Article(id=1152988711684924188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1152988708019098237, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1701705600000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752823530359, onlineDateStr=2025-07-18, pubDate=1745078400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752823530359, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752823530359, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752823530359, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1152988708019098237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, year='2025', volume='43', issue='4', pageStart='427', pageEnd='568', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1752823529485, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753694474720, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156641717148312407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1152988708019098237, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156641717148312408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1152988708019098237, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=427, endPage=432, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1152988712070800157, articleId=1152988711684924188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, language=EN, title=Research on cryogenic Four-zone storage model of liquid hydrogen based on Nusselt number, columnId=null, journalTitle=Renewable Energy Resources, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aiming at the impact of thermal stratification on storage, the Fourzone storage model is proposed and Helmholtz energy equation is used to calculate the thermal properties of hydrogen in the study. According to different experimental conditions, the Nusselt number correlation formula is proposed, and the heat transfer coefficient of condensation surface is modified, and the modified Fourzone model is built. Compared with the experimental data, the error of the modified model is less than 3%, which has higher accuracy. On this basis, the influence of different filling ratio on selfpressurized storage is studied. The result shows that with the increase of filling ratio, the selfpressurized rate of storage tank first slows down and then becomes faster. There is an optimal filling ratio when liquid hydrogen is stored at low temperature, which makes the safe storage time the longest.

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文章采用亥姆霍兹能量方程对氢的热物性进行了计算,建立了液氢低温四区存储模型。针对不同的实验工况,提出基于模型的努塞尔数(Nu)新关联式,对四区模型的凝结表面换热系数进行修正,得到四区修正模型。与实验值相比,修正后模型计算结果的误差保持在3%以内。在此基础上,考察不同充满率对液氢自增压存储的影响,结果表明:随着充满率的提高,储罐自增压速率先变慢后变快;液氢低温存储时存在最佳充满率,使得储罐安全存储时间最长。

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张小卿(1982-),男,博士,高级工程师,主要从事绿色动力船舶相关研究。E-mail:
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rates, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
漏热率
3.50 0.169 0.464 1.12
2.00 0.234 0.464 1.12
0.35 0.557 0.464 1.12
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漏热率
3.50 0.169 0.464 1.12
2.00 0.234 0.464 1.12
0.35 0.557 0.464 1.12
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基于努塞尔数的液氢低温四区存储模型研究
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徐成佳 1, 2 , 张小卿 1, 2 , 新家正太 1, 2
可再生能源 | 2025,43(4): 427-432
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可再生能源 | 2025, 43(4): 427-432
基于努塞尔数的液氢低温四区存储模型研究
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徐成佳1, 2, 张小卿1, 2 , 新家正太1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 上海交通大学 海洋工程国家重点试验室 上海 200240
  • 2 上海交通大学 高新船舶与深海装备开发协同创新中心 上海 200240

通讯作者:

张小卿(1982-),男,博士,高级工程师,主要从事绿色动力船舶相关研究。E-mail:
Research on cryogenic Four-zone storage model of liquid hydrogen based on Nusselt number
Chengjia Xu1, 2, Xiaoqing Zhang1, 2 , Zhengtai Xinjia1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
  • 2 Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Ship and Deep-Sea Exploration Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
出版时间: 2025-04-20
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文章采用亥姆霍兹能量方程对氢的热物性进行了计算,建立了液氢低温四区存储模型。针对不同的实验工况,提出基于模型的努塞尔数(Nu)新关联式,对四区模型的凝结表面换热系数进行修正,得到四区修正模型。与实验值相比,修正后模型计算结果的误差保持在3%以内。在此基础上,考察不同充满率对液氢自增压存储的影响,结果表明:随着充满率的提高,储罐自增压速率先变慢后变快;液氢低温存储时存在最佳充满率,使得储罐安全存储时间最长。

液氢  /  亥姆霍兹能量方程  /  努塞尔数(Nu)  /  低温储存

Aiming at the impact of thermal stratification on storage, the Fourzone storage model is proposed and Helmholtz energy equation is used to calculate the thermal properties of hydrogen in the study. According to different experimental conditions, the Nusselt number correlation formula is proposed, and the heat transfer coefficient of condensation surface is modified, and the modified Fourzone model is built. Compared with the experimental data, the error of the modified model is less than 3%, which has higher accuracy. On this basis, the influence of different filling ratio on selfpressurized storage is studied. The result shows that with the increase of filling ratio, the selfpressurized rate of storage tank first slows down and then becomes faster. There is an optimal filling ratio when liquid hydrogen is stored at low temperature, which makes the safe storage time the longest.

liquid hydrogen  /  Helmholtz energy equation  /  Nusselt number  /  cryogenic storage
徐成佳, 张小卿, 新家正太. 基于努塞尔数的液氢低温四区存储模型研究. 可再生能源, 2025 , 43 (4) : 427 -432 .
Chengjia Xu, Xiaoqing Zhang, Zhengtai Xinjia. Research on cryogenic Four-zone storage model of liquid hydrogen based on Nusselt number[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2025 , 43 (4) : 427 -432 .
氢能具有零排放、高能量密度和高效率的特点, 其质量能量密度约是柴油的 2.6 倍, 被认为是最理想的清洁能源 [ 1 ] 。发展氢燃料汽车和船舶,可以有效减少石油进口、城市空气污染和温室气体排放 [ 2 ] 。随着对氢能利用的加强,在工业上需要安全、高效、可靠的运输基础设施和储存技术。目前, 氢能储运技术主要有高压气态储氢、低温液态储氢和固体材料储氢等方法 [ 3 ] 。其中,低温液态储氢具有储氢密度大和储运安全高效的优势,逐渐成为研究的热点。
氢热物性的计算方法主要有实验值统计、状态方程计算和经验公式等 [ 4 ] 。由于特殊的低温工况, 获取液氢的实验数据相对困难, 因此通常采用状态方程求解。状态方程主要分为立方型状态方程、经验型状态方程、对应状态原理型状态方程及热力学函数状态方程等。其中,立方型状态方程以 Van der Waals 方程为基础, 具有简单、可靠的特点,但计算精度较低。经验型状态方程以 Virial 和 BWR 多参数方程为代表 [ 5 ] ,基于大量的实验数据得到, 但其对于低温工况的计算存在较大误差。 对应状态原理型状态方程以 LKP 方程为代表 [ 6 ] , 须要计算流体的性质与参考流体相接近, 否则会带来较大误差。热力学函数状态方程从物质自由能定义入手,能很好地计算液相氢和气相氢的低温热物性,是最常用的氢热物性计算方法。Zhao Y [ 7 ] 利用亥姆霍兹能量方程对氢的热物性进行计算, 不确定度控制在 ${0.2}\%$ 以内,相较于其他状态方程拥有更高的计算精度。因此,本文采用热力学函数中的亥姆霍兹函数对氢的热物性进行计算。
根据现有文献, 针对低温液体自增压储存的仿真模型主要有饱和均质模型、俄罗斯模型、热分层模型、三区模型等 [ 8 ] 。饱和均质模型假定气相和液相的温度相等,模型相对简单,但误差较大;俄罗斯模型基于实验数据, 只适用于圆柱形和球形容器;三区模型考虑罐内气液界面蒸发,计算结果相对准确。上述存储模型的研究主要针对液氮和液化天然气的存储,而关于液氢的研究相对较少。 Vandresar N T [ 9 ] 进行了液氢低温储罐自增压储存实验,并采用饱和均质模型进行对比验证,分析发现, 产生较大误差的原因是储罐内部热力学参数不均匀。Hands B A [ 10 ] 指出,上述热力学参数不均匀的现象是由低温液体的热分层引起的。单悌禄 [ 11 ] 基于三区模型同时考虑热分层区的影响,提出了四区存储模型。Wang H R [ 12 ] 采用热多区模型对液氢热分层区进一步细分,但模型相对复杂,计算量较大。
液氢低温存储时的换热系数也是仿真模型研究的重点。宋斌杰 [ 13 ] 通过气相、液相热流之比对储罐气相空间的换热进行了理论研究, 提出了气相换热计算公式。Yang H [ 14 ] 采用常规计算和机器学习模型分别对液氢的换热系数进行了预测, 并进行对比分析, 指出常规计算在工程应用中具有简单、高效的优点。在常规计算中,液氢低温存储时的对流换热属于有限空间自然对流, 自然对流和边界层的发展受到空间限制, 表现为对流换热系数受到对流高度(H)和特征长度 $\left( \delta \right)$ 的影响,这种影响通常采用努塞尔数(Nu)来表征 [ 15 ]
综上, 本文采用亥姆霍兹能量方程计算氢热物性 [ 16 ] ,针对不同实验工况对 ${Nu}$ 进行修正,并提出基于四区模型的 ${Nu}$ 新关联式。在此基础上,建立了液氢低温存储四区修正模型, 考察了初始充满率对液氢低温存储时蒸发特性的影响, 旨在研究储罐内液氢低温存储的规律。
亥姆霍兹能量$A$通常表示为理想状态下能量贡献${a}^{0}$和能量贡献修正值${a}^{\mathrm{r}}$之和 [ 17 ] ,将理想气体常数$R$和温度$T$量纲一化后可以得到亥姆霍兹能量方程。
$\alpha \left( {\tau ,\delta }\right) = a\left( {T,\rho }\right) /\left( {RT}\right) = {a}^{0}\left( {\tau ,\delta }\right) + {a}^{\mathrm{r}}\left( {\tau ,\delta }\right)$
${a}^{0}\left( {\tau ,\delta }\right) = \ln \delta + {1.5}\ln \tau + {a}_{1} + {a}_{2}\tau + \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{k = 3}}^{N}{a}_{k}\ln \left\lbrack {1 - \exp \left( {{b}_{k}\tau }\right) }\right\rbrack$
${a}^{\mathrm{r}}\left( {\tau ,\delta }\right) = \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{l}{N}_{i}{\delta }^{{}^{{d}_{i}}}{\tau }^{{}^{{t}_{i}}} + \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = l + 1}}^{m}{N}_{i}{\delta }^{{}^{{d}_{i}}}{\tau }^{{}^{{t}_{i}}}{e}^{-\delta {p}_{i}} + \\ \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = m + 1}}^{n}{N}_{i}{\delta }^{{d}_{i}}{\tau }^{{t}_{i}}\exp \left\lbrack {{\varphi }_{i}{\left( \delta - {D}_{i}\right) }^{2} + {\beta }_{i}{\left( \tau - {\gamma }_{i}\right) }^{2}}\right\rbrack$
式中:$\alpha$为亥姆霍兹能量量纲一式;$\tau$$\delta$分别为温度$T$和密度$\rho$量纲一化后的变量;${a}_{k},{b}_{k},{N}_{i},{d}_{i}$,${t}_{i},{p}_{i},{\varphi }_{i},{D}_{i},{\beta }_{i},{\gamma }_{i}$均为自由能基本方程参数。
通过麦克斯韦关系式, 可以计算得出对应工况下的压力$p$,利用式 (4) 可将压力$p$量纲一化。
$p/\left( {\rho {R}_{\mathrm{g}}T}\right) = \delta {\left( \partial a/\partial \delta \right) }_{\tau } = 1 + \delta {\left( \partial {a}^{\mathrm{r}}/\partial \delta \right) }_{\tau }$
式中:${R}_{\mathrm{g}}$为氢气气体常数,$\mathrm{J}/\left( {\mathrm{{kg}} \cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$
随着压力变化,液氢热物性相对稳定,可用拟合公式计算液氢热物性。本文采用文献[ 18 ]中的拟合公式对液氢热物性进行计算。
$p = {1026.805} - {230.172T} + {21.977}{T}^{2} - {1.032}{T}^{3} + \\ {0.024}{T}^{4} - {2.159} \times {10}^{-4}{T}^{5}$
热物性计算时,液氢量纲一化温度$\tau = {T}_{\mathrm{c}}/T$,量纲一化密度$\delta = \rho /{\rho }_{\mathrm{c}}$。其中,${T}_{\mathrm{c}}$${\rho }_{\mathrm{c}}$分别为液氢临界温度和临界密度。液氢的自由能基本方程参数${a}_{k}$,${b}_{k},{N}_{i},{d}_{i},{t}_{i},{p}_{i},{\varphi }_{i},{D}_{i},{\beta }_{i},{\gamma }_{i}$参考文献[ 17 ]。
将 1.2 节中氢的热物性参数带入式 (1)~(4) 中,以亥姆霍兹能量方程对氢气压力进行计算,将计算结果与实验值 [ 17 ] 和 REFPROP 数据库值进行对比,如图 1 所示。
图 1 可知,与 REFPROP 数据库值相比, 亥姆霍兹能量方程的计算结果具有更高的精度, 其相对误差保持在 0.3%以内。更高精度的氢气热物性可以保证模型仿真计算的可靠性。
将亥姆霍兹自由能方程计算结果与实验值、 REFPROP 物性数据、拟合公式计算结果进行对比,如图 2 所示。
图 2 可以看出,当温度为 ${28} \sim {32}\mathrm{\;K}$ 时,亥姆霍兹能量方程计算结果的精度较好, 而当温度低于 ${28}\mathrm{\;K}$ 时误差较大。拟合公式计算结果在整个温度段 $\left( {{22} \sim {32}\mathrm{\;K}}\right)$ 都具有更高精度。因此,本文后续仿真模型中采用拟合公式对液氢热物性进行计算。
以 K-site 储罐 [ 13 ] 作为参考,建立的四区存储模型如图 3 所示。储罐容积为${4.89}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{3}$,储罐高度为${2.2}\mathrm{\;m}$,长短轴比为 1.2,储罐设计压力为 450$\mathrm{{kPa}}$
罐体内部空间分为过热氢气区、边界层区、热分层区和主流体区。在构建四区模型时, 作如下假设:
①储罐整体漏热率为常数;
②气、液交界区处于饱和状态,气、液交界区和边界层区只传递热量;
③过热氢气区内,氢气在壁面凝结形成液膜, 液膜处于饱和状态,厚度不随液氢的高度而变化。
各区域的控制方程如下所示。
总热平衡方程:
$Q = {Q}_{\mathrm{l}} + {Q}_{\mathrm{g}} = {i\Delta tS}/{10}^{3}$
式中:$Q$为总吸热量,$\mathrm{{kJ}};{Q}_{1}$${Q}_{\mathrm{g}}$分别为液相和气相的吸热量,$\mathrm{{kJ}};q$为储罐漏热率,$\mathrm{W}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2};{\Delta t}$为换热时间,$\mathrm{s};S$为总换热面积,${\mathrm{m}}^{2}$
边界层区:
${Q}_{\mathrm{w}} = {h}_{\mathrm{f}}\left( {{T}_{\mathrm{b}} - {T}_{1}}\right) {S}_{\mathrm{s}}{\Delta t}/{10}^{3}$
式中:${Q}_{\mathrm{w}}$为热分层区和主流体区之间的换热量,$\mathrm{{kJ}};{T}_{\mathrm{b}}$为边界层区温度,$\mathrm{K};{T}_{1}$为主流体区温度,$\mathrm{K}$;${S}_{\mathrm{s}}$为主流体区的表面积,由主流体区液面高度决定,${\mathrm{m}}^{2};{h}_{\mathrm{f}}$为低温液氢的换热系数,本文取 1.04$\mathrm{W}/{\left( {\mathrm{m}}^{2} \cdot \mathrm{K}\right) }$ [ 19 ]
主流体区:
${h}_{1}^{t + 1} = {h}_{1}^{t} + \left( {{Q}_{l} + {Q}_{\mathrm{w}}}\right) /\left( {{m}_{l} + {m}_{\mathrm{e}}}\right)$
${m}_{1}^{t + 1} = {m}_{1}^{t} - {m}_{\mathrm{e}}^{t}$
式中: 上标$t$$t + 1$分别表征物理量在$t$时刻和$t +$1 时刻的值;${h}_{1}$为主流体区的焓值,$\mathrm{{kJ}}/\mathrm{{kg}};{m}_{1}$为主流体区的质量,$\mathrm{{kg}};{m}_{\mathrm{e}}$为主流体区的蒸发量,$\mathrm{{kg}}$
气液交界面:
${Q}_{\mathrm{f}} = {h}_{\mathrm{f}}\left( {{T}_{\mathrm{g}} - {T}_{\mathrm{s}}}\right) {S}_{\mathrm{g}}{\Delta t}/{10}^{3}$
${G}_{\mathrm{f}} = {m}_{\mathrm{e}}\left( {{h}_{\mathrm{l}} - h}\right) /\gamma + \left( {{Q}_{\mathrm{f}} - {Q}_{\mathrm{w}} - {Q}_{\mathrm{z}}}\right) /\left( {{h}_{\mathrm{g}} - {h}_{0}}\right)$
式中:${Q}_{\mathrm{f}}$为过热氢气区和热分层区之间的换热量,$\mathrm{{kJ}};{Q}_{\mathrm{z}}$为过热氢气区中的冷凝换热量,$\mathrm{{kJ}};{T}_{\mathrm{g}}$为过热氢气区温度,$\mathrm{K};{T}_{\mathrm{s}}$为热分层区温度,$\mathrm{K};{S}_{\mathrm{g}}$为气液交界区的面积,${\mathrm{m}}^{2};{G}_{\mathrm{f}}$为气液交界区的蒸发量,$\mathrm{{kg}};\gamma$为液氢的蒸发潜热,$\mathrm{{kJ}}/\mathrm{{kg}};h$为饱和液体的焓值,$\mathrm{{kJ}}/\mathrm{{kg}};{h}_{\mathrm{g}}$为过热氢气的焓值,$\mathrm{{kJ}}/\mathrm{{kg}};{h}_{0}$为主流体区的焓值,$\mathrm{{kJ}}/\mathrm{{kg}}$
热分层区:
${h}_{\mathrm{s}}^{t + 1} = {h}_{\mathrm{s}}^{t} + \left( {{Q}_{\mathrm{f}} - {Q}_{\mathrm{w}} + {Q}_{\mathrm{z}}}\right) /\left( {{m}_{\mathrm{s}} + {m}_{\mathrm{e}} - {G}_{\mathrm{f}}}\right)$
${m}_{\mathrm{s}}^{t + 1} = {m}_{\mathrm{s}}^{t} + {m}_{\mathrm{e}}^{t} - {G}_{\mathrm{f}}$
式中:${h}_{\mathrm{s}}$为热分层区的焓值,$\mathrm{{kJ}}/\mathrm{{kg}};{m}_{\mathrm{s}}$为热分层区的质量, kg。
过热氢气区:
${Q}_{\mathrm{z}} = {h}_{\mathrm{k}}\left( {{T}_{\mathrm{g}} - {T}_{\mathrm{s}}}\right) {S}_{\mathrm{g}}{\Delta t}/{10}^{3}$
${h}_{\mathrm{g}}^{t + 1} = {h}_{\mathrm{g}}^{t} + \left( {{Q}_{\mathrm{g}} - {Q}_{\mathrm{f}} + {Q}_{\mathrm{z}}}\right) /\left( {{m}_{\mathrm{g}} + {G}_{\mathrm{f}}}\right)$
${m}_{\mathrm{g}}^{t + 1} = {m}_{\mathrm{g}}^{t} + {G}_{\mathrm{f}}$
${\rho }_{\mathrm{g}} = {m}_{\mathrm{g}}^{t + 1}/{V}_{\mathrm{g}}$
${h}_{k} = {Nu} \cdot \lambda /\delta$
式中:${S}_{\mathrm{g}}$为气相与壁面的接触面积,${\mathrm{m}}^{2};{m}_{\mathrm{g}}$为过热氢气的质量,$\mathrm{{kg}};{\rho }_{\mathrm{g}}$为过热氢气的密度,$\mathrm{{kg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3};{V}_{\mathrm{g}}$为过热氢气区的体积,${\mathrm{m}}^{3};{h}_{k}$为气体与壁面传热的凝结表面换热系数,需要根据实验数据进行取值,$\mathrm{W}/\left( {{\mathrm{m}}^{2} \cdot \mathrm{K}}\right) ;\lambda$为导热系数,$\mathrm{W}/\left( {\mathrm{m} \cdot \mathrm{K}}\right) ;\delta$为特征长度,${\mathrm{m}}_{0}$
设置液氢储罐的初始压力为${0.102}\mathrm{{MPa}}$,初始温度为${20}\mathrm{\;K}$,迭代步长为${20}\mathrm{\;s}$。计算时,参考实验数据设置不同初始充满率和漏热率 [ 13 ] ,其中,工况1,2,3,4,5的充满率分别为${29}\% ,{49}\% ,{83}\%$, 83%, 83%, 漏热率分别 3.50, 3.50, 3.50, 2.00, 0.35 W/m²。
在液氢自增压存储实验中, 罐内气相温度和压力随时间变化较大,对流换热剧烈,故凝结表面换热系数$\left( {h}_{\mathrm{k}}\right)$的值对模型计算精度影响较大。凝结表面换热系数通过${Nu}$计算得到,为提高模型精度,本文针对不同实验工况对${Nu}$进行修正。文献[ 16 ]在研究蒸汽流动与凝结时, 提出了有限空间${Nu}$经验公式:
${Nu} = {CR}{a}^{m}{\left( \frac{H}{\delta }\right) }^{n}$
${Ra} = {Gr} \cdot {Pr}$
式中:${Ra}$为瑞利数;${Gr}$为格拉晓夫数,描述作用在流体上浮力与粘性力的比值;${Pr}$为普朗特数, 表征温度与流动两种边界层的关系;$H$为液面高度 (由储罐充满率决定),$\mathrm{m};C, m, n$均为${Nu}$的计算系数。
对式 (19) 作对数变换后可以发现,${Nu}$${Ra}$在对数坐标下线性相关。结合实验数据, 在对数坐标下对${Nu}$${Ra}$进行线性拟合,结果如图 4,5 所示。
图 4 中, 拟合曲线 1,2,3 分别为工况 1,2,3 下实验数据的拟合曲线。从图 4 可以看出, 取同一$\operatorname{Lg}\left( {Ra}\right)$值 (5.7)时,不同充满率对应的$\operatorname{Lg}\left( {Nu}\right)$值 (1.43/1.62/1.79)不同。通过变量$H$可计算得到系数$n$,系数$m$为线性拟合后的斜率,系数$C$为线性拟合后的截距。修正前,用同一${Nu}$关联式对工况1,2,3分别进行计算时,存在较大误差。修正后,${Nu}$新关联式利用 3 组拟合曲线对 3 种工况分别进行计算,更符合实际情况,可提高计算精度。 通过计算可得,关联式系数$C = {0.169}, m = {0.464}, n =$1.12 。
图 5 中, 拟合曲线 4,5,6 分别为工况 3,4,5 下实验数据的拟合曲线。针对工况3,4,5的实验值进行线性回归拟合, 可以得到基于四区模型的${Nu}$新关联式。
$\left\{ \begin{array}{l} {Nu} = C{\left( Gr \cdot Pr\right) }^{0.464}{\left( \frac{H}{\delta }\right) }^{1.12} \\ C = {0.1490} + {0.5704}\exp \left( {-q/{1.0445}}\right) \end{array}\right.$
${Nu}$新关联式的对应参数如表 1 所示。从拟合结果及计算过程可以发现:系数$C$取决于储罐漏热率的影响; 系数$m$取决于${Nu}$${Ra}$的线性关系;系数$n$取决于储罐充满率。
利用${Nu}$新关联式对四区模型进行修正,进一步对比分析修正前、后模型的计算结果(图 6)。
图 6 可以看出:无修正四区模型的储罐压力计算结果整体误差较大;模型修正后,与实验数据对比,储罐压力计算结果的误差控制在 3%以内,计算结果拥有更高的精度,更符合实验数据, 说明了${Nu}$新关联式的可行性和精确性。
图 7 为不同充满率下液氢存储压力随时间的变化曲线。
图 7 可以看出, 随着充满率的升高, 压力的上升速度先变慢后变快。这是由于充满率较低时, 液氢热分层现象更明显,压力受热分层现象影响增大, 压力增速随之增加; 另一方面, 充满率较高时, 由于气相空间的体积相对较小, 受热后罐内压力迅速增加。因此, 液氢低温存储存在最佳充满率,使得储罐安全存储时间最长。这与牛伟琛 [ 20 ] 的研究结论相一致。
随着压力的增大,压力增速会逐步放缓。从图 7 的变化趋势可以预测出, 在较高漏热率工况 (3.50$\mathrm{W}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$)下,液氢将在$2 \sim 3\mathrm{\;d}$后超过设计压力 [ 8 ] 。故在液氢实际储运过程中,须要降低储罐漏热率、再液化、从外界输入冷量以增加液氢存储时间。
本文采用亥姆霍兹能量方程对氢气的热物性进行了计算,并提出 ${Nu}$ 新关联式对四区存储模型进行修正, 分析不同因素对液氢低温自增压存储的影响,得到如下结论。
①采用亥姆霍兹能量方程对氢热物性进行计算,相对误差保持在 0.3%以内,计算精度较高。
②针对不同的液氢实验工况, 提出基于模型的 ${Nu}$ 新关联式,修正凝结表面换热系数,得到修正后的四区模型。经实验验证,模型误差在 $3\%$ 以内,提高了模型的精度。
③随着充满率的升高,压力上升速度先变慢后变快。液氢低温存储时存在最佳充满率,使得储罐安全存储时间最长。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52020105009)
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  • 接收时间:2023-12-05
  • 首发时间:2025-07-18
  • 出版时间:2025-04-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-05
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国家自然科学基金项目(52020105009)
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    1 上海交通大学 海洋工程国家重点试验室 上海 200240
    2 上海交通大学 高新船舶与深海装备开发协同创新中心 上海 200240

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张小卿(1982-),男,博士,高级工程师,主要从事绿色动力船舶相关研究。E-mail:
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