Article(id=1152988799748530788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1152988797865283976, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1708272000000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-19, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752823551355, onlineDateStr=2025-07-18, pubDate=1742400000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752823551355, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752823551355, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752823551355, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1152988797865283976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, year='2025', volume='43', issue='3', pageStart='285', pageEnd='426', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1752823550907, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753694485968, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156641764313260888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1152988797865283976, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156641764313260889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1152988797865283976, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=380, endPage=387, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1152988800084075109, articleId=1152988799748530788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, language=EN, title=Research on low carbon dispatch of high new energy permeability system with pumped storage power station, columnId=null, journalTitle=Renewable Energy Resources, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Considering the lack of pumped storage power plant smoke regularly send scheduling flexibility, system problem such as carbon emissions calculation is not comprehensive, is put forward based on the permeability of pumped storage power station high energy low carbon power system optimization scheduling method, introduced the thermal power unit desulfurization, climbing to produce carbon emissions calculation factor, system of carbon emissions calculation model is established. Through the Xinjiang power grid and Fukang pumped storage power station actual data, considering different grid characteristics of winter and summer, simulation of the pumped storage power station in the high permeability of the power system operation, system for carbon emissions, abandoned electric rate etc. Comparative study the pumped storage power plant smoke regularly send, low carbon's influence on the system optimal operation way, and analyzes the causes of different influence, It is verified that the proposed lowcarbon optimal scheduling method can effectively reduce the carbon emission and the power discard rate of new energy, improve the positive and negative reserve capacity of the system, and smooth the power supply output fluctuation. This paper provides an analysis method for lowcarbon power supply dispatching in areas with high and new energy penetration, and puts forward some suggestions for the subsequent construction and development of Xinjiang power grid pumped storage power station, and provides reference for the selection of dispatching mode after the completion and operation of Xinjiang Fukang pumped storage power station.

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文章在含抽水蓄能电站的高渗透率新能源电力系统低碳优化调度方法中引入了火电机组脱硫、爬坡产生碳排放计算因子,建立了系统碳排放计算模型。通过新疆电网与阜康抽水蓄能电站实际数据,考虑冬、夏两季不同的电网特性,模拟了抽水蓄能电站在高渗透率电力系统中的运行情况。通过系统碳排放量、弃电率等方方面对比,研究了抽水蓄能电站定时抽发、低碳优化调度方式对系统的影响,并分析了产生不同影响的原因,验证了提出的低碳优化调度方法可有效降低系统碳排放与新能源弃电率、提高系统正负备用容量、平滑电源出力波动。

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王海云(1973-),女,博士,教授,博士生导师,研究方向为可再生能源发电与并网技术。E-mail:
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journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988799748530788, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=弃电率)], refs=[Reference(id=1159145600756593403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988799748530788, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=42, issue=6, pageStart=28, pageEnd=38, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=丁琦欣, 覃洪培, 万灿, journalName=东北电力大学学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=丁琦欣, 覃洪培, 万灿, 等. 基于机会约束规划的配电网分布式光伏承载能力评估[J]. 东北电力大学学报, 2022, 42(6): 28-38., articleTitle=基于机会约束规划的配电网分布式光伏承载能力评估, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1159145600823702268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988799748530788, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=46, issue=2, pageStart=453, pageEnd=463, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=1, authorNames=范添圆, 王海云, 王维庆, journalName=电网技术, refType=null, unstructuredReference=范添圆, 王海云, 王维庆, 等. 计及主/被动需求响应下基于合作博弈的微网-配电网协调优化调度[J]. 电网技术, 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工况转换 最多所需时间/s
静止$\rightarrow$发电满载 200
发电满载$\rightarrow$静止 400
静止$\rightarrow$满载抽水 (SFC) 450
静止$\rightarrow$满载抽水 (B.T.B) 330
满载抽水$\rightarrow$静止 360
满载抽水$\rightarrow$满载发电 500
), ArticleFig(id=1159145599812874992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988799748530788, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=阜康抽水蓄能电站工况转化时间, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况转换 最多所需时间/s
静止$\rightarrow$发电满载 200
发电满载$\rightarrow$静止 400
静止$\rightarrow$满载抽水 (SFC) 450
静止$\rightarrow$满载抽水 (B.T.B) 330
满载抽水$\rightarrow$静止 360
满载抽水$\rightarrow$满载发电 500
), ArticleFig(id=1159145599884178161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988799748530788, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Comparison of solving index of typical daily pumping storage timing in summer, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
运行模式 碳排放 t 新能源 弃电率1% 抽蓄电站日 发电量/MW·h 火电机组 发电量/MW·h
无抽蓄 608 527 7.42 0 471 800
抽蓄定时抽发 598 400 2.67 5040 466 254
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运行模式 碳排放 t 新能源 弃电率1% 抽蓄电站日 发电量/MW·h 火电机组 发电量/MW·h
无抽蓄 608 527 7.42 0 471 800
抽蓄定时抽发 598 400 2.67 5040 466 254
), ArticleFig(id=1159145600010007283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988799748530788, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=Comparison of solving index of typical daily pumping storage timing in winter, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
运行模式 碳排放 t 新能源 弃电率1% 抽蓄电站日 发电量/MW·h 火电机组 发电量/MW·h
无抽蓄 721 588 11.84 0 546 795
抽蓄定时抽发 709 065 4.41 5760 542 378
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运行模式 碳排放 t 新能源 弃电率1% 抽蓄电站日 发电量/MW·h 火电机组 发电量/MW·h
无抽蓄 721 588 11.84 0 546 795
抽蓄定时抽发 709 065 4.41 5760 542 378
), ArticleFig(id=1159145600131642101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988799748530788, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=Comparison of solving index of typical daily low carbon extraction and storage optimization scheduling in summer, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
运行模式 碳排放 t 新能源 弃电率1% 抽蓄电站日 发电量/MW·h 火电机组 发电量/MW·h
抽蓄定时抽发 598 400 2.67 5040 466 254
抽蓄低碳调度 596 472 1.31 3840 464 445
), ArticleFig(id=1159145600186168054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988799748530788, language=CN, label=表 4, caption=夏季典型日抽蓄低碳优化调度求解指标比较, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
运行模式 碳排放 t 新能源 弃电率1% 抽蓄电站日 发电量/MW·h 火电机组 发电量/MW·h
抽蓄定时抽发 598 400 2.67 5040 466 254
抽蓄低碳调度 596 472 1.31 3840 464 445
), ArticleFig(id=1159145600244888311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988799748530788, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=Comparison of solving index of typical daily low carbon extraction and storage optimization scheduling in winter, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
运行模式 碳排放 t 新能源 弃电率/% 抽蓄电站日 发电量/MW·h 火电机组 发电量/MW·h
抽蓄定时抽发 709 065 4.41 5760 542 378
抽蓄低碳调度 706 796 4.28 5760 541 035
), ArticleFig(id=1159145600324580088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988799748530788, language=CN, label=表 5, caption=冬季典型日抽蓄低碳优化调度求解指标比较, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
运行模式 碳排放 t 新能源 弃电率/% 抽蓄电站日 发电量/MW·h 火电机组 发电量/MW·h
抽蓄定时抽发 709 065 4.41 5760 542 378
抽蓄低碳调度 706 796 4.28 5760 541 035
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含抽水蓄能电站的新能源高渗透率系统低碳调度研究
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张和平 1, 2, 3 , 王海云 1, 2 , 王维庆 1, 2 , 郑伟 3 , 王艳 3
可再生能源 | 2025,43(3): 380-387
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可再生能源 | 2025, 43(3): 380-387
含抽水蓄能电站的新能源高渗透率系统低碳调度研究
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张和平1, 2, 3, 王海云1, 2 , 王维庆1, 2, 郑伟3, 王艳3
作者信息
  • 1 新疆大学 电气工程学院 新疆 乌鲁木齐 830047
  • 2 新疆大学 可再生能源发电与并网技术教育部工程研究中心 新疆 乌鲁木齐 830047
  • 3 新疆阜康抽水蓄能有限公司 新疆 乌鲁木齐 830010

通讯作者:

王海云(1973-),女,博士,教授,博士生导师,研究方向为可再生能源发电与并网技术。E-mail:
Research on low carbon dispatch of high new energy permeability system with pumped storage power station
Heping Zhang1, 2, 3, Haiyun Wang1, 2 , Weiqing Wang1, 2, Wei Zheng3, Yan Wang3
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Electrical Engineering Xinjiang University Urumqi 830047 China
  • 2 Engineering Research Center for Renewable Energy Generation and Grid Connection Technology Xinjiang University Urumqi 830047 China
  • 3 Xinjiang Fukang Pumped Storage Co., Ltd. Urumqi 830010 China
出版时间: 2025-03-20
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文章在含抽水蓄能电站的高渗透率新能源电力系统低碳优化调度方法中引入了火电机组脱硫、爬坡产生碳排放计算因子,建立了系统碳排放计算模型。通过新疆电网与阜康抽水蓄能电站实际数据,考虑冬、夏两季不同的电网特性,模拟了抽水蓄能电站在高渗透率电力系统中的运行情况。通过系统碳排放量、弃电率等方方面对比,研究了抽水蓄能电站定时抽发、低碳优化调度方式对系统的影响,并分析了产生不同影响的原因,验证了提出的低碳优化调度方法可有效降低系统碳排放与新能源弃电率、提高系统正负备用容量、平滑电源出力波动。

抽水蓄能  /  高渗透率  /  低碳优化调度  /  定时抽发  /  弃电率

Considering the lack of pumped storage power plant smoke regularly send scheduling flexibility, system problem such as carbon emissions calculation is not comprehensive, is put forward based on the permeability of pumped storage power station high energy low carbon power system optimization scheduling method, introduced the thermal power unit desulfurization, climbing to produce carbon emissions calculation factor, system of carbon emissions calculation model is established. Through the Xinjiang power grid and Fukang pumped storage power station actual data, considering different grid characteristics of winter and summer, simulation of the pumped storage power station in the high permeability of the power system operation, system for carbon emissions, abandoned electric rate etc. Comparative study the pumped storage power plant smoke regularly send, low carbon's influence on the system optimal operation way, and analyzes the causes of different influence, It is verified that the proposed lowcarbon optimal scheduling method can effectively reduce the carbon emission and the power discard rate of new energy, improve the positive and negative reserve capacity of the system, and smooth the power supply output fluctuation. This paper provides an analysis method for lowcarbon power supply dispatching in areas with high and new energy penetration, and puts forward some suggestions for the subsequent construction and development of Xinjiang power grid pumped storage power station, and provides reference for the selection of dispatching mode after the completion and operation of Xinjiang Fukang pumped storage power station.

pumped storage  /  high permeability  /  low-carbon optimal scheduling  /  timing pull hair  /  abandoned electric rate
张和平, 王海云, 王维庆, 郑伟, 王艳. 含抽水蓄能电站的新能源高渗透率系统低碳调度研究. 可再生能源, 2025 , 43 (3) : 380 -387 .
Heping Zhang, Haiyun Wang, Weiqing Wang, Wei Zheng, Yan Wang. Research on low carbon dispatch of high new energy permeability system with pumped storage power station[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2025 , 43 (3) : 380 -387 .
随着“双碳”目标的提出, 风电和光伏得到快速发展,但风电、光伏等清洁能源普遍存在随机性、间歇性、波动性和反调峰性 [ 1 ] 等特点,严重制约了其并网率。配套大规模储能设施, 以增强电网调节能力、保障新能源消纳和电网安全稳定运行, 是以节能减排和电力平衡为目的电力系统必须采取的应对措施, 抽水蓄能技术是目前大规模储能技术中最成熟的一种。抽水蓄能电站具有启停速度快、运行费用低、污染小、能耗低等特点,不仅可以辅助系统调峰、保障系统安全稳定运行, 其灵活性可以有效弥补新能源的随机性与波动性, 为提高新能源并网率、进一步降低系统碳排放创造了有利条件 [ 2 ]
目前,已投产抽水蓄能电站大多遵循定时抽发的调度策略,且研究多以经济运行为目标导向, 在不同调度方式对系统碳排放影响等方面的研究较少。文献[ 3 ]提出了风-蓄联合系统削峰的调度策略,利用抽水蓄能的储能环节将风电出力时空平移,减少了火电机组频繁启停与系统运行成本。 文献[ 4 ]分析美国电力市场环境下抽水蓄能的自调度、半调度和全调度的 3 种调度模式,分析了优化目标、运行约束、优化效益等主要环节,提出了对中国电力市场环境下抽水蓄能调度模式的建议。文献[ 5 ]为实现对含风、光、水、火、蓄的多能源电力系统中可再生能源的利用, 提出一种基于生成虚拟净负荷的多能源电力系统日前优化调度方法。文献[ 6 ]提出通过多种能源联合运行、与储能装置协调配合的调度方法, 通过对风、光、水、火以及风、光、水、火、蓄联合系统在春、夏、秋、冬 4 个典型日仿真计算, 说明了抽水蓄能可有效降低新能源弃电率,降低系统运行成本。文献[ 7 ]根据日前调度周期内风电预测功率平均值, 建立抽水蓄能机组的运行状态模型, 将改进惯性权重后的粒子群算法和随机模拟技术相结合进行仿真计算, 验证了调度模型可减少弃风量和增加风电上网经济效益, 并减小整体系统的投资运行成本。
针对高新能源渗透率地区的抽水蓄能电站优化调度研究相对较少, 并且均未以降低碳排放为直接目标导向进行研究分析。本文提出了一种风、 光、水、火、蓄低碳调度模式,以新疆电网与新疆阜康抽水蓄能电站实际数据为基础, 研究分析抽水蓄能电站与风、光等新能源联合优化调度, 以系统碳排放最低为直接目标,考虑火电厂出力爬坡、处理有害气体额外产生的碳排放, 分析验证抽水蓄能电站在高渗透率电力系统中减少弃风、弃光与碳排放等方面的作用, 为高渗透率地区电网低碳调度提供了一种分析方法, 为新疆阜康抽水蓄能电站建成投产后调度方式的选择提供借鉴。
抽水蓄能电站常规定时抽发调度方式一般遵循“一抽一发”和“一抽两发”,一般在凌晨负荷低谷期或新能源大发时等固定时间满负荷抽水,在负荷高峰期进行发电。低碳优化调度策略:以日前调度与实时调度为基础, 以全天系统碳排放最小为目标, 在每个调度周期前运算得到电源组合结果与抽水蓄能电站抽发安排。根据负荷预测与新能源极限出力预测曲线, 在满足备用容量充足、火电机组最低出力限制的情况下,风电等清洁能源优先并网发电, 系统剩余电量由抽水蓄能电站进行抽水消纳作为当前首选调度方式, 并考虑火电爬坡与各机组提供旋转备用容量产生的碳排放, 计算出碳排放最低的电源组合, 修正首选调度方式后最终确定当前调度周期机组组合。具体步骤:
①省调得到次日 ${24}\mathrm{\;h}$ 的负荷预测曲线以及新能源极限出力预测曲线, 并在每个调度周期前根据实际情况实时修正预测曲线;
②调度中心根据得到的数据,考虑系统约束与电源参数约束, 根据风电等清洁能源优先并网发电的原则, 根据模型计算得到当前调度周期日碳排放最小的机组组合与抽水蓄能电站抽发安排;
③考虑抽水蓄能电站当前库容与启停次数限制, 在每个调度周期前根据修正后的预测曲线运算得到最优电源组合。
在调度周期内, 机组间实现的不同组合以达到电力系统预定运行结果, 是电力系统优化运行的核心内容。本文建立了含抽水蓄能电站的电力系统优化运行模型。目标为全网运行碳排放最低; 约束条件包括负荷平衡与旋转备用等系统约束、 机组运行特性与出力限制等电源约束、供热机组运行下限等系统冬季供热约束; 边界条件包括典型日负荷曲线、新能源机组出力极限等。
全网运行碳排放量最低的目标函数为
$\min C = \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t \in {Ti} \in N}}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i \in N}}\left( {{F}_{i}^{t} + {S}_{i}^{t} + {E}_{i}^{t} + {N}_{i}^{t} + {X}^{t}}\right)$
${F}_{i}^{t}\left( {p}_{i}^{t}\right) = \left\lbrack {{a}_{i}{\left( {p}_{i}^{t}\right) }^{2} + {b}_{i}\left( {p}_{i}^{t}\right) + {c}_{i}}\right\rbrack {p}_{i}^{t}{\delta \alpha \Delta t}/{10}^{3}$
${S}_{i}^{t}\left( {p}_{i}^{t}\right) = \left\lbrack {{a}_{i}{\left( {p}_{i}^{t}\right) }^{2} + {b}_{i}\left( {p}_{i}^{t}\right) + {c}_{\mathrm{i}}}\right\rbrack {p}_{i}^{t}{\beta \lambda \Delta t}/{10}^{3}$
${E}_{i}^{t} = {D}_{i}\left( {p}_{i}^{t}\right) \left| \frac{{p}_{i}^{t} - {p}_{i}^{t - 1}}{\Delta t}\right|$
式中:$T$为研究周期内时段的集合;$N$为各机组集合;${N}_{i}^{\prime }$为新能源与抽水蓄能机组$i$在时段$t$消耗的厂用电等效换算的碳排放;${X}^{t}$为线路等电网损耗在时段$t$等效换算的碳排放,本文主要研究典型日不同运行方式碳排放差异, 系统总负荷不变, 为简化运算用常数表示;${F}_{i}^{t}$${S}_{i}^{t}$分别为火电机组$i$在时段$t$标准煤燃烧、脱硫产生的碳排放,在煤耗与出力关系的二次函数基础上进行换算得到;${E}_{i}^{t}$为火电机组$i$在时段$t$因爬坡带来的额外碳排放,可根据机组实际爬坡碳排放与机组出力、爬坡速率拟合得到 [ 8 ] 为火电机组$i$爬坡碳排放系数 [ 9 ] ;${p}_{i}^{t}$为火电机组$i$在时段$t$的平均出力, MW;$\delta$为标准煤完全燃烧的碳排放系数,为${0.67};\alpha$为碳燃烧转化${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$系数,为${3.7};\beta$为标准煤燃烧产生${\mathrm{{SO}}}_{2}$系数 [ 6 ] ;$\lambda$为采用湿法脱硫${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$排放系数;${\Delta t}$为 1 个调度周期, h。
系统约束、电源特性约束、供热等条件约束分别如下。
结合新疆电网并考虑网损后,其约束为
$\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i \in N}}{p}_{i}^{t} + \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j \in H}}{p}_{i,\mathrm{n}}^{t} + \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i \in G}}{p}_{i,\mathrm{\;s}}^{t} = {p}_{\text{all }}^{t} + {p}_{\text{lost }}^{t}$
式中: $H$ 为新能源集合; ${p}_{i,\mathrm{n}}^{\prime }$ 为新能源机组 $i$ 在时段 $t$ 的出力; $G$ 为抽水蓄能机组的集合; ${p}_{i,\mathrm{s}}^{t}$ 为抽水蓄能机组 $i$ 在时段 $t$ 的平均有功功率; ${p}_{\text{all }}^{t}$ 为时段 $t$ 系统总负荷; ${p}_{\text{lost }}^{t}$ 为时段 $t$ 系统总网损。
根据系统总负荷预测误差与新能源预测误差,引入正、负旋转备用约束 [ 10 ]
$ \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i \in N}}\left( {{p}_{i,\max }^{t} - {p}_{i}^{t}}\right) + \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j \in H}}\left( {{p}_{i,\operatorname{nmax}}^{t} - {p}_{i,\mathrm{w}}^{t}}\right) + \\ \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i \in G}}\left( {{p}_{\mathrm{s},\max }^{t} - {p}_{i,\mathrm{s}}^{t}}\right) \geq {R}^{t}{p}_{\mathrm{{all}}}^{t} + {R}_{\mathrm{n}}^{t}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j \in H}}{p}_{i,\operatorname{nmax}}^{t} $
$\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i \in N}}\left( {{p}_{i}^{t} - {p}_{i,\min }^{t}}\right) + \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j \in H}}{p}_{i,\mathrm{n}}^{t} + \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i \in G}}\left( {{p}_{i,\mathrm{s}}^{t} - {p}_{\mathrm{s},\min }^{t}}\right) \geq \\ {R}^{t}{p}_{\text{all }}^{t} + {R}_{\mathrm{w}}^{t}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j \in H}}{p}_{i,\text{ nmax }}^{t}$
式中: ${p}_{i,\max }^{t}$${p}_{i,\min }^{t}$ 分别为火电机组 $i$ 在时段 $t$ 的出力上限与出力下限; ${p}_{\mathrm{s},\max }^{t}$${p}_{\mathrm{s},\min }^{t}$ 分别为抽蓄机组在时段 $t$ 的发电功率上限与抽水功率下限; ${R}^{t}$ 为旋转备用率,取 $5\% ;{R}_{\mathrm{n}}^{t}$ 为新能源出力预测相对误差引起的系统旋转备用率, 其与风电预测精度有直接关系,取 15% [ 11 ] ;${p}_{i,\text{ nmax }}^{t}$ 为新能源机组 $i$ 在时段 $t$ 出力上限。
为最大限度减少碳排放,制定了新能源优先上网原则。利用机组调峰应对风力、光伏的短时变化,系统在运火电机组与抽蓄机组爬坡与降坡能力总和须满足新能源波动性要求,即:
$\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i \in N}}{p}_{i,\max }^{t}{r}_{i}^{\mathrm{{up}}} + {p}_{\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{{up}}} \geq \omega {p}_{\mathrm{n}}^{\mathrm{{all}}}$
$\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i \in N}}{p}_{i,\max }^{t}{r}_{i}^{\text{down }} + {p}_{\mathrm{s}}^{\text{down }} \geq \omega {p}_{\mathrm{n}}^{\text{all }}$
式中: ${r}_{i}^{\text{up }}$${r}_{i}^{\text{down }}$ 分别为火电机组 $i$ 爬坡与降坡速率; ${p}_{\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{{up}}}$${p}_{\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{{down}}}$ 分别为抽水蓄能机组发电工况增、 减出力速率, 根据阜康抽蓄定速机组实际情况, 不考虑抽水工况功率调整速率; $\omega$ 为调度周期内风力发电上限的最大波动占风电总装机容量的比例, 与当地气象环境有直接关系, 根据新疆电网风力特性与装机情况分析,以 $1\mathrm{\;h}$ 为调度周期, $\omega$ 取值 ${20}\%$ 进行分析; ${p}_{\mathrm{n}}^{\mathrm{{all}}}$ 为全网新能源装机容量。
①调峰能力约束
$\theta {p}_{i,\max }^{t} \leq {p}_{i}^{t} \leq {p}_{i,\max }^{t}$
式中: $\theta$ 为火电机组调峰出力下限比例。
②出力调节速率约束
$- {r}_{i}^{\text{down }}{\Delta t} \leq {p}_{i}^{t} - {p}_{i}^{t - 1} \leq {r}_{i}^{\text{up }}{\Delta t}$
定速抽水蓄能机组受机组自身特性影响, 抽水工况只能以满抽状态运行, 但在发电工况支持 0~100%负荷连续可调;抽水蓄能机组水量与电量的转换比与水头有直接关系, 机组连续运行能力受上、下水库库容约束。
①忽略机组满抽至停机的过渡过程, 机组功率边界约束:
${p}_{i,\mathrm{s}}^{t} \in \left\{ {0 \leq {p}_{i,\mathrm{s}}^{t} \leq {300}\mathrm{{MW}}}\right\} \cup \left\{ {{p}_{i,\mathrm{s}}^{t} = - {320}\mathrm{{MW}}}\right\}$
②抽蓄机组启停次数约束:
$\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t \in T}}\left\lbrack {{y}_{\mathrm{s}}^{t}\left( {1 - {y}_{\mathrm{s}}^{t - 1}}\right) + {y}_{\mathrm{g}}^{t}\left( {1 - {y}_{\mathrm{g}}^{t - 1}}\right) }\right\rbrack \leq {M}_{\max }$
③库容约束:
${W}_{\min } \leq {W}_{t} \leq {W}_{\max }$
${W}_{t} = {W}_{t - 1} + {p}_{i,\mathrm{\;s}}^{t}{\eta }_{\mathrm{s}}{\Delta t}$
式中: ${W}_{\max }$${W}_{\min }$ 分别为抽水蓄能电站上水库在正常蓄水位与死水位时的水库水量, 其差值为可调节库容; ${W}_{t}$$t$ 时段末上水库水量,本文以阜康抽水蓄能电站上水库为计算对象, 参考已投运抽水蓄能电站实时调度习惯, 不限制调度始末上水库水量平衡; ${\eta }_{\mathrm{s}}$ 为抽水蓄能机组抽水与发电工况下平均水量与电量的转换参数; ${y}_{\mathrm{s}}^{t},{y}_{\mathrm{g}}^{t}$ 分别为表征抽蓄机组发电工况与抽水工况的布尔变量, 1 为是,0 为否; ${M}_{\max }$$1\mathrm{\;d}$ 单台抽蓄机组最大启停次数。
结合日前调度与实时调度, 以负荷预测与新能源极限出力预测为数据基础, 并不断根据实际负荷与新能源极限出力情况实时修正预测曲线, 利用低碳调度模型计算得到电源组合结果与抽水蓄能电站抽发安排。低碳优化调度流程见图 1
本文以新疆电网所有直调机组为研究对象, 以 2020 年夏季、冬季典型日实际数据, 模拟阜康抽水蓄能电站加入新疆电网后的运行情况, 分别分析供热期与非供热期、定时抽发与低碳调度对系统的影响。截至 2020 年底,全网总装机容量 102524 MW,其中火电装机 58541 MW(含直流配套 13 200 MW),占总装机容量的 ${57.1}\%$ ,水电装机 7074MW,占总装机容量的 6.9%,风电装机 23 581 MW(含直流配套 12 773 MW),占总装机容量的 23.0%, 光伏装机 12098 MW (含直流配套 ${3645}\mathrm{{MW}}$ ),占总装机容量的 ${11.8}\%$ ,其他装机 1220MW, 占总装机容量的 1.1%。新疆电网拓扑如图 2 所示。
阜康抽水蓄能电站是新疆首座抽水蓄能电站, 采用 4 台 300 MW 的可逆式水泵水轮机组, 总装机容量 ${1200}\mathrm{{MW}}$ ,设计年发电量 24.1 亿 $\mathrm{{kW}} \cdot \mathrm{h}$ ,年抽水电量 32.13 亿 $\mathrm{{kW}} \cdot \mathrm{h}$ ,年发电利用 ${2008}\mathrm{\;h}$ ,年抽水利用小时 2 677 h,综合效率 ${75}\%$ , 上水库可调节库容 662 万 ${\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ ,下水库可调节库容 665 万 ${\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ ,抽水和发电时平均水量/电量转换参数分别为 ${745}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{3}/\left( {\mathrm{{MW}} \cdot \mathrm{h}}\right)$${993}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{3}/\left( {\mathrm{{MW}} \cdot \mathrm{h}}\right)$ ,机组工况转换时间如表 1 所示。
以新疆电网某夏季与冬季典型日负荷曲线作为调度, 得到的预测曲线如图 3 所示。
夏季 09:00-16:00、冬季 10:00-16:00 平均负荷较高, 是社会集中用电高峰期。由于居民用电与冬季供热需求原因, 夏季负荷尖峰出现在 22: 00,冬季负荷尖峰出现在 21:00,冬季 19:00-次日 00:00 迎来第二个负荷高峰, 03:00-05:00 负荷急剧下降,全天峰谷差较夏季典型日更大,夏季与冬季典型日峰谷差分别为 1731 MW 和 2693 MW, 冬季调峰压力较大, 且冬季供热机组占比较大,进一步加剧了冬季调峰压力。
新疆电网 2020 年综合弃风比为 10.2%、弃光比 4.6%,根据夏季与冬季典型日新能源出力曲线与消纳特性, 对光伏与风电出力极限进行修正作为调度得到的预测曲线 [ 10 ] 分别如图 4,5 所示。
光伏出力集中在白天, 且不同季节光伏极限出力的变化趋势大致相同,均与白天负荷高峰变化方向一致, 具有一定的顺调峰特性。夏季光伏出力强度与时长明显强于冬季。夏季、冬季弃风情况均不明显, 说明新疆电网火电机组调峰灵活性基本满足光伏消纳的要求, 可以适应光伏出力波动强度与变化趋势。风电极限出力曲线显示,冬季、 夏季极限出力高峰均出现在夜晚, 在系统负荷高峰期的 09:00-16:00 风电极限较低, 体现了风电较为明显的反调峰性。风电短时波动相对较大,随机性较光伏更强,全天变化率较大,但出力曲线相对平滑, 说明系统抵御风电波动性能力不足, 弃风情况严重。冬季与夏季相比,风电极限相差较大, 说明新疆风区具有一定的季节变化性。
本文利用 Yalmip 工具箱, 调用 solvesdp 函数进行模型求解, 按照优先消纳风电的原则, 分别求解分析了冬、夏两季典型日新疆电网不含抽蓄、抽蓄定时抽发调度、含抽蓄的低碳优化调度运行情况。不同典型日各运行结果如图 6 所示。
定时抽发调度结果显示, 阜康抽水蓄能电站抽水主要集中在夜晚风力极限较大、弃风情况严重的时段,主要用来消纳弃风电量,在白天负荷高峰期进行发电, 降低火电出力。模拟计算结果如表 2,3 所示。
由于阜康抽水蓄能电站的加入, 新疆电网夏季与冬季典型日可分别减少碳排放 ${10127}\mathrm{t}$ 与 12523t,分别占全天碳排放的 1.66% 与 1.74%,分别减少新能源弃电率 ${4.75}\% ,{7.43}\%$ ,表明抽水蓄能电站有促进新能源消纳、减少碳排放的作用。对比无抽蓄和有抽蓄的定时抽发调度方式运行结果,抽水蓄能电站选择在典型日 08:00-12:00 满功率发电,一方面降低了火电出力,减少了火电机组正常运行产生的碳排放, 另一方面平滑了火电出力曲线, 减少了火电机组因爬坡带来的额外碳排放,表明抽水蓄能电站具有平滑其他机组出力、 降低因机组爬坡、退坡产生额外碳排放的作用。
但在夏季的 00:00-05:00、冬季的 02:00- ${05} : {00}$ ,由于弃电功率不足以完全填补抽水蓄能电站额定抽水功率,需火电机组额外发电,经抽水蓄能电站转换效率换算后进行发电, 该运行方式浪费了抽水蓄能电站库容, 产生电能损失, 对于减少碳排放是不利的, 说明针对新能源波动性大的特性,定时抽发调度方式不是节能减排的最优方案。 在夏季典型日 06:00,07:00,21:00,冬季典型日 ${06} : {00} - {07} : {00},{21} : {00} - {23} : {00}$ ,弃风电量仍然可以满足抽水功率要求, 但由于阜康抽水蓄能电站最大库容限制, 无法继续抽水, 说明阜康抽水蓄能电站容量不足以满足新疆电网新能源消纳需求, 增加新疆电网抽蓄配置可进一步促进新能源消纳。
低碳优化调度显示,阜康抽水蓄能电站采用低碳优化调度方式可进一步减少新能源弃电率、 减少系统碳排放。但在不同典型日情境下对系统产生的影响和原因不尽相同。模拟计算结果如表 4,5 所示。
相较于定时抽发的调度方式, 采用低碳优化调度方式, 新疆电网夏季与冬季典型日可分别减少碳排放 1928,2269t,在定时抽发调度方式的基础上进一步减少全天碳排放的 0.32%, 0.31%, 进一步减少新能源弃电率的 ${1.36}\% ,{0.13}\%$ ,表明低碳优化调度方式可进一步促进新能源消纳, 减少系统碳排放。
与定时抽发相比, 低碳优化调度可以更好跟踪新能源出力极限与负荷的变化, 避免了定时抽发模式下的火电超发,在不增加火电出力的情况下最大限度消纳新能源。并且根据调度结果图例可以看出, 低碳优化调度方式下抽水蓄能电站抽水与发电时段更加分散, 未一次性将库容用完, 留有部分库容裕度, 相应增加了系统正负备用容量, 减少了其他机组旋转备用碳排放。
夏季典型日采用低碳优化调度方式, 抽水蓄能电站发电量虽然减少了 ${1200}\mathrm{{MW}} \cdot \mathrm{h}$ ,但新能源弃电率继续下降了 1.36%,体现了由于抽蓄的加入, 系统旋转备用容量压力与爬坡压力进一步降低, 系统可以直接消纳更多的新能源, 体现了抽蓄的容量效益。对比夏季典型日,冬季典型日低碳优化调度方式下弃电量仅下降了 0.13%,并未大幅度增加新能源的直接消纳, 原因一是冬季供热机组比重较大,受冬季旋转备用需求和风电短时间波动带来的爬坡压力影响, 剩余风电未能直接并入电网; 原因二是冬季典型日在白天光伏出力高峰时期,火电机组出力达到一天中最低水平,火电机组低负荷限制导致系统无法进一步灵活降低火电出力消纳光伏发电; 原因三是阜康抽水蓄能机组为定速机组,抽水功率不可调,抽水蓄能电站亦无法抽水消纳, 最终导致白天弃光现象没有得到进一步改善, 火电机组调峰能力与研发、兴建变速抽水蓄能电站可进一步改善冬季典型日弃光情况。
本文引入火电机组脱硫、爬坡产生碳排放计算模型, 建立了含抽水蓄能电站和新能源的高渗透率电力系统低碳优化调度方法与模型, 以新疆电网与阜康抽水蓄能电站实际数据为基础, 考虑冬夏两季不同的电网特性, 探讨了抽水蓄能电站不同调度方式对系统碳排放的影响, 分析了产生不同影响的原因, 并通过对新疆电网与阜康抽水蓄能电站的算例分析得出以下结论。
①抽水蓄能电站的加入,可以降低火电机组出力与爬坡压力、提供系统正负备用容量、促进新能源消纳、降低系统碳排放水平。
②低碳优化调度相较于定时抽发的调度方式, 可以更好地跟踪负荷变化、减少火电超发, 在更大时间范围内提供系统正负备用容量, 进一步促进新能源消纳、减少碳排放,但不同季节下抽水蓄能电站的运行方式与作用有所差异。
③ 阜康抽水蓄能电站加入后新疆电网将依然存在大功率弃电现象, 阜康抽水蓄能电站容量水平不足以满足现有新能源消纳需求。随着新能源装机占比的不断增加, 抽水蓄能电站容量矛盾将更加明显,新疆电网应提高抽水蓄能电站等储能装置容量水平。
④冬、夏典型日均存在小功率弃电时段,原因为定速机组抽水工况跟踪负荷能力有限, 研发与兴建变速抽水蓄能电站, 可促进新能源消纳, 进一步减少碳排放。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2021YFB1507005)
  • 新疆维吾尔自治区重点研发计划(2020B02001)
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2025年第43卷第3期
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  • 接收时间:2024-02-19
  • 首发时间:2025-07-18
  • 出版时间:2025-03-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-19
基金
国家重点研发计划(2021YFB1507005)
新疆维吾尔自治区重点研发计划(2020B02001)
作者信息
    1 新疆大学 电气工程学院 新疆 乌鲁木齐 830047
    2 新疆大学 可再生能源发电与并网技术教育部工程研究中心 新疆 乌鲁木齐 830047
    3 新疆阜康抽水蓄能有限公司 新疆 乌鲁木齐 830010

通讯作者:

王海云(1973-),女,博士,教授,博士生导师,研究方向为可再生能源发电与并网技术。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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