Article(id=1152988802801979790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1152988797865283976, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1705593600000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-19, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752823552084, onlineDateStr=2025-07-18, pubDate=1742400000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752823552084, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752823552084, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752823552084, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1152988797865283976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, year='2025', volume='43', issue='3', pageStart='285', pageEnd='426', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1752823550907, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753694485968, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156641764313260888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1152988797865283976, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156641764313260889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1152988797865283976, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=307, endPage=315, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1152988803183661455, articleId=1152988802801979790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, language=EN, title=Experimental investigation on a low concentrating photovoltaic/thermal hybrid system based on spectral absorptive nanofluid, columnId=null, journalTitle=Renewable Energy Resources, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In recent years, spectral crossover photovoltaic/thermal (CPV/T)composite technology has attracted much attention by decoupling the crossover from the heat of the PV cell and avoiding problems such as ultratemperature of the PV cell and restricted taste of the system output thermal energy. However, the research in this field mainly focuses on simulation calculations and lacks experimental studies on thermal and electrical performance under actual meteorological and lighting conditions. In order to investigate the real operating performance of outdoor CPV/T systems, this paper builds a lowfrequency concentrated light crossover CPV/T system and a nonconcentrated light PV system, and compares and analyses the thermal and electrical output characteristics under concentrated light and nonconcentrated light conditions. The effects of the optical properties of the frequencysharing liquid on the thermal and electrical performance of the concentratingfrequencyshared CPV/T system are further investigated. The results show that the frequency divided CPV/T system has a higher electrical output power compared to the nonconcentrated PV system, with an electrical output power of 79.7 W and 72.9 W when using deionised water frequencydividing and silver/water nanofluid frequencydividing, respectively, compared to 45 W for the nonconcentrated PV system under the same conditions; meanwhile, after the frequencydividing liquid absorption characteristics are strengthened, the temperature of the cell is lowered, the filling factor is enlarged, and the cell At the same time, after the enhancement of the crossover liquid absorption property, the cell temperature is reduced, the filling factor is increased, the cell performance is improved, and the thermal efficiency of the system is increased by 2.7%, but the crossover liquid absorption property reduces the incident solar irradiation on the surface of the cell, which results in the reduction of the total electrical efficiency of the system by nearly 0.6%. Experimental data support is provided for a crossovertype CPV/T system at low convergence multiples.

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光谱分频型光伏/光热(CPV/T)复合技术利用分频器与光伏电池热解耦,避免了光伏电池超温和系统输出热能品位受限等问题。然而该领域的研究主要集中于模拟计算,缺乏在实际气象及光照条件下的热和电性能实验研究。为了探究户外 CPV/T 系统的真实运行性能,文章搭建了低倍聚光分频型 CPV/T 系统与非聚光PV系统,对比分析了聚光与非聚光条件下热和电的输出特性,探究了分频液光学特性对聚光分频型 CPV/T 系统热、电性能的影响。研究结果表明:与非聚光PV系统相比,分频型 CPV/T 系统的电输出功率更高,采用去离子水分频和银/水纳米流体分频时,电输出功率分别为79.7 W和72.9W,而同条件下的非聚光 PV 系统的电输出功率仅为45W;分频液体吸收特性强化后,电池温度降低,填充因子增大,电池性能提高,系统热效率提升了2.7%,但分频液吸收特性使得电池表面入射太阳辐射降低,导致系统总的电效率降低近0.6%。文章为低聚光倍数下的分频型 CPV/T系统提供了实验数据支持。

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巨星(1982-),男,博士,教授,研究方向为光伏/光热复合技术、锂离子电池热管理与热安全防护等。E-mail:
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刘冬雪(1988-),女,博士,高级工程师,研究方向为光伏技术综合利用。E-mail:

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刘冬雪(1988-),女,博士,高级工程师,研究方向为光伏技术综合利用。E-mail:

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刘冬雪(1988-),女,博士,高级工程师,研究方向为光伏技术综合利用。E-mail:

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设备名称 规格
蠕动泵/FPU500 19~1 140 mL/min
聚光光伏/光热组件 ${1800}\mathrm{\;{mm}} \times {200}\mathrm{\;{mm}} \times {50}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$
超声震荡器 17~135 kHz
恒温水箱 600 mm $\times {600}\mathrm{\;{mm}} \times {450}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$
双轴跟踪系统 方位角: ${\left( -{120} \sim {120} \pm {0.2}\right) }^{ \circ }$
高度角: ${\left( -{30} \sim {90} \pm {0.2}\right) }^{ \circ }$
), ArticleFig(id=1159145683476656439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988802801979790, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=主要实验设备列表, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设备名称 规格
蠕动泵/FPU500 19~1 140 mL/min
聚光光伏/光热组件 ${1800}\mathrm{\;{mm}} \times {200}\mathrm{\;{mm}} \times {50}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$
超声震荡器 17~135 kHz
恒温水箱 600 mm $\times {600}\mathrm{\;{mm}} \times {450}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$
双轴跟踪系统 方位角: ${\left( -{120} \sim {120} \pm {0.2}\right) }^{ \circ }$
高度角: ${\left( -{30} \sim {90} \pm {0.2}\right) }^{ \circ }$
), ArticleFig(id=1159145683539571000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988802801979790, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=List of main instruments for the experiments, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设备名称 量程 精度
总辐照表 0~200 W/m2 $\pm 1\%$
风速仪 0.5~50 m/s $\pm {0.5}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$
直射辐照计 ${100} \sim {1000}\mathrm{\;W}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ $\pm {0.5}\%$
齿轮流量计 10~500 L/h $\pm {0.5}\%$
热电阻 PT100 $\pm {0.15}{}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$
数据采集器 $- {200} \sim {600}{}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ $\pm {0.016}$
直流可编程电子负载 0~1 500 W $\pm \left( {{0.05}\% + {0.025}\% \mathrm{{FS}}}\right)$
), ArticleFig(id=1159145683598291257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988802801979790, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=主要实验测量仪器列表, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设备名称 量程 精度
总辐照表 0~200 W/m2 $\pm 1\%$
风速仪 0.5~50 m/s $\pm {0.5}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$
直射辐照计 ${100} \sim {1000}\mathrm{\;W}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ $\pm {0.5}\%$
齿轮流量计 10~500 L/h $\pm {0.5}\%$
热电阻 PT100 $\pm {0.15}{}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$
数据采集器 $- {200} \sim {600}{}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ $\pm {0.016}$
直流可编程电子负载 0~1 500 W $\pm \left( {{0.05}\% + {0.025}\% \mathrm{{FS}}}\right)$
), ArticleFig(id=1159145683657011514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988802801979790, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=Dimensions and specifications of CPC structures, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
几何聚光倍数 4
高度/mm 550.18
长度/mm 852
上部开口宽度/mm 624
接收半角/(°) 35.35
聚光效率1% 87.5
CPC 镜面反射率 0.88
), ArticleFig(id=1159145683711537467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988802801979790, language=CN, label=表 3, caption=CPC 结构的尺寸与规格, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
几何聚光倍数 4
高度/mm 550.18
长度/mm 852
上部开口宽度/mm 624
接收半角/(°) 35.35
聚光效率1% 87.5
CPC 镜面反射率 0.88
), ArticleFig(id=1159145683782840636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988802801979790, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=Monocrystalline silicon solar cell parameters (STC: AM1.5, ${1000}\mathrm{\;W}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2},{25}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ ), figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
尺寸/mm×mm×mm ${1700} \times {200} \times 4$
电压/V $5 \pm {0.3}$
电流/A ${10} \pm 5\%$
开路电压/V 6
短路电流/A 11
光电转化效率1% 19.5
), ArticleFig(id=1159145683833172285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988802801979790, language=CN, label=表 4, caption=单晶硅太阳能电池参数(STC:AM1.5,1000 W/m²,25 °C), figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
尺寸/mm×mm×mm ${1700} \times {200} \times 4$
电压/V $5 \pm {0.3}$
电流/A ${10} \pm 5\%$
开路电压/V 6
短路电流/A 11
光电转化效率1% 19.5
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基于分频纳米流体的低倍聚光光伏/光热系统实验研究
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刘冬雪 1 , 张险峰 1 , 孙天歌 1 , 赵志超 2 , 林建清 2 , 李文志 2 , 李英峰 2 , 巨星 2
可再生能源 | 2025,43(3): 307-315
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可再生能源 | 2025, 43(3): 307-315
基于分频纳米流体的低倍聚光光伏/光热系统实验研究
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刘冬雪1 , 张险峰1, 孙天歌1, 赵志超2, 林建清2, 李文志2, 李英峰2, 巨星2
作者信息
  • 1 中国长江三峡集团有限公司 科学技术研究院 北京 100038
  • 2 华北电力大学 北京 100096
  • 刘冬雪(1988-),女,博士,高级工程师,研究方向为光伏技术综合利用。E-mail:

通讯作者:

巨星(1982-),男,博士,教授,研究方向为光伏/光热复合技术、锂离子电池热管理与热安全防护等。E-mail:
Experimental investigation on a low concentrating photovoltaic/thermal hybrid system based on spectral absorptive nanofluid
Dongxue Liu1 , Xianfeng Zhang1, Tiange Sun1, Zhichao Zhao2, Jianqing Lin2, Wenzhi Li2, Yingfeng Li2, Xing Ju2
Affiliations
  • 1 Institute of Science and Technology China Three Gorges Corporation Beijing 100038 China
  • 2 North China Electric Power University Beijing 100096 China
出版时间: 2025-03-20
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光谱分频型光伏/光热(CPV/T)复合技术利用分频器与光伏电池热解耦,避免了光伏电池超温和系统输出热能品位受限等问题。然而该领域的研究主要集中于模拟计算,缺乏在实际气象及光照条件下的热和电性能实验研究。为了探究户外 CPV/T 系统的真实运行性能,文章搭建了低倍聚光分频型 CPV/T 系统与非聚光PV系统,对比分析了聚光与非聚光条件下热和电的输出特性,探究了分频液光学特性对聚光分频型 CPV/T 系统热、电性能的影响。研究结果表明:与非聚光PV系统相比,分频型 CPV/T 系统的电输出功率更高,采用去离子水分频和银/水纳米流体分频时,电输出功率分别为79.7 W和72.9W,而同条件下的非聚光 PV 系统的电输出功率仅为45W;分频液体吸收特性强化后,电池温度降低,填充因子增大,电池性能提高,系统热效率提升了2.7%,但分频液吸收特性使得电池表面入射太阳辐射降低,导致系统总的电效率降低近0.6%。文章为低聚光倍数下的分频型 CPV/T系统提供了实验数据支持。

光伏/光热发电  /  低倍聚光  /  光谱分频  /  纳米流体

In recent years, spectral crossover photovoltaic/thermal (CPV/T)composite technology has attracted much attention by decoupling the crossover from the heat of the PV cell and avoiding problems such as ultratemperature of the PV cell and restricted taste of the system output thermal energy. However, the research in this field mainly focuses on simulation calculations and lacks experimental studies on thermal and electrical performance under actual meteorological and lighting conditions. In order to investigate the real operating performance of outdoor CPV/T systems, this paper builds a lowfrequency concentrated light crossover CPV/T system and a nonconcentrated light PV system, and compares and analyses the thermal and electrical output characteristics under concentrated light and nonconcentrated light conditions. The effects of the optical properties of the frequencysharing liquid on the thermal and electrical performance of the concentratingfrequencyshared CPV/T system are further investigated. The results show that the frequency divided CPV/T system has a higher electrical output power compared to the nonconcentrated PV system, with an electrical output power of 79.7 W and 72.9 W when using deionised water frequencydividing and silver/water nanofluid frequencydividing, respectively, compared to 45 W for the nonconcentrated PV system under the same conditions; meanwhile, after the frequencydividing liquid absorption characteristics are strengthened, the temperature of the cell is lowered, the filling factor is enlarged, and the cell At the same time, after the enhancement of the crossover liquid absorption property, the cell temperature is reduced, the filling factor is increased, the cell performance is improved, and the thermal efficiency of the system is increased by 2.7%, but the crossover liquid absorption property reduces the incident solar irradiation on the surface of the cell, which results in the reduction of the total electrical efficiency of the system by nearly 0.6%. Experimental data support is provided for a crossovertype CPV/T system at low convergence multiples.

photovoltaic/thermal(CPV/T)  /  low concentration  /  spectral beam splitting  /  nanofluid
刘冬雪, 张险峰, 孙天歌, 赵志超, 林建清, 李文志, 李英峰, 巨星. 基于分频纳米流体的低倍聚光光伏/光热系统实验研究. 可再生能源, 2025 , 43 (3) : 307 -315 .
Dongxue Liu, Xianfeng Zhang, Tiange Sun, Zhichao Zhao, Jianqing Lin, Wenzhi Li, Yingfeng Li, Xing Ju. Experimental investigation on a low concentrating photovoltaic/thermal hybrid system based on spectral absorptive nanofluid[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2025 , 43 (3) : 307 -315 .
可再生能源是实现“双碳”目标与能源革命的主要途径 [ 1 ] 。在可再生能源中,太阳能因其丰富、清洁和容易获得的特点成为最有前途的能源之一 [ 2 ] 。 目前太阳能资源的利用方式主要有光伏发电 (Photovoltaic, PV)、光热 (Photothermal, PT) 和光伏/光热发电(Concentrating Photovoltaic Thermal, CPV/T)等。CPV/T系统将 PV 和 PT 结合,能够更加高效地捕获和利用入射太阳辐射, 同时输出电能和热能,从而实现太阳能的全光谱梯级利用,太阳能综合利用效率可达 70%左右 [ 3 - 6 ] 。然而在传统的 CPV/T 系统中 PV 和 PT 是热耦合的, PV 的温度与 $\mathrm{{PT}}$ 输出的热流体温度密切相关,为避免 $\mathrm{{PV}}$ 超温, PT输出的热能品位通常较低 [ 7 - 10 ]
光谱分频型 CPV/T 系统是一种新型 CPV/T 系统,该系统对太阳辐射分频利用。太阳辐射到达 PV 之前,部分 PV 无法利用的太阳辐射被分频器利用;分频器与 PV 之间有空气层或真空层,实现了分频器与 PV 的热解耦, 从根本上解决了 PV 超温和 $\mathrm{{PT}}$ 输出热能品位受限的问题 [ 11 , 12 ] 。分频器因其分频原理不同可分为 4 类 [ 13 ] ,干涉式、液体吸收式、全息式分频器和其他,其中,液体吸收式分频器经济性最佳,且具有以下优势:①液体既是分频介质也可作为冷却介质,在对 $\mathrm{{PV}}$ 进行冷却的同时,降低了热损失;②分频液的光学性能便于调控, 可通过改变分频液体层厚度或者加入纳米颗粒来灵活调节其光学性能。Hjerrild N E [ 14 ] 最先进行了相关的实验研究, 证明在分频型 CPV/T 系统中使用水基 ${\mathrm{{Ag}}}_{2} - {\mathrm{{SiO}}}_{2}/$ carbon 纳米流体的可能性。 An W [ 15 ] 制备了水-聚吡咯和油胺-硫化铜 $\left( {{\mathrm{{Cu}}}_{9}{\mathrm{\;S}}_{5}}\right)$ 纳米流体分频液,分频型CPV/T系统的太阳能转换效率可以达到 25.2% 和 34.2%,分别比不加分频液提高了 13.3%和 17.9%。Crisostomo F [ 16 ] 在分频型 $\mathrm{{PV}}/\mathrm{T}$ 系统中使用 water $- {\mathrm{{SiO}}}_{2} - \mathrm{{Ag}}$ 纳米流体进行的户外实验测试表明,分频 CPV/T 系统比单独的光伏系统可获得超过 ${12}\%$ 的能量收益。Hu Y [ 17 ] 使用 $\mathrm{{LiBr}}/{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$ 溶液作为分频液,将太阳光谱分别分配给集热器和光伏板,通过优化上、下截止波长 (频段)、 $\mathrm{{LiBr}}/{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$ 溶液浓度、电池温度、吸收器温度等主要参数, 可以提高余热利用率和系统的整体效率。
综上研究,液体吸收式分频型CPV/T系统的研究主要集中于模拟计算,部分实验研究着重制备新型纳米流体分频液并测试其光学性能, 无法真实地反映分频型 CPV/T 系统在实际气象及光照条件下的热和电性能, 缺乏全尺寸器件户外系统测试方面的实验数据。因此, 本文将主要围绕液体分频型 CPV/T 系统开展相关的实验研究,为分频型CPV/T系统提供实验数据支持。
为准确测试聚光光伏/热组件实际的热和电性能, 本文搭建了一套完整的测试系统, 可以准确记录实验参数,如:环境温度、风速、太阳总辐照强度、直射辐照强度、流体进、出口温度和流量、单晶硅太阳能电池温度和伏安特性等,如图 1 所示。 实验中所用的主要设备见表 1。 测量仪器见表 2
测试系统由聚光光伏/光热组件、水箱、泵、超声波震荡器、计量仪器、仪表和双轴跟踪系统等设备组成。每个流道的进、出口都布置有 PT100 热电阻,用于测量流体的进、出口温度,从而计算每个组件的实际热输出功率。直流负载用于测试单晶硅太阳能电池的伏安特性, 获得电池的开路电压、短路电流、最大功率点, 从而计算光伏电池的实际电输出功率。测试系统使用的全自动双轴跟踪系统的追踪误差不超过${1}^{ \circ }$,可以实现对太阳的实时追踪, 从而保证太阳光线垂直照射到 PV/T 组件上。
双流道分频型 CPV/T 系统主要由 3 部分组成:复合抛物面聚光器(Compound Parabolic collector, CPC)、分频通道以及 PV。实验所用 CPC 低倍聚光器固定放置于分频层正上方, 其尺寸参数见表3。分频通道由两块厚度为$5\mathrm{\;{mm}}$的光学玻璃组成,其尺寸为$5\mathrm{\;{mm}} \times {170}\mathrm{\;{mm}} \times {2000}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$。PV 位于分频通道正下方, 两者之间存在厚度为 20$\mathrm{{mm}}$的空气层。PV 由 10 片尺寸为${156}\mathrm{\;{mm}} \times {156}$$\mathrm{{mm}}$的单晶硅电池串联组成,单晶硅太阳能电池参数见表 4。考虑聚光条件下光伏电池效率随温度的衰减特性, 电池组件背部设计了铝制冷却通道, 以强化电池的散热效果, 冷却通道厚度为 5$\mathrm{{mm}}$,并与分频通道串联布置,且下端铺设保温材料, 以减小与环境的散热损失。
分频型 CPV/T 系统可以同时提供电能与热能, 通过控制分频液流速, 可实时改变系统的运行特性, 从而灵活地满足实际应用中的瞬态需求。系统实际运行时, 太阳光由 CPC 聚光器汇集到分频通道上表面,经过分频通道时,分频液选择性地吸收某些波段的太阳辐射, 剩余波段太阳辐射能量传递到 PV 上表面, 光伏电池利用光生伏特效应将一部分太阳辐射直接转化为电能, 无法利用的部分则转换为热能。为避免 PV 温度过高导致其电性能恶化, 工作流体首先通过 PV 下方的冷却通道, 吸收 PV 中多余的热量, 以降低其运行温度;吸热后的工作流体继而进入分频通道,进一步吸收由分频液选择吸收的太阳辐射能量。分频型 CPV/T 系统中工作流体既作为冷却液,又作为分频液, 在实现选择性滤光的同时, 最大幅度回收系统中的热能,提高系统对太阳能的综合利用效率。
本文旨在实验研究分频型 CPV/T 系统的户外运行特性,故选择了两种分频液体。
①去离子水。去离子水在可见光波段具有较高的透过率,而在红外波段具较强的吸收能力。
②银/水纳米流体。考虑到单晶硅光伏电池的最佳光谱响应波长为 ${700} \sim {1100}\mathrm{\;{nm}}$ ,制备光学特性与最佳光谱响应区间更接近的分频液, 一直以来是光谱分频利用领域研究的目标。本文在去离子水中加入银纳米颗粒, 超声震荡后配制成银/水纳米流体,进一步调控分频液的光谱吸收特性。开始户外实验前, 先利用化学还原法制备出大量银纳米颗粒,然后配制银/水纳米流体,并测试其光学特性。户外实验中,在 10:00 时,先将去离子水作为工作流体泵入分频型CPV/T系统中,稳定运行 $2\mathrm{\;h}$ ;在 ${12} : {00}$ 太阳辐射相对平稳且系统运行稳定时, 向工作流体中加入所制备的银纳米颗粒, 超声震荡得到均匀稳定的银/水纳米流体,并将其缓慢泵入分频型CPV/T系统中。在采用去离子水与银/水纳米流体作为分频液的条件下, 对比分频型 CPV/T 系统热功率和电功率输出变化,探究分频液光学特性对分频型CPV/T系统热、电性能的影响。
在低倍聚光分频型CPV/T系统中,由于CPC 聚光镜导致的光学损失$\left( {Q}_{0}\right)$不可避免,而分频层的上表面与外界存在对流$\left( {Q}_{\mathrm{c}}\right)$和辐射换热$\left( {Q}_{\mathrm{r}}\right)$, 同样会产生一部分能量损失。除此之外,系统受实际保温效果的影响, 不可避免会产生一定散热损失$\left( {Q}_{\mathrm{s}}\right)$。因此,系统的总散热损失${Q}_{1}$
${Q}_{1} = {Q}_{\mathrm{o}} + {Q}_{\mathrm{c}} + {Q}_{\mathrm{r}} + {Q}_{\mathrm{s}}$
工作流体流经冷却通道与分频通道后, 吸收了电池的热耗散与部分太阳辐射能量, 其吸收热量${Q}_{\mathrm{w}}$可以通过流体温升表示为
${Q}_{\mathrm{w}} = m{C}_{p}\left( {{T}_{\text{out }} - {T}_{\text{in }}}\right)$
式中:$m$为工作流体质量流量,$\mathrm{{kg}}/\mathrm{s};{C}_{p}$为工作流体的比热容, 忽略银纳米颗粒对基液比热容的影响, 故银/水纳米流体与去离子水的比热容相同, 均为${4180}\mathrm{\;J}/\left( {\mathrm{{kg}} \cdot \mathrm{K}}\right) ;{T}_{\text{out }}$为工作流体的出口温度,$\mathrm{K};{T}_{\text{in }}$为工作流体的进口温度,$\mathrm{K}$
低倍聚光分频型CPV/T系统的热效率${\eta }_{\mathrm{{th}}}$
${\eta }_{\mathrm{{th}}} = \frac{{Q}_{\mathrm{w}}}{G \cdot C \cdot A} \cdot {100}\%$
式中:$G$为太阳直射辐射,$\mathrm{W}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2};C$为聚光比;$A$为接受面积,${\mathrm{m}}^{2}$
低倍聚光分频型CPV/T系统的电效率${\eta }_{\mathrm{e}}$
${\eta }_{\mathrm{e}} = \frac{P}{G \cdot C \cdot A} \cdot {100}\%$
式中:$P$$\mathrm{{PV}}$输出的电功率,$\mathrm{W}$
目前对光伏/光热一体化系统的综合性能评价方法众多, 考虑到电能与热能的品位不同, 本文选择煽效率来分析系统的综合性能。其中系统的热效率通过火力发电厂平均发电效率$\left( {w = {0.3}}\right)$转换成州效率。故总的拥效率${E}_{\text{sum }}$
${E}_{\mathrm{{sum}}} = {\eta }_{\mathrm{e}} + w \cdot {\eta }_{\mathrm{{th}}}$
选取 10:00-14:00 为实验时间段,辐照与环境温度数据如图 2 所示。
图 2 可见, 实验时间段内太阳辐射稳定在${850}\mathrm{\;W}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$左右,而环境温度由${18.7}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$升至23.7${}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$,有明显的增加趋势。
两种不同分频液体(去离子水与银/水纳米流体) 在光程为$5\mathrm{\;{mm}}$时的透射特性如图 3 所示。
图 3 可见, 去离子水在可见光以及紫外光段都具有较高的透射特性,当波长超过${900}\mathrm{\;{nm}}$时,其透射率快速衰减,而大于${1400}\mathrm{\;{nm}}$时,透射率几乎等于零。银纳米颗粒的加入, 强化了工作流体在可见光区域的吸收,并在波长为${430}\mathrm{\;{nm}}$附近产生了明显的吸收峰,进而为硅光伏电池创建了较为合理的光学窗口。而纳米颗粒的加入并未对工作流体红外波段产生影响,这与文献[ 10 ]中结论相一致。
在 11:30 与 12:30 两个时刻,分频器内分别填充去离子水与银纳米流体,系统稳定运行的对比情况见图 4
在填充去离子水分频液时, CPV/T 系统中分频通道内会产生少量气泡,气泡的产生会增加散射辐射, 进而降低光伏电池表面的聚光能流, 但本团队研究分析表明,微小气泡对辐照和电池工作性能的影响较小,降低辐照约 1.6%。当工作流体中增加纳米颗粒后,纳米流体在太阳辐射下呈现出浅蓝色,且中间区域由于较高的聚光能流相比两侧颜色要更加凸显。在分频型 CPV/T 系统的右侧,同时安装了非聚光 PV,比对不同系统的性能差异。
分频型 CPV/T 系统中光伏电池的温度与非聚光电池温度对比见图 5
图 5 可以看出, 系统开始运行后, 分频型 CPV/T 系统的电池温度不断增加, 在 11:30 时刻达到稳定。CPV/T 系统虽然增加聚光,但由于存在双通道的分频和冷却结构, 一方面 PV 下端紧贴的冷却通道降低电池温度,另一方面电池上端的分频结构吸收太阳辐射的同时,其空气层还减少了热传导,降低了电池热负荷。通过双通道的热管理,使得 PV 的平均温度比非聚光 PV 的温度明显降低。在 12:00 时刻,将 CPV/T 系统工作流体切换为银纳米流体后,分频液体在特性(征)频段的吸收大幅增加,进而导致光伏电池表面的聚光辐射进一步减少,光伏电池组件的温度明显减低。 对于非聚光 PV 系统, 系统启动后, PV 的温度快速达到稳定, 在实验过程中, 其平均温度约为 50 ℃,略高于聚光分频型PV/T系统。
分频型 CPV/T 系统与非聚光 PV 系统电效率对比见图 6
图 6(a) 可知,在 12:00 时刻之前, CPV/T 系统填充去离子水,随着电池温度的升高, PV 的电效率有降低的趋势。在 11:30 左右系统达到稳定,平均电效率为${9.3}\%$。在 12:00 时, CPV/T 系统中分频液体由水切换到纳米流体, 系统的电效率略为降低,平均电效率为 8.7%,相比去离子水分频时降低 0.6%。银纳米颗粒的加入,强化了系统对辐射的吸收能力, 但同时也降低了电池表面聚光辐射强度, 故电效率有明显的降低。分频型 CPV/T 系统中 PV 的填充因子则呈现相反变化情况,在 12:00 时刻后,由于电池温度的降低, PV 填充因子有明显提升。
上述实验中, 分频液体尚难以达到理想的分频水准,光学窗口内最大透射率约为 90%。同时, Proell M [ 18 ] 计算 CPC 聚光系统的效率为${60}\% \sim {70}\%$。 在上述实验条件影响下, 两种不同类型的聚光分频系统所测量的电效率与 PV 电池板在 STC 条件下所测量的电效率 19.5%相比下降较为明显。由图 6(b)可知, 非聚光 PV 系统中, PV 具有更高的平均电效率, 约为 18.8%, 而 PV 的平均填充因子为 0.705 , 测试中的非聚光 PV 系统效率略低于 19.5%,这主要是由于实验中条件偏离 STC 测试工况所致。
由式(5)计算分频型 CPV/T 系统的烟效率, 其结果如图 7 所示。
图 7 可见,分频型 CPV/T 系统可以同时获得电能与热能这两种不同品位的能量, 增加了系统的灵活性,拓宽了其应用场景,还能够大幅提高对太阳能的综合利用效率。由于充分利用了光伏废热与低于带隙能量之下的光谱,分频型CPV/T 系统总的拥效率约为${26.0}\%$,显著高于非聚光 PV 系统的 18.8%(仅包含电输出)。对比水基分频与纳米流体基分频前后,提高分频液体吸收性能后, 系统的总拥效率略有降低, 考虑到分频侧所分配能量增加,导致其与环境散热增强,热损失增大, 故其效率有所减低。
分频型 CPV/T 系统中工作流体进、出冷却通道与分频通道前、后的温差见图 8
冷却通道与分频通道串联布置, 虽然理论上冷却通道的出口温度与分频通道的入口温度应保持相同,但在实际工程中,由于串联管道向外界散热,冷却通道出口温度要略高于分频通道入口温度, 实验中保持冷却通道出口和分频通道入口的最大温差不超过 ${2}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 。当以去离子水为分频流体时,冷却通道内出、入口温差平均为 ${17.2}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,分频通道内出、入口温差平均为 ${5.8}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,总温升为 21.6 ${}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 。正午 12:00 时刻,将系统的工作流体切换为银纳米流体,在银纳米颗粒加入工作流体中后,工作流体的吸收特性被强化, 进而导致辐射到电池表面的聚光能流减少,故电池工作温度有明显的降低。此时冷却通道内出、入口温差平均为 ${14.5}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ , 分频通道内出、入口温差平均为 ${9.5}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,总温升为 ${23.6}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 。由于连接管束的影响,冷却通道的出口温度比分频通道的入口温度有明显的降低, 而分频液吸收特性的变化导致分频通道进、出口的温升有明显提高。纳米流体分频时的总温升比去离子水分频时高约 2℃。
根据户外实验测试结果, 由式 (3) 计算得到分频型 CPV/T 系统的热效率如图 9 所示。
图 9 可见: 当 CPV/T 系统填充去离子水时,系统的平均热效率为 54.3%; 当向系统中增加银纳米颗粒后,短时间内系统热效率快速增加,最高达 62.3%。这主要是因为 CPV/T 系统尚未稳定, 进、出口工作流体温度尚未达到平衡,分频液体中的热量累积所致。待系统运行稳定后,纳米流体基分频型 CPV/T 系统的平均热效率提升至 57.0%, 相比去离子水分频情况下有 2.7%的提升。与去离子水相比, 银/水纳米流体的优点在于对紫外波段也可以吸收, 但会造成 PV 电池板对可利用光谱区间的部分损失, 导致电效率略微降低, 热效率提升不明显;采用 CPC 聚光的情况下,聚光倍数较低, PV 电池板所接受到的入射太阳辐射的强度不足, 分频系统在高倍聚光下的优势无法充分显现。 文献[ 19 ]表明,在分频液体导热系数为定值时,分频型 CPV/T 系统在聚光比为 100 倍的时候, 系统的电效率达到最大值 12.2%,由于现实条件的约束, 现有的试验系统无法达到高倍聚光下更为显著的效率提升结果。总体而言, 由于本文属于低倍聚光下纳米流体光伏/光热的实验应用,实验清晰地显示了纳米颗粒对总体效率的影响是正面的, 但并不足够显著。
去离子水分频型CPV/T系统与纳米流体分频型 CPV/T 系统稳定工况下的电性能和非聚光 PV 系统的对比如图 10 所示。
图 10(a) 可见,在 11:30 时刻,水基分频型 CPV/T 系统的短路电流为 ${23.17}\mathrm{\;A},\mathrm{{PV}}$ 的填充因子为 0.54,最大输出功率为 ${79.7}\mathrm{\;W}$ 。由图 ${10}\left( \mathrm{c}\right)$ 可见, 在 12:30 时刻银纳米流体作为分频液稳定运行时, 分频型 CPV/T 系统的短路电流降低为 ${17.76}\mathrm{\;A}$ ,填充因子为 0.64,相比水基分频时有明显提升,这主要是电池温度降低所致;最大输出功率为 ${72.9}\mathrm{\;W}$ ,相比去离子水分频时有明显降低。
根据测量结果可以看出, CPV/T系统中分频液由水切换为银纳米流体时, 由于辐射吸收能力的提高, 电池表面的聚光能流降低, 导致 PV 的短路电流与输出功率明显降低。同时,电池填充因子显著提升,这主要是由于电池的组件温度降低所致。相比而言,非聚光 PV 系统在两个时刻(11:30 与 12:30) 表现出相同的 $I - V$ 特性。非聚光下, PV 的短路电流为 ${10.23}\mathrm{\;A}$ ,最大输出功率为 ${45.0}\mathrm{\;W}$ , 填充因子为 0.71。非聚光下 PV 的功率低于聚光分频型CPV/T系统,但由于电池运行温度的影响, 非聚光 PV 具有更高的填充因子。
本文搭建了户外低倍聚光分频型 CPV/T 系统,以及非聚光 PV 系统,对比分析了聚光与非聚光条件下两系统的电输出特性。此外, 针对聚光分频型 CPV/T 系统,进一步探究了分频液光学特性对系统热、电性能的影响, 得到以下的主要结论。
①水基分频时工作介质总温差为 ${21.6}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,其中冷却通道内出、入口温差平均为 ${17.2}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,分频通道内出、入口温差平均为 ${5.8}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,冷却侧的换热主导了系统的热输出性能。加入纳米流体后,分频液吸收特性增强, 分频通道内温差提升, 而冷却通道内平均温差降低,总温升相比水基分频时略有提升。
②低倍聚光分频型 CPV/T 系统相比于非聚光 PV 系统电输出功率更高, 采用去离子水分频时,电输出功率约为 79.7 W,采用银/水纳米流体分频时,电输出功率约为 ${72.9}\mathrm{\;W}$ ,而同一时刻非聚光 PV 系统的电输出功率仅为 ${45.0}\mathrm{\;W}$
③针对聚光分频型 CPV/T 系统,分频液体吸收特性强化后, 光伏电池温度降低, 填充因子增大,光伏电池性能提高。此外,分频型 CPV/T 系统热效率提升了 2.7%,但高分频液吸收特性使得电池表面入射太阳辐射降低, 进而导致系统总的电效率降低近 0.6%。
  • 国家自然科学基金(51876062)
  • 中国长江三峡集团有限公司科研项目(WWKY-2021-0173)
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  • 接收时间:2024-01-19
  • 首发时间:2025-07-18
  • 出版时间:2025-03-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-19
基金
国家自然科学基金(51876062)
中国长江三峡集团有限公司科研项目(WWKY-2021-0173)
作者信息
    1 中国长江三峡集团有限公司 科学技术研究院 北京 100038
    2 华北电力大学 北京 100096

通讯作者:

巨星(1982-),男,博士,教授,研究方向为光伏/光热复合技术、锂离子电池热管理与热安全防护等。E-mail:
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