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Proton exchange membrane (PEM) water electrolysis technology holds significant promise in the field of hydrogen production. To conduct an indepth investigation into the performance and optimization potential of this technology, this paper employs the commercial software Comsol Multiphysics to establish a threedimensional, twophase, nonisothermal fully coupled model of a proton exchange membrane electrolysis cell, taking into account the transport of water within the membrane. The research findings demonstrate that the trapezoidal channel design outperforms the rectangular channel configuration, resulting in a 5.5% performance enhancement at a working voltage of 2.4 V. Through an analysis of water/gas distribution, temperature profiles, membrane water content, and membrane conductivity variations with voltage, it is revealed that the trapezoidal channel exhibits superior gas/liquid transport performance compared to the rectangular channel. At 2.4 V voltage, the trapezoidal channel's anode catalytic layer exhibits a 7.92% increase in water saturation relative to the rectangular channel, a 10.36% reduction in oxygen concentration, a 1.22% elevation in membrane water content, and a 1.75% increase in membrane conductivity, despite the temperature differences within the membrane being relatively insignificant.

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质子交换膜电解水制氢技术在制氢领域有着广阔的发展前景,为深入研究该技术,文章使用商业软件Comsol Multiphysics 建立了一个考虑膜内水分输运的三维、两相、非等温全耦合质子交换膜电解槽模型,以精确地描述质子交换膜电解槽在实际运行中的传输反应过程,并分析梯形和矩形流道结构下质子交换膜电解槽性能的差异。研究结果表明:梯形流道结构的电解槽性能优于矩形流道,在2.4V的工作电压下,性能提升了5.5%;相较于矩形流道,梯形流道具有更出色的水/气传输性能,在2.4V 的工作电压下,梯形流道阳极催化层内的水饱和度比矩形流道提高了7.92%,氧气浓度降低了10.36%,膜內含水量提高了1.22%,膜电导率提高了1.75%,但两种流道膜内温度的差异并不显著。

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郝亮(1981-),男,博士,副教授,研究方向为多物理场传输和燃料电池E-mail:
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参数 数值
双极板厚度 1.5
电解槽长度 50
双极板宽度 2.0
流道深度 1.0
流道宽度 1.0
肋宽度 1.0
多孔扩散层厚度 0.3
催化层厚度 0.02
质子交换膜厚度 0.127
矩形流道结构参数 $\left( {a/b}\right)$ 1.0/1.0
梯形流道结构参数 $\left( {a/b/h}\right)$ 0.5/1.5/1.0
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参数 数值
双极板厚度 1.5
电解槽长度 50
双极板宽度 2.0
流道深度 1.0
流道宽度 1.0
肋宽度 1.0
多孔扩散层厚度 0.3
催化层厚度 0.02
质子交换膜厚度 0.127
矩形流道结构参数 $\left( {a/b}\right)$ 1.0/1.0
梯形流道结构参数 $\left( {a/b/h}\right)$ 0.5/1.5/1.0
), ArticleFig(id=1159145614581019631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988803657617809, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Simulation model parameters, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
阴、阳极比表面积 ${a}_{\mathrm{v},\mathrm{c}},{a}_{\mathrm{v},\mathrm{a}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2} \cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-3}$ $1 \times {10}^{6},1 \times {10}^{6}$
阴、阳极反应活化能 ${E}_{\mathrm{{act}},\mathrm{c}},{E}_{\mathrm{{act}},\mathrm{a}}/\mathrm{{kJ}} \cdot {\mathrm{{mol}}}^{-1}$ 62.84 ,24.26
阴、阳极交换系数 ${\alpha }_{\mathrm{c}},{\alpha }_{\mathrm{a}}$ 0.5,0.5
$\mathrm{{CL}},\mathrm{{GDL}}$ 电导率 ${\sigma }_{\mathrm{{CL}}},{\sigma }_{\mathrm{{GDL}}}/\mathrm{S} \cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-1}$ 5000,1000
$\mathrm{{CL}},\mathrm{{GDL}}$ 渗透系数 ${K}_{\mathrm{{CL}}},{K}_{\mathrm{{GDL}}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ $1 \times {10}^{-{13}},1 \times {10}^{-{12}}$
接触角 $\theta /\left( {}^{ \circ }\right)$ 80
表面张力 $\sigma /\mathrm{N} \cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-1}$ 0.0625
CL, GDL 孔隙率 $\varepsilon$ 0.3,0.6
电迁移系数 ${n}_{\mathrm{d}}$ (2.5/22) $\lambda$
进口水温 ${T}_{0}/\mathrm{K}$ 353.15
), ArticleFig(id=1159145614648128497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988803657617809, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=仿真模型参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
阴、阳极比表面积 ${a}_{\mathrm{v},\mathrm{c}},{a}_{\mathrm{v},\mathrm{a}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2} \cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-3}$ $1 \times {10}^{6},1 \times {10}^{6}$
阴、阳极反应活化能 ${E}_{\mathrm{{act}},\mathrm{c}},{E}_{\mathrm{{act}},\mathrm{a}}/\mathrm{{kJ}} \cdot {\mathrm{{mol}}}^{-1}$ 62.84 ,24.26
阴、阳极交换系数 ${\alpha }_{\mathrm{c}},{\alpha }_{\mathrm{a}}$ 0.5,0.5
$\mathrm{{CL}},\mathrm{{GDL}}$ 电导率 ${\sigma }_{\mathrm{{CL}}},{\sigma }_{\mathrm{{GDL}}}/\mathrm{S} \cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-1}$ 5000,1000
$\mathrm{{CL}},\mathrm{{GDL}}$ 渗透系数 ${K}_{\mathrm{{CL}}},{K}_{\mathrm{{GDL}}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ $1 \times {10}^{-{13}},1 \times {10}^{-{12}}$
接触角 $\theta /\left( {}^{ \circ }\right)$ 80
表面张力 $\sigma /\mathrm{N} \cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-1}$ 0.0625
CL, GDL 孔隙率 $\varepsilon$ 0.3,0.6
电迁移系数 ${n}_{\mathrm{d}}$ (2.5/22) $\lambda$
进口水温 ${T}_{0}/\mathrm{K}$ 353.15
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不同流道结构质子交换膜电解槽性能研究
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孙海林 1 , 郝亮 1
可再生能源 | 2025,43(3): 300-306
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可再生能源 | 2025, 43(3): 300-306
不同流道结构质子交换膜电解槽性能研究
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孙海林1, 郝亮1
作者信息
  • 1 上海理工大学 能源与动力工程学院 上海 200093

通讯作者:

郝亮(1981-),男,博士,副教授,研究方向为多物理场传输和燃料电池E-mail:
Performance study of proton exchange membrane electrolysis cells with different channel structures
Hailin Sun1, Liang Hao1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Energy and Power Engineering University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Shanghai 200093 China
出版时间: 2025-03-20
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质子交换膜电解水制氢技术在制氢领域有着广阔的发展前景,为深入研究该技术,文章使用商业软件Comsol Multiphysics 建立了一个考虑膜内水分输运的三维、两相、非等温全耦合质子交换膜电解槽模型,以精确地描述质子交换膜电解槽在实际运行中的传输反应过程,并分析梯形和矩形流道结构下质子交换膜电解槽性能的差异。研究结果表明:梯形流道结构的电解槽性能优于矩形流道,在2.4V的工作电压下,性能提升了5.5%;相较于矩形流道,梯形流道具有更出色的水/气传输性能,在2.4V 的工作电压下,梯形流道阳极催化层内的水饱和度比矩形流道提高了7.92%,氧气浓度降低了10.36%,膜內含水量提高了1.22%,膜电导率提高了1.75%,但两种流道膜内温度的差异并不显著。

质子交换膜电解槽  /  模型  /  流道结构  /  传输反应过程

Proton exchange membrane (PEM) water electrolysis technology holds significant promise in the field of hydrogen production. To conduct an indepth investigation into the performance and optimization potential of this technology, this paper employs the commercial software Comsol Multiphysics to establish a threedimensional, twophase, nonisothermal fully coupled model of a proton exchange membrane electrolysis cell, taking into account the transport of water within the membrane. The research findings demonstrate that the trapezoidal channel design outperforms the rectangular channel configuration, resulting in a 5.5% performance enhancement at a working voltage of 2.4 V. Through an analysis of water/gas distribution, temperature profiles, membrane water content, and membrane conductivity variations with voltage, it is revealed that the trapezoidal channel exhibits superior gas/liquid transport performance compared to the rectangular channel. At 2.4 V voltage, the trapezoidal channel's anode catalytic layer exhibits a 7.92% increase in water saturation relative to the rectangular channel, a 10.36% reduction in oxygen concentration, a 1.22% elevation in membrane water content, and a 1.75% increase in membrane conductivity, despite the temperature differences within the membrane being relatively insignificant.

proton exchange membrane electrolysis cell  /  model  /  channel structure  /  transport reaction process
孙海林, 郝亮. 不同流道结构质子交换膜电解槽性能研究. 可再生能源, 2025 , 43 (3) : 300 -306 .
Hailin Sun, Liang Hao. Performance study of proton exchange membrane electrolysis cells with different channel structures[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2025 , 43 (3) : 300 -306 .
氢能是一种具有极高能量密度且环境友好的能源,已在交通、工业、医学等多个领域得到广泛应用。近年来,随着可再生能源和新能源产业的发展,氢能在储能领域也展现出了巨大的应用潜力,并受到了学术界和工业界的重点关注。然而, 当前氢气的生产主要依赖于化石能源,如煤、天然气等。在中国,化石能源制氢占据了氢气生产总量的 ${95}{\% }$ [ 1 ] ,由此导致大量二氧化碳的排放。为了避免和最大程度减少碳排放,电解水制氢成为了最具发展潜力的绿色环保制氢方式 [ 2 ]
当前, 电解水制氢主要采用 3 种方法, 即碱性电解水制氢、固体氧化物电解水制氢和质子交换膜(Proton Exchange Membrane, PEM)电解水制氢。相较于其他两种方法, PEM 电解水制氢具有许多优点, 如电流密度高、能源转化效率高、产氢纯度高、启动和响应时间快 [ 3 , 4 ] 等。因此, PEM 制氢特别适用于具有波动特性的风能和太阳能等新能源体系。PEM 制氢系统涉及电化学反应、多组分传输、多相流动、流/固耦合传热和质量传递等多个方面的传递过程。近年来, 国内外学者对 PEM 电解槽内复杂的传输和反应过程开展了实验和仿真研究,并建立了多个稳态和非稳态模型以及经验和半经验模型。然而, 由于 PEM 电解槽流道的几何结构会影响水和气体在流道内的传输速度和压力分布,不合理的流道设计可能导致水/气输送不均,从而影响 PEM 电解制氢系统的稳定性和效率。最初研究 PEM 电解槽流道内传输过程时, 通常假设氧气的生成是恒定且均匀的, 未考虑与电化学过程的耦合 [ 5 , 6 ] ,但研究发现,流道内的速度分布通常不均匀,靠近出、入口的速度较快,而中心区域的速度较低。为了更准确地研究流道内的水/气分布情况, 研究人员尝试通过实验和模拟研究完整反应条件下的两相流动 [ 7 - 9 ] 。研究发现,随着电流密度的增大, 气体从气泡状态过渡到段塞流状态, 不同通道内的水/气分布也不同, 在高电流密度情况下, 水和氧气的体积分数呈对角分布, 且气体在出口侧聚集。为了进一步提高 PEM 电解槽的性能, 相关学者提出了一些高效流场结构, 如双层流场、新型交叉射流孔流场和凸台结构流场等。此外,还有学者对仿生流场展开了研究,并提出了一些新颖的流道结构,如雪花状、叶脉状、鱼骨状、蜂窝状等。
目前, 国内外学者对 PEM 电解槽的流场结构设计和传输过程的研究取得了一些进展, 但对于 PEM 电解槽内复杂的多维度、多物理场和多相传热/传质的数值模拟仍存在一定的不足,特别是在考虑水传输对电解池性能的整体影响方面, 相关研究仍较少。因此,本文通过商业软件 Comsol Multi-physics 建立了一个三维、两相、非等温全耦合的 PEM 电解槽模型, 该模型构建于全耦合框架下, 集成了多相流动、多组分传输、电化学反应及跨膜水输运动力学的耦合机制,能全面揭示 PEM 电解槽内部的传输及物理化学过程, 探究电解槽流道内温度、水饱和度、膜内含水量以及电解质电导率的变化情况, 同时研究流道截面形状对 PEM 电解槽性能的影响, 深入理解 PEM 电解槽工作过程中的反应和传递机制, 为 PEM 电解槽的实验研究以及电解槽系统的优化设计提供理论依据。
PEM 电解槽的结构和流道截面形状如图 1 所示。电解槽主要由质子交换膜(MEM)、催化层 (CL)、多孔扩散层(PTL)、流道(CH)和双极板 (BP)组成。电解槽的结构参数见表 1
PEM 电解槽工作时, 通过外部施加电流, 在阳极处发生氧化反应将水分解成氧气和质子, 即析氧反应(OER)。同时,在阴极处发生还原反应将阳极传输来的质子还原成氢气,即析氢反应 (HER)。以上反应的化学反应式分别为
$2{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O} \rightarrow {\mathrm{O}}_{2} + 4{\mathrm{H}}^{ + } + 4{\mathrm{e}}^{ - }$
$4{\mathrm{H}}^{ + } + 4{\mathrm{e}}^{ - } \rightarrow 2{\mathrm{H}}_{2}$
为简化模型并减少非关键因素的影响, 本文采取以下假设:①水的流速较低,流动为不可压缩的层流状态;②多孔电极区域被认为是各向同性且均匀的;③忽略重力对流动和传热的影响,并忽略接触电阻和接触热阻;④忽略气体在质子交换膜中的穿透; ⑤将流道视为孔隙率为 1 的多孔介质。基于以上假设,本文建立了一个三维、两相、非等温的传输反应模型,用于进行数值模拟和分析。
阳/阴电极内的电化学反应动力学过程采用 Bulter-Volmer 方程进行描述。在反应过程中, 随着氧/氢气的析出, 会影响电解反应的速率和效率。因此,须要将液态水的饱和度 $s$ 作为一个重要参数引入到 Bulter-Volmer 方程中。阳/阴电极的电流密度 ${i}_{\mathrm{v},\mathrm{a}},{i}_{\mathrm{v},\mathrm{c}}$ [ 10, 11 ] 计算式分别为
${i}_{\mathrm{v},\mathrm{a}} = {s}^{3}{a}_{\mathrm{v},\mathrm{a}}{i}_{0,\mathrm{a}}\left\{ {\exp \left( \frac{{\alpha }_{\mathrm{a}}F{\eta }_{\mathrm{a}}}{RT}\right) - \exp \left\lbrack \frac{\left( {1 - {\alpha }_{\mathrm{a}}}\right) F{\eta }_{\mathrm{a}}}{RT}\right\rbrack }\right\}$
${i}_{\mathrm{v},\mathrm{c}} = {a}_{\mathrm{v},\mathrm{c}}{i}_{0,\mathrm{c}}\left\{ {\exp \left( \frac{{\alpha }_{\mathrm{c}}F{\eta }_{\mathrm{c}}}{RT}\right) - \exp \left\lbrack \frac{\left( {1 - {\alpha }_{\mathrm{c}}}\right) F{\eta }_{\mathrm{c}}}{RT}\right\rbrack }\right\}$
式中: ${i}_{0,\mathrm{a}}$${i}_{0,\mathrm{c}}$ 分别为阳极和阴极交换电流密度, $\mathrm{A}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2};{a}_{\mathrm{v},\mathrm{a}}$${a}_{\mathrm{v},\mathrm{c}}$ 分别为阳极和阴极的活性比表面积, ${\mathrm{m}}^{2}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3};{\alpha }_{\mathrm{a}}$${\alpha }_{\mathrm{c}}$ 分别为阳极和阴极反应电荷转移系数; $F$ 为法拉第常数; ${\eta }_{\mathrm{a}}$${\eta }_{\mathrm{c}}$ 分别为阳极和阴极的活化过电势, $\mathrm{V};R$ 为气体常数, $\mathrm{J}/\left( {\mathrm{{mol}} \cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$ ; $T$ 为反应温度, $\mathrm{K}$
交换电流密度和过电势的计算式为
${i}_{0,\mathrm{a}} = {i}_{\text{ref },\mathrm{a}}\exp \left\lbrack {\frac{-{E}_{\text{act, a }}}{R}\left( {\frac{1}{T} - \frac{1}{{T}_{\text{ref }}}}\right) }\right\rbrack$
${i}_{0,\mathrm{c}} = {i}_{\text{ref },\mathrm{c}}\exp \left\lbrack {\frac{-{E}_{\text{act, c }}}{R}\left( {\frac{1}{T} - \frac{1}{{T}_{\text{ref }}}}\right) }\right\rbrack$
${\eta }_{\mathrm{a}} = {\varphi }_{\mathrm{s}} - {\varphi }_{\mathrm{m}} - {E}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}$
${\eta }_{\mathrm{c}} = {\varphi }_{\mathrm{s}} - {\varphi }_{\mathrm{m}}$
式中: ${i}_{\mathrm{{ref}},\mathrm{a}}$${i}_{\mathrm{{ref}},\mathrm{c}}$ 分别为阳极和阴极参考交换电流密度, $\mathrm{A}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2};{E}_{\mathrm{{act}},\mathrm{a}}$${E}_{\mathrm{{act}},\mathrm{c}}$ 分别为阳极和阴极反应活化能, $\mathrm{{kJ}}/\mathrm{{mol}};{\varphi }_{\mathrm{s}}$${\varphi }_{\mathrm{m}}$ 分别为电子和质子电位, $\mathrm{V}$ ; ${E}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}$ 为析氧反应平衡电势, $\mathrm{V}$ ,其计算式为
${E}_{\mathrm{{eq}}} = {1.229} - {9.0} \times {10}^{-4}\left( {T - {298.15}}\right)$
电子和质子守恒方程由欧姆定律描述,即:
$\nabla \cdot \left( {{\mathbf{\sigma }}_{\mathrm{m}}\nabla {\varphi }_{\mathrm{m}}}\right) + {S}_{{\varphi }_{\mathrm{m}}} = 0$
$\nabla \cdot \left( {{\sigma }_{\mathrm{s}}^{\text{eff }}\nabla {\varphi }_{\mathrm{s}}}\right) + {S}_{{\varphi }_{\mathrm{s}}} = 0$
式中: ${\sigma }_{\mathrm{m}}^{\mathrm{{eff}}}$${\sigma }_{\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{{eff}}}$ 分别为有效质子电导率和有效电子电导率, $S/{\mathrm{m}}_{ \odot }$
采用 Bruggeman 公式对其进行修正:
${\sigma }_{\mathrm{m}}^{\mathrm{{eff}}} = {\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{m}}^{1.5}{\sigma }_{\mathrm{m}}$
${\sigma }_{\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{{eff}}} = {\left( 1 - \varepsilon \right) }^{1.5}{\sigma }_{\mathrm{s}}$
式中: ${\sigma }_{\mathrm{s}}$${\sigma }_{\mathrm{m}}$ 分别为电极材料和电解质的本征电导率, $\mathrm{S}/\mathrm{m};{\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{m}}$ 为催化层内电极体积分数; $\varepsilon$ 为多孔介质孔隙率。
电解质电导率是膜态水含量和温度的函数 [ 12 ] :
${\sigma }_{\mathrm{m}} = \left( {{0.5139\lambda } - {0.326}}\right) \cdot \exp \left\lbrack {{1268}\left( {\frac{1}{303} - \frac{1}{T}}\right) }\right\rbrack$
式中: $\lambda$ 为质子膜内的含水量。
在 PEM 电解槽中, 液态水的质量和动量守恒方程分别如下:
$\nabla \left( {{\rho }_{1}{u}_{1}}\right) = {S}_{1}$
$\frac{{\rho }_{1}}{{\varepsilon }^{\text{eff }}}\left\lbrack {\frac{\partial {u}_{1}}{\partial t} + \left( {{u}_{1} \cdot \nabla }\right) \frac{{u}_{1}}{{\varepsilon }^{\text{eff }}}}\right\rbrack = \nabla \cdot \\ \left\{ {-{p}_{1}I + \frac{{\mu }_{1}}{{\varepsilon }^{\text{eff }}}\left\lbrack {\nabla {u}_{1} + {\left( \nabla {u}_{1}\right) }^{\mathrm{T}}}\right\rbrack - \frac{2}{3}\frac{{\mu }_{1}}{{\varepsilon }^{\text{eff }}}\left( {\nabla {u}_{1}}\right) I}\right\} - \\ \left( {\frac{{\mu }_{1}}{{K}_{0}{K}_{\mathrm{{rl}}}} + \frac{{S}_{1}}{{\left( {\varepsilon }^{\mathrm{{eff}}}\right) }^{2}}}\right) {u}_{1}$
式中: ${\rho }_{1}$ 为液态水密度, $\mathrm{{kg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3};{u}_{1}$ 为液态水速度, $\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}$ ; ${S}_{1}$ 为液态水质量源项, $\mathrm{{kg}}/\left( {{\mathrm{m}}^{3} \cdot \mathrm{s}}\right) ;{\varepsilon }^{\text{eff }}$ 为有效孔隙率; ${\mu }_{1}$ 为液态水动力粘度, $\mathrm{{Pa}} \cdot \mathrm{s};I$ 为换位数学符; ${K}_{0},{K}_{\mathrm{d}}$ 分别为绝对渗透率和相对渗透率, ${\mathrm{m}}^{2}$
气体的质量传递方程为
$\nabla \left( {{\rho }_{\mathrm{g}}{u}_{\mathrm{g}}}\right) = {S}_{\mathrm{g}}$
式中: ${\rho }_{\mathrm{g}}$ 为气体密度, $\mathrm{{kg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3};{u}_{\mathrm{g}}$ 为气体速度, $\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s};{S}_{\mathrm{g}}$ 为气体质量源项, $\mathrm{{kg}}/\left( {{\mathrm{m}}^{3} \cdot \mathrm{s}}\right)$
催化层和多孔扩散层中的流动主要由毛细压力驱动,多孔介质内的毛细压力定义为 [ 13 ]
${p}_{\mathrm{c}} = {p}_{\mathrm{g}} - {p}_{\mathrm{l}} = \sigma \cos \theta {\left( \frac{\varepsilon }{{K}_{0}}\right) }^{1/2}J\left( s\right)$
式中: ${p}_{\mathrm{g}}$${p}_{1}$ 分别为气相和液相的压力, $\mathrm{{Pa}};\sigma$ 为气液界面的表面张力, $\mathrm{N}/\mathrm{m};J\left( s\right)$ 为 Leverette 函数。
在催化层和多孔扩散层中, 气相和液相的流动传输可以通过达西定律来描述 [ 14 ] :
${u}_{x} = - \frac{K{k}_{\mathrm{r}x}}{{\mu }_{x}}\nabla {p}_{x}$
整合式(17)~(19)可以得到多孔电极内气体的传输方程:
$\frac{\partial \left\lbrack {\varepsilon {\rho }_{\mathrm{g}}\left( {1 - s}\right) }\right\rbrack }{\partial t} - \nabla \cdot \left( {{\rho }_{\mathrm{g}}\frac{K{k}_{\mathrm{{rg}}}}{{\mu }_{\mathrm{g}}}\nabla {p}_{g}}\right) = {S}_{\mathrm{g}}$
式中: $K$ 为多孔介质的渗透率, ${\mathrm{m}}^{2};{k}_{\mathrm{{rg}}}$ 为多孔介质中气相的相对渗透率; ${\mu }_{\mathrm{g}}$ 为气体的动力粘度, $\mathrm{{Pa}} \cdot \mathrm{s}$
基于菲克定律的物质浓度控制方程来描述阳极和阴极两侧气体组分的输送:
$\nabla \left( {-{D}^{\text{eff }}\nabla {c}_{i}}\right) + \nabla \cdot \left( {{c}_{i}{u}_{\mathrm{g}}}\right) = {S}_{i}$
式中: ${D}^{\text{eff }}$ 为有效扩散系数 ${\mathrm{m}}^{2}/\mathrm{s};{c}_{i}$ 为组分 $i$ 的物质的量浓度, $\mathrm{{mol}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3};{S}_{i}$ 为组分 $i$ 的源项, $\mathrm{{mol}}/\left( {{\mathrm{m}}^{3} \cdot \mathrm{s}}\right)$
在 PEM 电解槽运行过程中, 催化层和膜通常会吸收水,吸收的水被称为电解质内的膜态水。电解质内的膜态水与电解质的电导率密切相关 [ 9 ] 。 膜内水的传输方程可以表示为
$\nabla \cdot \left( {{n}_{\mathrm{d}}\frac{{i}_{\mathrm{M}}}{F}}\right) - \nabla \cdot \left( {{D}_{\mathrm{w} - \mathrm{M}}\nabla {c}_{\mathrm{w}}^{\mathrm{d}}}\right) = {S}_{\mathrm{w}}^{\mathrm{d}}$
式中: ${n}_{\mathrm{d}}$ 为液态水电迁移系数; ${D}_{\mathrm{w} - \mathrm{M}}$ 为膜态水在电解质中的扩散系数, ${\mathrm{m}}^{2}/\mathrm{s};{c}_{\mathrm{w}}^{\mathrm{d}}$ 为溶解水的物质的量浓度, $\mathrm{{mol}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3};{S}_{\mathrm{w}}^{\mathrm{d}}$ 为源项, $\mathrm{{kg}}/\left( {{\mathrm{m}}^{3} \cdot \mathrm{s}}\right)$
在电解槽中, 能量守恒方程描述了能量的转移和转化过程, 可以写作:
$\frac{\partial \left\lbrack {\left( {{\rho }_{\mathrm{{eff}}}{C}_{\mathrm{p},\mathrm{{eff}}}}\right) T}\right\rbrack }{\partial t} + \nabla \left\lbrack {\left( {{\rho }_{\mathrm{{eff}}}{C}_{\mathrm{p},\mathrm{{eff}}}}\right) T}\right\rbrack = \nabla \cdot \left( {{k}_{\mathrm{{eff}}}T}\right) + {S}_{\mathrm{T}}$
式中: ${S}_{\mathrm{T}}$ 为热量源项, $\mathrm{W}/\mathrm{m};{\rho }_{\text{eff }}{C}_{\mathrm{p},\text{ eff }}$ 为质量热容, $\mathrm{J}/\left( {\mathrm{{kg}} \cdot \mathrm{K}}\right) ;{k}_{\text{eff }}$ 为有效热导率, $\mathrm{W}/\left( {\mathrm{m} \cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$
${\rho }_{\mathrm{{eff}}}{C}_{\mathrm{p},\mathrm{{eff}}} = \left( {1 - \varepsilon }\right) {C}_{\mathrm{p},\mathrm{s}}{\rho }_{\mathrm{s}} + \varepsilon {C}_{\mathrm{p},\mathrm{f}}{\rho }_{\mathrm{f}}$
${k}_{\text{eff }} = \left( {1 - \varepsilon }\right) {k}_{\mathrm{s}} + \varepsilon {k}_{\mathrm{f}}$
式中: ${\rho }_{\mathrm{s}},{\rho }_{\mathrm{f}}$ 分别为固相和流体混合物密度, $\mathrm{{kg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ ; ${k}_{\mathrm{s}},{k}_{\mathrm{f}}$ 分别为固相和流体混合物热导率, $\mathrm{W}/\left( {\mathrm{m} \cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$
计算模型的边界条件: 阳极入口液态水的速度为 ${0.15}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ ,进口温度为 ${80}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ ;阴极侧不通液态水;阴、阳极出口压力均为大气压;阳极端板设置工作电压,阴极端板接地。仿真模型参数见表 2
为了验证模型准确性, 将本文模型的模拟结果与 Majassn J O [ 8 ] 的实验结果进行对比,如图 2 所示。模型采用的电解槽结构参数以及电解槽的工作条件均与文献[ 8 ]相一致。从图 2 可以看出, 模拟结果与实验结果非常接近, 最大误差仅为 5%, 这表明本文所开发的模型具有较高的准确性。
在流道截面面积相同的条件下, 梯形和矩形流道的极化曲线如图 3 所示。
图 3 可以看出:梯形截面流道表现出更卓越的性能,随着工作电压的增加,性能提升的幅度进一步扩大; 在${2.4}\mathrm{\;V}$的工作电压下,相较于矩形流道,梯形流道的电流密度提高了${5.5}\%$。这是因为, 在流道截面面积相同的情况下, 梯形流道与多孔扩散层的接触面积更大, 有助于迅速排出生成的氧气,改善液态水的供应,从而促进电化学反应的进行。这对于实现更高的电流密度和更高的氢气产生效率具有重要的意义。
不同工作电压下梯形流道电解槽中的阳极氧气浓度和液态水的分布情况如图 4 所示。
图 4 可以看出, 随着工作电压的增加, 阳极流道、扩散层以及催化层内的氧气浓度和液态水的分布呈相反趋势。在阳极催化层内,由于氧气传输受到较大阻力,导致产生的气体不能迅速排出, 故氧气浓度最高,液态水饱和度最低。此外,由于阳极催化层内生成的气体经过扩散层到达流道后被水带走, 导致氧气沿着流动方向在通道下游不断聚集,氧气浓度升高。
催化层内水饱和度和氧气浓度随工作电压的变化情况如图 5 所示。
图 5 可以看出, 随着工作电压的提高, 由于催化层内液态水分解产生氧气,水饱和度持续下降, 氧气浓度逐渐增加。在 PEM 电解槽中, 如果产生的气体不能迅速排出催化层,将会覆盖催化层的活性位点, 从而减弱催化层内的电化学反应活性。因此, 降低催化层内的氧气浓度, 对于确保 PEM 电解槽在高电流密度下的正常运行至关重要。在 PEM 电解槽催化层内,相对于矩形流道,梯形流道能够保持更高的水饱和度。在${2.4}\mathrm{\;V}$的工作电压下, 梯形流道催化层内的水饱和度比矩形流道高出 7.92%,而氧气浓度比矩形流道低 10.36%。梯形流道具有更好性能的原因是,其与扩散层有更大的接触面积, 有助于气体排出并提高催化层内的水饱和度。
梯形流道膜内温度分布和两种流道下膜平均温度随电压的变化情况如图 6 所示。
图 6 可以看出:当工作电压较低$({1.3} \sim {1.7}$V)时,由于欧姆热和反应热的影响相对较小,膜内温度基本维持在${353.15}\mathrm{\;K}$;当工作电压超过 1.8$\mathrm{V}$时,膜内温度升高逐渐变得显著。这是因为在更高的工作电压下, 电解槽的欧姆热显著增加, 同时催化层和扩散层中气体含量增加,导致有效导热系数降低, 从而导致膜内温度逐渐升高。由于高的工作电压会导致更多的水消耗, 流道中沿流动方向的水饱和度明显降低, 因此, 在电解槽阳极出口处的膜内温度升幅最大,容易导致膜失效。
图 6 还可以看出, 梯形流道电解槽中质子交换膜的最高温度高于矩形流道电解槽。当工作电压为${2.4}\mathrm{\;V}$时,梯形流道中膜的最高温度达到${364.13}\mathrm{\;K}$,比入口水温升高约${11}\mathrm{\;K}$,矩形流道电解槽中膜的最高温度比入口水温升高约${10}\mathrm{\;K}$。这主要是因为, 在梯形流道结构下, 液体水在催化层和扩散层中的流速较低, 从而对流换热效果相对较差。总体而言, 流道结构对膜内温度分布的影响并不显著。
质子交换膜维持较高的含水量有助于提高膜的电导率,降低质子传输电阻。膜内含水量和电导率随电压的变化情况如图 7 所示。
图 7(a) 可以看出, 随着工作电压的增加, 膜内含水量逐渐减少,在梯形流道电解槽中,膜内含水量的降低幅度小于矩形流道。这主要是因为, 随着工作电压的提高, 液态水的消耗增加, 导致膜内含水量下降; 在梯形流道电解槽中, 催化层中的水饱和度下降相对较小, 因此膜内含水量的减少也相对较小。在${2.4}\mathrm{\;V}$的工作电压下,梯形流道电解槽中膜的含水量比矩形流道高出约 1.22%。
图 7(b)可以看出:当工作电压为${1.3} \sim {1.9}\mathrm{\;V}$时, 电导率随着工作电压的升高而下降, 这与膜内含水量的变化趋势一致;当工作电压高于${1.9}\mathrm{\;V}$后, 膜电导率随着工作电压的升高而增加。由图 6 (b) 可知,当工作电压低于${1.9}\mathrm{\;V}$时,质子交换膜的温度变化不明显,因此膜的电导率主要受膜内含水量的影响。随着工作电压继续升高, 膜的温度升高开始对电导率产生主导影响, 导致膜的电导率逐渐增加。此外,在梯形流道电解槽中,膜内含水量和膜的温度均高于矩形流道, 因此梯形流道的膜电导率也更高。在${2.4}\mathrm{\;V}$的工作电压下,梯形流道的膜电导率比矩形流道高出约 1.75%。
合理的通道结构设计, 可以改善 PEM 电解槽内的水/气传输和分布, 同时也会改善质子交换膜内水和温度的分布, 从而改善水管理、提高膜的电导率, 达到增强 PEM 电解槽整体性能和效率的目的。针对梯形截面流道结构,本文得出以下结论。
①在 ${2.4}\mathrm{\;V}$ 的工作电压下,相较于相同截面面积的矩形流道,具有梯形截面流道的 PEM 电解槽的性能提升了 5.5%。
②沿梯形截面流道流动方向,含水量降低、气体浓度升高; 在 2.4 V 的工作电压下,相较于矩形流道,梯形流道 PEM 电解槽催化层内的水饱和度提高了 7.92%,氧气浓度降低了 10.36%。
③当工作电压超过 ${1.8}\mathrm{\;V}$ 后,膜内温度开始明显上升;膜内温度沿着流动方向逐渐升高,在 ${2.4}\mathrm{\;V}$ 的工作电压下,梯形和矩形流道的出、入口分别有 ${11},{10}\mathrm{\;K}$ 的温差,容易产生出口过热的问题。
④随着工作电压升高,膜内含水量整体呈下降趋势,在 2.4 $\mathrm{V}$ 的工作电压下,相较于矩形流道,梯形流道的膜内含水量提高了 ${1.22}\%$ 。随着工作电压的升高, 膜电导率先下降后上升。当工作电压低于 ${1.9}\mathrm{\;V}$ 时,膜电导率受膜内含水量主导,而当工作电压高于 ${1.9}\mathrm{\;V}$ 后,膜电导率受温度主导。
  • 上海市自然科学基金项目(23ZR1443800)
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  • 接收时间:2023-09-19
  • 首发时间:2025-07-18
  • 出版时间:2025-03-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-19
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上海市自然科学基金项目(23ZR1443800)
作者信息
    1 上海理工大学 能源与动力工程学院 上海 200093

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郝亮(1981-),男,博士,副教授,研究方向为多物理场传输和燃料电池E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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