathrm{{ge}}} =$$\left( {{r}_{\text{sell,}1}^{\text{ge }},{r}_{\text{sell,}2}^{\text{ge }},\cdots ,{r}_{\text{sell,}t}^{\text{ge }}}\right) ,{r}_{\text{buy }}^{\text{ce }} = \left( {{r}_{\text{buy,}1}^{\text{ce }},{r}_{\text{buy,}2}^{\text{ce }},\cdots ,{r}_{\text{buy,}t}^{\text{ce }}}\right) ,{r}_{\text{sell }}^{\text{ce }} =$$\left( {{r}_{\text{sell,}1}^{\mathrm{{ce}}},{r}_{\text{sell,}2}^{\mathrm{{ce}}},\cdots ,{r}_{\text{sell,}t}^{\mathrm{{ce}}}}\right)$,实现经济效益最大化,并将其作为上层模型,目标函数为
$\max {W}_{\mathrm{{ISO}}} = {I}_{\mathrm{{TR}}} - {C}_{\text{grid }}$
${I}_{\mathrm{{TR}}} = \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t = 1}}^{T}\left( {{P}_{\mathrm{{sell}}, t}^{\mathrm{{ge}}}{r}_{\mathrm{{sell}}, t}^{\mathrm{{ge}}} + {P}_{\mathrm{{sell}}, t}^{\mathrm{{ce}}}{r}_{\mathrm{{sell}}, t}^{\mathrm{{ce}}} - {P}_{\mathrm{{buy}}, t}^{\mathrm{{ge}}}{r}_{\mathrm{{buy}}, t}^{\mathrm{{ge}}} - {P}_{\mathrm{{buy}}, t}^{\mathrm{{ce}}}{r}_{\mathrm{{buy}}, t}^{\mathrm{{ce}}} + {C}_{\mathrm{{TR}},\mathrm{{co}}}}\right)$
${C}_{\text{grid }} = \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t = 1}}^{T}\left\lbrack {\left( {{P}_{\text{buy,}t}^{\mathrm{{GE}}}{P}_{\text{buy,}t}^{\mathrm{{GE}}} + {P}_{\text{buy,}t}^{\mathrm{{CE}}}{P}_{\text{buy,}t}^{\mathrm{{CE}}}}\right) {\psi }_{\text{grid }} - {P}_{\text{sell,}t}^{\mathrm{{GE}}}{r}_{\text{sell,}t}^{\mathrm{{GE}}} - {P}_{\text{sell,}t}^{\mathrm{{CE}}}{r}_{\text{sell,}t}^{\mathrm{{CE}}}}\right\rbrack$
式中:${W}_{\mathrm{{ISO}}}$$\mathrm{{ISO}}$的经济效益;${P}_{\text{sell }}^{\mathrm{{ge}}},{P}_{\text{sell }}^{\mathrm{{ce}}}$分别为$\mathrm{{ISO}}$向 PIES 售绿电、常规电功率;${P}_{\text{buy }}^{\mathrm{{ge}}},{P}_{\text{buy }}^{\mathrm{{ce}}}$分别为 ISO 向 PIES 购绿电、常规电功率;${I}_{\mathrm{{TR}}}$为 ISO 与 PIES 的交互收益;${C}_{\mathrm{{TR}},\mathrm{{co}}}$为联盟与 ISO 的交易成本;${C}_{\text{grid }}$为电网交互费用;${P}_{\text{buy }}^{\mathrm{{GE}}},{P}_{\text{sell }}^{\mathrm{{GE}}}$分别为 ISO 向电网购、 售的绿电量;${P}_{\text{buy }}^{\mathrm{{CE}}},{P}_{\text{sell }}^{\mathrm{{CE}}}$分别为 ISO 向电网购售的常规电量;${r}_{\text{buy }}^{\mathrm{{GE}}},{r}_{\text{sell }}^{\mathrm{{GE}}}$分别为绿电分时电价和上网电价;${r}_{\text{buy }}^{\mathrm{{CE}}},{r}_{\text{sell }}^{\mathrm{{CE}}}$分别为常规电分时电价和上网电价;${\psi }_{\text{grid }}$为电网购电折扣系数。
合作联盟作为 ISO 的可调资源, 统一由 ISO 进行调度,以一定折扣向 ISO 购买电能。目标函数为
${C}_{\mathrm{{co}}} = {C}_{\mathrm{{TR}},\mathrm{{co}}} + {C}_{\mathrm{{OM}}} + {C}_{\mathrm{{LC}}} + {C}_{\mathrm{{gas}}} + {C}_{\mathrm{{GE}}} + {C}_{\mathrm{{P2P}}}$
${C}_{\mathrm{{TR}},\mathrm{{co}}} = \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t = 1}}^{T}\left( {{P}_{\mathrm{{sell}}, t}^{\mathrm{{ge}}}{r}_{\mathrm{{buy}}, t}^{\mathrm{{GE}}} + {P}_{\mathrm{{sell}}, t}^{\mathrm{{ce}}}{r}_{\mathrm{{buy}}, t}^{\mathrm{{CE}}}}\right) {v}_{\mathrm{g}} - {P}_{\mathrm{{buy}}, t}^{\mathrm{{ge}}}{r}_{\mathrm{{sell}}, t}^{\mathrm{{GE}}} - {P}_{\mathrm{{buy}}, t}^{\mathrm{{ce}}}{r}_{\mathrm{{sell}}, t}^{\mathrm{{CE}}}$
${C}_{\mathrm{{P2P}}} = \sigma \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = {1j} = 1}}^{N}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 1}}^{M}{P}_{\mathrm{{P2P}}}^{i, j}$
式中:${C}_{\mathrm{{co}}}$为联盟经济成本;${v}_{\mathrm{g}}$为联盟向 ISO 购电的折扣系数;${C}_{\mathrm{{P2P}}}$为园区间电能传输损耗成本;$\sigma$为传输损耗成本系数;${P}_{\mathrm{{P2P}}}^{i, j}$${\mathrm{{PIES}}}_{i}$传输至${\mathrm{{PIES}}}_{j}$的电能量。
联盟的其他约束条件详见式(21)~(40)。
ISO 综合考虑电网定价约束, 为调动 PIES 与 ISO 开展交易的积极性, 规定 ISO 向非合作 PIES 销售的绿电、常规电价格低于市场购电价格, ISO 向非合作 PIES 购买的绿电、常规电价格高于上网电价。
$\left\{ \begin{array}{l} {r}_{\text{sell,}t} \leq {r}_{\text{buy,}t}^{\text{ge }} \leq {r}_{\text{sell,}t}^{\text{ge }} \leq {r}_{\text{buy,}t}^{\text{GE }} \\ {r}_{\text{sell,}t} \leq {r}_{\text{buy,}t}^{\text{ce }} \leq {r}_{\text{sell,}t}^{\text{ce }} \leq {r}_{\text{buy,}t}^{\text{CE }} \end{array}\right.$
为保障 ISO 与各 PIES 之间电能供需平衡, 设置如下约束条件:
${P}_{t}^{\mathrm{{GE}}} = \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{M}\left( {{P}_{\mathrm{{sell}}, t}^{\mathrm{{ge}}, i} - {P}_{\mathrm{{buy}}, t}^{\mathrm{{ge}}, i}}\right)$
$\left\{ \begin{array}{l} {P}_{\text{buy }, t}^{\mathrm{{GE}}} = \left\{ \begin{array}{l} {P}_{t}^{\mathrm{{GE}}},{P}_{t}^{\mathrm{{GE}}} > 0 \\ 0,{P}_{t}^{\mathrm{{GE}}} \leq 0 \end{array}\right. \\ {P}_{\text{sel }, t}^{\mathrm{{GE}}} = \left\{ \begin{array}{l} - {P}_{t}^{\mathrm{{GE}}},{P}_{t}^{\mathrm{{GE}}} < 0 \\ 0,{P}_{t}^{\mathrm{{GE}}} \geq 0 \end{array}\right. \end{array}\right.$
${P}_{t}^{\mathrm{{CE}}} = \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{M}\left( {{P}_{\mathrm{{sell}}, t}^{\mathrm{{ce}}, i} - {P}_{\mathrm{{buy}}, t}^{\mathrm{{ce}}, i}}\right)$
$\left\{ \begin{array}{l} {P}_{\text{buy }, t}^{\mathrm{{CE}}} = \left\{ \begin{array}{l} {P}_{t}^{\mathrm{{CE}}},{P}_{t}^{\mathrm{{CE}}} > 0 \\ 0,{P}_{t}^{\mathrm{{CE}}} \leq 0 \end{array}\right. \\ {P}_{\text{sel }, t}^{\mathrm{{CE}}} = \left\{ \begin{array}{l} - {P}_{t}^{\mathrm{{CE}}},{P}_{t}^{\mathrm{{CE}}} < 0 \\ 0,{P}_{t}^{\mathrm{{CE}}} \geq 0 \end{array}\right. \end{array}\right.$
式中:${P}_{t}^{\mathrm{{GE}}}$为 ISO 统筹 PIES 购、售绿电后参与电力市场交易的绿电功率;${P}_{t}^{\mathrm{{CE}}}$为 ISO 统筹 PIES 购、售常规电后参与电力市场交易的常规电功率。
非合作 PIES 主体依据上层绿电、常规电定价策略,调整 PIES 机组出力以及与 ISO 的购、售电方案, 平衡绿电的高成本与常规电高排碳量之间的矛盾。非合作 PIES 以由阶梯碳交易、能源交易、 运维成本等构成的综合成本最低为目标函数:
$\min {C}_{\mathrm{{PIES}}}^{i} = {C}_{\mathrm{{TR}}}^{i} + {C}_{\mathrm{{OM}}}^{i} + {C}_{\mathrm{{GAS}}}^{i} + {C}_{\mathrm{{GE}}}^{i} + {C}_{\mathrm{{LC}}}^{i}$
式中:${C}_{\mathrm{{PIES}}}^{i}$${\mathrm{{PIES}}}_{i}$的总成本;${C}_{\mathrm{{TR}}}^{i}$${\mathrm{{PIES}}}_{i}$$\mathrm{{ISO}}$的交易成本;${C}_{\mathrm{{OM}}}^{i}$${\mathrm{{PIES}}}_{i}$的设备维护成本;${C}_{\mathrm{{GAS}}}^{i}$${\mathrm{{PIES}}}_{i}$的天然气购买成本;${C}_{\mathrm{{GE}}}^{i}$${\mathrm{{PIES}}}_{i}$的绿证交易成本。
PIES 运行优化是在保证基础用能需求的基础上提高能源利用效率, 满足各时刻电、热、冷负荷需求。电、热、冷平衡约束条件分别为式(21)~(23)。
${P}_{\mathrm{{pwt}}} + {P}_{\mathrm{{ppv}}} + {P}_{\mathrm{{CCHP}}}^{\mathrm{E}} + {P}_{\mathrm{{ESS}}} + {P}_{\mathrm{{sell}}}^{\mathrm{{ge}}} + {P}_{\mathrm{{sell}}}^{\mathrm{{ce}}} = \\ {E}_{\text{load }} + {P}_{\text{buy }}^{\mathrm{{ge}}} + {P}_{\text{buy }}^{\mathrm{{ce}}} + {P}_{\mathrm{{HP}}}/{\eta }_{\mathrm{{HP}}} + {P}_{\mathrm{{EB}}}/{\eta }_{\mathrm{{EB}}} + {P}_{\mathrm{{ER}}}/{\eta }_{\mathrm{{ER}}}$
${P}_{\mathrm{{CCHP}}}^{\mathrm{H}} + {P}_{\mathrm{{TSS}}} + {P}_{\mathrm{{HP}}} + {P}_{\mathrm{{EB}}} = {H}_{\text{load }}$
${P}_{\mathrm{{CCHP}}}^{\mathrm{C}} + {P}_{\mathrm{{CSS}}} + {P}_{\mathrm{{ER}}} = {C}_{\text{load }}$
式中:${P}_{\mathrm{{ESS}}},{P}_{\mathrm{{TSS}}},{P}_{\mathrm{{CSS}}}$分别为蓄电池、蓄热罐、蓄冰槽的净充能功率,其值若大于 0 ,则为放能,反之为充能;${P}_{\mathrm{{ER}}},{P}_{\mathrm{{EB}}},{P}_{\mathrm{{HP}}}$分别为电制冷机、电锅炉、热泵的输出功率;${E}_{\text{load }},{H}_{\text{load }},{C}_{\text{load }}$分别为 PIES 的电、热、 冷负荷;${\eta }_{\mathrm{{HP}}},{\eta }_{\mathrm{{EB}}},{\eta }_{\mathrm{{ER}}}$分别为热泵、电锅炉、电制冷机的效率。
PIES 内部设备安全约束涵盖设备出力约束、 爬坡约束以及储能设备约束,式(24),(25)分别为设备最大出力约束以及爬坡约束。
$0 \leq {P}_{i}^{t} \leq {P}_{i,\max }^{t}$
$\Delta {P}_{i,\min }^{t} \leq \Delta {P}_{i}^{t} \leq \Delta {P}_{i,\max }^{t}$
式中:$\Delta {P}_{i,\max }^{t},\Delta {P}_{i,\min }^{t}$分别为各设备单位时间内爬坡上、下限约束。
储能设备的容量约束和输出功率约束如式 (26)~(29)所示。
$0 \leq {P}_{\text{ESS_cha }}^{t} \leq \min \left\lbrack {{P}_{\text{ESS_cha }}^{\max },\frac{\left( {{\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\max } - {\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\mathrm{e}}^{t}}\right) {E}_{\text{bess }}}{{\eta }_{\text{ESS_cha }}{\Delta t}}}\right\rbrack$
$0 \leq {P}_{\mathrm{{ESS}}\_ \text{dis }}^{t} \leq \min \left\lbrack {{P}_{\mathrm{{ESS}}\_ \text{dis }}^{\max },\frac{\left( {{\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\mathrm{e}}^{t} - {\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\text{min }}}\right) {E}_{\text{bess }}{\eta }_{\mathrm{{ESS}}\_ \text{dis }}}{\Delta t}}\right\rbrack$
${\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\mathrm{e}}^{T} = {\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\mathrm{e}}^{1}$
${P}_{\text{ESS_cha }}^{t}{P}_{\text{ESS_dis }}^{t} = 0$
式中:${\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\mathrm{e}}^{t}$为蓄电池在$t$时刻的容量百分比;${E}_{\text{bess }}$为蓄电池的总容量;${P}_{\mathrm{{ESS}}\_ \text{cha }}^{t},{P}_{\mathrm{{ESS}}\_ \text{dis }}^{t}$分别为蓄电池在$t$时刻的充、放电出力;${\eta }_{\text{ESS_cha }},{\eta }_{\text{ESS_dis }}$分别为蓄电池的充、放电效率;${\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\max }$,${\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\min }$分别为蓄电池最大、最小储电量。
$0 \leq {P}_{\text{TES_cha }}^{t} \leq \min \left\lbrack {{P}_{\text{TES_cha }}^{\max },\frac{\left( {1 - {\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\mathrm{h}}^{t}}\right) {H}_{\text{bess }}}{{\eta }_{\text{TES_cha }}{\Delta t}}}\right\rbrack$
$0 \leq {P}_{\text{TES_dis }}^{t} \leq \min \left\lbrack {{P}_{\text{TES_dis }}^{\max },\frac{{\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\mathrm{h}}^{t}{H}_{\text{bess }}{\eta }_{\text{TES_dis }}}{\Delta t}}\right\rbrack$
${\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\mathrm{h}}^{T} = {\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\mathrm{h}}^{1}$
${P}_{\text{TES_cha }}^{t}{P}_{\text{TES_dis }}^{t} = 0$
式中:${\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\mathrm{h}}^{t}$为蓄热罐在$t$时刻的容量百分比;${H}_{\text{bess }}$为蓄热罐的总容量;${\eta }_{\mathrm{{TES}}\_ \text{cha }},{\eta }_{\mathrm{{TES}}\_ \text{dis }}$分别为蓄热罐的充、放热效率;${P}_{\mathrm{{TES}}\_ \text{cha }}^{t},{P}_{\mathrm{{TES}}\_ \text{dis }}^{t}$分别为蓄热罐在$t$时刻的充、放热出力。
$0 \leq {P}_{\mathrm{{CES}}\_ \text{cha }}^{t} \leq \min \left\lbrack {{P}_{\mathrm{{CES}}\_ \text{cha }}^{\max },\frac{\left( {1 - {\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\mathrm{c}}^{t}}\right) {C}_{\text{bess }}}{{\eta }_{\mathrm{{CES}}\_ \text{cha }}{\Delta t}}}\right\rbrack$
$0 \leq {P}_{\mathrm{{CES}}\_ \text{dis }}^{t} \leq \min \left\lbrack {{P}_{\mathrm{{CES}}\_ \text{dis }}^{\max },\frac{{\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\mathrm{c}}^{t}{C}_{\text{bess }}{\eta }_{\mathrm{{CES}}\_ \text{dis }}}{\Delta t}}\right\rbrack$
${\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\mathrm{c}}^{T} = {\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\mathrm{c}}^{1}$
${P}_{\text{CES_cha }}^{t}{P}_{\text{CES_dis }}^{t} = 0$
式中:${\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\mathrm{c}}^{t}$为蓄冰槽在$t$时刻的容量百分比;${C}_{\text{bess }}$为蓄冰槽总容量;${\eta }_{\mathrm{{CES}}\_ \mathrm{{cha}}},{\eta }_{\mathrm{{CES}}\_ \mathrm{{dis}}}$分别为蓄冰槽的充、放冷效率;${P}_{\mathrm{{TES}}\_ \text{cha }}^{t},{P}_{\mathrm{{TES}}\_ \text{dis }}^{t}$分别为蓄冰槽在$t$时刻的充、放冷出力。
PIES 在不影响客户用能舒适度的基础上, 依据 ISO 价格信号, 通过削减或转移部分负荷来响应能源价格波动,从而调整峰、谷负荷差。
${E}_{\text{load }i} = {E}_{\text{load }i,0} - {P}_{\text{tran }, i}^{\mathrm{e}} - {P}_{\text{cut }, i}^{\mathrm{e}}$
$\left( {1 - {\beta }_{\text{eload }}}\right) {E}_{\text{load },0} \leq {P}_{\text{tran }, i}^{\mathrm{e}} \leq \left( {1 + {\beta }_{\text{eload }}}\right) {E}_{\text{load },0}$
$0 \leq {P}_{\text{cut }, i}^{\mathrm{e}} \leq {\alpha }_{\mathrm{e}}{E}_{\text{load }i,0}$
式中:${E}_{\text{load },0}$${\mathrm{{PIES}}}_{i}$的初始电负荷;${P}_{\text{tran }, i}^{\mathrm{e}},{P}_{\text{cut }, i}^{\mathrm{e}}$分别为${\mathrm{{PIES}}}_{i}$的可转移、可削减电负荷;${\beta }_{\text{eload }},{\alpha }_{\mathrm{e}}$分别为可转移、可削减电负荷率。
ISO 以折扣价格向联盟出售电能, 并依据联盟内各合作 PIES 在碳减排、经济效益方面的贡献度, 利用 Shapley 值对成本减少量进行效益分配。 传统 Shapley 值多按单一维度进行效益分配 [ 20 ] ,因此本文综合考虑碳减排效益、经济效益的贡献度, 采用改进 Shapley 值进行效益分配, 基于上述思路,各合作 PIES 效益分配${X}_{i}$计算方法为
${X}_{i} = X\left( n\right) \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{k = 1}}^{K}\left\lbrack {{f}_{k}{\delta }_{i, k}\left( X\right) }\right\rbrack \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{k = 1}}^{K}{\delta }_{i, k}\left( X\right)$
$X\left( n\right) = \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{n}\left( {{C}_{i} - {C}_{\mathrm{{co}}}}\right)$
${\delta }_{i, k}\left( X\right) = \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i \in S}}\left\{ {\frac{\left( {\left| {S}_{i}\right| - 1}\right) !\left( {n - \left| {S}_{i}\right| }\right) !}{n!} \times }\right. \\ \left. \left\lbrack {X\left( {S}_{i, k}\right) - X\left( {{S}_{i, k}\smallsetminus \{ i\} }\right) }\right\rbrack \right\}$
式中:${X}_{i}$${\mathrm{{PIES}}}_{i}$综合考虑碳减排、经济效益获得的实际收入;$X\left( n\right)$为大联盟待分配效益;${C}_{i}$为各合作${\mathrm{{PIES}}}_{i}$的单独运行成本;${C}_{\mathrm{{co}}}$为联盟运行优化成本;${\delta }_{i, k}\left( X\right)$${\mathrm{{PIES}}}_{i}$的利益分配值;${S}_{i}$为联盟内成员数目;$n$为合作${\mathrm{{PIES}}}_{i}$的总数量;$X\left( {S}_{i, k}\right)$为涵盖${\mathrm{{PIES}}}_{i}$的联盟基于$k$维度获得的综合效益的等效经济值;$X\left( {{S}_{i, k}/\{ i\} }\right)$为联盟扣除${\mathrm{{PIES}}}_{i}$后基于$k$维度获得的综合效益等效经济值;$k$维度包括经济成本、碳减排维度;${f}_{k}$$k$维度贡献权重。
在本文所构建的双层博弈模型中, 下层博弈作为上层优化过程的约束条件, 该模型属于混合整数规划问题,求解方法主要包括基于 KKT 条件的优化方法和启发式智能算法。在 KKT 条件下, 上层模型要获取下层所有信息, 隐私性较差, 对于多利益主体并不适用 [ 21 ] 。综合考虑隐私性问题,上层采用改进哈里斯鹰算法(Harris Hawk Optimization, HHO)迭代求解动态定价, 下层采用 gurobi 求解器求解优化调度问题。
HHO 算法具有输入参数少、搜索能力强等优点, 较好地保护了多主体的隐私性, 但也存在探索区域不平衡、易陷入局部最优等问题 [ 22 ] 。因此,引入了混沌映射概念, 提出一种改进的 HHO 算法模拟上、下层之间的顺次博弈策略, 通过引入多样性种群, 为全局搜索向局部搜索转变提供更平滑的过渡,提高收敛速度和求解精度。
常见混沌映射包括 Tent 与 Logistic 混沌映射, 其中 Tent 混沌映射结构简单, 通过调整控制参数 $\tau$ 灵活调节非线性程度,然而由于其具有分段线性特征,动力学行为较简单,且控制参数限定在 $\left\lbrack {0,1}\right\rbrack$ ,因此适用范围较窄。
${x}_{i + 1} = \left\{ \begin{array}{l} \frac{{x}_{i}}{\tau },{x}_{i} \in \lbrack 0,\tau ) \\ \frac{1 - {x}_{i}}{1 - \tau },{x}_{i} \in \lbrack \tau ,1) \end{array}\right.$
Logistic 混沌映射能够提供更平滑的动态过渡, 但可能会导致系统行为动态变化的复杂性增加,且控制参数须要在特定选择范围内才能产生混沌行为。Logistic 混沌映射表达式为
${x}_{i + 1} = \tau {x}_{i}\left( {1 - {x}_{i}}\right)$
式中: $\tau \in (0,4\rbrack ,\tau$ 越大混沌性越高, $\tau = 4$ 时处于完全混沌状态,混沌轨道状态值为(0,1)。
基于 Tent 与 Logistic 混沌映射的特点, 本文提出一种 Tent-Logistic-Cosine 复合混沌序列, 更新后的猎物逃逸能量表达式为
$G\left( {i + 1}\right) = \\ \left\{ \begin{array}{l} \cos \{ \pi \left\lbrack {{2\tau G}\left( i\right) + 4\left( {1 - \tau }\right) G\left( i\right) \left( {1 - G\left( i\right) }\right) - {0.5}}\right\rbrack \} , \\ G\left( i\right) < {0.5} \\ \cos \{ \pi \lbrack {2\tau }\left( {1 - G\left( i\right) }\right) + 4\left( {1 - \tau }\right) G\left( i\right) \left( {1 - G\left( i\right) }\right) - {0.5}\rbrack \} , \\ G\left( i\right) \geq {0.5} \end{array}\right.$
式中: $G$ 为猎物在 $t$ 时刻的逃逸能量,在全局搜索向局部搜索转变阶段, 猎物在躲避捕食的过程中, 体力逐渐下降, 哈里斯鹰会根据猎物逃逸能量的动态变化情况来选择自身的捕猎模式。
基于所构建的双层博弈优化模型进行求解, 求解步骤如下。
步骤 1: 导入系统参数, 包括绿电、常规能源价格曲线,天气状况、负荷数据、设备参数等。
步骤 2: 采用 Tent-Logistic-Cosine 生成初始化报价种群,设置种群规模 $M$ ,最大迭代次数 $K$
步骤 3:输入联盟多元负荷、机组与环境参数等数据,采用 Gurobi 求解联盟最优调度及交易策略。
步骤 4: 导入非合作 PIES 负荷、机组与环境参数等数据,下层采用 Gurobi 求解每个报价点下非合作 PIES 的最优出力及交易调度策略,并将其反馈给上层模型。
步骤 5: 上层依据下层反馈信息, 计算适应度函数,同时计算猎物的逃逸能量 $G$ 与逃脱失败概率 $g$ ,并基于猎物的逃逸能量 $G$ 与猎物逃脱失败概率 $g$ ,按照式 (46) 及时更新自身的报价策略。
步骤 6:判断是否达到最大迭代次数。若满足终止条件,则输出最优报价策略及最优报价策略下非合作 PIES 设备出力及能源交易策略,若不满足, 迭代次数加 1, 并返回步骤 4 继续求解。
以中国某区域的园区集群为例, 设置 5 个园区综合能源系统,分别为${\mathrm{{PIES}}}_{1},{\mathrm{{PIES}}}_{2},{\mathrm{{PIES}}}_{3}$,${\mathrm{{PIES}}}_{4}$,${\mathrm{{PIES}}}_{5}$。假定${\mathrm{{PIES}}}_{1} \sim {\mathrm{{PIES}}}_{3}$组成合作联盟,${\mathrm{{PIES}}}_{4}$,${\mathrm{{PIES}}}_{5}$选择非合作模式。本文设置的仿真周期为${24}\mathrm{\;h}$,设备调度周期为$1\mathrm{\;h}$,阶梯碳交易基准价格为 0.25 元$/\mathrm{{kg}}$,碳排放区间长度设置为 2000$\mathrm{{kg}}$。ISO 可以从电力市场购买绿电和常规电量,园区通过购买天然气来满足燃气轮机的出力需求, 绿电电价、常规电价曲线及各园区典型日的冷、 热、电负荷及风、光出力情况如图 4 所示。
各园区综合能源系统相关设备参数如表 1,2 所示 [ 23 ] 表 1 中空白处表明园区未配备该设备。
为了验证所构建的双层博弈模型的有效性, 依据本文所提出的运行优化方法, 对园区综合能源系统调度及交易方案进行优化仿真。
场景 1: 园区独立运行+传统碳交易机制
系统运营商 ISO 不参与交易, 各园区独立运行,直接与电网进行交易,执行原有阶梯碳交易机制。场景 1 中各园区主体独立运行优化结果如表 3 所示。
场景 2: 双层博弈模式+阶梯碳-绿证机制
在场景 1 的基础上, 执行考虑等效抵消机制的阶梯碳-绿证交易机制, 上层模型以 ISO 经济效益最大化为目标,采用改进 HHO 算法求解 ISO 最优定价策略;下层模型采用 Gurobi 求解器优化出对应定价点下非合作 PIES 最优设备出力策略。 在场景 2 中, ${\mathrm{{PIES}}}_{1} \sim {\mathrm{{PIES}}}_{3}$ 组成合作联盟,联盟设备作为 ISO 的可调资源,由 ISO 统一调度优化,并基于改进 Shapley 法, 依据经济性及减排效益对联盟内各 PIES 进行效益分配; PIES ${}_{4}$ , PIES ${}_{5}$ 执行主从博弈模型, 依据绿电、常规电交易价格, 制定设备调度及能源交易策略。考虑 PIES 碳减排与经济效益的综合情况, 确定场景 2 为最优场景, 后文将主要围绕场景 2 展开研究。
①合作联盟运行优化结果
在 ISO 的调度下, 联盟内部存在电能盈余的 PIES 会将多余电能传输给存在负荷缺口的 PIES。 ${\mathrm{{PIES}}}_{3}$ 存在多余出力,因此, ${\mathrm{{PIES}}}_{3}$ 会将多余部分电量传输给 ${\mathrm{{PIES}}}_{1},{\mathrm{{PIES}}}_{2}$ ,促进新能源消纳。同时,作为 ISO 可调资源, 联盟优先以优惠价格从 ISO 购电。联盟电能传输情况如图 5 所示。
②ISO 定价策略优化结果
ISO 制定的向 ${\mathrm{{PIES}}}_{4}$ , ${\mathrm{{PIES}}}_{5}$ 购售绿电、常规电的价格与电力市场的电价相对一致, 但同时受到 PIES 的负荷需求与设备最大出力的影响, 存在一定波动。场景 2 中 ISO 能源价格优化结果如图 6 所示。
③电能交易策略优化结果
ISO 制定的绿电、常规电购售价格策略,会直接影响 ${\mathrm{{PIES}}}_{4}$ , ${\mathrm{{PIES}}}_{5}$$\mathrm{{ISO}}$ 的绿电、常规电交易策略。在 04:00-06:00,17:00-18:00 及 21: 00-24:00 时段,绿电、常规电购买价差较大, PIES 优先选择购买经济性更高的常规电满足负荷缺口;在 08:00-13:00 时段,绿电、常规电购买价差相对较小, 且绿电在碳效益方面具有更高的价值, 因此 PIES 优先购买绿电满足负荷缺口。为维持园区集群电平衡, ISO 须要与电网互动交易。ISO 与 ${\mathrm{{PIES}}}_{4}$ , ${\mathrm{{PIES}}}_{5}$ 及电网的交互情况如图 7 所示。
④设备调度及需求响应策略
${\mathrm{{PIES}}}_{4}$ , ${\mathrm{{PIES}}}_{5}$ 依据 $\mathrm{{ISO}}$ 绿电、常规电价差制定交易策略与设备出力方案。此外, PIES 依据 ISO 的峰谷电价差, 通过优化设备出力和负荷响应降低园区经济成本。PIES 设备调度与需求响应策略如图 8 所示。
依据图 8(c), (d) 所示, PIES 负荷均实现了时间上的转移和削减, ${\mathrm{{PIES}}}_{4}$ , ${\mathrm{{PIES}}}_{5}$ 负荷波动情况与 ISO 电交易价格变动情况基本一致。在 12:00- ${13} : {00},{14} : {00} - {16} : {00}$${19} : {00} - {22} : {00}$ ,负荷量相对较高, 因此 ISO 设置相对较高的购电价格, 引导 PIES 通过负荷削减和转移实现削峰;在 01:00- ${04} : {00}$ , PIES 负荷量相对较低, ISO 设置较低的购电价格, 引导 PIES 将负荷转入实现填谷。通过 ISO 定价策略引导园区进行需求响应, 实现削峰填谷,降低运行成本。
⑤各主体效益优化结果
本文中最大迭代次数设置为 50 , 种群规模为 100,验证本文所提出的改进 $\mathrm{{HHO}}$ 算法的有效性,并与传统粒子群算法、 $\mathrm{{HHO}}$ 算法进行比较,运行后仿真迭代结果如图 9 所示。
图 9 可知, 改进 HHO 算法在迭代 18 次左右达到收敛,与传统 $\mathrm{{HHO}}$ 算法与粒子群算法相比,改进 HHO 算法收敛速度更快,具有良好的收敛性与计算速度。依据改进 $\mathrm{{HHO}}$ 算法可得 $\mathrm{{ISO}}$ 经济效益为 8632.73 元,在该定价策略下,场景 2 中各园区主体运行优化结果如表 4 所示, ${\mathrm{{PIES}}}_{4}$ , ${\mathrm{{PIES}}}_{5}$ 经济成本分别下降 ${21.34}\% ,{22.66}\%$ ,碳排放量分别降低 ${21.46}\% ,{23.47}\%$ ;与场景 1 中 ${\mathrm{{PIES}}}_{1} \sim$ ${\mathrm{{PIES}}}_{3}$ 独立运行相比,各主体参与合作可减少经济成本 16427.65 元,碳排放量降低 ${19.78}\mathrm{t}$ ,这部分节约经济成本将分配给各合作园区主体。
⑥合作联盟利益分配结果
合作联盟利益分配主要针对联盟内部各园区主体,即 ${\mathrm{{PIES}}}_{1} \sim {\mathrm{{PIES}}}_{3}$ 。合作方式分为单园区、双园区、三园区共同参与合作,各子联盟经济效益和碳排放情况如图 10(a) 所示。根据总联盟和各子联盟运行优化结果考虑两种效益分配模式:仅考虑经济成本的 Shapley 值分配结果、考虑经济成本与碳排放的改进 Shapley 值分配结果。效益分配结果如图 10(b) 所示。
图 10(b)中考虑经济成本与碳排放量的改进 shapley 值分配结果可知, ${\mathrm{{PIES}}}_{1} \sim {\mathrm{{PIES}}}_{3}$ 效益分配值分别为 4936.95, 7585.71, 3904.99 元,总经济成本比场景 1 分别下降 19.80%, 24.93%, 37.00%。与仅考虑经济成本的传统 Shapley 值分配结果相比, ${\mathrm{{PIES}}}_{1}$ , ${\mathrm{{PIES}}}_{2}$ 经济效益略有下降,可再生能源装机比例更高的 ${\mathrm{{PIES}}}_{3}$ 效益有较为显著的提高, 利益分配方法可以激发更多主体参与 “双碳”目标建设。
为了进一步挖掘 PIES 的经济性与碳减排潜力,解决多主体复杂利益关系和隐私保护问题,本文提出了一种计及阶梯碳-绿证交易的 MPIES 双层博弈优化模型, 研究多利益主体的决策行为, 对 “双碳”目标的实现具有积极作用。通过算例分析可得到如下研究结果。
①构建引入绿电-碳排等效抵消机制的阶梯碳交易模型, 可促进风、光等可再生能源消纳, 有效降低 PIES 的碳排放量,鼓励园区主体生产消纳更多低碳清洁能源。
②构建 ISO-PIES 双层博弈优化模型, 通过 ISO 制定的绿电、常规电购售价格引导 PIES 调整设备出力及能源交易策略。在博弈优化的过程中, ISO 在保障自身效益的同时, 降低了系统运行成本和碳排放量。
③综合考虑经济性与碳减排贡献度的改进 Shapley 值法能够更加公正地对联盟内各主体的效益进行分配, 激励更多园区投身于 “双碳” 目标建设。
  • 国家自然科学基金(72371101)
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2025年第43卷第3期
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  • 接收时间:2024-08-22
  • 首发时间:2025-07-18
  • 出版时间:2025-03-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-22
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国家自然科学基金(72371101)
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    1 华北电力大学 北京 102206
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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