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To evaluate the importance of the startup process of the compressed air energy system (CAES), a mathematical model of the entire system was established based on a 300 MW CAES power plant. A series of analyses were conducted to evaluate the changes in the main parameters during the startup and the corresponding dynamic responses were obtained. These analyses include the antisurge operation of the compressors, 1drive4 variable frequency startup of the compressor train, the programmed startup of the turbine train, and the power regulation process under the airdistribution scheme. The results indicate that the optimization of startup process can shorten the start time of the compressor and turbine trains and improve the system efficiency. In addition, the qualitative data during many important operation process was determined. The study provides valuable date and theoretical basis for the safe and efficient operation of the CAES unit.

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为了正确掌握大容量压缩空气储能电站压缩和膨胀系统启动关键过程的特性,文章建立了300 MW级压缩空气储能电站的全工艺系统数学模型,定量分析了压缩和膨胀系统启动过程的关键参数变化规律和动态响应特性,包括压缩机的防喘操作、压缩机组的变频1拖4启动、透平机组的全自动程启、透平的配气调节特性等。研究表明:合理的防喘策略可在保证机组安全的前提下提高启动过程中系统的效率;系统启动过程的精确评估可优化启动流程、缩短启机时间、提高系统效率,为机组的安全、高效启动提供数据参考和理论依据。

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张旭(1983-),男,博士,高级工程师,研究方向为绝热压缩空气储能系统、火电机组流程优化、旋转机械振动故障诊断及治理。E-mail:

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张旭(1983-),男,博士,高级工程师,研究方向为绝热压缩空气储能系统、火电机组流程优化、旋转机械振动故障诊断及治理。E-mail:

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张旭(1983-),男,博士,高级工程师,研究方向为绝热压缩空气储能系统、火电机组流程优化、旋转机械振动故障诊断及治理。E-mail:

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设备 参数 数值
压缩机 级数 1 2 3 4
人口温度/℃ 20 40 40 40
入口压力/MPa 0.10 0.42 1.48 4.95
出口温度/℃ 194 194 194 108
出口压力/MPa 0.47 1.53 5.00 8.80
等熵效率1% 92.0 91.2 89.0 89.5
透平 级数 1 2 3
人口温度/℃ 170 170 170
入口压力/MPa 8.80 2.08 0.46
出口温度 33 33 22
出口压力/MPa 2.13 0.51 0.10
等熵效率/% 92.0 91.8 90.2
), ArticleFig(id=1159145616992743457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988798624457310, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=压缩机和透平的主要设计参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设备 参数 数值
压缩机 级数 1 2 3 4
人口温度/℃ 20 40 40 40
入口压力/MPa 0.10 0.42 1.48 4.95
出口温度/℃ 194 194 194 108
出口压力/MPa 0.47 1.53 5.00 8.80
等熵效率1% 92.0 91.2 89.0 89.5
透平 级数 1 2 3
人口温度/℃ 170 170 170
入口压力/MPa 8.80 2.08 0.46
出口温度 33 33 22
出口压力/MPa 2.13 0.51 0.10
等熵效率/% 92.0 91.8 90.2
), ArticleFig(id=1159145617118572578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988798624457310, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Simulation accurracy, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 误差/%
电-电转化率 0.42
首级/次级/次末级/末级压缩机功耗 0.07/0.47/0.45/0.32
首级/次级/次末级/末级压缩机出口压力 ${0.00}/{0.34}/{0.39}/{0.31}$
首级/次级/次末级/末级压缩机出口温度 ${0.00}/{0.00}/{0.00}/{0.13}$
首级/次级/次末级/末级压缩机效率 0.45/0.11/0.46/0.48
压缩机流量 0.06
透平功率 0.00
首级/次级/末级透平入口温度 0.00/0.00/0.00
首级/次级/末级透平出口温度 0.13/0.42/0.49
透平流量 0.21
热/冷水温度 0.00/0.00
热/冷水流量 0.12/0.45
), ArticleFig(id=1159145617177292835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988798624457310, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=仿真精度, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 误差/%
电-电转化率 0.42
首级/次级/次末级/末级压缩机功耗 0.07/0.47/0.45/0.32
首级/次级/次末级/末级压缩机出口压力 ${0.00}/{0.34}/{0.39}/{0.31}$
首级/次级/次末级/末级压缩机出口温度 ${0.00}/{0.00}/{0.00}/{0.13}$
首级/次级/次末级/末级压缩机效率 0.45/0.11/0.46/0.48
压缩机流量 0.06
透平功率 0.00
首级/次级/末级透平入口温度 0.00/0.00/0.00
首级/次级/末级透平出口温度 0.13/0.42/0.49
透平流量 0.21
热/冷水温度 0.00/0.00
热/冷水流量 0.12/0.45
), ArticleFig(id=1159145617227624484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988798624457310, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=Opening of the anti-purge valves at rated speed, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
导叶开度 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
防喘阀开度/% 100 96 54 25 5 1 0
), ArticleFig(id=1159145617282150437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988798624457310, language=CN, label=表 3, caption=首级压缩机定速后防喘阀的最佳开度曲线, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
导叶开度 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
防喘阀开度/% 100 96 54 25 5 1 0
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大容量压缩空气储能压缩和膨胀系统启动关键过程特性研究
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张旭 1 , 李阳海 2 , 王廷举 3 , 张彪 2 , 潘宏刚 1 , 孙力 1 , 王小亮 3
可再生能源 | 2025,43(3): 316-323
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可再生能源 | 2025, 43(3): 316-323
大容量压缩空气储能压缩和膨胀系统启动关键过程特性研究
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张旭1 , 李阳海2, 王廷举3, 张彪2, 潘宏刚1, 孙力1, 王小亮3
作者信息
  • 1 沈阳工程学院 能源动力与核技术工程学院 辽宁 沈阳 110136
  • 2 国网湖北省电力有限公司 电力科学研究院 湖北 武汉 430070
  • 3 博努力(北京)仿真技术有限公司 北京 100085
  • 张旭(1983-),男,博士,高级工程师,研究方向为绝热压缩空气储能系统、火电机组流程优化、旋转机械振动故障诊断及治理。E-mail:

Key start-up performance research for compression and expansion process of large-capacity compressed air energy storage system
Xu Zhang1 , Yanghai Li2, Tingju Wang3, Biao Zhang2, Honggang Pan1, Li Sun1, Xiaoliang Wang3
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Energy Power and Nuclear Technology Engineering Shenyang Institute of Engineering Shenyang 110136 China
  • 2 Electric Power Science Research Institute State Grid Hubei Electric Power Co., Ltd. Wuhan 430070 China
  • 3 Bernouly (Beijing) Simulation Technology Co., Ltd Beijing 100085 China
出版时间: 2025-03-20
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为了正确掌握大容量压缩空气储能电站压缩和膨胀系统启动关键过程的特性,文章建立了300 MW级压缩空气储能电站的全工艺系统数学模型,定量分析了压缩和膨胀系统启动过程的关键参数变化规律和动态响应特性,包括压缩机的防喘操作、压缩机组的变频1拖4启动、透平机组的全自动程启、透平的配气调节特性等。研究表明:合理的防喘策略可在保证机组安全的前提下提高启动过程中系统的效率;系统启动过程的精确评估可优化启动流程、缩短启机时间、提高系统效率,为机组的安全、高效启动提供数据参考和理论依据。

大容量  /  压缩空气储能  /  启动关键过程  /  动态响应特性

To evaluate the importance of the startup process of the compressed air energy system (CAES), a mathematical model of the entire system was established based on a 300 MW CAES power plant. A series of analyses were conducted to evaluate the changes in the main parameters during the startup and the corresponding dynamic responses were obtained. These analyses include the antisurge operation of the compressors, 1drive4 variable frequency startup of the compressor train, the programmed startup of the turbine train, and the power regulation process under the airdistribution scheme. The results indicate that the optimization of startup process can shorten the start time of the compressor and turbine trains and improve the system efficiency. In addition, the qualitative data during many important operation process was determined. The study provides valuable date and theoretical basis for the safe and efficient operation of the CAES unit.

large-capacity  /  compressed air energy storage  /  key start-up process  /  dynamic response characteristics
张旭, 李阳海, 王廷举, 张彪, 潘宏刚, 孙力, 王小亮. 大容量压缩空气储能压缩和膨胀系统启动关键过程特性研究. 可再生能源, 2025 , 43 (3) : 316 -323 .
Xu Zhang, Yanghai Li, Tingju Wang, Biao Zhang, Honggang Pan, Li Sun, Xiaoliang Wang. Key start-up performance research for compression and expansion process of large-capacity compressed air energy storage system[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2025 , 43 (3) : 316 -323 .
大容量压缩空气储能系统具有单机容量大、 释能时间长、系统效率高、燃料零消耗等诸多优点, 可起到缓解输电线路堵塞、优化电力系统结构、平滑可再生能源出力波动等关键作用,得到了广泛关注和大力推广 [ 1 ]
为了得到大容量压缩空气储能电站关键组件以及整体系统的运行特性, 国内外学者做了大量的研究。Zhao P [ 2 ] 分析了两级压缩配套两级膨胀系统的运行特性,揭示了压缩机压比、效率以及透平膨胀比和效率随着储气室压力的变化规律。 Hartmann N [ 3 ] 搭建了两级压缩配套两级膨胀的非补燃式压缩空气储能系统,定量评估了储热介质温度对系统效率的影响, 储热介质温度越高, 系统效率越高。王国华 [ 4 ] 基于储气库壁面上发生的对流换热建立了盐穴模型, 仿真表明, 注、排气过程中盐穴内的温度变化程度均小于绝热模型。薛小军 [ 5 ] 和李斌 [ 6 ] 将压缩空气储能系统与燃煤电站耦合,省去了蓄热设备,不仅提高了效率,还减少了投资。冉鹏叶将压缩空气储能与超临界二氧化碳循环耦合,进行综合性能分析,研究表明,该耦合可大幅提高系统效率。Huang J J [ 8 ] 分析了变频压缩机的运行特性, 研究表明, 变频技术可大幅拓展压缩机的运行区间,提升变工况时压缩机组的效率。 文献[ 9 - 11 ]研究了压缩空气储能系统的动态调节特性、涉网特性、以及优化控制策略。李惠琴 [ 12 ] 建立了基于低温压缩空气储能系统的风储耦合优化评估模型, 大幅提高风能利用率, 降低发电成本。
然而, 以上研究均未对压缩空气储能系统关键组件的启动特性进行研究。由于压缩空气储能系统启动频繁(压缩机组和透平机组每天各 1 次),且周期较长(5~10 min),对系统性能的影响较大。本研究利用多学科仿真平台(Multi-subject Simulation Platform, MSP)和模块化热力建模工具 (Power Builder)建立了大容量压缩空气储能电站全工艺流程的数学模型, 分析关键组件(压缩机和透平) 的启动特性, 确定重要启动过程的动态特性,评估启动性能,优化启动流程。
压缩机建模采用两步插值法。该方法精度高, 动态特性好。建模过程如下。
①坐标的等范围转换,保证插值点不越限。
②首次插值:针对每条特性曲线,进行压比和等熵效率的$r$阶多项式拟合 [ 11 - 14 ]
${G}_{\mathrm{c}, i}^{ * } = {S}_{0, i} + {S}_{1, i}{\pi }_{\mathrm{c}}^{ * } + {S}_{2, i}{\pi }_{\mathrm{c}}^{*2} + \cdots + {S}_{r, i}{\pi }_{\mathrm{c}}^{*r}$
式中:${G}_{\mathrm{c}, i}^{ * }$为压缩机等转速线$i$上的折合流量,$\left( {\mathrm{{kg}} \cdot {\mathrm{K}}^{1/2}}\right) /\left( {\mathrm{{MPa}} \cdot \mathrm{s}}\right) ;{\pi }_{\mathrm{c}}^{ * }$为压缩机的折合压比;${S}_{0, i}$,${S}_{1, i},{S}_{2, i},\cdots ,{S}_{r, i}$$r$阶拟合公式的各阶系数。
③二次插值:利用拟合好的曲线对线间数据进行$t$阶多项式拟合,得到压缩机工作区间内所有点的运行特性, 拟合过程同上。
透平建模采用经转速修正的弗留格尔公式。 该公式为机理公式,精度较高。建模过程如下。
①由弗留格尔公式确定膨胀比 [ 15 ]
${\pi }_{\mathrm{t}} = \frac{{G}_{\mathrm{t}}}{{G}_{\mathrm{t}0}}\sqrt{\frac{{T}_{\mathrm{t}}}{{T}_{\mathrm{t}0}}}\frac{\sqrt{{\pi }_{\mathrm{t}0}{}^{2} - 1}}{\sqrt{{1.4} - {0.4}\frac{{n}_{\mathrm{t}}}{{n}_{\mathrm{t}0}}}}$
式中:${G}_{\mathrm{t}}$为空气透平的入口流量,$\mathrm{{kg}}/\mathrm{s};{n}_{\mathrm{t}}$为透平的转速,$\mathrm{r}/\mathrm{{min}};{T}_{\mathrm{t}}$为透平的入口温度,$\mathrm{K};{\pi }_{\mathrm{t}}$为膨胀比;下标 0 为各参数的设计值。
②确定等熵效率 [ 15 ]
${\eta }_{\mathrm{t}} = \left\lbrack {1 - {0.3}{\left( 1 - {n}^{\prime }{}_{\mathrm{t}}\right) }^{2}}\right\rbrack \frac{{n}^{\prime }{}_{\mathrm{t}}}{{G}^{\prime }{}_{\mathrm{t}}}\left( {2 - \frac{{n}^{\prime }{}_{\mathrm{t}}}{{G}^{\prime }{}_{\mathrm{t}}}}\right) {\eta }_{\mathrm{t}0}$
式中:${\eta }_{\mathrm{t}},{n}^{\prime }{}_{\mathrm{t}},{G}^{\prime }{}_{\mathrm{t}}$分别为空气透平的等熵效率、量纲一的折合转速、量纲一的折合流量; 下标 0 为各参数的设计值。
透平的转速为 [ 16 ]
${J}_{\mathrm{t}}\frac{\mathrm{d}{\omega }_{\mathrm{t}}}{\mathrm{d}t} = \frac{1}{{\omega }_{\mathrm{t}}}\left( {{W}_{\mathrm{{in}}} - {W}_{\mathrm{{out}}} - {W}_{\mathrm{{loss}}}}\right)$
式中:${J}_{\mathrm{t}}$为透平的转动惯量,$\mathrm{{kg}} \cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{2};{\omega }_{\mathrm{t}}$为转子的角速度, rad/s;${W}_{\text{in }},{W}_{\text{out }},{W}_{\text{loss }}$分别为透平的输入、输出、损失功率, kW。
注气和释能过程中, 储气室是一个处于非稳态下的开式系统。在工作范围内,储气室内的空气近似为理想气体,其微分方程为 [ 17 ]
$\frac{\mathrm{d}p}{p} + \frac{\mathrm{d}V}{V} = \frac{\mathrm{d}m}{m} + \frac{\mathrm{d}T}{T}$
式中:$p$为储气室的压力,$\mathrm{{MPa}};V$为储气室的容积,${\mathrm{m}}^{3};m$为储气室内部气体的质量,$\mathrm{{kg}};T$为绝对温度,$\mathrm{K}$
储气室容积不变,内部空气温度近似不变。引入时间变量得 [ 17 ] :
$\frac{\mathrm{d}p}{\mathrm{\;d}\tau } = p\frac{1}{m}\frac{\mathrm{d}m}{T}$
式中:$\tau$为时间,$\mathrm{s}$
引入压缩因子$\beta = p/{p}_{0}$和储气室额定流量${m}_{0} =$${p}_{0}V/\left( {{R}_{\mathrm{g}}T}\right)$,得:
$\frac{\mathrm{d}\tau }{\mathrm{d}\beta } = \frac{{m}_{0}}{R}$
式中:${m}_{0}$为储气室内部气体的额定质量,$\mathrm{{kg}};{p}_{0}$为储气室的额定压力,$\mathrm{{MPa}};{R}_{\mathrm{g}}$为空气的气体常数, 取${287}\mathrm{\;J}/\left( {\mathrm{{kg}} \cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$
此外, 注气和放气时储气室内部的空气与环境的换热量很少,可忽略不计,故整个储气室系统可近似为绝热系统,过程可近似为绝热过程。
本文搭建的压缩空气储能系统设计参数:机组容量 ${300} \times 5\mathrm{{MW}} \cdot \mathrm{h}$ ;压缩时间 $8\mathrm{\;h}$ ;储气室容积 ${6.5} \times {10}^{5}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{3}$ ;工作压力 ${6.0} \sim {8.0}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 。原型为目前在建的最大压缩空气储能工程, 某 300 MW 级压缩空气储能电站。
压缩机和透平的主要设计参数见表 1
压缩机和透平的工艺流程见图 1。其中:压缩机组双列布置, 每列 4 级, 级间冷却(图 1 为原则性工艺流程示意图,仅展示了单列设备);透平机组单列布置, 共 3 级, 级前再热。
为了验证本文仿真结果的准确性, 将系统关键参数的仿真结果与设计值进行比较, 误差由式 (8)得出。
$\delta = \frac{P - {P}_{0}}{{P}_{0}} \times {100}\%$
式中:$\delta$为相对误差;$P$为仿真结果;${P}_{0}$为设计值。 计算结果见如表 2
各参数误差均小于 0.5%, 满足该系统的仿真精度要求(关键参数误差$\leq {0.5}\%$;主要参数误差$\leq 1\%$; 一般参数误差$\leq 2\%$),保证了启动过程仿真数据的准确性。
喘振是压缩机在流量减少到一定程度时所发生的非正常振动,严重威胁着压缩机组的安全、稳定运行。压缩机组启动时流量低, 必须通过开启防喘阀,增加流量来避免喘振,故压缩机的防喘操作在其启动过程中发挥着至关重要的作用。本研究展示了压缩机启动及调节中防喘阀的调节特性, 如图 2 所示。
图 2(a) 展示了压缩机的升速和加载过程中防喘阀的调节特性:①启动前,防喘阀 1,2 全开; ②压缩机变频启动,变频开度由 0.5 增至 1 (过程 1~2),压缩机流量和出口压力呈阶梯式增长,此时的压缩机出口流量均经防喘阀排至大气, 并未去往下一级压缩机;③压缩机定频加载:入口导叶由 0 开至 100%(过程 3~4),出口压力和流量继续增长, 此过程的流量已大于压缩机的喘振流量, 故防喘阀准备关闭;④防喘阀由 1 关至 0 (过程 5~ 6),防喘流量减少,至下级压缩机流量增加至额定值。
上述启动过程中,防喘阀全开,气体均由此阀排走,压缩机有效功为 0 ; 防喘阀开度 50%, 约 40%的气体流至下一级压缩机被有效利用;防喘阀全关,所有压缩气体均被有效利用。因此,启动过程中应合理控制防喘阀开度, 既保证压缩机不发生喘振,又尽量减小防喘阀开度,则能大幅提高压缩机的启动效率。
防喘阀开度与入口导叶开度的关系见图 2 (b)。变频启动时,防喘阀全开;定频加载时,防喘阀逐渐关闭,入口导叶开至 75%时,防喘阀全关, 具体对应关系见表 3图 2 中导叶的显示开度与表 3 中实际开度的对应关系: 0 对应 100%; 0.5 对应 0%。
压缩机安全运行边界的确定如图 2(c) 所示。 其中, 压缩机各等转速线最低流量点的连线为喘振边界。压缩机启动时流量不能低于喘振流量,即运行点不能落入喘振边界的左侧。实际启动过程中为避免喘振,启动流量远大于喘振边界流量〔如图 2(c)中的星形点],导致功耗过大。本文根据设计资料提供的压缩机喘振边界曲线, 将喘振边界对应的最低流量增加了 5%的裕度, 在喘振边界流量上增加 5%裕度既能避免喘振,又可减少启动流量,降低启动功耗;同时,当压缩机电压、电流波动或气象条件变化时,压缩机流量可能减小,此时,该裕度能保证运行点不落入喘振区间。
为了提高启动过程中压缩机的性能, 通常将非首级压缩机的排气通过阀门引至上一级压缩机的出口,这个阀门称为防喘回流阀,这样既增加了压缩机流量,又利用了上级压缩机的能量;同时, 为了保证防喘调节的绝对可靠, 增设了另一路防喘线路:压缩机的排气经另一阀门直接排至大气, 该阀门称为防喘放空阀。本文评估了压缩机启动过程中分别投入防喘回流阀与投入防喘放空阀时压缩机在性能上的区别, 如图 2(d) 所示。①压缩机组正常运行,防喘放空阀全开(过程 1~2),此时压缩机有效流量大幅降低,降幅高达 37.5%,故压缩机效率大幅下降。②防喘放空阀关闭(过程 2~ 3), 压缩机的流量和功率恢复正常。③防喘回流阀开启 (过程 3 以后), 有效流量只是小幅下降, 只有 5%左右。因此,对于非首级压缩机,启动过程应尽可能多地投入回流防喘阀, 保证压缩机的高效运行。
对于 300 MW 级储能压缩机组,按照优化后的曲线启停, 流量及功耗大幅减少。通常, 流量最少可降低 ${10}\%$ 。按照启停时间 ${40}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 计算,压缩机组耗电量将减少 0.834%, 即每天减少耗电量约 2 万 $\mathrm{{kW}} \cdot {\mathrm{h}}_{\mathrm{o}}$ 按谷电 0.3 元 $/\left( {\mathrm{{kW}} \cdot \mathrm{h}}\right)$ ,年启停 300 次计算,年收益近 180 万元。
启动过程除了防喘操作外, 压缩机的变频调节也至关重要。压缩机注气时,储气室压力逐渐升高,为维持额定流量,末级压缩机常采用变频调节。压缩机的调节过程如图 3 所示。
图 3(a)为末级压缩机注气过程中变频开度增加时流量的瞬态特性。储气室压力升高(过程 1~2),为了保证额定的注气流量,须提高频率。变频开度升高瞬间, 压缩机流量会出现大幅度阶跃式上升, 然后逐渐降低稳定在相应数值。因此, 压缩机变频调节时,须控制变频开度增量,避免压缩机出现过载。
为防止上述现象发生, 注气时压缩机为闭环变频控制, 以维持流量恒定为控制目标。本研究模拟了这一过程,如图 3(b)所示。储气室压力升高, 变频开度自动增加, 流量基本不变。由于自动方式下变频开度变化平缓,故流量未出现骤增现象。此外, 随着储气室压力的升高, 压缩机功耗逐渐增加。
为了保证压缩机组的快速、安全、高效启动, 降低人为误操作的可能性, 压缩空气储能系统的压缩机组通常采用顺控启动。本文模拟了这一过程, 各级压缩机的升压特性和末级压缩机的流量特性见图 4(a)。①压缩机组启动前,压缩机的防喘阀及放空阀全开。②首级压缩机变频启动:变频开度增大,出口压力升高;当变频开至最大时,首级压缩机切至工频运行,变频自动切至第 2 级压缩机。③第 2 级压缩机变频启动:变频开度增大, 第 2 级压缩机的出口压力升高;同时由于对首级抽吸作用的加强, 首级压缩机出口压力下降; 变频开至最大时, 第 2 级压缩机切至工频运行, 变频自动切换至第 3 级压缩机。④第 3 级压缩机变频启动:其出口压力特性与前两级相似:出力压力升高,由于抽吸的加强,上级压缩机出口压力下降; 当变频开至最大,第 3 级压缩机切至工频运行,变频自动切换至末级压缩机。⑤末级压缩机的变频启动:出口压力升高;当变频开至 50%时,防喘阀关闭,压缩机的有效流量大幅增加。⑥末级压缩机的变频运行:末级压缩机始终处于变频运行状态, 变频开度随储气室压力变化,以维持额定的注气流量;此时变频开度增至 80%,流量额定(约 230 $\mathrm{{kg}}/\mathrm{s}$ )。该过程历时约 $7\mathrm{\;{min}}$ ,最大程度地保证了压缩机组的快速、安全、高效启动。并且, 本研究给出了启动过程中压缩机出口压力的瞬时变化过程以及各级之间的相互影响情况。
顺控程启中, 各级压缩机的压比变化趋势与出口压力变化基本相同, 受本级压缩机以及其他级压缩机运行状态的影响,如图 4(b) 所示。出口温度随转速增加, 且受其他级压缩机运行状态影响,符合变化规律 [ 9 ] ,如图 4(c)所示。
压缩空气储能电站除了要求压缩机组具备顺控、快速启动能力,同样要求透平工作组具备顺控、快速启动能力。透平从上次停机到下次启动通常历时 ${24}\mathrm{\;h}$ ,故透平启动基本为热态或温态启动; 且透平设计入口温度较低 (170 ℃),与透平停机时的热态或温态匹配,故技术上可实现快速启动, 保证了透平能快速参与涉网调节。整个启动过程 (冲转、升速、定速、并网、带负荷到满负荷)可以在约 $5\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 内完成。此外,透平的润滑油、控制油系统以及换热系统均须顺控自动投入,整个顺控启动流程如图 5 所示。
本文模拟了顺控启动过程中透平转速、功率与阀门开度的对应关系, 如图 6 所示。①冲转过程: 冲转时,调门开启,控制升速率为 ${1000}\mathrm{r}/\mathrm{{min}}$ , $3\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 后透平定速;升速过程,机组实际转速与目标转速基本吻合,说明调门开度控制良好;刚定速时,透平转速在 ${3000}\mathrm{r}/\mathrm{{min}}$ 附近波动 $2 \sim 3$ 个周期后稳定, 且最高转速不超过 OPC (Overspeed Proctection Control) 动作转速 $\left( {{3090}\mathrm{r}/\mathrm{{min}}}\right)$ ,说明模型具有良好的动态调节特性。②并网:并网瞬间,调门骤开,机组功率约为额定值的 20%,大于最低负荷(5%的额定负荷)要求。③升至满负荷: 升负荷过程中,调门开度继续开大,控制升负荷率 150 MW/min,约 $2\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 后机组负荷升至额定值 ${300}\mathrm{{MW}}$ 。负荷接近额定值时,控制升负荷率的 PID 控制器会自动降低输出, 避免机组超出力运行 [ 10 ] 。整个过程(冲转、定速、并网、加负荷至额定) 历时约 $6\mathrm{\;{min}}$ ,满足压缩空气储能电站透平快速启动(温态和热态)的要求,具有良好的调频特性。
透平满发后,压缩空气储能系统进入释能环节。随着储气室压力的降低, 透平调门开大维持额定功率, 当压力降至拐点值时 (调门全开且补气阀全关时透平满发所对应的储气室压力,本文为 ${7.0}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ ),补气阀开启,开度逐渐增大以维持额定功率。图 7 展示了释能时节流-补气配气方式下的调节过程。
图 7 可见: ①随着储气室压力的降低, 为了维持额定功率, 透平调门开大 (总阀位随之开大),此时流量小幅增加; ② 储气室压力降至拐点值, 此时调门全开且补气阀全关, 对应的总阀位为 79.5%;③ 储气室压力继续降低,补气阀开启, 流量显著增加,功率仍维持在额定值 300 MW;④ 补气阀全开,总阀位开至 100%,此时对应的储气室压力为释能过程的最低压力。至此, 释能过程结束, 准备开始向储气室注气; 如果储气室压力继续下降,入口流通面积不变,流量会降低,透平功率下降,不能满发。
本文通过模块化建模工具 PowerBuilder 建立了 300 MW 级压缩空气储能电站全工艺系统数学模型,利用大型商用多学科仿真运算平台 MSP 定量分析了关键组件(压缩机和透平)启动关键过程的动态特性, 确定了如何提高启动过程安全、快速和高效性的技术方法, 为控制系统的设计、实际工程的开展、运行调节的优化提供了数据参考和依据。结论如下。
①评估了压缩机启动过程中防喘阀开度对压缩机有效流量和压比的影响, 确定了压缩机启动性能最佳的防喘阀开度曲线; 对比了防喘回流阀和防喘放空阀开启时压缩机的特性, 指出对于非首级压缩机应尽可能多地利用防喘回流阀以提高启动效率。
②注气过程中末级压缩机的变频调节不宜过快, 避免流量瞬间骤增导致压缩机过负荷; 确定了定流量下的变频自动调节过程, 以及功率的变化趋势。
③ 模拟了压缩机组变频 1 拖 4 的顺控启动流程, 以及透平冲转、升速、定速、并网、带负荷至满负荷的顺控启动全流程, 确定了顺控过程中压缩机和透平关键参数的变化规律, 指明了启动过程的关键节点和注意事项,为启动控制的合理设计提供了依据和参考。
④探讨了释能过程中透平采用节流-补气配气方式时功率的调节过程, 确定了阀门的开度曲线与储气室压力的对应关系、补气阀投入时的储气室压力以及投入前后的流量功率特性, 为功率调节提供理论依据和数据支撑。
  • 湖北省重点研发计划项目(2022BAD163)
  • 辽宁省教育厅面上项目(JYTMS20230325)
  • 联合基金博士启动项目(2023-BSBA-234)
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  • 接收时间:2024-03-02
  • 首发时间:2025-07-18
  • 出版时间:2025-03-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-02
基金
湖北省重点研发计划项目(2022BAD163)
辽宁省教育厅面上项目(JYTMS20230325)
联合基金博士启动项目(2023-BSBA-234)
作者信息
    1 沈阳工程学院 能源动力与核技术工程学院 辽宁 沈阳 110136
    2 国网湖北省电力有限公司 电力科学研究院 湖北 武汉 430070
    3 博努力(北京)仿真技术有限公司 北京 100085
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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