Article(id=1152988713421366049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1152988708019098237, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1717257600000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-02, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752823530774, onlineDateStr=2025-07-18, pubDate=1745078400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752823530774, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752823530774, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752823530774, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1152988708019098237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, year='2025', volume='43', issue='4', pageStart='427', pageEnd='568', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1752823529485, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753694474720, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156641717148312407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1152988708019098237, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156641717148312408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1152988708019098237, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=510, endPage=520, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1152988713874350887, articleId=1152988713421366049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, language=EN, title=A distributed-in-place voltage control strategy for rural low-voltage distribution network considering complex scenarios, columnId=null, journalTitle=Renewable Energy Resources, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Rural lowvoltage distribution networks was simple grid structure and weak communication infrastructure. Largescale integration of distributed photovoltaic power system will lead to voltage violations in the rural lowvoltage distribution networks. To address this issue, this paper proposes a distributedlocal voltage control strategy for rural lowvoltage distribution networks considering complex scenarios. Firstly, considering the economic cost of voltage control for users, a control framework that takes into account the interests and responsibilities of both the grid and users is proposed. Secondly, a distributed insitu collaborative control strategy is proposed, which is suitable for the grid connection of a variety of distributed energy resources, and considers complex communication scenarios, and adapts to rural scenarios with or without communication or unstable communication. Finally, verified by simulation that the proposed control strategy can balance the interests of the grid and users and effectively solve the voltage violations in rural lowvoltage distribution networks.

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农村低压配电网网架结构简单且通信基础薄弱,大规模分布式光伏并网会使农村低压配电网出现电压越限问题。针对该问题,文章提出了一种计及复杂场景的农村低压配电网分布式就地电压控制策略。首先,考虑用户在电压控制中的经济成本,提出一种兼顾电网、用户利益与权责的控制框架;其次,提出一种分布式就地协同控制策略,适应多种分布式能源资源并网,并且考虑复杂通信场景,适应有、无通信或者通信不稳定的农村低压配电网场景;最后,通过仿真验证了所提控制策略能够兼顾电网和用户的利益,并且能有效解决农村低压配电网电压越限问题。

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(1991-),男,博士,高级工程师,研究方向为分布式光伏并网、交直流混合配电网。E-mail:
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相邻节点 1,2 2,3 3,4 4,5 5,6 6,7 7,8 8,9 9,10 5, 11
长度/m 50 100 75 25 25 50 25 50 75 75
相邻节点 11,12 12,13 13,14 14,15 15,16 13,17 17,18 4,19 19,20 20,21
长度/m 40 50 40 50 40 50 25 50 75 50
), ArticleFig(id=1159145970971038295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988713421366049, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=线路长度, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
相邻节点 1,2 2,3 3,4 4,5 5,6 6,7 7,8 8,9 9,10 5, 11
长度/m 50 100 75 25 25 50 25 50 75 75
相邻节点 11,12 12,13 13,14 14,15 15,16 13,17 17,18 4,19 19,20 20,21
长度/m 40 50 40 50 40 50 25 50 75 50
), ArticleFig(id=1159145971042341467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988713421366049, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Capacity of photovoltaics and energy, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
_r storagedevices _ _/ kW
节点 3 7 9 11 13 15 16 18 21
光伏逆变器容量 10.3 15.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 15.3 15.3
光伏额定功率 10 15 10 10 10 10 10 15 15
储能设备容量 8 16 12 8 12 8 16 12 8
), ArticleFig(id=1159145971084284509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988713421366049, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=光伏与储能设备的容量, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
_r storagedevices _ _/ kW
节点 3 7 9 11 13 15 16 18 21
光伏逆变器容量 10.3 15.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 15.3 15.3
光伏额定功率 10 15 10 10 10 10 10 15 15
储能设备容量 8 16 12 8 12 8 16 12 8
), ArticleFig(id=1159145971151393375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988713421366049, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=Adjustment costs for different control schemes, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
控制方案 用户调节成本/元 电网调节成本/元 总调节成本/元
方案五 15.22 32.4 47.62
方案七 2.68 78.85 81.53
方案八 59.76 10.52 70.28
), ArticleFig(id=1159145971201725027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988713421366049, language=CN, label=表 3, caption=不同控制方案的调节成本, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
控制方案 用户调节成本/元 电网调节成本/元 总调节成本/元
方案五 15.22 32.4 47.62
方案七 2.68 78.85 81.53
方案八 59.76 10.52 70.28
), ArticleFig(id=1159145971252056677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988713421366049, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=Control strategy design scheme, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
控制方案 逆变器有功 逆变器无功 储能有功 分接头操作
方案一
方案二
方案三
方案四
方案五
方案六
方案七
方案八
方案九
), ArticleFig(id=1159145971323359847, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988713421366049, language=CN, label=表 4, caption=控制策略设计方案, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
控制方案 逆变器有功 逆变器无功 储能有功 分接头操作
方案一
方案二
方案三
方案四
方案五
方案六
方案七
方案八
方案九
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计及复杂场景的农村低压配电网分布式-就地电压控制策略
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王峰 1 , 蔡永翔 2 , 陈湘萍 1 , 曾相竟 1 , 唐巍 3 , 张璐 3
可再生能源 | 2025,43(4): 510-520
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可再生能源 | 2025, 43(4): 510-520
计及复杂场景的农村低压配电网分布式-就地电压控制策略
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王峰1, 蔡永翔2 , 陈湘萍1, 曾相竟1, 唐巍3, 张璐3
作者信息
  • 1 贵州大学 电气工程学院 贵州 贵阳 550025
  • 2 贵州电网有限责任公司 电力科学研究院 贵州 贵阳 550002
  • 3 中国农业大学 信息与电气工程学院 北京 100083

通讯作者:

(1991-),男,博士,高级工程师,研究方向为分布式光伏并网、交直流混合配电网。E-mail:
A distributed-in-place voltage control strategy for rural low-voltage distribution network considering complex scenarios
Feng Wang1, Yongxiang Cai2 , Xiangping Chen1, Xiangjing Zeng1, Wei Tang3, Lu Zhang3
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Electrical Engineering Guizhou University Guiyang 550025 China
  • 2 Electric Power Research Institute Guizhou Power Grid Co., Ltd. Guiyang 550002 China
  • 3 College of Information and Electrical Engineering China Agricultural University Beijing 100083 China
出版时间: 2025-04-20
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农村低压配电网网架结构简单且通信基础薄弱,大规模分布式光伏并网会使农村低压配电网出现电压越限问题。针对该问题,文章提出了一种计及复杂场景的农村低压配电网分布式就地电压控制策略。首先,考虑用户在电压控制中的经济成本,提出一种兼顾电网、用户利益与权责的控制框架;其次,提出一种分布式就地协同控制策略,适应多种分布式能源资源并网,并且考虑复杂通信场景,适应有、无通信或者通信不稳定的农村低压配电网场景;最后,通过仿真验证了所提控制策略能够兼顾电网和用户的利益,并且能有效解决农村低压配电网电压越限问题。

低压配电网  /  分布式光伏  /  电压越限  /  复杂通信

Rural lowvoltage distribution networks was simple grid structure and weak communication infrastructure. Largescale integration of distributed photovoltaic power system will lead to voltage violations in the rural lowvoltage distribution networks. To address this issue, this paper proposes a distributedlocal voltage control strategy for rural lowvoltage distribution networks considering complex scenarios. Firstly, considering the economic cost of voltage control for users, a control framework that takes into account the interests and responsibilities of both the grid and users is proposed. Secondly, a distributed insitu collaborative control strategy is proposed, which is suitable for the grid connection of a variety of distributed energy resources, and considers complex communication scenarios, and adapts to rural scenarios with or without communication or unstable communication. Finally, verified by simulation that the proposed control strategy can balance the interests of the grid and users and effectively solve the voltage violations in rural lowvoltage distribution networks.

low-voltage distribution networks  /  distributed photovoltaics  /  voltage violation  /  complex communications
王峰, 蔡永翔, 陈湘萍, 曾相竟, 唐巍, 张璐. 计及复杂场景的农村低压配电网分布式-就地电压控制策略. 可再生能源, 2025 , 43 (4) : 510 -520 .
Feng Wang, Yongxiang Cai, Xiangping Chen, Xiangjing Zeng, Wei Tang, Lu Zhang. A distributed-in-place voltage control strategy for rural low-voltage distribution network considering complex scenarios[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2025 , 43 (4) : 510 -520 .
随着“双碳”目标 [ 1 ] 的提出和“整县开发试点” 工作 [ 2 ] 的进展,以光伏为代表的新能源发电在农村得到了快速发展 [ 3 ] 。但受到农村电网结构的制约,大规模分布式光伏并网会造成农村低压配电网电压越限问题 [ 4 , 5 ] ,并且农村通信基础薄弱,会产生通信间断,通信场景较为复杂。
针对大规模分布式光伏并网造成的电压控制问题,主要有以下解决方法 [ 6 - 14 ] ,调节光伏逆变器无功功率、安装无功补偿设备、调节储能有功功率和削减光伏有功功率。其控制策略主要包括就地控制策略、集中式控制策略和分布式控制策略。文献[ 15 ]提出了一种就地自适应电压控制策略,仅通过并网点设备调节电压, 无需通信就能与网络中其他设备进行协调控制。文献[ 16 ]提出了一种自动控制策略来引导有通信和无通信的光伏逆变器, 通过有功和无功控制解决过电压问题, 但其控制策略是基于中央控制器的集中式控制, 计算量大,运行速度较慢。文献[ 17 ]提出了一种光伏逆变器无功和储能有功相结合的分布式电压控制策略, 通过简单的通信和少量的计算实现设备间的协调分配, 有效解决了电压越限问题。但该策略未考虑没有通信或者通信不稳定的农村低压配电网。文献[ 18 ]所提控制策略在解决电压越限问题时仅考虑了用户经济效益, 没有考虑电网公司经济效益。
本文考虑了用户电压控制的成本, 提出了一种兼顾电网、用户利益与权责的控制框架; 提出一种分布式-就地协同控制策略, 适应多种分布式能源资源并网,并且考虑复杂通信场景,适应有通信、无通信或者通信不稳定的农村场景;此外,提出了一种运行状态识别与参数自适应整定方法, 以提高运行控制效率, 降低通信环境变动对运行控制的影响。
电压控制过程中必然伴随着经济成本问题, 为实现用户与电网的利益协同, 本文提出了一种兼顾用户和电网利益的控制框架。
光伏发电时, 光伏逆变器保留了部分容量可用于无功功率控制, 通过吸收或释放无功进行电压调节。考虑适当增加逆变器的容量就能得到很好的无功调节能力, 并且逆变器进行无功调节几乎没有代价, 因此将光伏逆变器的无功控制作为控制策略的第一阶段。电网调节资源调用须付出相应经济成本, 因此在考虑用户经济效益时也要兼顾电网的成本。文献[ 18 ]提出了一种有载调压变压器分接头控制调节电压, 该策略通过对无功进行有效补偿, 可以稳定由于负载变化引起的电压波动,保持电网的稳定性和可靠性。并且该设备具有较长的使用寿命和简便的维护流程, 长期运行可显著降低维护成本和工作量,因此,将分接头调节作为控制的第二阶段。在电网调节资源还未解决电压问题时, 通过配置储能设备进行有功功率调节。然而, 储能设备需要较高的经济成本, 并且频繁地充、放电会减少储能设备的使用寿命,因此将储能有功功率控制作为控制策略的第三阶段。若电网中仍存在电压越限问题, 为了兼顾用户间的公平性, 根据用户的光伏并网容量作为判断依据, 用户的光伏并网发电能力越强, 其应担负的调节职责也就越大, 因此将用户的有功控制(即光伏有功削减)作为控制的第四阶段。
为了最大限度地利用光伏逆变器的无功功率容量, 充分协调网络中的各个逆变器容量, 本文一致性状态变量采用光伏逆变器的无功功率控制率, 其表达式为
${\mu }_{i,\mathrm{{PV}}} = \frac{{Q}_{i,\mathrm{{PV}}}}{{C}_{i,\mathrm{{PV}}}}$
式中: ${\mu }_{i,\mathrm{{PV}}}$ 为节点 $i$ 的光伏逆变器的无功功率利用率; ${Q}_{i,\mathrm{{PV}}}$ 为节点 $i$ 的光伏逆变器的无功功率; ${C}_{i,\mathrm{{PV}}}$ 为节点 $i$ 的光伏逆变器的最大可调无功功率容量。
节点无功功率利用率通过传感器检测并网点电压数据变化更新, 主导节点的无功功率利用率 ${\mu }_{i,\mathrm{{PV}}}^{t,\mathrm{{ref}}}$ 的计算式为
${\mu }_{i,\mathrm{{PV}}}^{t,\text{ ref }}\left( k\right) = \\ \left\{ \begin{array}{l} {\mu }_{\mathrm{{PV}}}^{t,\text{ ref }}\left( {k - 1}\right) - \alpha \left\lbrack {{U}_{N}^{t}\left( k\right) - {U}_{\max }}\right\rbrack {U}_{\max } < {U}_{N}^{t}\left( k\right) \\ {\mu }_{\mathrm{{PV}}}^{t,\text{ ref }}\left( {k - 1}\right) {U}_{\min } \leq {U}_{N}^{t}\left( k\right) \leq {U}_{\max } \\ {\mu }_{\mathrm{{PV}}}^{t,\text{ ref }}\left( {k - 1}\right) - \alpha \left\lbrack {{U}_{N}^{t}\left( k\right) - {U}_{\min }}\right\rbrack {U}_{N}^{t}\left( k\right) < {U}_{\min } \end{array}\right.$
式中: ${U}_{\max }$ 为电压上限,本文取 1.07 p.u.; ${U}_{\min }$ 为电压下限,本文取 ${0.93}\mathrm{p}.\mathrm{u}.;{\mu }_{\mathrm{{PV}}}^{t,\text{ref }}$$t$ 时刻主导节点的无功功率利用率,当主导节点电压高于 ${U}_{\max }$ 时, ${\mu }_{\mathrm{{PV}}}^{t,\text{ ref }}$ 减小,主导节点电压低于 ${U}_{\min }$ 时, ${\mu }_{\mathrm{{PV}}}^{t,\text{ ref }}$ 增大,其余时段 ${\mu }_{\mathrm{{PV}}}^{t,\text{ref }}$ 保持不变; $\alpha$ 为调节控制方法收敛速度和精度的参数,本文中取 $1;{U}_{N}^{t}$$t$ 时刻主导节点 $N$ 的电压。
针对没有通信的光伏逆变器无功功率控制, 本文采用下垂控制策略进行就地自适应电压控制。在就地自适应电压控制策略中, ${U}_{\max },{U}_{\min }$ 为关键变量,是实现就地自适应电压控制的核心。
当电压处于正常区间 $\left( {{U}_{\min } \leq U \leq {U}_{\max }}\right)$ 时不进行调节, 为正常运行状况。当电压处于越限区间 $\left( {U > {U}_{\max }, U < {U}_{\min }}\right)$ 时,通过自适应控制调节本地设备进行无功功率控制, 吸收或释放无功功率降低或提高电压, 将电压维持在规定的范围内, 实现电压就地控制的效果。
就地控制策略可以表示为
$Q = \left| {\;\begin{array}{ll} {Q}_{\max }, & U < {V}_{\mathrm{a}} \\ \frac{{Q}_{\max }}{{V}_{\mathrm{a}} - {V}_{\mathrm{b}}} & \left( {U - {V}_{\mathrm{a}}}\right) + {Q}_{\max },{V}_{\mathrm{a}} \leq U \leq {V}_{\mathrm{b}} \\ 0, & {V}_{\mathrm{b}} \leq U \leq {V}_{\mathrm{c}} \\ \frac{{Q}_{\max }}{{V}_{\mathrm{c}} - {V}_{\mathrm{d}}} & \left( {U - {V}_{\mathrm{c}}}\right) ,\;{V}_{\mathrm{c}} \leq U \leq {V}_{\mathrm{d}} \\ - {Q}_{\max } & U \geq {V}_{\mathrm{c}}, \end{array}}\right.$
式中: ${Q}_{\max }$ 为对应节点光伏逆变器在最小功率因数运行下的无功功率容量; ${V}_{\mathrm{a}}$${V}_{\mathrm{d}}$ 分别为光伏逆变器无功功率控制可调节的最小和最大电压; ${V}_{\mathrm{b}},{V}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 分别对应 ${U}_{\min },{U}_{\max \mathrm{o}}$
就地控制策略下的 $Q\left( U\right)$ 下垂曲线及各逆变器无功功率输出情况见图 1
图 1 可知, 当电压超出规定范围且光伏逆变器无功功率调节能力不足时, 通过自适应有功-无功协同控制策略,削减本地光伏逆变器的有功功率。通过动态调整有功输出水平,释放额外无功功率调节裕度, 最终将电压恢复到正常运行状况。
受农村复杂地形条件影响, 部分电网设备通信不稳定, 导致网络电压控制效果下降, 造成电压控制失效。针对该问题,本文提出了一种运行状态识别与参数自适应整定方法, 对网络中设备的通信状态进行监测识别, 在通信状态发生变化时相应地进行参数自适应调节。当设备的运行状态发生变化, 从通信状态变为无通信时, 通信设备的数量减少,有通信的设备相应地进行参数自适应调节,同时失去通信的设备转变为就地控制。其次, 当失去通信的设备通信恢复,通信设备的数量增加时, 重新触发在线设备的参数协同调节, 实现全网控制参数的动态更新, 其原理分别如图 2,3 所示。
①运行状态识别
图 3(a)可知, 在网络通信中设置一个初始节点, 网络中的通信设备在进行一致性协调迭代前先向初始节点发送信息, 信息内容为设备所处的节点位置标识, 这样可以识别由于通信不稳定所导致失去通信的设备。如在某个迭代时间段开始,初始节点没有收到某个节点的数据信号,则说明该节点在这个时刻失去了通信能力。
②无线通信自适应组网
图 3(b)可知, 当网络中的设备由于通信不稳定导致失去通信时, 网络通信的组网随之相应发生变化。如节点 5 与 17 相互通信,当节点 5 的设备失去通信功能后,节点 17 采用第二条组网与节点 11 通信。相反,当失去通信的设备恢复通信后, 网络中的通信恢复到第一条组网。网络中设置了多条通信线路, 可以通过对设备运行状态的识别进行多种自适应组网通信。
③参数调节
当网络中通信设备的数量减少或增加时, 均会伴随着设备参数自适应调节。
本文由于储能装置的有功容量占用了整个装置的总容量, 因此未考虑储能装置的无功调节能力。
当光伏逆变器的分布式控制达到饱和且电网分接头操作仍未解决电压越限问题,储能系统的分布式控制将参与电压调节。与光伏逆变器不同, 储能装置在选择一致性变量时, 要考虑储能设备装机容量的差异和储能系统调节功率的一致性。 本文以 SoC 的变化作为一致性变量, 储能系统分布式控制的响应为
$\Delta {S}^{t,\text{ ref }}\left( k\right) = \\ \left\{ \begin{matrix} \Delta {S}^{t,\text{ ref }}\left( {k - 1}\right) - \beta \left\lbrack {{U}_{N}^{t}\left( k\right) - {U}_{\max }}\right\rbrack {U}_{\max } < {U}_{N}^{t}\left( k\right) \\ \Delta {S}^{t,\text{ ref }}\left( {k - 1}\right) \;{U}_{\min } \leq {U}_{N}^{t}\left( k\right) \leq {U}_{\max } \\ \Delta {S}^{t,\text{ ref }}\left( {k - 1}\right) - \beta \left\lbrack {{U}_{N}^{t}\left( k\right) - {U}_{\min }}\right\rbrack {U}_{N}^{t}\left( k\right) < {U}_{\min } \end{matrix}\right.$
式中: $\Delta {S}^{t,\text{ ref }}$ 为主导节点 $N$$t$ 时刻的 SoC 变化量; $\beta$ 为调节控制方法收敛速度和精度的参数,本文取 1。
当储能的分布式控制达到饱和仍未解决电压越限问题, 用户有功的分布式控制将参与电压调节,即用户端进行光伏有功削减。在并网节点的电压处于允许的上限之下时, 光伏发电系统会以最大功率点跟踪 (Maximum Power Point Tracking, MPPT)功率接入电网。相反,如果并网节点的电压超出了规定的上限,光伏发电将不再维持最大功率点跟踪的输出功率, 而是遵循预设的电压-有功功率曲线, 削减光伏系统的有功功率输出。因此,本文以 MPPT 作为一致性变量。用户有功削减分布式控制可以表示为
${P}_{\mathrm{{MPPT}}}^{t,\text{ ref }}\left( k\right) = \\ \left\{ \begin{array}{ll} {P}_{\text{MPPT }}^{t,\text{ ref }}\left( {k - 1}\right) - \gamma \left\lbrack {{U}_{N}^{t}\left( k\right) - {U}_{\max }}\right\rbrack & {U}_{\max } < {U}_{N}^{t}\left( k\right) \\ {P}_{\text{MPPT }}^{t,\text{ ref }}\left( {k - 1}\right) & {U}_{\min } \leq {U}_{N}^{t}\left( k\right) \leq {U}_{\max } \\ {P}_{\text{MPPT }}^{t,\text{ ref }}\left( {k - 1}\right) & {U}_{N}^{t}\left( k\right) < {U}_{\min } \end{array}\right.$
式中: ${P}_{\mathrm{{MPPT}}}^{t,\text{ ref }}$ 为主导节点 $N$$t$ 时刻最大功率点跟踪变化量; $\gamma$ 为调节控制方法收敛速度和精度的参数,本文取 1 。
在进行光伏逆变器的有功无功功率控制和储能设备的有功控制时, 本文选择采用一致性算法来动态协调 [ 19 , 20 ] 分布式控制。
根据一致性算法, 协调网络各节点的逆变器无功功率利用率${\mu }_{\mathrm{i},\mathrm{{PV}}}^{\mathrm{t}}$合理分配,得到新的逆变器无功功率利用率为
${\mu }_{1,\mathrm{{PV}}}^{t} = {\mu }_{2,\mathrm{{PV}}}^{t} = \cdots = {\mu }_{i,\mathrm{{PV}}}^{t} = \frac{{Q}_{i,\mathrm{{PV}}}^{t}}{{Q}_{i,\mathrm{{PV}}}^{\max }}\;i \in {N}_{\mathrm{{PV}}}$
式中:${Q}_{i,\mathrm{{PV}}}^{t}$为节点$i$$t$时刻的光伏逆变器无功功率输出功率;${Q}_{i,\mathrm{{PV}}}^{\max }$为节点$i$的光伏逆变器最大无功功率输出功率;${N}_{\mathrm{{PV}}}$为网络中接入光伏的节点。
根据相邻逆变器的状态变量, 更新网络中逆变器的状态变量,并联立式 (2) 得节点$i$上逆变器在$t$时刻的无功功率利用率${\mu }_{i,\mathrm{{PV}}}^{t}\left( k\right)$
${\mu }_{i,\mathrm{{PV}}}^{t}\left( k\right) = \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j \in {N}_{\mathrm{{PV}}}}}^{{N}_{\mathrm{{PV}}}}\left\lbrack {{\delta }_{i, j}^{\mathrm{{PV}}}{\mu }_{j,\mathrm{{PV}}}^{t}\left( {k - 1}\right) }\right\rbrack + \\ {d}_{i}^{\mathrm{{PV}}}{\lambda }_{1}\left\lbrack {{\mu }_{i,\mathrm{{PV}}}^{t}\left( {k - 1}\right) - {\mu }_{\mathrm{{PV}}}^{t,\text{ ref }}\left( {k - 1}\right) }\right\rbrack$
式中:${d}_{i}^{\mathrm{{PV}}}$为判断节点$i$与主导节点之间是否存在通信线路,存在${d}_{i}^{\mathrm{{PV}}} = 1$,不存在${d}_{i}^{\mathrm{{PV}}} = 0;{\lambda }_{1}$为无功功率利用率的迭代步长,其取值为 0~1,迭代步长越大收敛速度越快,精度越低;$\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j \in {N}_{\mathrm{{PV}}}}}^{{N}_{\mathrm{{PV}}}}\left\lbrack {{\delta }_{i, j}^{\mathrm{{PV}}}{\mu }_{j,\mathrm{{PV}}}^{t}\left( {k - 1}\right) }\right\rbrack$为节点$i$受其他光伏节点的影响;${\delta }_{i, j}^{\mathrm{{PV}}}$为第$i$个节点接收到的第$j$个节点的信息${\mu }_{j,\mathrm{{PV}}}^{t}\left( {k - 1}\right)$而设置的权重。
根据无功功率利用率即可得到各个逆变器在$t$时刻输出的无功功率为
${Q}_{i,\mathrm{{PV}}}^{t}\left( k\right) = {\mu }_{i,\mathrm{{PV}}}^{t}\left( k\right) {Q}_{\mathrm{{PV}}, t}^{\max }\;i \in {N}_{\mathrm{{PV}}}$
此外, PV 还必须满足以下约束条件:
$- {Q}_{i,\mathrm{{PV}}}^{\max } \leq - {Q}_{i,\mathrm{{PV}}}^{t} \leq + {Q}_{i,\mathrm{{PV}}}^{\max }$
$\cos {\theta }_{i} \in \left\lbrack {-1, - {0.9}}\right\rbrack \cup \left\lbrack {{0.9},1}\right\rbrack \;i \in {N}_{\mathrm{{PV}}}$
式中:${\theta }_{i}$为节点$i$的功率因数角。
根据一致性算法,协调网络各节点的 SoC 变化量$\Delta {\mathrm{{SoC}}}_{1}^{t}$合理分配,得到一个更新后的$\mathrm{{SoC}}$变化量为
$\Delta {\mathrm{{SoC}}}_{1}^{t} = \Delta {\mathrm{{SoC}}}_{2}^{t} = \cdots = \Delta {\mathrm{{SoC}}}_{i}^{t}$
同时联立式 (3) 对节点$i$上储能设备$\mathrm{{SoC}}$$t$时刻的变化量进行更新,即:
$\Delta {S}_{i}^{t}\left( k\right) = \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j \in {N}_{\mathrm{{Ess}}}}}^{{N}_{\mathrm{{Ess}}}}{\delta }_{i, j}^{\mathrm{{Ess}}}\Delta {S}_{j}^{t}\left( {k - 1}\right) + \\ {d}_{i}^{\text{Ess }}{\lambda }_{2}\left\lbrack {\Delta {S}_{i}^{t}\left( {k - 1}\right) - \Delta {S}^{t,\text{ ref }}\left( {k - 1}\right) }\right\rbrack$
式中:${N}_{\mathrm{{Ess}}}$为网络中接入储能的节点;${d}_{i}^{\mathrm{{Ess}}}$为判断节点$i$与主导节点之间是否存在通信线路,存在${d}_{i}^{\mathrm{{Ess}}} =$1,不存在${d}_{i}^{\mathrm{{Ess}}} = 0;{\lambda }_{2}$为无功功率利用率的迭代步长,其取值为 0~1,迭代步长越大收敛速度越快, 但精度越低;$\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j \in {N}_{Es}}}^{{N}_{Es}}\left\lbrack {{\delta }_{i, j}^{\mathrm{{Ess}}}\Delta {S}_{j}^{t}\left( {k - 1}\right) }\right\rbrack$为节点$i$受其他储能节点的影响;${\delta }_{i, j}^{\mathrm{{pv}}}$为第$i$个节点接收到的第$j$个节点的信息$\Delta {S}_{j}^{t}\left( {k - 1}\right)$而设置的权重。
根据储能$\mathrm{{SoC}}$的变化,可以计算出储能的有功功率为
${P}_{i,\text{ Ess }}^{t}\left( k\right) = \frac{\Delta {\mathrm{{SoC}}}_{i}^{t}\left( k\right) {C}_{i,\text{ Ess }}}{\Delta t}$
式中:${P}_{i,\text{ Ess }}^{t}$为节点$i$$t$时刻的有功功率,${P}_{i,\text{ Ess }}^{t} > 0$表示此时储能设备为充电状态,${P}_{i,\text{ Ess }}^{t} < 0$表示此时储能设备为放电状态;${C}_{i,\mathrm{{Ess}}}$为节点$i$储能设备的容量;${\Delta t}$为储能调节充、放电时间。
从式(12)可得下一个时刻的储能$\mathrm{{SoC}}$
$\Delta {\mathrm{{SoC}}}_{i}^{t + 1}\left( k\right) = {\mathrm{{SoC}}}_{i}^{t}\left( k\right) + \Delta {\mathrm{{SoC}}}_{i}^{t}\left( k\right)$
此外,储能还应满足以下约束条件:
${\mathrm{{SoC}}}_{\min } \leq {\mathrm{{SoC}}}_{i}^{t} \leq {\mathrm{{SoC}}}_{\max }\;i \in {N}_{\text{Ess }}$
$- {P}_{i,\text{ Ess }}^{\text{ref }} \leq {P}_{i,\text{ Ess }}^{t} \leq + {P}_{i,\text{ Ess }}^{\text{ref }}\;i \in {N}_{\text{Ess }}$
式中:${\mathrm{{SoC}}}_{\min }$${\mathrm{{SoC}}}_{\max }$分别为储能设备$\mathrm{{SoC}}$的下限和上限 (本文中选取${20}\%$${80}\%$);${P}_{i,\mathrm{{Ess}}}^{\mathrm{{ref}}}$为节点$i$的储能设备的额定有功功率。
根据一致性算法, 得到新的逆变器最大功率点跟踪,其表达式为
${P}_{1,\mathrm{{MPPT}}}^{t} = {P}_{2,\mathrm{{MPPT}}}^{t} = \cdots = {P}_{i,\mathrm{{MPPT}}}^{t}\;i \in {N}_{\mathrm{{PV}}}$
同时联立式 (4) 对节点$i$上最大功率跟踪点在$t$时刻的变化量进行更新,即:
${P}_{i,\text{ MPPT }}^{t}\left( k\right) = \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j \in {N}_{\mathrm{{PV}}}}}^{{N}_{\mathrm{{PV}}}}\left\lbrack {{\delta }_{i, j}^{\text{MPPT }}{P}_{j,\text{ MPPT }}^{t}\left( {k - 1}\right) }\right\rbrack + \\ {d}_{\mathrm{i}}^{\mathrm{{MPPT}}}{\lambda }_{3}\left\lbrack {{P}_{i,\mathrm{{MPPT}}}^{t}\left( {k - 1}\right) - {P}_{\mathrm{{MPPT}}}^{t,\text{ ref }}\left( {k - 1}\right) }\right\rbrack$
根据光伏逆变器最大功率点跟踪${P}_{i,\mathrm{{MPPT}}}^{t}$变化量即可计算出光伏逆变器输出的有功功率为
${P}_{i,\mathrm{{PV}}}^{t}\left( k\right) = {P}_{i,\mathrm{{MPPT}}}^{t}\left( k\right)$
图 4 为电压控制策略流程图。
图 4 可知, 流程主要分为光伏逆变器无功功率控制、分接头操作、储能系统有功功率控制与用户有功功率控制 4 个阶段。
本文线路拓扑结构 [ 21 ] 图 5 所示。
在图中的5,9,11,12,13,14,17,18,21节点上安装光伏发电和储能系统。其中节点9,18,21 没有通信。网络中线路的阻抗为$\left( {{0.650} + \mathrm{j}{0.380}}\right)$$\Omega /\mathrm{{km}}$,两个相邻节点的线路长度见表 1
网络中的光伏逆变器与储能设备容量见表 2。光伏出力与用户负荷曲线见图 6
本文所提控制策略分为 4 个控制环节, 对这 4 个控制环节分别进行比较, 如图 7 所示。
方案一为光伏逆变器的无功功率控制, 对有通信的分布式能源使用一致性算法协调控制, 对没有通信的分布式能源使用就地自适应控制策略调节。方案二通过变压器分接头动作控制电压。方案三通过储能设备有功控制进行电压调节。方案四通过逆变器有功控制(光伏有功功率削减)进行电压调节。方案五为本文所提分布式-就地自适应控制策略。
图 7(a)为无控制下网络末节点(节点 16)的三相电压情况, 在 06:00-12:00, 光伏出力不断地增大, 而此时段用户负荷较小, 工业负荷虽然较大,但其增长速度不及光伏出力的增长速度。因此 08:30 开始发生过电压现象,并且一直持续到 14: 05, 在 12:10, 过电压达到峰值 1.117 p.u.。在 14: 05 之后,随着光伏出力的不断减少以及用户负荷增加,过电压现象逐渐消失。光伏出力在 18:00 时减少至 0,而 18:00-22:00 为用电高峰期,因此从 17:35 开始发生欠电压现象,在 18:40 分达到极值 0.894 p.u.。随着用电负荷开始减小,在 22: 20 时欠电压现象消失, 网络电压逐渐恢复正常。
图 7(b)可以看出,在 10:00-13:00 仍存在过电压现象,在 18:00-00:30 仍有轻微欠电压现象存在。这表明方案一的控制策略下, 电压越限问题并没有完全被解决。这是由于中午光照强度过高, 致使光伏逆变器的无功功率容量达到饱和, 因此方案一的控制没有完全地解决电压越限问题。但是, 经过方案一控制, 网络中过电压持续时长从初始的${5.5}\mathrm{\;h}$缩短至$3\mathrm{\;h}$,欠电压持续时长从之前的$5\mathrm{\;h}$减少到${2.5}\mathrm{\;h}$,并且电压峰值有了明显降低,显著提升了电压质量。
图 7(c)可以看出,方案二控制下网络中仍存在过电压现象。这是由于在电压调节过程中, 有载变压调压器受自身设计限制, 其分接头调节范围有限, 网络中的电压越限超出了它的调节范围。此外,也受到调节速度的影响,由于电压越限的变化频繁快速, 调节速度难以跟上电压变化。
在方案三和方案五的控制下, 储能设备 SoC 变化如图 8 所示。
图 8(a)可知, 12:20 之前, 储能设备吸收有功,避免了电压越上限,但当储能 SoC 达到 80% 后,储能设备无法继续调节电压,因此,在 12:20 后重新出现电压越上限。储能装置在夜晚电压越下限时段输出有功作为补偿,从 17:35 开始储能系统输出白天吸收的有功抑制电压越下限。由图 7(e)可以看出, 在方案四控制下也存在电压越限状况。由方案一~四可知,仅靠单一的光伏无功功率控制或者储能有功控制无法解决光伏并网中的电压越限问题。由$7\left( \mathrm{f}\right)$可看出,方案五有效解决了电压越限问题, 将电压控制在规定范围内。并且由$8\left( \mathrm{\;b}\right)$可以看到,方案五控制下的储能系统的 SoC 变化范围仅为$\left\lbrack {{28.78}\% ,{37.14}\% }\right\rbrack$,远小于方案三控制下的 SoC 变化范围[27.65%, 80.00%], 减小了储能设备的损耗,节约了电网企业的维护成本。
为了进一步地表明本文所提控制策略的有效性,与文献[ 22 ]提出的光伏逆变器和储能协调的就地控制策略进行对比, 该策略记为方案六。
图 9 为方案六控制下的末节点电压。
$9\left( \mathrm{a}\right)$可以看出,网络中仍存在一定程度的电压越限问题。这是由于该控制策略未能充分利用每一个储能设备的容量。由图 9(b)可知, 节点 5 的储能设备容量并没有被充分利用。由于方案六的控制策略各设备间缺乏协调控制, 不同节点的设备只调节所在节点的电压,所以导致安装在线路首段的储能, 节点电压变化并不能到达电压上、 下限,造成了储能调节容量的浪费。相反安装在线路末端的储能, 节点电压变化却严重超出了电压的上、下限,此时储能设备即使充满电也无法解决该节点的电压越限状况。相比之下,本文所提出的基于一致性算法的分布式-就地自适应策略选取光伏逆变器的无功功率利用率和储能$\mathrm{{SoC}}$变化量作为一致性变量, 能够避免容量小的设备频繁出现满容量运行的状况, 保持每个设备均能维持在正常的工作状态下, 确保设备能够高效且稳定地运行。
对本文所提控制策略的调节成本进行分析, 以验证方案五控制策略兼顾用户和电网的经济效益。将文献[ 22 ]中储能有功控制和光伏逆变器无功功率控制的两阶段控制策略和文献[ 16 ]光伏逆变器有功、无功功率控制都考虑分接头操作,记为方案七和方案八。
采用逆变器无功功率控制、变压器分接头操作、储能设备有功控制、光伏逆变器有功控制时均会产生一定的控制调节成本。逆变器无功功率调节成本为 0.067 元/(kvar·h),储能有功调节成本为 0.607 元/($\mathrm{{kW}} \cdot \mathrm{h}$),光伏逆变器有功控制成本为 0.45 元/$\left( {\mathrm{{kW}} \cdot \mathrm{h}}\right)$表 3 为不同控制方案的成本。
表 3 可知: 方案七在调节电压时仅考虑了用户利益, 导致电网公司为实现电压调节目标, 投入较高成本; 方案八在电压控制时仅聚焦于电网的利益, 在实施过程中对用户产生了较高成本。而本文所提策略兼顾了用户和电网双方的利益, 在保障用户用电质量的同时, 也充分考虑了电网运营的经济性, 并且从总体调节成本来看, 本文策略通过优化资源配置、合理规划调节流程以及采用先进的控制算法, 有效降低了成本。
为验证本文所提控制策略在复杂通信条件下的控制效果, 与文献[ 23 ]提出的光伏逆变器和储能协调的分布式控制策略进行对比,记为方案九。 控制效果如图 10 所示。
图 10(a) 可知, 方案九控制下仍存在电压越限, 原因是网络中某一通信设备由于通信不稳定失去通信功能, 进而导致设备容量无法被充分利用。由图 10(b)可知,在方案九控制下,通信稳定性不足,使得节点 17 的光伏逆变器在${12} : {00} -$14:00 和 18:30-21:30 失去通信能力,进而导致其设备无功功率容量未被充分协调利用。由图 10 (c)可知, 节点 5 的储能设备容量同样未被充分利用, 这是由于节点 5 的储能设备通信不稳定失去了通信能力, 导致其储能调节能力未能得到有效发挥。
图 11 为通信不稳定时本文所提自适应控制策略下的末节点电压。
本文所提出的基于一致性算法的分布式-就地自适应策略选取光伏逆变器的无功功率利用率和储能$\mathrm{{SoC}}$变化量作为一致性变量,当网络中某一设备因通信故障而失去通信连接时, 得益于该策略所构建的分布式-就地协同机制, 不会使其他设备进入满容量运行状态,确保每个设备均处于正常的工作状态下, 保障设备高效稳定运行, 提升了整个系统在复杂通信场景下的稳定性与可靠性。
综上所述, 本文所提的分布式-就地自适应控制策略展现出更为广泛的适用性。方案九的控制策略需要每个设备都有一定的通信能力, 当设备的通信出现故障或是设备没有通信能力时就无法正常运行,严重影响对配电网的电压控制效果。 而本文提出的分布式-就地自适应控制策略融合了分布式控制与就地控制两种模式, 当设备通信能力缺失时也可以自适应地进行就地控制维持网络中电压基本稳定。这一特性使得本文所提策略能够适应更为复杂多样的电网运行环境, 如通信基础设施薄弱、设备通信可靠性较低等场景, 极大地拓展了控制策略的适用范围, 为提升电力系统的稳定性与可靠性提供了更为有效的技术手段。
本文所涉及控制策略具体设计方案见表 4
本文对大规模光伏并网的农村低压配电网电压控制进行了研究, 提出了一种计及复杂场景的农村低压配电网分布式-就地电压控制策略。
①本文提出了兼顾电网、用户利益与权责的控制框架, 考虑不同控制方式的经济成本, 满足电网和用户的利益一致性。
②本文提出了一种基于一致性算法的分布式一就地自适应控制策略, 通过合理设置一致性变量, 充分协调网络中的各个设备, 调节电压水平和功率分配。提高了控制策略的可靠性和稳定性, 从而提升了控制的灵活性和适应性。
③本文考虑了有通信、无通信或者通信不稳定的农村场景, 提出了一种分布式-就地自适应控制策略,能够有效解决分布式光伏并网造成的电压越限问题。
  • 贵州省科技计划项目(黔科合支撑[2022]一般012)
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  • 接收时间:2024-06-02
  • 首发时间:2025-07-18
  • 出版时间:2025-04-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-02
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作者信息
    1 贵州大学 电气工程学院 贵州 贵阳 550025
    2 贵州电网有限责任公司 电力科学研究院 贵州 贵阳 550002
    3 中国农业大学 信息与电气工程学院 北京 100083

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(1991-),男,博士,高级工程师,研究方向为分布式光伏并网、交直流混合配电网。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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