Article(id=1152988798356017544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1152988797865283976, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1716393600000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-23, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752823551023, onlineDateStr=2025-07-18, pubDate=1742400000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752823551023, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752823551023, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752823551023, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1152988797865283976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, year='2025', volume='43', issue='3', pageStart='285', pageEnd='426', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1752823550907, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753694485968, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156641764313260888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1152988797865283976, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156641764313260889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1152988797865283976, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=285, endPage=291, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1152988798691561865, articleId=1152988798356017544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, language=EN, title=Research on the absorption of nitrogen and phosphorus in aquaculture wastewater by Spirodela polyrhiza and the prospects for its biomass resource utilization, columnId=null, journalTitle=Renewable Energy Resources, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This paper takes Spirodela polyrhiza as the experimental object to study the effects of the dilution multiple of aquaculture wastewater and the initial inoculation amount on the growth and crude protein accumulation of Spirodela polyrhiza, as well as the absorption and purification patterns of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients in aquaculture wastewater by Spirodela polyrhiza. The results show that with the increase of the dilution multiple of aquaculture wastewater, the removal rates of NH4+N, NO3N, and PO43P by Spirodela polyrhiza gradually increase, and the absorption and purification of NH4+N by Spirodela polyrhiza is earlier than that of NO3N. With the increase of the initial inoculation amount of Spirodela polyrhiza, the removal rates of PO43P and NO3N both increase. When the initial inoculation amounts of Spirodela polyrhiza are 50% and 75%, the removal rates of NH4+N reach 97.6% and 94.1%, respectively. The crude protein content of Spirodela polyrhiza decreases with the increase of the dilution multiple of aquaculture wastewater. The highest growth amount and growth rate of Spirodela polyrhiza is achieved in the aquaculture wastewater diluted 20 times. Under the conditions of 20 times dilution of aquaculture wastewater and an initial inoculation amount of 75% of Spirodela polyrhiza, the annual protein yield of Spirodela polyrhiza can reach 0.91 t/hm².

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文章以紫背浮萍为研究对象,研究了养殖废水稀释倍数和初始接种量对紫背浮萍生长和粗蛋白累积的影响,以及紫背浮萍对养殖废水中氮磷营养盐的吸收净化规律。研究结果表明,随着养殖废水稀释倍数的增加,紫背浮萍对 NH4+N, NO3¯−N, PO₄P的去除率逐渐上升,紫背浮萍对 NH₄⁺−N 的吸收净化早于NO3¯−N;随着紫背浮萍初始接种量的增加,其对 PO₄P 和 NO3¯−N 的去除率均增加,当紫背浮萍初始接种量分别为50%和75%时,其对 NH₄⁺−N 的去除率分别达到97.6%和94.1%;紫背浮萍的粗蛋白含量随着养殖废水稀释倍数的增大而减小,在20倍稀释的养殖废水中紫背浮萍有最高增长量和增长率;在养殖废水稀释20倍,紫背浮萍初始接种量为75%的条件下,紫背浮萍的蛋白质年产量可达 0.91 t/hm²。

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吕冬伟(1980-),女,博士,副教授,主要从事养殖水体生物修复及资源化利用研究。E-mail:
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journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988798356017544, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=The growth amount and growth rate of Spirodela polyrhiza in aquaculture wastewater with different dilutions, figureFileSmall=Ct8M5Efg6WfS8wdiqdJihQ==, figureFileBig=JUR9DVfy3xjW6dLwnv0OFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159145560273179119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988798356017544, language=CN, label=图 2, caption=不同稀释倍数养殖废水中紫背浮萍的增长量和增长率, figureFileSmall=Ct8M5Efg6WfS8wdiqdJihQ==, figureFileBig=JUR9DVfy3xjW6dLwnv0OFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159145560382231024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988798356017544, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=The crude protein content of Spirodela polyrhiza in aquaculture wastewater with different dilutions, figureFileSmall=OGWrweItxTHYJOTWpjiFvg==, figureFileBig=0YhB2TYWZsSzl6ldG1fMXA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159145560449339889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988798356017544, language=CN, label=图 3, caption=不同稀释倍数养殖废水中紫背浮萍的粗蛋白含量, figureFileSmall=OGWrweItxTHYJOTWpjiFvg==, figureFileBig=0YhB2TYWZsSzl6ldG1fMXA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159145560491282930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988798356017544, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=The removal rates of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients by Spirodela polyrhiza under different initial inoculation amounts, figureFileSmall=mJinIDsk8UDQlmU7fQ+O0Q==, figureFileBig=cw2nD5/re9oGqRNTkOws9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159145560537420275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988798356017544, language=CN, label=图 4, caption=不同初始接种量下紫背浮萍对氮磷营养盐的去除率, figureFileSmall=mJinIDsk8UDQlmU7fQ+O0Q==, figureFileBig=cw2nD5/re9oGqRNTkOws9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159145560583557620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988798356017544, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=The growth amount and growth rate of Spirodela polyrhiza under different initial inoculation amounts, figureFileSmall=gpWL0FCFHUmA3yeD5pmi3w==, figureFileBig=bdWWTN7x4YdgLtVgb6y7Bw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159145560646472181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988798356017544, language=CN, label=图 5, caption=不同初始接种量下紫背浮萍的增长量和增长率, figureFileSmall=gpWL0FCFHUmA3yeD5pmi3w==, figureFileBig=bdWWTN7x4YdgLtVgb6y7Bw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159145560705192438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988798356017544, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=The parameters of growth amount, growth rate, and crude protein content etc. of Spirodela polyrhiza in aquaculture wastewater with different dilutions, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 对照组 C-10 C-20 C-40 C-60
增长量/g 11.48 12.53 18.09 18.86 14.53
增长率1% 25.5 27.8 40.2 41.9 32.3
单位面积日增长率 $/\mathrm{g} \cdot {\left( {\mathrm{m}}^{2} \cdot \mathrm{d}\right) }^{-1}$ 8.87~11.83 11.23~14.40 21.25~22.74 16.90~20.85 12.42~17.50
水分1% 93.30 94.09 93.46 93.92 93.80
粗蛋白含量/% 23.22 31.14 30.70 30.20 29.90
蛋白质收获量(干重)/g 0.84 1.13 1.11 1.09 1.08
), ArticleFig(id=1159145560755524087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988798356017544, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=不同稀释倍数养殖废水中紫背浮萍的增长量、增长率、粗蛋白含量等参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 对照组 C-10 C-20 C-40 C-60
增长量/g 11.48 12.53 18.09 18.86 14.53
增长率1% 25.5 27.8 40.2 41.9 32.3
单位面积日增长率 $/\mathrm{g} \cdot {\left( {\mathrm{m}}^{2} \cdot \mathrm{d}\right) }^{-1}$ 8.87~11.83 11.23~14.40 21.25~22.74 16.90~20.85 12.42~17.50
水分1% 93.30 94.09 93.46 93.92 93.80
粗蛋白含量/% 23.22 31.14 30.70 30.20 29.90
蛋白质收获量(干重)/g 0.84 1.13 1.11 1.09 1.08
), ArticleFig(id=1159145560810050040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988798356017544, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Comparison of protein content and annual yield between experimental Spirodela polyrrhiza and some feed plants, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
饲料植物 蛋白质含量/% 年产量/t・h 蛋白质年产量/t
青贮玉米 [ 17 ] 10.61 7.42 0.79
小麦 12.38 3.92 0.49
大豆 39.16 2.43 0.95
甘薯 3.02 2.8 0.085
紫背浮萍 30.33 3.01 0.91
), ArticleFig(id=1159145560864575993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988798356017544, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=试验紫背浮萍与部分饲料植物蛋白质含量及年产量的比较, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
饲料植物 蛋白质含量/% 年产量/t・h 蛋白质年产量/t
青贮玉米 [ 17 ] 10.61 7.42 0.79
小麦 12.38 3.92 0.49
大豆 39.16 2.43 0.95
甘薯 3.02 2.8 0.085
紫背浮萍 30.33 3.01 0.91
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紫背浮萍对养殖废水氮磷吸收及生物资源化利用前景的研究
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乔同雷 1 , 吕冬伟 1 , 董仁杰 2
可再生能源 | 2025,43(3): 285-291
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可再生能源 | 2025, 43(3): 285-291
紫背浮萍对养殖废水氮磷吸收及生物资源化利用前景的研究
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乔同雷1, 吕冬伟1 , 董仁杰2
作者信息
  • 1 中国农业大学 烟台研究院 山东 烟台 264670
  • 2 中国农业大学 工学院 北京 100091

通讯作者:

吕冬伟(1980-),女,博士,副教授,主要从事养殖水体生物修复及资源化利用研究。E-mail:
Research on the absorption of nitrogen and phosphorus in aquaculture wastewater by Spirodela polyrhiza and the prospects for its biomass resource utilization
Tonglei Qiao1, Dongwei Lü1 , Renjie Dong2
Affiliations
  • 1 Yantai Research Institute China Agricultural University Yantai 264670 China
  • 2 College of Engineering China Agricultural University Beijing 100091 China
出版时间: 2025-03-20
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文章以紫背浮萍为研究对象,研究了养殖废水稀释倍数和初始接种量对紫背浮萍生长和粗蛋白累积的影响,以及紫背浮萍对养殖废水中氮磷营养盐的吸收净化规律。研究结果表明,随着养殖废水稀释倍数的增加,紫背浮萍对 NH4+N, NO3¯−N, PO₄P的去除率逐渐上升,紫背浮萍对 NH₄⁺−N 的吸收净化早于NO3¯−N;随着紫背浮萍初始接种量的增加,其对 PO₄P 和 NO3¯−N 的去除率均增加,当紫背浮萍初始接种量分别为50%和75%时,其对 NH₄⁺−N 的去除率分别达到97.6%和94.1%;紫背浮萍的粗蛋白含量随着养殖废水稀释倍数的增大而减小,在20倍稀释的养殖废水中紫背浮萍有最高增长量和增长率;在养殖废水稀释20倍,紫背浮萍初始接种量为75%的条件下,紫背浮萍的蛋白质年产量可达 0.91 t/hm²。

紫背浮萍  /  养殖废水  /  氮磷去除率

This paper takes Spirodela polyrhiza as the experimental object to study the effects of the dilution multiple of aquaculture wastewater and the initial inoculation amount on the growth and crude protein accumulation of Spirodela polyrhiza, as well as the absorption and purification patterns of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients in aquaculture wastewater by Spirodela polyrhiza. The results show that with the increase of the dilution multiple of aquaculture wastewater, the removal rates of NH4+N, NO3N, and PO43P by Spirodela polyrhiza gradually increase, and the absorption and purification of NH4+N by Spirodela polyrhiza is earlier than that of NO3N. With the increase of the initial inoculation amount of Spirodela polyrhiza, the removal rates of PO43P and NO3N both increase. When the initial inoculation amounts of Spirodela polyrhiza are 50% and 75%, the removal rates of NH4+N reach 97.6% and 94.1%, respectively. The crude protein content of Spirodela polyrhiza decreases with the increase of the dilution multiple of aquaculture wastewater. The highest growth amount and growth rate of Spirodela polyrhiza is achieved in the aquaculture wastewater diluted 20 times. Under the conditions of 20 times dilution of aquaculture wastewater and an initial inoculation amount of 75% of Spirodela polyrhiza, the annual protein yield of Spirodela polyrhiza can reach 0.91 t/hm².

Spirodela polyrhiza  /  aquaculture wastewater  /  nitrogen-phosphorus removal efficiency
乔同雷, 吕冬伟, 董仁杰. 紫背浮萍对养殖废水氮磷吸收及生物资源化利用前景的研究. 可再生能源, 2025 , 43 (3) : 285 -291 .
Tonglei Qiao, Dongwei Lü, Renjie Dong. Research on the absorption of nitrogen and phosphorus in aquaculture wastewater by Spirodela polyrhiza and the prospects for its biomass resource utilization[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2025 , 43 (3) : 285 -291 .
畜禽养殖过程中产生的含有大量氮磷营养盐的养殖废水若处理不当,会造成天然水体的富营养化。净化修复养殖废水的关键在于深度有效地脱氮除磷, 同时将氮磷资源最大程度的转化利用 [ 1 ] 。浮萍科植物不仅可以高效吸收养殖废水中的氮磷营养盐,还可将其转化为自身的蛋白质、淀粉等, 对浮萍科植物进行加工可得到生物饲料等高附加值产品, 因而利用浮萍净化养殖废水成为了易于推广的水污染治理技术。Mohedano R A [ 2 ] 的研究表明,浮萍在去除猪粪水氮磷营养盐方面具有巨大潜力,总氮(T - N)和总磷(T - P)平均去除率分别达到了 98.0% 和 98.8%。另有研究表明, 在奶牛饲料中添加浮萍可提高奶牛的血浆抗氧化能力 [ 3 ] ,在饲料中添加适量的浮萍饲喂产蛋鸡,可以降低蛋鸡在产蛋中后期的血清丙二醛含量、白细胞和淋巴细胞数量, 提高红细胞数量和总抗氧化能力 [ 4 ]
氮磷是浮萍生长的必需营养元素, 浮萍生物量的增长情况侧面反映了其对氮磷的吸收转化能力。为研究浮萍对水体中氮磷的净化效果及生物量收获的最优策略,本文以紫背浮萍为研究对象, 研究污水的氮磷含量和紫背浮萍初始接种量对紫背浮萍生长和富集氮磷营养盐的影响, 找寻氮磷净化与紫背浮萍生长、粗蛋白积累的最佳种养模式, 在水质处理、生态修复、生物质资源利用等方面发挥紫背浮萍的优良潜能。
紫背浮萍(Spirideka polyrhiza)取自揭阳市锡场开发区田间,取回后经自来水漂洗,去除污垢杂质,在实验室内驯养一段时间后,人工挑选生长良好、大小相近的健康植株作为试验材料。
试验采用的养殖废水为某生物科技股份有限公司提供的沼液,沼液中$\mathrm{T} - \mathrm{N}$,硝氮$\left( {{\mathrm{{NO}}}_{3}{}^{ - } - \mathrm{N}}\right)$,氨氮$\left( {{\mathrm{{NH}}}_{4}{}^{ + } - \mathrm{N}}\right) ,{\mathrm{{PO}}}_{4}{}^{3 - } - \mathrm{P},\mathrm{{COD}}$含量分别为 464.38, 337.20,96.00,53.20,1492.8 mg/L,沼液的 pH 值为 8.0。试验所需其他试剂均为分析纯。
实验室温度控制在 ${23.0} \sim {27.8}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,光照强度为 ${3000} \sim {5000}\mathrm{{lx}}$ ,每个培养箱中加入 ${30}\mathrm{\;L}$ 稀释后的养殖废水。试验期间每天定时补充蒸发损失的水分。
首先,探究养殖废水氮磷含量对紫背浮萍生长、粗蛋白含量以及紫背浮萍对养殖废水净化效果的影响。利用未经稀释的养殖废水进行试验时发现,水体净化率低,紫背浮萍无法正常生长。这主要是因为原养殖废水中高含量的 ${\mathrm{{NH}}}_{4}{}^{ + } - \mathrm{N}$ 对植物细胞膜产生了去极化作用,阻碍了离子运输,抑制了浮萍生长繁殖,高含量的 ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{3}{}^{ - } - \mathrm{N},{\mathrm{{PO}}}_{4}{}^{3 - } - \mathrm{P}$ 加强了这一抑制效果。因此,需要对原养殖废水进行梯度稀释。根据文献[ 5 - 7 ]中推荐的氮磷含量, 并考虑实际污水净化时节约用水的原则, 本文设置了 4 个养殖废水稀释倍数, 即将原养殖废水分别稀释10,20,40,60倍,分别记作 $\mathrm{C} - {10},\mathrm{C} - {20},\mathrm{C} - {40}$ , C-60,每个梯度设 3 组重复并设添加蒸馏水作为培养液的空白对照,共培养 ${20}\mathrm{\;d}$ 。初始均接种紫背浮萍 ${45}\mathrm{\;g}$ ,每 $4\mathrm{\;d}$ 测量紫背浮萍鲜重并测定其粗蛋白含量,每 $2\mathrm{\;d}$ 定时取水样测定 ${\mathrm{{NH}}}_{4}{}^{ + } - \mathrm{N},{\mathrm{{NO}}}_{3}{}^{ - } - \mathrm{N}$ , ${\mathrm{{PO}}}_{4}{}^{3 - }$ -P含量。
然后, 探究紫背浮萍初始接种量对其生长及养殖废水中氮、磷去除效果的影响。在前述试验的基础上, 选用稀释 20 倍的养殖废水作为培养液, 设置 4 个紫背浮萍初始接种量,即初始接种紫背浮萍 20,40,60,80 g,相对应的培养箱表面覆盖率分别为 ${25}\% ,{50}\% ,{75}\% ,{100}\%$ ,分别记作 $\mathrm{P} - {25}$ , P-50, P-75, P-100, 每个梯度设置 3 组重复并设不添加紫背浮萍的空白对照,共培养 ${20}\mathrm{\;d}$ 。每 $4\mathrm{\;d}$ 测量紫背浮萍鲜重,记录增长量,每 2 d 定时取水样测定 ${\mathrm{{NH}}}_{4}{}^{ + } - \mathrm{N},{\mathrm{{NO}}}_{3}{}^{ - } - \mathrm{N},{\mathrm{{PO}}}_{4}{}^{3 - } - \mathrm{P}$ 含量。
${\mathrm{{NH}}}_{4}{}^{ + } - \mathrm{N}$ 含量采用纳氏分光光度法(HJ 535- 2009) 进行测定; ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{3}{}^{ - } - \mathrm{N}$ 含量采用酚二磺酸分光光度法(GB 7480-87)进行测定; ${\mathrm{{PO}}}_{4}{}^{3 - } - \mathrm{P}$ 含量采用磷钼蓝分光光度法(GB/T5750.5-2006)进行测定; 紫背浮萍的粗蛋白含量采用凯氏定氮法(GB1T 6432-2018)进行测定; 鲜重采用文献[ 8 ]中的方法进行测定。
水样的 ${\mathrm{{NH}}}_{4}{}^{ + } - \mathrm{N},{\mathrm{{NO}}}_{3}{}^{ - } - \mathrm{N},{\mathrm{{PO}}}_{4}{}^{3 - } - \mathrm{P}$ 去除率 ${R}_{x}$ 、 紫背浮萍的增长量 $G$ 、增长率 $Y$ 及单位面积日增长率 $y$ 的计算式分别为
${R}_{x} = \left( {{A}_{0} - {A}_{x}}\right) /{A}_{0} \times {100}\%$
$G = {G}_{t} - {G}_{0}$
$Y = \left( {{G}_{t} - {G}_{0}}\right) /{G}_{0} \times {100}\%$
$y = \left( {{G}_{t} - {G}_{0}}\right) /{4S}$
式中: ${A}_{0},{A}_{x}$ 分别为水样中营养盐 $x\left( {{\mathrm{{NH}}}_{4}{}^{ + } - \mathrm{N},{\mathrm{{NO}}}_{3}{}^{ - } - }\right.$ $\mathrm{N},{\mathrm{{PO}}}_{4}{}^{3 - }\mathrm{P}$ )的初始含量和定期测量时的含量, $\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}$ ; ${G}_{0}$ , ${G}_{t}$ 分别为紫背浮萍初始接种量和培养至 $t$ 时刻的鲜重, $\mathrm{g};S$ 为紫背浮萍的覆盖面积, ${\mathrm{m}}^{2}$
紫背浮萍对不同稀释倍数养殖废水中${\mathrm{{NH}}}_{4}{}^{ + } -$$\mathrm{N},{\mathrm{{NO}}}_{3}{}^{ - } - \mathrm{N},{\mathrm{{PO}}}_{4}{}^{3 - } - \mathrm{P}$的去除率如图 1 所示。
图 1 可知,培养${18}\mathrm{\;d}$后,4 个试验组对水体中${\mathrm{{NH}}}_{4}{}^{ + } - \mathrm{N}$的去除率均达 70%以上,分别为$\mathrm{C} - {60}$$\left( {{97.2}\% }\right) > \mathrm{C} - {40}\left( {{94.1}\% }\right) > \mathrm{C} - {20}\left( {{88.8}\% }\right) > \mathrm{C} - {10}$(70.35%),试验组$\mathrm{C} - {40}$$\mathrm{C} - {60}$${\mathrm{{NH}}}_{4}{}^{ + } - \mathrm{N}$的去除率显著高于其他试验组。从紫背浮萍对水体中氮的吸收来看,对${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{3}{}^{ - } - \mathrm{N}$的吸收集中在前${12}\mathrm{\;d}$, 而对${\mathrm{{NH}}}_{4}{}^{ + } - \mathrm{N}$的吸收利用集中在前$6\mathrm{\;d}$,这表明紫萍对${\mathrm{{NH}}}_{4}{}^{ + } - \mathrm{N}$的吸收早于${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{3}{}^{ - } - {\mathrm{N}}_{0}$这主要是因为紫背浮萍可直接吸收同化氨氮,迅速结合成有机物, 而硝酸盐中的氮处于高度氧化状态, 在同化过程中,每 1 mol 硝态氮比氨氮多消耗 15~16 个 ATP [ 9 ] 。因而,紫背浮萍利用${\mathrm{{NH}}}_{4}{}^{ + } - \mathrm{N}$来合成氨基酸和蛋白质所消耗的能量更低,故优先吸收${\mathrm{{NH}}}_{4}{}^{ + } -$${\mathrm{N}}_{0}$在实际水体净化过程中,应根据待处理废水中${\mathrm{{NH}}}_{4}{}^{ + } - \mathrm{N}$${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{3}{}^{ - } - \mathrm{N}$的构成比例、含量等情况,确定紫背浮萍处理时间和污水稀释倍数。从对磷的净化效果来看,4 个试验组对${\mathrm{{PO}}}_{4}{}^{3 - } - \mathrm{P}$的去除率随着养殖废水稀释倍数的增加而增加,即$\mathrm{C} - {60}$(79.8%)>C-40(72.4%)>C-20(68.2%)>C-10(45.2%)。 在培养$4 \sim {10}\mathrm{\;d}$后,试验组$\mathrm{C} - {20},\mathrm{C} - {40},\mathrm{C} - {60}$${\mathrm{{PO}}}_{4}{}^{3 - } - \mathrm{P}$的去除率呈上升趋势但增速减缓。
分别培养${10},6\mathrm{\;d}$后,试验组$\mathrm{C} - {20},\mathrm{C} - {40}$${\mathrm{{NH}}}_{4}{}^{ + } - \mathrm{N}$含量降至$1\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}$以下,达到了地表水环境质量标准 (GB3838-2002) 中的 III 类标准,且这两组水体经${10}\mathrm{\;d}$处理后,${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{3}{}^{ - } - \mathrm{N}$含量均处于 10$\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}$以下,符合生活饮用水卫生标准 (GB5749- 2006)。在培养${10}\mathrm{\;d}$后,试验组$\mathrm{C} - {40}$${\mathrm{{PO}}}_{4}{}^{3 - } - \mathrm{P}$含量降至${0.5}\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}$,达到了污水综合排放标准 (GB8978-1996)的一级标准。在本文试验条件下, 将紫背浮萍应用于 20 或 40 倍稀释的养殖废水的净化处理可达到较好的效果。
不同稀释倍数养殖废水中紫背浮萍的增长量和增长率如2 所示。
图 2 可知, 不同稀释倍数养殖废水中紫背浮萍生长状况总体评价为$\mathrm{C} - {20} > \mathrm{C} - {40} > \mathrm{C} - {60} > \mathrm{C} -$10, 试验组 C-20 的紫背浮萍有最大增长量和增长率,其最大单位面积日增长率为${22.74}\mathrm{\;g}/\left( {{\mathrm{m}}^{2} \cdot \mathrm{d}}\right)$, 超过了文献[ 10 ]中的最大单位面积日增长率[20.8$\mathrm{g}/\left( {{\mathrm{m}}^{2} \cdot \mathrm{d}}\right)$]。在试验中后期,试验组$\mathrm{C} - {10}$的紫背浮萍的增长量呈上升趋势, 这是因为随着培养天数的增加, 试验组 C-10 中的氨氮等营养盐逐渐被紫背浮萍吸收利用, 使水体中的氮浓度降低, 对紫背浮萍生长的不利影响减弱。
培养${20}\mathrm{\;d}$后,不同稀释倍数养殖废水中紫背浮萍的增长量、增长率、粗蛋白含量(以干重计)等参数见表 1
表 1 可知, 试验组 C-40 的紫背浮萍的增长量和增长率均最大,分别为${18.86}\mathrm{\;g}$${41.9}\%$, 试验组 C-10 的紫背浮萍的粗蛋白含量最大,为 31.14%。从紫背浮萍的增长率、单位面积日增长率来看, 其在 20 或 40 倍稀释的养殖废水中生长状态最佳。
不同稀释倍数养殖废水中紫背浮萍的粗蛋白含量如图 3 所示。
图 3 可知, 紫背浮萍的初始粗蛋白含量为 29.8%,紫背浮萍的粗蛋白含量随着养殖废水稀释倍数的增大而减小,培养${20}\mathrm{\;d}$后,紫背浮萍的粗蛋白含量为 C-10(31.14%)>C-20(30.70%)>C- 40(30.20%)>C-60(29.90%)。试验组 C-10 的粗蛋白含量上升最高,增幅达 4.49%。经 20 d 培养后, 4 个试验组的粗蛋白含量均高于其初始含量。 在本试验中, 紫背浮萍的粗蛋白含量超过了长江三角洲地区的紫背浮萍的粗蛋白含量(25.8%) [ 11 ] , 接近利用养殖废水培养的优化紫背浮萍种 Spiri-deka polyrhiza7776 的粗蛋白含量(32.1%),具有作为替代传统蛋白饲料作物的新型生物饲料的潜力。
不同初始接种量下紫背浮萍对氮磷营养盐的去除率如图 4 所示。
图 4 可知,在第$0 \sim 6$天,4 个试验组对${\mathrm{{NH}}}_{4}{}^{ + } - \mathrm{N}$的去除率显著上升,之后趋于稳定,对${\mathrm{{NH}}}_{4}{}^{ + } - \mathrm{N}$的去除率为$\mathrm{P} - {50}\left( {{97.6}\% }\right) > \mathrm{P} - {75}\left( {{94.1}\% }\right) >$$\mathrm{P} - {100}\left( {{86.9}\% }\right) > \mathrm{P} - {25}\left( {{57.6}\% }\right)$。试验组$\mathrm{P} - {100}$${\mathrm{{NH}}}_{4}{}^{ + } - \mathrm{N}$去除率低于试验组$\mathrm{P} - {75}$$\mathrm{P} - {50}$,这与紫背浮萍生长密度过大, 不利于氨氮通过硝化作用进行转化有关, 因此, 选取合适的紫背浮萍初始接种量对水体净化非常重要。4 个试验组对水体中${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{3}{}^{ - } - \mathrm{N}$的去除率在第$6 \sim {12}$天增长速度较快,晚于紫背浮萍对${\mathrm{{NH}}}_{4}{}^{ + } - \mathrm{N}$的去除率快速增长期,培养${18}\mathrm{\;d}$后,对${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{3}{}^{ - } - \mathrm{N}$的去除率为$\mathrm{P} - {100}\left( {{85.4}\% }\right) >$P-75(82.3%)>P-50(70.1%)>P-25(64.2%),由此可见,紫背浮萍对${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{3}{}^{ - } - \mathrm{N}$的吸收能力与其接种量成正比。本文中紫背浮萍对氮营养盐的去除效果与周雄飞 [ 13 ] 的研究结果相一致。紫背浮萍对${\mathrm{{PO}}}_{4}{}^{3 - } - \mathrm{P}$的去除率随着初始接种量的增加而增加, 培养${18}\mathrm{\;d}$后,紫背浮萍对${\mathrm{{PO}}}_{4}{}^{3 - } - \mathrm{P}$的去除率为$\mathrm{P} -$${100}\left( {{93.8}\% }\right) > \mathrm{P} - {75}\left( {{82.8}\% }\right) > \mathrm{P} - {50}\left( {{68.8}\% }\right) > \mathrm{P} - {25}$(62.5%),这与谢朦 [ 14 ] 的研究结果相一致。在${\mathrm{{PO}}}_{4}{}^{3 - }$$\mathrm{P}$${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{3}{}^{ - } - \mathrm{N}$的去除效果上,试验组$\mathrm{P} - {75}$略低于试验组$\mathrm{P} - {100}$,但其对${\mathrm{{NH}}}_{4}{}^{ + } - \mathrm{N}$的去除率高于试验组$\mathrm{P} - {100}_{ \circ }{\mathrm{{NH}}}_{4}{}^{ + } - \mathrm{N}$是养殖废水中氮的重要存在形态, 也是净化处理的关键成分之一, 综合不同初始接种量下的水体净化效果, 选择紫背浮萍的初始接种量为 75%较为适宜。
不同初始接种量下紫背浮萍的增长量和增长率如图 5 所示。
图 5 可知, 紫背浮萍的增长量从高至低为 P-100>P-75>P-50>P-25,但其增长率却呈现相反趋势,表现为$\mathrm{P} - {25} > \mathrm{P} - {50} > \mathrm{P} - {75} > \mathrm{P} - {100}$,这可能是因为在紫背浮萍初始接种量较小时,水体为紫背浮萍的生长提供了更优越的营养条件和生长环境。这与 Paolacci S [ 15 ] 的研究结果相一致。因此,在实际应用中, 紫背浮萍应保持中等偏上水平的覆盖率,并及时打捞以避免种内竞争加剧,提高紫背浮萍的增长率和污染物的去除效率。
基于上述试验结果, 在养殖废水稀释 20 倍, 紫背浮萍初始接种量为 75%的条件下培养紫背浮萍,紫背浮萍的含水量为 93%,粗蛋白含量可达${30.33}\%$,单位面积日增长率可达${11.78}\mathrm{\;g}/\left( {{\mathrm{m}}^{2} \cdot \mathrm{d}}\right)$, 由此估算紫背浮萍的年产量为${3.01}\mathrm{t}/{\mathrm{{hm}}}^{2}$,与艾勇峰 [ 16 ] 预估的紫背浮萍年产量接近,蛋白质年产量可达${0.91}\mathrm{t}/{\mathrm{{hm}}}^{2}$(表 2)。按照与本文相同的培养条件,利用紫背浮萍对面积为${1500}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{2}$,深度为 0.2$\mathrm{m}$的养殖废水处理池进行净化处理,推测紫背浮萍每年可净化养殖废水 270 多$\mathrm{t}$,净化后水体的氮磷指标均能达到污水综合排放标准(GB8978- 1996)的相关要求。
表 2 可知, 紫背浮萍的粗蛋白含量要高于青贮玉米、小麦、甘薯,其蛋白质年产量与大豆相当。紫背浮萍的氨基酸组成模式接近动物蛋白, 作为饲料极易被动物吸收利用 [ 18 ] 。另据文献报道,紫背浮萍具有较高的淀粉含量, 可作为制备乙醇的原料。与其他传统陆生植物相比, 紫背浮萍可有效避免与粮食作物争土地的问题, 同时兼顾生态净水、环保、可再生等特点,具有明显的经济可持续性与能效优势 [ 19 , 20 ] 。为实现紫背浮萍生物质资源产业化、规模化发展,可推广采用“畜禽-沼-萍” 等混作组合策略和相关立体培养装置 [ 21 ] ,实现紫背浮萍的多层培养。以架设立体培养装置培养紫背浮萍为例, 在同样占地面积下, 按照本文中的培养条件进行连续培养, 估算其蛋白质年产量可达到${1.82}\mathrm{t}/{\mathrm{{hm}}}^{2}$(立体双层培养)和${2.73}\mathrm{t}/{\mathrm{{hm}}}^{2}$(立体三层培养), 极大提高了空间利用率与紫背浮萍的整体产量, 具有十分可观的生态效益和经济效益。
本文以紫背浮萍为试验对象, 研究了养殖废水稀释倍数和初始接种量对紫背浮萍生长和粗蛋白累积的影响,以及紫背浮萍对养殖废水中 ${\mathrm{{NH}}}_{4}{}^{ + } -$ $\mathrm{N},{\mathrm{{NO}}}_{3}{}^{ - } - \mathrm{N},{\mathrm{{PO}}}_{4}{}^{3 - } - \mathrm{P}$ 的吸收净化规律,得到如下结论。
①随着养殖废水稀释倍数的增加,紫背浮萍对 3 种营养盐的去除率逐渐上升; 在 20 倍和 40 倍稀释的养殖废水中, 紫背浮萍对氮磷营养盐的净化效果较佳; 紫背浮萍对 ${\mathrm{{NH}}}_{4}^{ + } - \mathrm{N}$ 的吸收早于对 ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{3}{}^{ - } - \mathrm{N}$ 的吸收。
②随着紫背浮萍初始接种量的增加,其对 ${\mathrm{{PO}}}_{4}{}^{3 - } - \mathrm{P}$${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{3}{}^{ - } - \mathrm{N}$ 的去除率逐渐增加; 当紫背浮萍初始接种量分别为 ${50}\%$${75}\%$ 时,其对 ${\mathrm{{NH}}}_{4}{}^{ + } - \mathrm{N}$ 的净化效果较佳, ${\mathrm{{NH}}}_{4}{}^{ + } - \mathrm{N}$ 去除率分别达到 ${97.6}\%$ 和 94.1%。综合来看,当紫背浮萍初始接种量为 75%时, 其对 3 种营养盐的去除效果最佳。
③在 20 倍稀释的养殖废水中,紫背浮萍有最大增长量和增长率; 当紫背浮萍初始接种量分别为 100% 和 75%时, 其增长量较高, 在实际应用中, 紫背浮萍应保持中等偏上水平的覆盖率以获得较高的生物量。
④在养殖废水稀释 20 倍, 紫背浮萍初始接种量为 75%的条件下对紫背浮萍进行培养, 紫背浮萍年产量可达 ${3.01}\mathrm{t}/{\mathrm{{hm}}}^{2}$ ,蛋白质年产量可达 0.91 t/h ${\mathrm{m}}^{2}$
  • 利用速生水生植物生态化处理养殖废水模式研究及关键技术研发(H202408)
  • 烟台市校地融合发展项目(2024XDRHXMPT13)
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  • 接收时间:2024-05-23
  • 首发时间:2025-07-18
  • 出版时间:2025-03-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-23
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利用速生水生植物生态化处理养殖废水模式研究及关键技术研发(H202408)
烟台市校地融合发展项目(2024XDRHXMPT13)
作者信息
    1 中国农业大学 烟台研究院 山东 烟台 264670
    2 中国农业大学 工学院 北京 100091

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吕冬伟(1980-),女,博士,副教授,主要从事养殖水体生物修复及资源化利用研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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