Article(id=1152988800218292838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1152988797865283976, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1704643200000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752823551467, onlineDateStr=2025-07-18, pubDate=1742400000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752823551467, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752823551467, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752823551467, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1152988797865283976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, year='2025', volume='43', issue='3', pageStart='285', pageEnd='426', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1752823550907, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753694485968, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156641764313260888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1152988797865283976, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156641764313260889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1152988797865283976, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=361, endPage=369, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1152988800625140327, articleId=1152988800218292838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, language=EN, title=Energy sharing pricing mechanism and real-time scheduling strategy for community, columnId=null, journalTitle=Renewable Energy Resources, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the development of distributed generation technology on the user side, there is an urgent need to improve the reliability and economy of community power consumption. This paper introduces a community operator to manage the energy of the community and constructs an energy trading model centered on the community operator with energy storage devices. Firstly, considering the shortcomings of the existing pricing mechanism, an improved supplydemand ratio pricing mechanism is proposed to promote energy sharing in the community. Then, by coordinating energy storage devices and considering their loss costs, an online energy scheduling algorithm with low complexity is proposed based on the improved Lyapunov optimization method to maximize the revenue of the community operator under the premise of meeting the power consumption demand of the community. Theoretical analysis results show that the proposed algorithm can achieve the asymptotically optimal value of the optimization objective based only on the current system state, without the need for prior statistical knowledge of photovoltaic output, user load demand, and realtime electricity prices. Simulation results show that compared with reinforcement learning algorithms and greedy algorithms, the revenue of the community operator under the algorithm proposed in this paper is increased by 5% and 20.9% respectively, effectively promoting the local consumption of photovoltaic power.

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随着用户侧分布式发电技术的发展,亟须提高社区用电的可靠性和经济性。文章引入社区运营商对社区进行能量管理,构建了配有储能设备的社区运营商为中心的能量交易模型。首先,考虑现有价格机制的不足,提出了一种改进供需比定价的机制,促进社区能量共享;然后,协同储能设备并考虑其损耗成本,在满足社区用电需求前提下,基于改进的 Lyapunov 优化方法提出了一种低复杂度的在线能量调度算法,以最大化社区运营商收益。理论分析结果表明,所提算法仅基于当前系统状态可使优化目标渐进最优值,无需光伏出力、用户负荷需求以及实时电价的统计。仿真结果表明,与强化学习算法、贪婪算法对比,文章算法下社区运营商收益分别提高了5%和20.9%,有效促进了光伏就地消纳。

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刘迪迪(1980-),女,教授,博士生导师,研究方向为智能电网。E-mail:
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orderNo=3, keyword=能量共享), Keyword(id=1159145634323615855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988800218292838, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=实时调度), Keyword(id=1159145634420084848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988800218292838, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=就地消纳)], refs=[Reference(id=1159145636450128041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988800218292838, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=4, issue=9, pageStart=171, pageEnd=191, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=卓振宇, 张宁, 谢小荣, journalName=电力系统自动化, refType=null, unstructuredReference=卓振宇, 张宁, 谢小荣, 等. 高比例可再生能源电力系统关键技术及发展挑战[J]. 电力系统自动化, 2021, 4(9): 171-191., articleTitle=高比例可再生能源电力系统关键技术及发展挑战, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1159145636513042603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988800218292838, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, 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参数 取值 参数 取值
时隙间隔/h 0.5 光伏出力 泊松分布
电价/元 0.5 ~2.0 负荷需求 正态分布
$\gamma$ 0.7 储能设备容量/kJ 66 000
${b}^{\max }/\mathrm{{kJ}}$ 7 500 ${c}_{\mathrm{{ess}}}$ /元 $\cdot {\mathrm{{kW}}}^{-1}$ 0.2
), ArticleFig(id=1159145635787427996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988800218292838, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=仿真参数设置, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 取值 参数 取值
时隙间隔/h 0.5 光伏出力 泊松分布
电价/元 0.5 ~2.0 负荷需求 正态分布
$\gamma$ 0.7 储能设备容量/kJ 66 000
${b}^{\max }/\mathrm{{kJ}}$ 7 500 ${c}_{\mathrm{{ess}}}$ /元 $\cdot {\mathrm{{kW}}}^{-1}$ 0.2
), ArticleFig(id=1159145635883896992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988800218292838, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Comparison results under different schemes, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 方案 1 方案 2 方案 3
光伏就地消纳率 $/\%$ 72 82.4 92.3
社区从电网购入的电量 $\left( {{30}\mathrm{\;d}}\right) /\mathrm{{kW}} \cdot \mathrm{h}$ 1 525 976 629
), ArticleFig(id=1159145635955200162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988800218292838, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=不同方案下对比结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 方案 1 方案 2 方案 3
光伏就地消纳率 $/\%$ 72 82.4 92.3
社区从电网购入的电量 $\left( {{30}\mathrm{\;d}}\right) /\mathrm{{kW}} \cdot \mathrm{h}$ 1 525 976 629
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社区能量共享定价机制与实时调度策略研究
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王明娟 1 , 陈琳琳 2 , 刘以团 3 , 陈露菲 4 , 刘迪迪 4
可再生能源 | 2025,43(3): 361-369
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可再生能源 | 2025, 43(3): 361-369
社区能量共享定价机制与实时调度策略研究
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王明娟1, 陈琳琳2, 刘以团3, 陈露菲4, 刘迪迪4
作者信息
  • 1 北部湾大学 电子与信息工程学院 广西 钦州 535011
  • 2 广东科技学院 机电工程学院 广东 东莞 523083
  • 3 招商公路桂林公司 广西 桂林 541004
  • 4 广西师范大学 电子与信息工程学院 广西类脑计算与智能芯片重点实验室 广西 桂林 541001

通讯作者:

刘迪迪(1980-),女,教授,博士生导师,研究方向为智能电网。E-mail:
Energy sharing pricing mechanism and real-time scheduling strategy for community
Mingjuan Wang1, Linlin Chen2, Yituan Liu3, Lufei Chen4, Didi Liu4
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Electronic and Information Engineering Beibu Gulf University Qinzhou 535011 China
  • 2 School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Guangdong University of Science and Technology Dongguan 523083 China
  • 3 China Merchants Epressway Guilin 541004 China
  • 4 School of Electronic and Information Engineering/School of Integrated Circuits Guangxi Normal University Guilin 541001 China
出版时间: 2025-03-20
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随着用户侧分布式发电技术的发展,亟须提高社区用电的可靠性和经济性。文章引入社区运营商对社区进行能量管理,构建了配有储能设备的社区运营商为中心的能量交易模型。首先,考虑现有价格机制的不足,提出了一种改进供需比定价的机制,促进社区能量共享;然后,协同储能设备并考虑其损耗成本,在满足社区用电需求前提下,基于改进的 Lyapunov 优化方法提出了一种低复杂度的在线能量调度算法,以最大化社区运营商收益。理论分析结果表明,所提算法仅基于当前系统状态可使优化目标渐进最优值,无需光伏出力、用户负荷需求以及实时电价的统计。仿真结果表明,与强化学习算法、贪婪算法对比,文章算法下社区运营商收益分别提高了5%和20.9%,有效促进了光伏就地消纳。

社区运营商  /  定价机制  /  能量共享  /  实时调度  /  就地消纳

With the development of distributed generation technology on the user side, there is an urgent need to improve the reliability and economy of community power consumption. This paper introduces a community operator to manage the energy of the community and constructs an energy trading model centered on the community operator with energy storage devices. Firstly, considering the shortcomings of the existing pricing mechanism, an improved supplydemand ratio pricing mechanism is proposed to promote energy sharing in the community. Then, by coordinating energy storage devices and considering their loss costs, an online energy scheduling algorithm with low complexity is proposed based on the improved Lyapunov optimization method to maximize the revenue of the community operator under the premise of meeting the power consumption demand of the community. Theoretical analysis results show that the proposed algorithm can achieve the asymptotically optimal value of the optimization objective based only on the current system state, without the need for prior statistical knowledge of photovoltaic output, user load demand, and realtime electricity prices. Simulation results show that compared with reinforcement learning algorithms and greedy algorithms, the revenue of the community operator under the algorithm proposed in this paper is increased by 5% and 20.9% respectively, effectively promoting the local consumption of photovoltaic power.

community operators  /  price mechanism  /  energy sharing  /  real-time scheduling  /  local consumption
王明娟, 陈琳琳, 刘以团, 陈露菲, 刘迪迪. 社区能量共享定价机制与实时调度策略研究. 可再生能源, 2025 , 43 (3) : 361 -369 .
Mingjuan Wang, Linlin Chen, Yituan Liu, Lufei Chen, Didi Liu. Energy sharing pricing mechanism and real-time scheduling strategy for community[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2025 , 43 (3) : 361 -369 .
在 “双碳”目标的驱动下, 构建以可再生能源为主体的新型电力系统是缓解能源短缺和降低碳排放的关键措施 [ 1 , 2 ] 。分布式光伏因具有清洁经济、建设灵活等优点在社区用户中得以快速发 [ 3- 5 ] 。配备有光伏系统的社区用户已成为具有发电能力和消费行为的产消用户。然而, 单一产消用户的资源配置有限,传统的自产自消模式对于响应实时电价信息的动力不足, 且光伏出力具有间歇性和不确定性、与产消用户负荷需求高峰不完全匹配、本地资源消纳率低等问题 [ 6 , 7 ] 。因此,根据社区内多个用户需求的多样化差异, 将具有一定能源自主权的产消用户与传统消费用户有机联合, 从而实现能量共享, 是面向社区能量管理的重要方向。
近年来, 为了更好地促进用户之间的能量共享,学者们尝试着通过不同的方式制订运营与管理策略。已有的研究将社区能量共享电价主要从拍卖 [ 8 , 9 ] 、博弈论 [ 10 - 12 ] 和给定规则 [ 13 - 16 ] 等方面进行定价。文献[ 8 ]提出了一种基于改进拍卖的能量共享方法, 该方法能有效地获取共享设施控制器与住宅单元之间的交互, 从而确定拍卖价格与能量分配。文献[ 9 ]利用双向拍卖理论提出了一种在买卖双方之间均分社会福利的定价机制, 基于拍卖的方式让市场自由决定能源价格, 但限制了参与者的灵活性。文献[ 10 , 11 ] 提出了基于合作博弈论的定价技术,实现了多能源微电网间的联盟合作。文献 [ 12 ] 将运营商与用户之间的交互过程建模为 Stackelberg 博弈, 并提出了一种最优共享分配和定价策略。然而, 基于博弈论的计算复杂度较高, 随着用户数量的增加,将面临“维数灾难”的问题。 基于供需比的定价机制作为基于给定规则的定价机制之一, 因实行简单, 对不确定环境下的应用场景具有较强的适用性, 广泛应用于用户之间的能量共享 [ 13 - 16 ] 。文献[ 13 - 15 ]中的定价机制仅考虑了供需比为 0~1 的情况。文献[ 16 ]对文献[ 13 ]中的价格机制进行了改进, 但在供需比大于 1 时售电价格是定值, 无法充分反映供需比对价格的影响。因此,本文根据价格与供需比的关系,对传统的供需比的价格机制进行了改进。
此外,储能设备作为“能量缓冲器”,可以平抑可再生能源出力波动, 提高用户供电可靠性, 有助于缓解因分布式可再生能源出力不确定性带来的供需不平衡问题。因此, 储能设备常被社区用来协调各用户之间的能量共享。文献[ 17 ]以社区为研究对象, 在能量共享的基础上, 对用户侧分布式共享储能进行容量优化。文献[ 18 ]研究了分布式光伏社区的能量共享问题, 其中每个产消者均配有储能设备, 通过优化储能的充放电量来减少用电成本。但这些研究要求每个用户均配置储能设备, 投资建设成本过高。文献[ 19 ]引入配有储能系统的运营商实现智能楼宇集群的联合优化, 并提出了一种基于主从博弈的能量共享方法, 可以很好地提升运营商和智能楼宇的经济效益, 然而却忽略了储能系统频繁充、放电带来的损耗成本。文献 [ 20 ] 利用储能设备实现了社区供需平衡, 并降低电网能耗成本, 但没有考虑储能与电网的双向能量交易,未发挥储能的调度潜力。此外,以上研究均须准确预测可再生能源发电量及用户用电需求,这在实际中难以实现。
基于上述分析, 本文以分布式光伏社区为研究对象, 引入配有储能设备的社区运营商对社区进行管理与运营。首先,考虑到现有价格机制的不足,对传统的供需比定价机制进行改进,建立了协同储能设备的社区运营商定价新模型, 并充分考虑储能设备的损耗成本, 以实现各用户间的能量共享,促进光伏就地消纳。然后,通过改进 Lyapunov 优化方法提出了一种复杂度低的在线能量调度算法。该算法能够在光伏出力、用户负荷需求及实时电价的先验统计知识未知的情况下, 通过实时优化储能设备的充/放电量、社区内部的电力交易以及社区与外部电网的双向交易能量, 在满足社区用电需求的前提下, 提升社区能量效用, 最大化社区运营商收益。
本文所构建的社区能量交易模型如图 1 所示。
图中参与能量交易的利益主体有:社区、社区运营商和外部电网。其中,社区由多个产消用户和传统消费用户组成, 每个产消用户均含有独立的屋顶光伏系统、多个负载和能量管理系统等。社区运营商通过智能电表获取外部电网的实时电价信息,并与外部电网建立双向能源交易,并为社区用户制定内部交易电价,促进能量共享,同时协同储能设备的调度与社区和外部电网进行双向能量交易。产消用户通过能量管理系统可以收集自身光伏出力和负荷的信息, 并接收来自社区运营商的电价信息。每个产消用户优先供给自身负荷所需的能量, 在其产能过剩或不足的情况下再与社区的其他用户进行能量共享。当社区内各用户通过能量共享可以满足负荷需求时, 社区无须从外部购买能量, 运营商将存储社区过剩的净能量或出售给外部电网, 反之, 社区运营商控制储能设备放电或从外部电网购买能量以满足社区的能量赤字部分。
社区运营商作为储能设备的调度中心和整个社区的运营者, 根据外部电网实时电价、社区光伏出力、负荷需求及储能设备的可用能量等数据信息,实时地决策社区内部交易电价、储能设备充、 放电量及其与外部电网的双向交易量, 在满足社区用户负荷需求的同时, 最大化其自身收益。
假设社区里有$N$个产消用户和$M$个消费用户,令$N = \{ 1,2,\cdots , N\}$表示产消用户的集合,令$M =$$\{ 1,2,\cdots , M\}$表示消费用户的集合。将以上模型运行时间离散化,令$T = \{ 1,2,\cdots , T\}$表示系统运行的时隙集合,$t \in T$表示离散化的时隙索引,并假设实时电价、负荷需求等变量在每个时隙内保持不变。
社区的产消用户地理位置相近, 光照环境几乎相同, 光伏出力曲线相似, 但由于各产消用户的负荷需求不同,因此净产能存在差异。各产消用户可以根据当前时隙自身的净产能来充当不同的角色,即购、售电方,且在不同的时隙用户的角色可进行转换。
假设第$i\left( {i \in N}\right)$个产消用户在时隙$t$的光伏出力和负荷需求分别记为${H}_{i}\left( t\right)$${D}_{i}\left( t\right)$,有$0 \leq$${H}_{i}\left( t\right) \leq {H}_{i}^{\max },0 \leq {D}_{i}\left( t\right) \leq {D}_{i}^{\max },{H}_{i}^{\max }$${D}_{i}^{\max }$分别为产消用户$i$的光伏出力最大值和负荷需求最大值,用${Z}_{i}\left( t\right)$表示产消用户$i$在时隙$t$的净产能, 则:
${Z}_{i}\left( t\right) = {H}_{i}\left( t\right) - {D}_{i}\left( t\right)$
式中: 当${Z}_{i}\left( t\right) > 0$时,表示产消用户$i$在时隙$t$的光伏出力大于负荷需求, 产能过剩; 反之表示产能不足。
对于传统消费用户,由于其不具备发电能力, 只能作为购电方,假设$t$时隙消费用户$j\left( {j \in M}\right)$的负荷需求记为${D}_{j}\left( t\right)$,则有$0 \leq {D}_{j}\left( t\right) \leq {D}_{j}^{\max },{D}_{j}^{\max }$为传统消费用户$j$的负荷需求最大值。
为促进能量共享, 社区运营商须秉持中立性制定社区内部交易价格,内部电价应考虑所有参与方利益。本文针对现有的定价机制的缺陷 [ 13 , 16 ] (在供需比大于 1 时不能充分反映供需比对价格的影响) 进行了改进,计算社区在时隙$t$的供需比${S}_{\mathrm{{dr}}}\left( t\right) :$
${S}_{\mathrm{{dr}}}\left( t\right) = \frac{{E}_{\mathrm{{sell}}}\left( t\right) }{{E}_{\mathrm{{buy}}}\left( t\right) }$
式中:${E}_{\text{sell }}\left( t\right) ,{E}_{\text{buy }}\left( t\right)$分别为社区内总的售电量和总的购电量,具体如下:
$\left\{ \begin{array}{ll} {E}_{\text{sell }}\left( t\right) = \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{n}{Z}_{i}\left( t\right) & {Z}_{i}\left( t\right) \geq 0 \\ {E}_{\text{buy }}\left( t\right) = \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{n}\left| {{Z}_{i}\left( t\right) }\right| + \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 1}}^{m}{D}_{j}\left( t\right) & {Z}_{i}\left( t\right) < 0 \end{array}\right.$
同直接与电网交易相比, 社区用户参与能量共享能够降低用电成本, 计算得到社区成本降低的平均值$C\left( t\right)$
$C\left( t\right) = \frac{\left\lbrack {E}_{\text{buy }}\left( t\right) {P}_{\text{buy }}\left( t\right) - {E}_{\text{sell }}\left( t\right) {P}_{\text{sell }}\left( t\right) \right\rbrack }{{E}_{\text{sell }}\left( t\right) + {E}_{\text{buy }}\left( t\right) } - \\ \frac{\left\lbrack {E}_{\text{buy }}\left( t\right) {I}_{\text{buy }}\left( t\right) - {E}_{\text{sell }}\left( t\right) {I}_{\text{sell }}\left( t\right) \right\rbrack }{{E}_{\text{sell }}\left( t\right) + {E}_{\text{buy }}\left( t\right) }$
式中:${I}_{\text{buy }}\left( t\right) ,{I}_{\text{sell }}\left( t\right)$分别为时隙$t$社区内部交易用户的购、售电价;${P}_{\text{buy }}\left( t\right) ,{P}_{\text{sell }}\left( t\right)$分别为时隙$t$社区运营商的购、售电价,等价于外部电网的售电电价和购电价格, 即外部电网的售电价和回收电价。其中,${P}_{\text{sell }}\left( t\right) = \gamma {P}_{\text{buy }}\left( t\right)$,$\gamma$为损耗系数,$\gamma \in \left( {0,1}\right)$;考虑电力传输过程中存在能量损耗, 外部电网的售电价格应低于其售电电价 [ 21 ]
对式(4)进行化简后可得:
$C\left( t\right) = \frac{{S}_{\mathrm{{dr}}}\left( t\right) \left\lbrack {{I}_{\mathrm{{sell}}}\left( t\right) - {P}_{\mathrm{{sell}}}\left( t\right) }\right\rbrack + \left\lbrack {{P}_{\mathrm{{buy}}}\left( t\right) - {I}_{\mathrm{{buy}}}\left( t\right) }\right\rbrack }{{S}_{\mathrm{{dr}}}\left( t\right) + 1}$
考虑到当社区供需比${S}_{\mathrm{{dr}}}\left( t\right)$趋近于$\infty$时,社区用户几乎均为售电方, 此时社区内部售电价格${I}_{\text{sell }}\left( t\right)$将趋近于${P}_{\text{sell }}\left( t\right)$,即${S}_{\mathrm{{dr}}}\left( t\right) \rightarrow \infty ,{I}_{\text{sell }}\left( t\right) \rightarrow {P}_{\text{sell }}\left( t\right)$。 同理可得,${S}_{\mathrm{{dr}}}\left( t\right) \rightarrow 0,{I}_{\mathrm{{buy}}}\left( t\right) \rightarrow {P}_{\mathrm{{buy}}}\left( t\right)$。因此可得:
$\left\{ \begin{array}{l} {I}_{\text{sell }}\left( t\right) - {P}_{\text{sell }}\left( t\right) = C\left( t\right) \cdot \frac{1}{{S}_{\mathrm{{dr}}}\left( t\right) } \\ {P}_{\text{buy }}\left( t\right) - {I}_{\text{buy }}\left( t\right) = C\left( t\right) \cdot {S}_{\mathrm{{dr}}}\left( t\right) \end{array}\right.$
由式 (6) 可推导出内部电价${I}_{\text{buy }}\left( t\right) ,{I}_{\text{sell }}\left( t\right)$和外部电网电价${P}_{\text{buy }}\left( t\right) ,{P}_{\text{sell }}\left( t\right)$之间的关系为
${P}_{\text{buy }}\left( t\right) - {I}_{\text{buy }}\left( t\right) = {S}_{\mathrm{{dr}}}^{2}\left( t\right) \left\lbrack {{I}_{\text{sell }}\left( t\right) - {P}_{\text{sell }}\left( t\right) }\right\rbrack$
在社区用户间完成初步的能量共享之后,社区净能量所产生的与社区运营商交易费用需由社区内参与能量共享的所有用户共同承担, 即应保证社区的收支平衡:
$\left\{ \begin{array}{l} {E}_{\text{sell }}\left( t\right) \left\lbrack {{I}_{\text{buy }}\left( t\right) - {I}_{\text{sell }}\left( t\right) }\right\rbrack = E\left( t\right) \left\lbrack {{I}_{\text{buy }}\left( t\right) - {P}_{\text{buy }}\left( t\right) }\right\rbrack {S}_{\mathrm{{dr}}}\left( t\right) \leq 1 \\ {E}_{\text{buy }}\left( t\right) \left\lbrack {{I}_{\text{buy }}\left( t\right) - {I}_{\text{sell }}\left( t\right) }\right\rbrack = E\left( t\right) \left\lbrack {{I}_{\text{sell }}\left( t\right) - {P}_{\text{sell }}\left( t\right) }\right\rbrack {S}_{\mathrm{{dr}}}\left( t\right) > 1 \end{array}\right.$
$E\left( t\right) = {E}_{\text{sell }}\left( t\right) - {E}_{\text{buy }}\left( t\right)$
式中:$E\left( t\right)$为时隙$t$内社区的净能量,$E\left( t\right) > 0$表示整个社区净能量过剩, 反之表示整个社区净能量不足。
联立式 (7), (8), 可得社区内部购、售电价与${S}_{\mathrm{{dr}}}\left( t\right)$的函数关系为
${I}_{\text{buy }}\left( t\right) = \\ \left\{ \begin{array}{ll} {P}_{\text{buy }}\left( t\right) - \frac{{S}_{\mathrm{{dr}}}^{2}\left( t\right) \left\lbrack {{P}_{\text{buy }}\left( t\right) - {P}_{\text{sell }}\left( t\right) }\right\rbrack }{{S}_{\mathrm{{dr}}}\left( t\right) + 1} & 0 \leq {S}_{\mathrm{{dr}}}\left( t\right) \leq 1 \\ {P}_{\text{buy }}\left( t\right) - \frac{{S}_{\mathrm{{dr}}}\left( t\right) \left\lbrack {{P}_{\text{buy }}\left( t\right) - {P}_{\text{sell }}\left( t\right) }\right\rbrack }{{S}_{\mathrm{{dr}}}\left( t\right) + 1} & {S}_{\mathrm{{dr}}}\left( t\right) > 1 \end{array}\right.$
${I}_{\text{sell }}\left( t\right) = \left\{ \begin{array}{ll} {P}_{\text{sell }}\left( t\right) + \frac{{P}_{\text{buy }}\left( t\right) - {P}_{\text{sell }}\left( t\right) }{{S}_{\mathrm{{dr}}}\left( t\right) + 1} & 0 \leq {S}_{\mathrm{{dr}}}\left( t\right) \leq 1 \\ {P}_{\text{sell }}\left( t\right) + \frac{{P}_{\text{buy }}\left( t\right) - {P}_{\text{sell }}\left( t\right) }{{S}_{\mathrm{{dr}}}\left( t\right) + {S}_{\mathrm{{dr}}}^{2}\left( t\right) } & {S}_{\mathrm{{dr}}}\left( t\right) > 1 \end{array}\right.$
根据式 (10), (11), 社区内部购、售电价和供需比的关系如图 2 所示。
图 2 中可看出,购、售电价基本与供需比呈反比关系, 且当供需比大于 1 时, 社区内部用户购/售电价不再是恒定的, 而是随着供需比的增加持续调节, 并且内部购电价格始终大于内部售电价格,有${P}_{\text{buy }}\left( t\right) \geq {I}_{\text{buy }}\left( t\right) \geq {I}_{\text{sell }}\left( t\right) \geq {P}_{\text{sell }}\left( t\right)$
社区运营商侧配置储能设备, 为社区用户提供充、放电服务,设$B\left( t\right)$为时隙$t$储能设备的可用能量,$b\left( t\right)$为储能设备在时隙$t$的充、放电量,则其能量更新为
$B\left( {t + 1}\right) = B\left( t\right) - b\left( t\right)$
式中:当$b\left( t\right) > 0$时,表示放电;$b\left( t\right) < 0$,表示充电;$b\left( t\right) = 0$,表示空闲状态。
考虑到储能设备的使用寿命, 应避免深度放电。因此储能设备中的可用能量须满足:
$0 < {B}^{\min } \leq B\left( t\right) \leq {B}^{\max }$
式中:${B}^{\max },{B}^{\min }$分别为储能设备的最大容量和最小容量。
由于受到硬件电路的限制, 储能设备的充、放电速率存在上限值:
$\left| {b\left( t\right) }\right| \leq {b}^{\max }$
式中:${b}^{\max }$表示时隙间隔内储能设备最大充、放电速率。
为保证储能设备正常运行, 每个时隙充电和放电动作不能同时进行,则有:
${I}_{\{ b\left( t\right) > 0\} } + {I}_{\{ b\left( t\right) < 0\} } \leq 1$
此外,由于储能设备在频繁充、放电过程中存在一定的损耗, 社区运营商应承担的储能充、放电损耗成本 [ 22 ]
${C}_{\mathrm{{ess}}}\left( t\right) = {c}_{\mathrm{{ess}}}\left| {b\left( t\right) }\right|$
式中:${c}_{\mathrm{{ess}}}$为储能设备单位充、放电量的损耗成本。
当社区完成初步能量共享后,若储能设备通过放电仍不能满足社区的缺额能量, 则社区运营商将从外部电网购买$G\left( t\right)$的能量来满足。则任意时隙$t$社区内的能量供需平衡约束满足:
$E\left( t\right) + G\left( t\right) + b\left( t\right) = 0$
式中:$G\left( t\right) > 0$表示从外部电网购买能量,反之表示能量被出售给外部电网。
社区运营商一方面通过赚取社区内部交易差价作为社区能量管理运营的报酬,即社区内参与共享的能量越多其收益越高; 另一方面通过控制储能设备在外部电网电价低时充电获取低电价能量, 在外部电网电价高时放电出售高电价能量增加自身收益。因此,社区运营商时隙$t$的总收益$W\left( t\right)$由与社区用户交易、外部电网交易以及储能损耗成本 3 部分组成, 其表达式为
$W\left( t\right) = {C}_{1}\left( t\right) + {C}_{2}\left( t\right) - {C}_{\mathrm{{ess}}}\left( t\right)$
式中:${C}_{1}\left( t\right)$${C}_{2}\left( t\right)$分别为社区运营商在时隙$t$与社区和外部电网交易产生的收益。
其中:
${C}_{1}\left( t\right) = {P}_{\text{buy }}\left( t\right) {\left\lbrack E\left( t\right) \right\rbrack }^{ - } - {P}_{\text{sell }}\left( t\right) {\left\lbrack E\left( t\right) \right\rbrack }^{ + } + \\ \left\lbrack {{I}_{\text{buy }}\left( t\right) - {I}_{\text{sell }}\left( t\right) }\right\rbrack \min \left\{ {{E}_{\text{sell }}\left( t\right) ,{E}_{\text{buy }}\left( t\right) }\right\}$
式(19)等号右边第一项表示社区运营商出售给用户能量所得的收益; 第二项表示社区运营商从用户处收购能量所需的成本; 第三项表示用户参与能量共享,社区运营商赚取的差价。
${C}_{2}\left( t\right) = {P}_{\text{sell }}\left( t\right) {\left\lbrack G\left( t\right) \right\rbrack }^{ - } - {P}_{\text{buy }}\left( t\right) {\left\lbrack G\left( t\right) \right\rbrack }^{ + }$
式(20)等号右边第一项表示社区运营商出售给电网能量所得的收益; 第二项表示社区运营商从电网购买能量的成本。
基于上述模型,定义时隙 $t$ 的系统状态向量为 $\mathbf{S}\left( t\right) \triangleq \left\lbrack {{H}_{i}\left( t\right) ,{D}_{i}\left( t\right) ,{D}_{j}\left( t\right) ,{P}_{\text{buy }}\left( t\right) ,{P}_{\text{sell }}\left( t\right) , B\left( t\right) }\right\rbrack$ , 根据系统的当前状态,基于式(9)~(11)计算出社区的当前净能量 $E\left( t\right)$ 和内部交易电价 ${I}_{\text{buy }}\left( t\right)$${I}_{\text{sell }}\left( t\right)$ ,做出最佳控制决策,决策向量为 $\mathbf{Y}\left( t\right) \triangleq \lbrack b$ $\left( t\right) , G\left( t\right) \rbrack$ 。本文的优化目标是根据每个时隙的系统状态 $\mathbf{S}\left( t\right)$ ,在满足社区用电需求的前提下,寻找最优控制决策 $\mathbf{Y}\left( t\right)$ 的时间序列,最大化社区运营商的长期平均收益。将社区能量管理问题描述为一个随机优化问题,记为问题 ${P1}$
${P1}\mathop{\max }\limits_{{b\left( t\right) , G\left( t\right) }}\mathop{\lim }\limits_{{T \rightarrow \infty }}\frac{1}{T}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t = 1}}^{T}E\left\lbrack {W\left( t\right) }\right\rbrack \\ \text{s.t. 式(12)~(15),(17)}$
式中: $E\left\lbrack \cdot \right\rbrack$ 为考虑到系统状态 $\mathbf{S}\left( t\right)$ 的随机状态下社区运营商收益的期望。
因为${P1}$中存在储能耦合约束式(13),利用传统 Lyapunov 优化方法 [ 23 ] 不能直接求解。本文的目标是在满足约束的基础上最大化式(21)。为保证约束式 (13) 成立, 本文构造一个储能虚拟队列$X\left( t\right)$表征每个时隙储能设备的状态。
$X\left( t\right) = B\left( t\right) - {V}_{1}{P}_{\text{buy }}^{\max } - {b}^{\max }$
式中:${V}_{1}$为非负常数,通过对${V}_{1}$适当取值可满足约束条件(13);${P}_{\text{buy }}^{\max }$为外部电网的最高电价。
根据式 (12)得到队列$X\left( t\right)$的更新方程:
$X\left( {t + 1}\right) = X\left( t\right) - b\left( t\right)$
本文定义 Lyapunov 函数 [ 23 ]
$L\left\lbrack {X\left( t\right) }\right\rbrack \triangleq \frac{1}{2}{X}^{2}\left( t\right)$
该函数是测量拥塞的标量,并且定义 Lyapunov 漂移函数${\Delta L}\left\lbrack {X\left( t\right) }\right\rbrack$
${\Delta L}\left\lbrack {X\left( t\right) }\right\rbrack = E\{ L\left\lbrack {X\left( {t + 1}\right) - L\left\lbrack {X\left( t\right) }\right\rbrack }\right\rbrack \mid X\left( t\right) \}$
由式 (25) 可知, 若在每一个时隙均做出相应的控制决策$\mathbf{Y}\left( t\right)$使${\Delta L}\left\lbrack {X\left( t\right) }\right\rbrack$最小化,则队列积压将推向较小的拥塞程度, 以保证队列稳定性。
本文在满足约束的基础上最大化式(21)。本文引入 Lyapunov“漂移加惩罚”最小化方法求解问题${P1}$,通过对目标函数式 (21) 取负号作为 Lyapunov 惩罚部分与式 (25) 相加, 得到新的目标函数, 即 Lyapunov “漂移加惩罚”函数:
$\min {\Delta L}\left\lbrack {X\left( t\right) }\right\rbrack - {V}_{1}E\{ W\left( t\right) \mid X\left( t\right) \} \\ \text{s.t. 式(14),(15),(17)}$
式中:${V}_{1}$为权重控制参数,通过调节参数${V}_{1}$,在队列稳定性和优化目标之间进行平衡折中。由文献 [ 23 ] 可得:
${\Delta L}\left\lbrack {X\left( t\right) }\right\rbrack - {V}_{1}E\left\{ {{C}_{1}\left( t\right) + {C}_{2}\left( t\right) - {C}_{\mathrm{{ess}}}\left( t\right) \mid X\left( t\right) }\right\} \leq F - \\ X\left( t\right) E\{ b\left( t\right) \mid X\left( t\right) \} - {V}_{1}E\left\{ {{C}_{1}\left( t\right) + {C}_{2}\left( t\right) - {C}_{\mathrm{{ess}}}\left( t\right) \mid X\left( t\right) }\right\}$
式中:$F$为一个正常数,$F = \frac{1}{2}{\left( {b}^{\max }\right) }^{2}$,证明过程见文献[ 23 ]。
最小化漂移加惩罚函数等效于最小化每个时隙的不等式 (27) 的右边各项,将约束条件$E\left( t\right) +$$G\left( t\right) + b\left( t\right) = 0$变形后代入式(27),并去除与控制决策向量$\mathbf{Y}\left( t\right)$的不相关项,忽略常数项$F$,最终问题${P1}$转化为问题${P2}$,即:
${P2}\mathop{\min }\limits_{{b\left( t\right) }}\left\lbrack {X\left( t\right) + {V}_{1}{P}_{\text{buy }}\left( t\right) }\right\rbrack {\left\lbrack -b\left( t\right) - E\left( t\right) \right\rbrack }^{ + } - \lbrack X\left( t\right) + \\ \left. {{V}_{1}\gamma {P}_{\text{buy }}\left( t\right) }\right\rbrack {\left\lbrack -b\left( t\right) - E\left( t\right) \right\rbrack }^{ - } \\ \text{s.t. 式(14),(15)}$
式(28)是求解带有约束条件的线性函数最小值问题,利用线性规划可求时隙$t$的最优决策${b}^{ * }\left( t\right)$,然后根据式 (17) 计算最优值${G}^{ * }\left( t\right)$,则$t$时隙的最优决策即可确定;更新式(12),(23),观测系统$t + 1$时隙的状态${H}_{i}\left( t\right) ,{D}_{i}\left( t\right) , E\left( t\right) ,{P}_{\text{buy }}\left( t\right)$, 根据式 (9)$\sim \left( {11}\right)$分别计算$E\left( t\right) ,{I}_{\text{buy }}\left( t\right) ,{I}_{\text{sell }}\left( t\right)$,求解$t + 1$时隙的最佳决策。可见本文基于 Lyapunov 优化理论提出的在线能量调度算法, 最优决策只与当前时隙系统状态有关, 且不依赖于外部电网实时电价、负荷需求及光伏出力的统计特性, 算法复杂度与时隙个数$T$呈线性关系,复杂度为$O\left( T\right)$
将本文所提算法与动态规划 (Dynamic Programming, DP)算法相比, DP 算法理论上可以使目标函数达到最优值, 但 DP 算法需要系统中光伏出力、用户负荷需求及外部电网中实时电价等参数的先验信息。然而,实际中这些系统参数受到各种因素的影响, 它们的统计数据可能是非平稳的, 很难精确预测这些信息或获取其先验统计知识,并且基于$\mathrm{{DP}}$的算法存在维数灾难,复杂度随时隙数呈指数增长。基于 Lyapunov 优化理论所提算法不需要先验知识, 只要根据系统当前状态就可以做出最优决策, 因此该算法易于实现, 复杂度较低。
为了验证本文所提定价机制和算法的有效性, 本文基于 Matlab 平台编程进行仿真验证。设置时隙间隔为${0.5}\mathrm{\;h}$,取${30}\mathrm{\;d}$为一个优化周期,即$T = {1440}$,为了方便演示,部分仿真结果仅展示 48 个时隙(24h)的情况。本文提出的社区能量交易模型里考虑产消用户和消费用户的数量均为 5 个,即$N = 5, M = 5$。如前文所述,本文提出的算法不受相关随机事件过程的概率分布的影响, 假设用户光伏出力和负荷需求分别服从泊松分布和正态分布, 对于其他统计分布, 所提算法也同样适用。
根据相关市场调研得出电网电价和储能设备容量等相关参数如表 1 所示。
为了验证所提定价机制的优势, 将所提机制与“直接与电网交易”场景以及文献[ 16 ]所提的定价机制进行对比。其中“直接与电网交易”场景是指社区的各用户不会相互进行能量共享, 直接与外部电网进行能量交易。文献[ 16 ]所提定价机制为传统的供需比定价机制,当供需比大于 1 时,售电价格是恒定的。图 3 为不同定价机制下社区 30 d 累计购电成本的对比情况。
图 3 可知, 本文所提定价机制下社区的累计成本明显低于其他方法, 同“直接与电网交易” 的场景和文献[ 16 ]所提定价机制对比, 本文所提定价机制下的社区成本分别降低了 30.1% 和 17.6%。
基于本文所提定价机制,社区${30}\mathrm{\;d}$末各产消用户收入和各消费用户电费支出如图 4 所示。
图 4 可知, 本文所提定价机制下的产消用户收入明显高于其他两种方法, 而文献[ 16 ]所提定价机制下的产消用户收入与无能量共享的 “直接与电网交易”方法较为接近, 说明本文所提的定价机制更为合理有效, 可进一步提高社区用户参与能量共享的积极性, 并促进社区内部光伏的就地消纳。
为了验证所提算法的性能, 将本文算法下社区运营商的${30}\mathrm{\;d}$累计收益与 4 种算法进行对比, 如图 5 所示。
图 5 中无储能设备的场景指社区运营商没有配置储能设备。文献[ 20 ]所提算法考虑了储能设备,但储能设备仅用于消纳或补充社区净能量,不能从电网购电存入储能设备中。贪婪算法是指储能设备在低电价$\left\lbrack {{0.5} \sim 1}\right\rbrack$内尽可能充电,在高电价 [1.5~2]内尽可能放电,电价在[1~1.5]内既不充电也不放电, 若社区的用电需求未得到满足则从外部电网购买。从图 5 中可以看出, 本文算法下社区运营商收益最高, 相比于强化学习算法、贪婪算法以及文献 [ 20 ] 所提算法分别提高了 5%,20.9%, 30.2%。与无储能设备情况相比收益显著提高, 这是由于本文算法能够充分响应实时电价的波动, 利用储能设备在电价较低时从外部电网购电进行存储, 以供电价高且社区净能量不足时使用, 从而获取更高的收益。
图 6$1\mathrm{\;d}$的社区能量供需平衡优化结果, 其上下部分对称体现了社区运营商供需双侧的能量来源。
图 6 可知, 当社区处于能量缺额状态时, 运营商控制储能设备放电(时隙 23)或从外部电网购买能量补充能量赤字部分(时隙 18 );当社区处于能量盈余状态时, 社区运营商可以将多余能量存储起来(时隙 15)或者出售给电网(时隙 13)。
图 7 展示了$1\mathrm{\;d}$中储能设备充、放电量与外部电网电价、储能设备的可用能量的关系。结合图 6 分析可知: 当外部电网电价较高 (如时隙 13) 或储能设备的可用能量较多(如时隙 8 )时,储能设备放电;当外部电网电价较低(如时隙 45)或储能设备的可用能量较少(如时隙 35)时,储能设备充电; 当外部电网电价和储能设备的可用能量都处于适中状态时, 若此时社区净能量不足 (如时隙 30), 社区运营商控制储能设备放电补充缺额能量;若此时社区净能量过剩(时隙 15),社区运营商利用储能设备将盈余的能量存储起来。此外,由图 7(b)可看出, 储能设备的可用能量始终保持在约束式 (13) 内,防止发生过充和过放现象。
考虑到不同季节光伏出力以及用户负荷用电情况存在差异性(夏季光伏出力最多,冬季热水器等负荷的使用量会更大),本文给出了基于 3 种算法在不同场景下社区运营商${30}\mathrm{\;d}$累计收益对比情况, 如图 8 所示。
图 8 可以看出, 本文所提算法在 3 种场景中均达到了最大的收益值。因此本文算法具有较好的普适性, 能够在满足社区用户用电需求的情况下取得渐近最优的收益。
为了评估社区内部光伏的消纳能力, 本文设置了 3 个方案进行对比分析。方案 1 为不考虑用户间的能量共享和储能设备, 方案 2 为采用本文所提的共享机制,但不考虑储能设备,方案 3 (所提方案)为采用本文所提的共享机制, 同时社区运营商配置储能设备。不同方案下的评估指标对比结果如表 2 所示。
表 2 可知, 方案 3 (所提方案) 相比于方案 2 和方案 1 光伏就地消纳率分别提高了 10.4% 和${20.3}\%$,社区累积${30}\mathrm{\;d}$从电网购入的电量分别减少了${549}\mathrm{\;{kW}} \cdot \mathrm{h}$${896}\mathrm{\;{kW}} \cdot \mathrm{h}$。因此,相比于不考虑用户间的能量共享和储能设备的其他方法, 本文所提方法在提升社区内部光伏就地消纳率和减少从电网购入电量方面具有明显优势。
本文研究了分布式光伏的社区能量共享定价机制与实时调度策略, 构建了以社区运营商为中心的能量交易模型, 并通过仿真验证得出以下结论。
①本文所提改进的供需比定价机制能够有效解决文献[ 16 ]所提价格机制在供需比大于 1 时售电价格为定值带来的问题, 进一步降低社区购电成本, 提高各参与方的积极性。
②本文所提算法复杂度低,易于实现,不依赖于外部电网实时电价、负荷需求及光伏出力等随机过程的概率分布, 普适性好。
③本文所提方法通过促进社区各用户间的能量共享和实时调度储能设备可同时提升社区运营商和社区用户的经济效益, 并在提高社区的光伏就地消纳率和减少从电网购入电量方面具有明显优势。
  • 国家自然科学基金(62061006)
  • 广西自动检测技术与仪器重点实验室基金(YQ23203)
  • 广西类脑计算与智能芯片重点实验室基金(BCIC-23-Z7)
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  • 接收时间:2024-01-08
  • 首发时间:2025-07-18
  • 出版时间:2025-03-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-08
基金
国家自然科学基金(62061006)
广西自动检测技术与仪器重点实验室基金(YQ23203)
广西类脑计算与智能芯片重点实验室基金(BCIC-23-Z7)
作者信息
    1 北部湾大学 电子与信息工程学院 广西 钦州 535011
    2 广东科技学院 机电工程学院 广东 东莞 523083
    3 招商公路桂林公司 广西 桂林 541004
    4 广西师范大学 电子与信息工程学院 广西类脑计算与智能芯片重点实验室 广西 桂林 541001

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刘迪迪(1980-),女,教授,博士生导师,研究方向为智能电网。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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