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For the accumulator filled with phase change material thermal conductivity is low, heat storage time is long and other shortcomings, this paper establishes the concentric triplex tube regenerative heat exchanger builtin intermittent twisted fin model, the use of Fluent software for the melting process of the internal phase change material for the threedimensional unsteady numerical simulation of the structure of the structure of the different twisted fin number and the degree of twisted degree, analyze the phase change material liquid phase rate, the average temperature, the amount of heat storage and the average heat storage rate rule of law with time. Simulation results show that in this paper, compared with the triplex tube regenerative heat exchanger within the research parameters, with the increase of the degree of twist, the complete melting time is gradually shortened, when the twist rate is 2.5, the complete melting time can be reduced by up to 33.1%, with the increase in the number of twisted fins can also shorten the complete melting time, when the number of twisted fins is 4 complete melting time can be reduced by a maximum of 25.6%. The inclusion of intermittent twisted fin significantly shortens the complete melting time of the phase change material and enhances the heat storage capacity, which helps to improve the comprehensive heat storage performance of the triplex tube regenerative heat exchanger.

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针对蓄热器內填充的相变材料热导率低、充热时间长等缺点,文章建立了同心三套管相变蓄热器内置间断扭曲肋的模型,使用 Fluent 软件对其内部相变材料熔化过程进行三维非稳态数值模拟,对比、分析此结构在不同扭曲肋头数和扭曲程度的条件下,相变材料液相率、平均温度、充热量和平均充热率随时间变化规律。结果表明:在研究参数范围内,随着扭曲程度的增大,相变材料完全熔化时间逐渐缩短,当扭率为2.5 时完全熔化时间最大可减少33.1%;随着扭曲肋头数的增加,相变材料完全熔化时间同样逐渐缩短,当扭曲头数为4时完全熔化时间最大可减少25.6%。间断扭曲肋的加入使相变材料完全熔化时间明显缩短,充热能力有所增强,有助于提高三套管相变蓄热器综合性能。

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林志敏(1982-),男,博士,教授,研究方向为清洁能源利用技术。E-mail:
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物性 月桂酸
密度 $\rho /\mathrm{{kg}} \cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-3}$ 885 8978
比热容 ${C}_{p}/\mathrm{{kJ}} \cdot {\left( \mathrm{{kg}} \cdot \mathrm{K}\right) }^{-1}$ 2.390 0.381
热导率 $k/\mathrm{W} \cdot {\left( \mathrm{m} \cdot \mathrm{K}\right) }^{-1}$ 0.147 387.6
热膨胀系数 $\beta /{\mathrm{K}}^{-1}$ 0.000 615
熔化潜热 $L/\mathrm{{kJ}} \cdot {\mathrm{{kg}}}^{-1}$ 187.21
动力粘度 $\mu /\mathrm{{Pa}} \cdot \mathrm{s}$ 0.005 336
固相点 ${T}_{\mathrm{s}}/\mathrm{K}$ 316.65
液相点 ${T}_{\mathrm{i}}/\mathrm{K}$ 321.35
), ArticleFig(id=1159145764967797358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988800650306152, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=各材料物性参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物性 月桂酸
密度 $\rho /\mathrm{{kg}} \cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-3}$ 885 8978
比热容 ${C}_{p}/\mathrm{{kJ}} \cdot {\left( \mathrm{{kg}} \cdot \mathrm{K}\right) }^{-1}$ 2.390 0.381
热导率 $k/\mathrm{W} \cdot {\left( \mathrm{m} \cdot \mathrm{K}\right) }^{-1}$ 0.147 387.6
热膨胀系数 $\beta /{\mathrm{K}}^{-1}$ 0.000 615
熔化潜热 $L/\mathrm{{kJ}} \cdot {\mathrm{{kg}}}^{-1}$ 187.21
动力粘度 $\mu /\mathrm{{Pa}} \cdot \mathrm{s}$ 0.005 336
固相点 ${T}_{\mathrm{s}}/\mathrm{K}$ 316.65
液相点 ${T}_{\mathrm{i}}/\mathrm{K}$ 321.35
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内置间断扭曲肋的三套管相变蓄热器的充热性能研究
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谢尚奎 1, 2 , 林志敏 1, 2 , 侯博 1, 2 , 王良壁 1, 2
可再生能源 | 2025,43(3): 324-332
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可再生能源 | 2025, 43(3): 324-332
内置间断扭曲肋的三套管相变蓄热器的充热性能研究
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谢尚奎1, 2, 林志敏1, 2 , 侯博1, 2, 王良壁1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 兰州交通大学 机电工程学院 甘肃 兰州 730070
  • 2 铁道车辆热工教育部重点实验室 甘肃 兰州 730070

通讯作者:

林志敏(1982-),男,博士,教授,研究方向为清洁能源利用技术。E-mail:
Thermal performance analysis of triplex tube regenerative heat exchanger accumulator with built-in interrupted twisted fins
Shangkui Xie1, 2, Zhimin Lin1, 2 , Bo Hou1, 2, Liangbi Wang1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Mechanical Engineering Lanzhou Jiaotong University Lanzhou 730070 China
  • 2 Key Laboratory of Rail-way Vehicle Thermal Engineering of MOE Lanzhou 730070 China
出版时间: 2025-03-20
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针对蓄热器內填充的相变材料热导率低、充热时间长等缺点,文章建立了同心三套管相变蓄热器内置间断扭曲肋的模型,使用 Fluent 软件对其内部相变材料熔化过程进行三维非稳态数值模拟,对比、分析此结构在不同扭曲肋头数和扭曲程度的条件下,相变材料液相率、平均温度、充热量和平均充热率随时间变化规律。结果表明:在研究参数范围内,随着扭曲程度的增大,相变材料完全熔化时间逐渐缩短,当扭率为2.5 时完全熔化时间最大可减少33.1%;随着扭曲肋头数的增加,相变材料完全熔化时间同样逐渐缩短,当扭曲头数为4时完全熔化时间最大可减少25.6%。间断扭曲肋的加入使相变材料完全熔化时间明显缩短,充热能力有所增强,有助于提高三套管相变蓄热器综合性能。

相变储热  /  三套管式相变蓄热器  /  熔化  /  扭曲肋  /  数值模拟

For the accumulator filled with phase change material thermal conductivity is low, heat storage time is long and other shortcomings, this paper establishes the concentric triplex tube regenerative heat exchanger builtin intermittent twisted fin model, the use of Fluent software for the melting process of the internal phase change material for the threedimensional unsteady numerical simulation of the structure of the structure of the different twisted fin number and the degree of twisted degree, analyze the phase change material liquid phase rate, the average temperature, the amount of heat storage and the average heat storage rate rule of law with time. Simulation results show that in this paper, compared with the triplex tube regenerative heat exchanger within the research parameters, with the increase of the degree of twist, the complete melting time is gradually shortened, when the twist rate is 2.5, the complete melting time can be reduced by up to 33.1%, with the increase in the number of twisted fins can also shorten the complete melting time, when the number of twisted fins is 4 complete melting time can be reduced by a maximum of 25.6%. The inclusion of intermittent twisted fin significantly shortens the complete melting time of the phase change material and enhances the heat storage capacity, which helps to improve the comprehensive heat storage performance of the triplex tube regenerative heat exchanger.

phase-change heat storage  /  triplex tube regenerative heat exchanger  /  melting  /  twisted fins  /  numerical simulation
谢尚奎, 林志敏, 侯博, 王良壁. 内置间断扭曲肋的三套管相变蓄热器的充热性能研究. 可再生能源, 2025 , 43 (3) : 324 -332 .
Shangkui Xie, Zhimin Lin, Bo Hou, Liangbi Wang. Thermal performance analysis of triplex tube regenerative heat exchanger accumulator with built-in interrupted twisted fins[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2025 , 43 (3) : 324 -332 .
太阳能等可再生能源利用具有不稳定、能量密度低和间歇性等缺点,直接利用能量效率低下, 需要适当的能量储存技术对此类能源加以储存。 潜热储能(Latent Heat Theormal Storage, LHTS)是太阳能应用中的重要组成部分 [ 1 ] ,它具有高能量密度、传热特性稳定和可持续性等优点, 对提高太阳能的可靠性和能量的持续性 [ 2 , 3 ] 发挥着关键作用。在一系列储能装置中,三套管式蓄热器 (Triplex Tube Regenerative Heat Exchanger) 因其换热面积大、温差小、热响应迅速等优点,引起了广泛关注, 常应用于制冷、蒸发、热力回收和太阳能等领域 [ 4 - 7 ] 。在三套管蓄热器中填充相变材料 (Phase Change Materials, PCM) 可以有效提高蓄热器在间歇性传热等特定工况下的可靠性。
由于在相变储能系统中填充的相变材料具有导热率低、充能时间长等缺点 [ 8 ] ,导致整体传热效率降低,影响储能系统综合性能 [ 9 ] 。在储能装置中增加肋片可有效增加换热面积, 从而大幅度提升传热效率和减少热响应时间,提高了传热效率,且简便实用 [ 10 ] 。Duan J [ 11 ] 研究了不同内插螺旋翅片数量的套管式蓄热器对 RT82 熔化和凝固过程的影响, 在翅片数量相同时与纵向翅片相比, 螺旋结构中相变材料总熔化和凝固时间分别降低了 57.60%和 74.13%。Tao Y B [ 12 ] 研究表明,相变材料熔化过程中的自然对流换热机制在熔化过程中起着重要作用。王君雷 [ 13 ] 对内插螺旋翅片的相变蓄热器结构进行模拟分析, 与平板式翅片相比, 此结构可缩短熔化时间 12.21%,且换热性能随着螺旋翅片厚度、数目、螺旋周期等增加而提升。
综上所述, 目前国内外学者主要通过实验和数值模拟的方式对套管式蓄热器充、释热性能进行分析优化研究, 但关于间断肋强化三套管式相变蓄热器性能的三维耦合传热研究报道甚少。为此, 本文用数值模拟方法研究了内置间断扭曲肋的同心三套管相变蓄热器熔化过程的传热特性, 并分析间断扭曲肋不同扭曲程度, 不同扭曲肋头数对相变材料熔化过程的影响。在传统的三套管式相变蓄热器的基础上, 增加间断扭曲肋结构可以增大与相变材料的传热面积, 而间断型结构可以占用更小的相变材料空间并减少设备重量的增加, 同时扭曲结构还有望强化相变材料区的自然对流效应, 进而对三套管式相变蓄热器综合性能优化起到参考作用。
内插扭曲肋的三套管式蓄热器换热单元如图 1 所示。
蓄热器由 3 根同心套管组成, 其中水作为换热流体(Heat Transfer Fluid, HTF)在外管和中间管的空腔以及内管通道内流动, 相变材料封装在中间管和内管的空腔里。外管壁面为绝热壁面,内径${D}_{\mathrm{o}} = {68}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,中间管内径${D}_{\mathrm{m}} = {52}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,内管内径${D}_{\mathrm{i}} = {16}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$。扭曲肋与内管外壁面相连接,中间管和内管壁厚$2\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,管长为${120}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$。翅片与套管使用材料为金属铜。
间断扭曲肋成周期性结构, 由既定几何形状的铜带沿管轴向扭转一定角度焊接在内管外壁而成 [ 14 ] ,图1(c)中扭曲肋基带宽度${W}_{\mathrm{b}} = 6\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,纵向高度$W = 2{W}_{\mathrm{b}}$,间断扭曲肋形状角度$\lambda = {45}^{ \circ }$图 1 (d) 中间断扭曲肋轴向长度$B = {40}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,相邻间断扭曲肋间距${S}_{\mathrm{s}} = {60}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,扭曲肋厚度$\delta = 2\mathrm{\;{mm}}$
${r}_{\mathrm{{TR}}}$为扭率(Torsion Rate, TR) [ 15 ] ,表达式为
${r}_{\mathrm{{TR}}} = F/\left( {2W}\right)$
式中:$F$为节距,等于传统扭曲肋基片每扭转${180}^{ \circ }$的轴向长度,$\mathrm{{mm}}$
选择具有合适相变温度和潜热的相变材料对系统综合性能有着重要影响。月桂酸(Lauric Acid, LA) 具有潜热量大、相变温度合适、体积膨胀率小、热和化学稳定性可靠等优点 [ 16 ] ,因此,本文选为数值模拟使用的相变材料。当环境温度为${298}\mathrm{\;K}$时,各材料的物理性质见表 1
为简化模型方便计算,对模型进行以下假设:
①液态相变材料为层流不可压缩流体,忽略粘性耗散和熔化时的体积变化;
②相变材料各向同性,密度符合 Boussinesq [ 17 ] 假设,其他物性参数不随时间变化;
③三套管蓄热器外壁面绝热;
④换热流体为不可压缩流体,流速及入口温度恒定。
根据简化假设,建立以下控制方程。
①连续性方程
HTF 和 PCM 区:
$\frac{\partial \rho }{\partial t} + \frac{\partial \left( {\rho {u}_{i}}\right) }{\partial {x}_{i}} = 0$
②动量方程
HTF 区:
${\rho }_{\mathrm{{HTF}}}\left\lbrack {\frac{\partial {u}_{i}}{\partial t} + \frac{\partial \left( {{u}_{i}{u}_{j}}\right) }{\partial {x}_{i}}}\right\rbrack = \frac{\partial }{\partial {x}_{i}}\left( {\mu \frac{\partial {u}_{j}}{\partial {x}_{i}}}\right) - \frac{\partial p}{\partial {x}_{j}}, \\ \left( {j = 1,2,3}\right)$
PCM 区:
${\rho }_{\mathrm{{PCM}}}\left( {\frac{\partial u}{\partial t} + u\frac{\partial u}{\partial x} + v\frac{\partial u}{\partial y} + w\frac{\partial u}{\partial z}}\right) = \\ \mu \left( {\frac{{\partial }^{2}u}{\partial {x}^{2}} + \frac{{\partial }^{2}u}{\partial {y}^{2}} + \frac{{\partial }^{2}u}{\partial {z}^{2}}}\right) - \frac{\partial p}{\partial x} - {Au}$
${\rho }_{\mathrm{{PCM}}}\left( {\frac{\partial v}{\partial t} + u\frac{\partial v}{\partial x} + v\frac{\partial v}{\partial y} + w\frac{\partial v}{\partial z}}\right) = \\ \mu \left( {\frac{{\partial }^{2}v}{\partial {x}^{2}} + \frac{{\partial }^{2}v}{\partial {y}^{2}} + \frac{{\partial }^{2}v}{\partial {z}^{2}}}\right) - \frac{\partial p}{\partial y} - {Av}$
${\rho }_{\mathrm{{PCM}}}\left( {\frac{\partial w}{\partial t} + u\frac{\partial w}{\partial x} + v\frac{\partial w}{\partial y} + w\frac{\partial w}{\partial z}}\right) = \\ \mu \left( {\frac{{\partial }^{2}w}{\partial {x}^{2}} + \frac{{\partial }^{2}w}{\partial {y}^{2}} + \frac{{\partial }^{2}w}{\partial {z}^{2}}}\right) - \frac{\partial p}{\partial z} - {\rho }_{\mathrm{{PCM}}}{g\beta }\left( {T - {T}_{\mathrm{s}}}\right) - {Aw}$
式中:$t$为时间,$\mathrm{s};u, v, w$分别为 PCM 沿$x, y, z$方向的流速,$\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s};g$为沿$z$坐标轴负方向垂直向下的重力加速度,$\mathrm{m}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2};\beta$$\mathrm{{PCM}}$热膨胀系数;$\mu$$\mathrm{{PCM}}$动力粘度,$\mathrm{{Pa}} \cdot \mathrm{s};{\rho }_{\mathrm{{PCM}}}$$\mathrm{{PCM}}$的密度,$\mathrm{{kg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$;${\rho }_{\mathrm{{HTF}}}$为 HTF 的密度,$\mathrm{{kg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$
$A$由 Brent [ 18 ] 定义为
$A = {A}_{\text{mush }}\frac{{\left( 1 - f\right) }^{2}}{\left( {f}^{3} + \varepsilon \right) }$
式中:${A}_{\text{mush }}$为糊状区常数,一般取量级在${10}^{4} \sim {10}^{7}$$f$为液相率,取值为$\left\lbrack {0,1}\right\rbrack ;\varepsilon$为防止被 0 除的小数, 通常取 0.0001 。
③能量方程
HTF 区:
$\frac{\partial {T}_{\mathrm{{HIF}}}}{\partial t} + \frac{\partial \left( {{u}_{i}{T}_{\mathrm{{HIF}}}}\right) }{\partial {x}_{i}} = \frac{\partial }{\partial {x}_{i}}\left( {\frac{{k}_{\mathrm{{HIF}}}}{{\rho }_{\mathrm{{HIF}}}{C}_{p\mathrm{{HIF}}}}\frac{\partial {T}_{\mathrm{{HIF}}}}{\partial {x}_{i}}}\right)$
固体区:
$\frac{\partial {T}_{\mathrm{{cu}}}}{\partial t} = \frac{\partial }{\partial {x}_{i}}\left( {{a}_{\mathrm{{cu}}}\frac{\partial {T}_{\mathrm{{cu}}}}{\partial {x}_{i}}}\right)$
式中:${k}_{\mathrm{{HTF}}}$为 HTF 的热导率,$\mathrm{W}/\left( {\mathrm{m} \cdot \mathrm{K}}\right) ;{C}_{\mathrm{{HTF}}}$$\mathrm{{HTF}}$的比热容,$\mathrm{{kJ}}/\left( {\mathrm{{kg}} \cdot \mathrm{K}}\right) ;{T}_{\mathrm{{HTF}}}$$\mathrm{{HTF}}$的温度,$\mathrm{K}$;${T}_{\mathrm{{cu}}}$为固体温度,$\mathrm{K};{a}_{\mathrm{{cu}}}$为固体热扩散系数,${\mathrm{m}}^{2}/\mathrm{s}$
PCM 区:
$\frac{\partial {\rho h}}{\partial t} + \frac{\partial \left( {\rho \Delta H}\right) }{\partial t} + \frac{\partial \left( {{\rho h}{u}_{i}}\right) }{\partial {x}_{i}} + \frac{\partial }{\partial {x}_{i}}\left( {k\frac{\partial T}{\partial {x}_{i}}}\right)$
$h$为显焓,其定义为 [ 19 ]
$h = {h}_{\text{ref }} + {\int }_{{T}_{\text{ref }}}^{T}{C}_{p}\mathrm{\;d}T$
式中:${h}_{\text{ref }}$为参考温度${T}_{\text{ref }}$下的参考焓,$\mathrm{{kJ}}/\mathrm{{kg}};{C}_{p}$为 PCM 的比热容, kJ/(kg·K)。
$H = h + {\Delta H}$
${\Delta H} = {Lf}$
式中:$H$为总焓,$\mathrm{{kJ}}/\mathrm{{kg}};{\Delta H}$为潜焓,$\mathrm{{kJ}}/\mathrm{{kg}};L$为 PCM 的潜热, kJ/kg。
液相率${f}$ [ 19 ] 的数学描述为
$f = \left\{ \begin{array}{ll} 0, & T < {T}_{\mathrm{s}} \\ \frac{T - {T}_{\mathrm{s}}}{{T}_{\mathrm{l}} - {T}_{\mathrm{s}}}, & {T}_{\mathrm{s}} < T < {T}_{1} \\ 1, & T > {T}_{1} \end{array}\right.$
总充热量方程 [ 20 ]
$Q = \rho {C}_{p}V\left( {{T}_{\text{Ave }} - {T}_{0}}\right) + {\rho VfL}$
式中:$Q$为热量,$\mathrm{{kJ}};V$$\mathrm{{PCM}}$的体积,${\mathrm{m}}^{3};{T}_{\mathrm{{Ave}}}$为 PCM 平均温度,$\mathrm{K};{T}_{0}$为初始温度,$\mathrm{K}$
相变材料初始温度为${298}\mathrm{\;K}$, HTF 入口速度为${0.1}\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}$,入口温度为${353}\mathrm{\;K}$, HTF 出口设置为压力出口,最外层管壁及上下封闭面设置为绝热壁面。采用 Fluent 中的熔化凝固模型模拟相变材料的熔化过程。使用 SIMPLE 算法对压力速度进行耦合,扩散项采用“Green-Gauss Node Based”格式处理,压力项采用 PRESTO 方法,动量、能量方程的离散采用二阶迎风格式。能量方程的残差设置为${10}^{-8}$,其他变量残差值保持默认。
本文采用 ICEM CFD 进行网格划分, 其网格区域如图 2 所示。
本文建立 3 种数量的网格, 在相同条件下进行计算, 如图 3 所示。各网格数量下曲线基本重合,为提高计算效率,采用 141 万网格数量进行计算。本文使用${0.05},{0.1},{0.2}\mathrm{\;s}3$种不同的时间步长进行验证,相同设置下计算${800}\mathrm{\;s}$后,液相率分别为 0.8235, 0.8234, 0.8233, 在兼顾计算精度和计算效率前提下,采用${0.1}\mathrm{\;s}$的时间步长进行数值模拟运算。
本文选取 Al-Abidi [ 21 ] 的三套管式蓄热器进行数值验证。由图 4 可以看出, 模拟结果相似, 误差在允许范围内, 验证了本文模型的可靠性和可行性。
图 5 为本模型所截取位置示意图。
三套管式蓄热器三维数值模拟, 要观察轴向及径向 PCM 区域变化规律,因此本文截取蓄热器内 PCM 区沿 $z$ 轴正方向 5 个不同径向截面位置, 编号为 1~5,距离右侧端面距离分别为 0.114, ${0.087},{0.06},{0.033},{0.006}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,和蓄热器中心处轴向截面位置。分析不同截面处的 PCM 温度分布及液相率变化情况。
不同扭曲程度下相变材料的轴向截面温度分布云图如图 6 所示。
图 6 可以看出, 熔化初始阶段, 在 HTF 入口处附近少部分区域温度升高明显,原因是此时的温差最大,换热速率最快,在内外管壁位置附近的相变材料区域平均温度也有所升高, 添加不同扭率的扭曲肋后, 增大了相变区与扭曲肋之间的导热面积, 提升了传热效果, 与无肋片相比, 扭曲肋的置入使得径向温度分布更加均匀,且在初始阶段平均温度升高更加明显。随着熔化时间的增加, 平均温度的升高趋势相比于无肋片结构更显著, 且相变材料区域自上而下温度分布更加趋近于 HTF 入口温度。
不同时刻相变材料区域液相率云图如图 7 所示。
图 7 可见, 熔化初始阶段, 热量由 HTF 通过管壁传递到间断扭曲肋,再传导到相变材料,扭曲肋及管壁附近的相变材料吸热并在达到其熔点后开始熔化,初始阶段换热方式以热传导为主,并在近壁面附近作用更加明显。熔化进程整体沿重力方向发展,内置的间断扭曲肋可以加快其附近的相变材料熔化,其原因是增加了固态和液态相变材料的接触面积, TR 为 2.5 的模型接触面积可达 ${0.0703}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{2}$ ,是无肋片模型面积 ${0.0271}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{2}$ 的 2.6 倍,更有利于液态相变材料的自然对流换热。随着时间的增加, 无肋片结构固态相变材料区成锥形分布, 其温度分布不均匀及自然对流效应较弱, 熔化进程缓慢且换热不均匀。内置的间断扭曲肋既在熔化初期有利于导热, 也对熔化过程中产生的自然对流有促进效果, 从而加速了相变材料的熔化和充热。
图 8 为有自然对流的速度云图。
图 8 可以看出, 随着相变材料液相率的增加, 流动范围逐渐扩大, 熔化中期液态与固态交界位置附近产生的自然对流效应较强, 靠近顶部区域已熔化的 LA 流动减弱。随着扭曲程度的增大, 流动发生明显变化,间断扭曲肋可以引导液态相变材料流动, 流动区域产生较为明显的涡, 传热更加均匀。
图 9 为相变材料的液相率、平均温度、充热量和平均充热率随时间的变化曲线。
图 9(a) 中可以看出, 完全熔化时间随间断扭曲肋扭曲程度增加而缩短, 无肋片模型完全熔化时间为 ${1345.2}\mathrm{\;s}$ ,间断扭曲肋扭率 $\mathrm{{TR}}$ 分别为 10,7.5,5,2.5时,相变材料完全熔化时间分别为 ${1001.4},{968.6},{940.8},{899.2}\mathrm{\;s}$ ,与无肋片结构相比, 熔化时间分别缩短了 ${25.6}\% ,{28.0}\% ,{30.1}\%$ , 33.1%。由图 9(b) 可见,有间断扭曲肋的平均温度曲线斜率仅在初始阶段相似, 随着壁面导热效果减弱, 各平均温度曲线斜率逐渐降低, 温升减缓。 熔化中期有扭曲肋结构的平均温度曲线斜率大于无肋片结构,相变材料的平均温度升高加快。在熔化后期仅剩底部少量的固态相变材料未熔化,平均温度与换热流体温差较小, 吸热能力进一步降低, 熔化速度十分缓慢, 此时无肋片结构的相变材料还未达到后期阶段, 换热温差较大。具有间断扭曲肋的相变材料到达熔化后期时,曲线斜率降低, 无肋片结构的曲线斜率未明显降低且大于前者。 图 9(c)为充热量随时间的变化。当相变材料完全熔化时, 充热量总体相差不大。各模型充热量相差最大的是 TR 为 2.5 的间断扭曲肋和无肋片结构,相差最大为 ${4.67}\%$图 9(d)为不同结构的相变材料完全熔化时平均充热速率与扭率 $\mathrm{{TR}}$ 的关系。由图 9(d)可见, 平均充热速率随着扭曲程度的增加而增大,且均高于无肋片结构模型。充热量由相变潜热与显热组成, 虽然加入扭曲肋减少了少部分相变材料质量, 但其对相变过程的促进效果明显,达到完全熔化时的充热量还要略高于无肋片结构,间断扭曲肋的模型既能加快相变材料熔化, 又可以保证充热量及系统综合性能。
图 10 为不同肋头数 $N$ 下,相变材料轴向截面的平均温度随时间变化的云图。
图 10 可见, 在熔化初始阶段 HTF 所携带的热量通过扭曲肋和管壁向相变材料侧传递, 在此附近的平均温度明显高于其他位置,在 HTF 入口处温升更加显著。头数为 2 的扭曲肋相比于无肋片模型在熔化中期平均温度升高效果不明显, 由于肋片数目的增加,3,4 段扭曲肋对轴向及径向的平均温度升高强化效果明显,在熔化后期效果减弱, 底部温升缓慢。
相同时刻下相变材料的液相率云图如图 11 所示。
图 11 可以看出, 近壁面与近间断扭曲肋的相变材料在达到熔点后熔化, 在初始阶段换热以导热为主,熔化整体沿重力方向进行。随着扭曲肋头数的增加, 贴近扭曲肋附近的相变材料熔化量增多,无肋片结构相变材料熔化缓慢,且未熔化相变材料成锥形分布, 因为内置扭曲肋增大了与相变材料的接触面积, 最大接触面积由无肋片的 ${0.0271}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{2}$ 增大至 4 肋头数扭曲肋的 ${0.0675}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{2}$ (面积增大 2.49 倍)。随着扭曲肋头数的增加,未熔化部分锥形分布减少,径向未熔化部分分布更加均匀, 熔化后期底端少量未熔化部分导热效应降低, 平均温差减小, 使得底端相变材料熔化时间占比较大。
图 12 为不同肋头数、相同时刻下的速度云图。
图 12 可看到,在相同时刻下,随着 $N$ 的增加, 呈锥形分布的固态相变材料逐渐减少, 且液态相变材料的流动范围逐渐增大, 即增大了液态相变材料自然对流的空间, 进一步加速了熔化进程, 在熔化边缘及在扭曲肋附近流动速度更快、换热更强, 相比无肋片结构流动区域更加广泛、换热更加均匀。
图 13 为相变材料液相率、平均温度、充热量和平均充热率随时间变化曲线。
图 13(a) 可以看出, 仅在熔化初期极短时间内,各液相率变化曲线几乎重合。熔化中期,各间断扭曲肋模型的液相率变化曲线斜率相比于无肋片模型斜率逐渐增大,熔化速度加快。熔化后期阶段,随着换热温差降低、自然对流效应减弱, 液相率曲线斜率逐渐降低, 直至相变材料完全熔化, 斜率变为 0 。可以看出, 随着扭曲肋头数的增加, 熔化速度加快,扭曲肋头数 $N = 2,3,4$ 的模型完全熔化时间分别为 ${1182.2},{1099.6},{1001.4}\mathrm{\;s}$ ,相较于无肋片的完全熔化时间(1345.2s)分别提升了 ${12.1}\% ,{18.2}\% ,{25.6}\%$ 。由图 13(b)可以看出,在熔化初始阶段, 各模型的平均温度迅速上升, 这是由于在初始阶段换热温差最大,通过接触面导热,近壁面的相变材料吸热达到熔点并逐渐熔化; 随后通过壁面的传热速率受限,各模型平均温度上升曲线斜率降低。随着熔化时间的增加,间断扭曲肋模型的平均温度曲线斜率相比于无肋片模型有所升高, 间断扭曲肋可以使相变材料区受热更加均匀,且 $N = 4$ 的间断扭曲肋在熔化中期阶段平均温升更加明显。由图 13(c)可以看出,其他模型的换热速率要大于无肋片模型,随着间断扭曲肋头数的增加完全熔化时充热量有略微下降, 最高降幅约为 5.82%。图 13(d)中数据表明,平均充热率随着肋头数的增加而增大,且均大于无肋片模型。当相变材料完全熔化时, 各模型的总充热量相差较小, 加入不同数目的间断扭曲肋在不同程度上可以缩短相变材料完全熔化时间,提高换热速率。
本文以三套管相变蓄热器为研究对象, 采用三维数值模拟的方法分别研究了三套管相变蓄热器中内置间断扭曲肋的数量和扭转角度对充热性能的影响, 得出以下结论。
①与普通三套管相变蓄热器相比,内置的间断扭曲肋结构可以有效缩短相变材料完全熔化时间。
②不同扭率(TR 为10,7.5,5,2.5)下的间断扭曲肋与无肋片模型相比,完全熔化时间 (1001.4, ${968.6},{940.8},{899.2}\mathrm{\;s}$ ) 分别缩短了 ${25.6}\% ,{28.0}\%$ , 30.1%和 33.1%。随着扭转角度的增加,既增大了受热面积又增强了熔化过程的自然对流, 完全熔化时间有不同程度的提升。
③内置不同头数 $\left( {N\text{ 为 }2,3,4}\right)$ 的间断扭曲肋相较于无肋片模型,完全熔化时间(1182.2,1099.6, 1001.4 s) 分别缩短了 12.1%,18.2% 和 25.6%。随着肋片数目的增加,可以有效增强换热效果。
④间断扭曲肋结构可以增大相变材料熔化过程中的自然对流效应, 且固液态相变材料边缘位置产生的流动较强。
⑤不同扭转角度和不同间断扭曲肋数目的模型相变材料完全熔化时, 充热量相比于无肋片模型要略高, 不同的扭转角度、肋片数模型的充热量相差较小,说明提高扭转角度、肋片数目在保证充热量的前提下, 还可有效缩短相变材料完全熔化时间,从而提高了相变储热系统综合性能。
  • 甘肃省高等学校产业支撑计划项目(2023CYZC-37)
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2025年第43卷第3期
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  • 接收时间:2024-03-06
  • 首发时间:2025-07-18
  • 出版时间:2025-03-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-06
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甘肃省高等学校产业支撑计划项目(2023CYZC-37)
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    1 兰州交通大学 机电工程学院 甘肃 兰州 730070
    2 铁道车辆热工教育部重点实验室 甘肃 兰州 730070

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林志敏(1982-),男,博士,教授,研究方向为清洁能源利用技术。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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种数
Number of
species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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