Article(id=1152988711236133658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1152988708019098237, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1703779200000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-29, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752823530253, onlineDateStr=2025-07-18, pubDate=1745078400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752823530253, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752823530253, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752823530253, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1152988708019098237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, year='2025', volume='43', issue='4', pageStart='427', pageEnd='568', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1752823529485, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753694474720, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156641717148312407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1152988708019098237, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156641717148312408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1152988708019098237, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=458, endPage=467, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1152988711642981147, articleId=1152988711236133658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, language=EN, title=Performance test study of an integrated power generation-air conditioning system based on ocean temperature difference energy, columnId=null, journalTitle=Renewable Energy Resources, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the issues of low thermal efficiency and poor economy in the ocean temperature differencedriven ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) system, OTEC combined with air conditioning (OTECAC) test system was designed and built.The system utilizes the cold energy of deep seawater in a graded manner by generating electricity and then cooling the air, thus significantly improving the conversion efficiency of ocean temperature difference energy. Performance evaluation metrics such as expansion output power,refrigeration capacity, and overall thermal efficiency were defined based on thermodynamic principles.Experimental tests were conducted to analyze the performance variations of the OTECAC system under different operating conditions. A comparison between OTECAC and standalone OTEC systems was also conducted. The results show that: the optimal expansion pressure ratio exists in the power generation system when the isentropic efficiency of the corresponding expander reaches a peak of 21.83% ; lowering the deep sea water temperature and increasing the chilled water flow rate can significantly improve the performance of the OTECAC system, and when the deep sea water temperature is lowered from 9 °C to 4 °C, the integrated exergy efficiency of the system increases from 47.25% to 51.60%; Under the same operating conditions, the OTECAC system has a power generation capacity of 97 W and a cooling capacity of 5 386 W.The thermal efficiency of the system increases from 1.21% to 17.60% after conversion compared to the standalone OTEC system.

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为解决由海洋温差能驱动的海洋热能转换(Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion,OTEC)系统热效率低、经济性差等问题,文章设计并搭建了由海洋温差能驱动,集发电与空调功能为一体的(Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Combined Air Conditioner, OTECAC)试验系统。该系统通过先发电再冷却空气,梯级利用深层海水冷能,从而大幅提升海洋温差能转换效率。利用膨胀输出功、制冷量、综合热效率等性能评价指标,测试并分析了不同工况下发电空调综合系统的性能变化规律,同时验证了OTECAC 相较于 OTEC 的性能提升情况。试验结果表明:发电系统存在最佳膨胀压比,此时,膨胀机的等熵效率达到峰值的21.83%;降低深层海水温度和增加冷冻水流量均可显著提升 OTECAC 系统性能,当深层海水温度由9℃降至4℃时,系统综合烟效率从47.25%增至51.60%;相同工况下,OTECAC 系统的发电量和制冷量分别为97W和5386W,与独立运行OTEC 系统相比,折算后的系统热效率从1.21%提升到17.60%。

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高文忠(1978-),男,教授,博士生导师,研究方向为清洁能源利用技术,船舶、工业余热/余冷的高效综合利用及传热强化技术。E-mail:
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Theoretical and experimental study on the performance of a high efficiency thermodynamic cycle for ocean thermal energy conversion[J]. Renewable Energy, 2022, 185: 734-747., articleTitle=Theoretical and experimental study on the performance of a high efficiency thermodynamic cycle for ocean thermal energy conversion, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1159145998791856144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988711236133658, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=90, issue=null, pageStart=809, pageEnd=819, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=17, authorNames=Yuna H, Zhou P, Mei N, journalName=Applied Thermal Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yuna H, Zhou P, Mei N. Performance analysis of a solar-assisted OTEC cycle for power generation and fishery cold storage refrigeration[J]. 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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159145996707288032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988711236133658, language=EN, label=Fig. 12, caption=Effect on integrated exergy efficiency of seawater surface temperature and chilled water flow rate, figureFileSmall=c+DtIUUED0RXnfgvVFHJ5w==, figureFileBig=69UQU9sOWLhmRgSr5IS6ew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159145996770202593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988711236133658, language=CN, label=图 12, caption=表层海水温度以及冷冻水流量对综合州效率的影响, figureFileSmall=c+DtIUUED0RXnfgvVFHJ5w==, figureFileBig=69UQU9sOWLhmRgSr5IS6ew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159145996824728546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988711236133658, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Basic parameters of measuring instruments, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 型号 量程 精度 备注
温度传感器 TT-T-24-1000 $- {18} \sim {100}{}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ $\pm 1{}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$
压力传感器 PTX 1072-TB-AO 0~2.5 MPa $\pm {0.25}\%$
电磁流量计 LDG-SUP-DN10 0.14~1.4 m ${}^{3}/\mathrm{h}$ $\pm {0.50}\%$ 冷冻水流量
电磁流量计 LDG-SUP-DN15 0.32~3.2 m ${}^{3}/\mathrm{h}$ $\pm {0.50}\%$ 海水流量
气体腰轮流量计 YK-LLQ-16/25/D/10/A $2 \sim {14}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{3}/\mathrm{h}$ $\pm {1.0}\%$ 工质流量
电参数测量仪 PW9901 $5 \sim {400}\mathrm{\;V}$ $5\mathrm{\;{mA}} \sim {20}\mathrm{\;A}$ $\pm {0.50}\%$
), ArticleFig(id=1159145996891837412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988711236133658, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=测量仪器的基本参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 型号 量程 精度 备注
温度传感器 TT-T-24-1000 $- {18} \sim {100}{}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ $\pm 1{}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$
压力传感器 PTX 1072-TB-AO 0~2.5 MPa $\pm {0.25}\%$
电磁流量计 LDG-SUP-DN10 0.14~1.4 m ${}^{3}/\mathrm{h}$ $\pm {0.50}\%$ 冷冻水流量
电磁流量计 LDG-SUP-DN15 0.32~3.2 m ${}^{3}/\mathrm{h}$ $\pm {0.50}\%$ 海水流量
气体腰轮流量计 YK-LLQ-16/25/D/10/A $2 \sim {14}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{3}/\mathrm{h}$ $\pm {1.0}\%$ 工质流量
电参数测量仪 PW9901 $5 \sim {400}\mathrm{\;V}$ $5\mathrm{\;{mA}} \sim {20}\mathrm{\;A}$ $\pm {0.50}\%$
), ArticleFig(id=1159145996950557670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988711236133658, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Uncertainty of main parameters, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 不确定度
膨胀机等熵效率 $\pm {4.73}$
膨胀输出功 $\pm {1.16}$
制冷量 $\pm {1.69}$
OTEC 热效率 $\pm {2.27}$
综合热效率 $\pm {2.36}$
综合州效率 $\pm {8.93}$
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参数 不确定度
膨胀机等熵效率 $\pm {4.73}$
膨胀输出功 $\pm {1.16}$
制冷量 $\pm {1.69}$
OTEC 热效率 $\pm {2.27}$
综合热效率 $\pm {2.36}$
综合州效率 $\pm {8.93}$
), ArticleFig(id=1159145997051220970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988711236133658, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=Test conditions, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
表层海水温度 ${l}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 25~30
深层海水温度 ${l}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 4~9
膨胀机出口工质流量 $/{\mathrm{m}}^{3} \cdot {\mathrm{h}}^{-1}$ 5.0~6.0
表层海水流量 $/{\mathrm{m}}^{3} \cdot {\mathrm{h}}^{-1}$ 1.5
深层海水流量 $/{\mathrm{m}}^{3} \cdot {\mathrm{h}}^{-1}$ 2.0,2.5
空调冷冻水流量 $/{\mathrm{m}}^{3} \cdot {\mathrm{h}}^{-1}$ 0.5,0.6,0.7
过冷度/℃ $2 \pm 1$
过热度/℃ $3 \pm 1$
环境温度 ${\rho }^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 30
环境压力/MPa 0.101 325
), ArticleFig(id=1159145997118329836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988711236133658, language=CN, label=表 3, caption=试验工况, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
表层海水温度 ${l}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 25~30
深层海水温度 ${l}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 4~9
膨胀机出口工质流量 $/{\mathrm{m}}^{3} \cdot {\mathrm{h}}^{-1}$ 5.0~6.0
表层海水流量 $/{\mathrm{m}}^{3} \cdot {\mathrm{h}}^{-1}$ 1.5
深层海水流量 $/{\mathrm{m}}^{3} \cdot {\mathrm{h}}^{-1}$ 2.0,2.5
空调冷冻水流量 $/{\mathrm{m}}^{3} \cdot {\mathrm{h}}^{-1}$ 0.5,0.6,0.7
过冷度/℃ $2 \pm 1$
过热度/℃ $3 \pm 1$
环境温度 ${\rho }^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 30
环境压力/MPa 0.101 325
), ArticleFig(id=1159145997189633006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988711236133658, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=Comparison of the OTEC system and the OTEC-AC system, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验工况 OTEC OTEC-AC
循环工质 R134a R134a,冷冻水
工质流量 $/{\mathrm{m}}^{3} \cdot {\mathrm{h}}^{-1}$ 6.0 6.0,0.7
表层海水温度 ${l}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 30 30
表层海水流量 $/{\mathrm{m}}^{3} \cdot {\mathrm{h}}^{-1}$ 1.5 1.5
深层海水温度/℃ 4 4
空调冷冻水供水温度/℃ 7.8
深层海水流量 $/{\mathrm{m}}^{3} \cdot {\mathrm{h}}^{-1}$ 2.5 2.5
深海水可用温差/℃ 3 5
发电量/W 97 97
制冷量/W 5 386
系统热效率1% 1.21 17.60
), ArticleFig(id=1159145997252547568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988711236133658, language=CN, label=表 4, caption=OTEC 系统和 OTEC-AC 系统的工艺参数对比, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验工况 OTEC OTEC-AC
循环工质 R134a R134a,冷冻水
工质流量 $/{\mathrm{m}}^{3} \cdot {\mathrm{h}}^{-1}$ 6.0 6.0,0.7
表层海水温度 ${l}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 30 30
表层海水流量 $/{\mathrm{m}}^{3} \cdot {\mathrm{h}}^{-1}$ 1.5 1.5
深层海水温度/℃ 4 4
空调冷冻水供水温度/℃ 7.8
深层海水流量 $/{\mathrm{m}}^{3} \cdot {\mathrm{h}}^{-1}$ 2.5 2.5
深海水可用温差/℃ 3 5
发电量/W 97 97
制冷量/W 5 386
系统热效率1% 1.21 17.60
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基于海洋温差能的发电-空调综合系统的性能试验研究
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尹先梅 , 高文忠 , 王飞
可再生能源 | 2025,43(4): 458-467
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可再生能源 | 2025, 43(4): 458-467
基于海洋温差能的发电-空调综合系统的性能试验研究
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尹先梅, 高文忠 , 王飞
作者信息
  • 1 上海海事大学 商船学院 上海 201306

通讯作者:

高文忠(1978-),男,教授,博士生导师,研究方向为清洁能源利用技术,船舶、工业余热/余冷的高效综合利用及传热强化技术。E-mail:
Performance test study of an integrated power generation-air conditioning system based on ocean temperature difference energy
Xianmei Yin, Wenzhong Gao , Fei Wang
Affiliations
  • 1 Merchant Marine College Shanghai Maritime University Shanghai 201306 China
出版时间: 2025-04-20
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为解决由海洋温差能驱动的海洋热能转换(Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion,OTEC)系统热效率低、经济性差等问题,文章设计并搭建了由海洋温差能驱动,集发电与空调功能为一体的(Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Combined Air Conditioner, OTECAC)试验系统。该系统通过先发电再冷却空气,梯级利用深层海水冷能,从而大幅提升海洋温差能转换效率。利用膨胀输出功、制冷量、综合热效率等性能评价指标,测试并分析了不同工况下发电空调综合系统的性能变化规律,同时验证了OTECAC 相较于 OTEC 的性能提升情况。试验结果表明:发电系统存在最佳膨胀压比,此时,膨胀机的等熵效率达到峰值的21.83%;降低深层海水温度和增加冷冻水流量均可显著提升 OTECAC 系统性能,当深层海水温度由9℃降至4℃时,系统综合烟效率从47.25%增至51.60%;相同工况下,OTECAC 系统的发电量和制冷量分别为97W和5386W,与独立运行OTEC 系统相比,折算后的系统热效率从1.21%提升到17.60%。

海洋热能转换  /  梯级利用  /  热效率  /  压比

To address the issues of low thermal efficiency and poor economy in the ocean temperature differencedriven ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) system, OTEC combined with air conditioning (OTECAC) test system was designed and built.The system utilizes the cold energy of deep seawater in a graded manner by generating electricity and then cooling the air, thus significantly improving the conversion efficiency of ocean temperature difference energy. Performance evaluation metrics such as expansion output power,refrigeration capacity, and overall thermal efficiency were defined based on thermodynamic principles.Experimental tests were conducted to analyze the performance variations of the OTECAC system under different operating conditions. A comparison between OTECAC and standalone OTEC systems was also conducted. The results show that: the optimal expansion pressure ratio exists in the power generation system when the isentropic efficiency of the corresponding expander reaches a peak of 21.83% ; lowering the deep sea water temperature and increasing the chilled water flow rate can significantly improve the performance of the OTECAC system, and when the deep sea water temperature is lowered from 9 °C to 4 °C, the integrated exergy efficiency of the system increases from 47.25% to 51.60%; Under the same operating conditions, the OTECAC system has a power generation capacity of 97 W and a cooling capacity of 5 386 W.The thermal efficiency of the system increases from 1.21% to 17.60% after conversion compared to the standalone OTEC system.

ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC)  /  step utilization  /  thermal efficiency  /  pressure ratio
尹先梅, 高文忠, 王飞. 基于海洋温差能的发电-空调综合系统的性能试验研究. 可再生能源, 2025 , 43 (4) : 458 -467 .
Xianmei Yin, Wenzhong Gao, Fei Wang. Performance test study of an integrated power generation-air conditioning system based on ocean temperature difference energy[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2025 , 43 (4) : 458 -467 .
在全球变暖和“碳达峰、碳中和”的背景下, 可再生能源的研究和开发变得尤为迫切。海洋能源, 尤其是表层海水与 ${1000}\mathrm{\;m}$ 深度海水之间的 ${20} \sim$ ${25}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 温差能被认为具有巨大的开发潜力 [ 1 , 2 ] 。海洋热能转换 (Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion, OTEC) 技术可将温差能转化为清洁电力, 这种 OTEC 系统具备高度稳定性和 ${24}\mathrm{\;h}$ 不间断运行优势。2023 年,我国已成功研发了 ${20}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ 级的 OTEC 发电装置,在南海完成海试,实现了 ${16.4}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ 的发电运行 [ 3 ] 。此外,海洋温差能还具有丰富的综合利用价值有待开发,比如海水养殖、海水淡化、 制冷空调等领域 [ 4 ] 。随着研究的深入, OTEC 技术有望取得更多突破, 为应对能源和环境问题提供可行的解决方案。
海洋温差发电主要采用结构简单、可靠性高的有机朗肯循环(Organic Rankine Cycle, ORC)形式。为提高 OTEC 系统效率,国内外诸多学者主要在循环工质和系统结构方面展开深入研究 [ 5 ] 。例如, Yoon J I [ 6 ] 发现以湿流体 $\mathrm{R}{717}$ 作为循环工质时,系统热效率最高可达 2.72%。刘强 [ 7 ] 从工程化应用和安全性的角度认为 R134a 是最适合的工质。彭景平 [ 8 ] 指出利用非共沸混合工质的回热式循环系统热效率最大可达 5.26%。在发电过程中, 透平是影响效率的重要因素,葛云征 [ 9 ] 对透平进行了设计分析。潘俊秀 [ 10 ] 通过引入太阳能作为系统的辅助热源,利用引射器改进结构,系统热效率达到 9.45%。尽管通过多方面的改进, 提升了 OTEC 系统热力性能, 但由于海洋温差能的温差过小,只有 ${20} \sim {25}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,因此系统性能的改善效果并不明显。
海水温差小、热效率低是 OTEC 系统一直未推广应用的主要因素。为了改变这种状况,近年来学者通过将 OTEC 与其他能源系统结合, 以提升综合利用价值。Zhang Z [ 11 ] 提出喷射器结合 OTEC 和制冷系统, 综合系统的能源效率和州效率分别达 29.1%和 66.14%。何庆阳 [ 12 ] 设计了梯级利用冷海水的发电循环与压缩式制冷耦合模型, 分别以 R717 和 R22 作为发电系统和制冷系统的循环工质,然而这种综合系统存在制冷剂需求量较大,且耗电设备较多, 导致系统具有电能消耗较高的局限性 [ 13 ] 。将深海水用于海水空调系统,满足用户的制冷需求成为新趋势 [ 14 ] 。如 Hasan A [ 15 ] 设计的梯度利用深海水一将海水空调和电力生产集成的系统,当发电系统冷凝器出口温度为 ${6.92}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,空调冷却后的深海水温度为 ${12}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 时,可实现冷却负荷 565.7 MW,综合系统的能源效率和州效率分别达 1.83%和 78.02%。因此,若温度为 ${4}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 的深海水经过 OTEC 系统发电后,仍保持 9 °C左右的低温,可作为水冷式空调的冷源, 为建筑物提供冷量, 且因深海水流量巨大, 制取的冷量将显著提升整个系统的效率,该系统更具经济价值。但此类设计还停留在理论阶段,尚未见实测数据。
基于以上分析, 本研究搭建了一套梯级利用深海水的 OTEC 结合空调(Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Combined Air Conditioner, OTEC-AC) 试验系统, 并进行试验测试, 以解决单独使用 OTEC 系统能源热效率低、经济性差的问题。为探索不同工况对 OTEC-AC 综合系统性能的影响, 建立膨胀输出功、空调制冷量、OTEC 循环热效率、综合热效率、综合州效率等系统性能评价指标, 并结合试验数据进行分析。研究结果展示 OTEC-AC 系统运行下的关键数据,可为这类系统的优化设计与工程建设提供重要的参考。
OTEC-AC 系统的流程如图 1 所示。试验系统装置见图 2。该综合系统包括 $1\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ 级闭式 OTEC 发电循环和空调循环,通过梯级利用, 实现两个子循环系统的连接。系统中采用电加热制取 25~30 °C的热水,模拟表层温海水,作为系统热源;采用冷水机组制取 $4 \sim {9}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 的冷水,模拟深层冷海水作为系统冷源。OTEC-AC 系统的深层冷海水首先在冷凝器中冷却 OTEC 循环中的工质,完成发电过程;然后进入换热器,冷却空调冷冻水, 实现供冷。因此,和传统 OTEC 系统相比, OTEC-AC 系统有效地增大了深海水的可利用能量,用天然冷源为建筑物提供冷量。
OTEC 系统的主要设备包括蒸发器、冷凝器、 工质泵、涡旋膨胀机、发电机、流量计和储液罐等核心组件。系统选择 R134a 作为循环工质,主要考虑了以下 3 个方面。
①低沸点。由于海水温度较低,而 R134a 具有低沸点特性,在 4~30 °C 表现出优越的热力膨胀做功性能,与系统工作条件相匹配。
②等熵流体。R134a 为等熵流体,在饱和状态下进入膨胀机后不产生液滴, 有效减少对膨胀机的损害。
③安全性与环保性。R134a 不易燃,安全等级为 A1, 保证了试验过程的安全性。其臭氧消耗潜值为 0 ,具备一定的环保性。
在 OTEC 循环过程中,工质 (R134a) 被工质循环泵驱动, 进入蒸发器中被表层海水加热至过热状态,然后进入膨胀机做功,带动发电机发电, 将机械能转化为电能; 膨胀后的低压工质进入冷凝器中被深层海水冷凝成过冷液体, 流入储液罐后再次循环。系统采用半封闭式的涡旋膨胀机,设计最大入口压力为${1.38}\mathrm{{MPa}}$,容积比为 3.5,最高输出功率为$1\mathrm{\;{kW}}$。为了防止涡旋膨胀机内部产生液击,试验过程中采用$\left( {3 \pm 1}\right) {}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$的过热度。由于深、表层海水的可利用温差较小,因此系统中的蒸发器和冷凝器均选用换热温差小、热效率高、结构紧凑的钎焊板式换热器, 其换热面积分别为 2.09${\mathrm{m}}^{2}$${6.5}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{2}$; 工质循环泵采用液压隔膜式计量泵, 额定出口压力为${1.6}\mathrm{{MPa}}$
空调系统的主要组件包括风机盘管、冷冻水泵、换热器和流量计。经 OTEC 循环系统后升温的深海水为$7 \sim {12}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$,通过换热器与空调系统的冷冻水换热,并实现海水与淡水的隔离。冷却后的空调冷冻水则通过风机盘管释放冷量, 降低建筑内的空气温度和湿度,提高人体舒适性。
试验系统的表层、深层海水温度, 及其流量均通过 PID 控制器进行调节。系统采集的参数包括温度、压力、流量、发电量,分别通过 T 型热电偶、 压力传感器、流量计、电参数测量仪进行测量,并由 NI 采集仪记录。测试仪器参数如表 1 所示。
主要参数的不确定度由误差传递公式(1) [ 16 ] 计算得到, 列于表 2
${\Delta Y} = \sqrt{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{N}{\left( \frac{\partial Y}{\partial {X}_{i}} \times \frac{\Delta {X}_{i}}{Y}\right) }^{2}}$
式中:$\Delta {X}_{i}$为各个实验仪器所直接测得物理量的不确定度;$Y$为间接测量的物理量。
图 1 中的状态点,绘制 OTEC-AC 系统热力过程的 $T - s$ 图,如图 3 所示。借助 REFPROP 9.1 可计算流体的热力学参数, 例如焓值和密度等。基于热力学第一、第二定律, 建立集发电与空调一体综合系统的数学模型。
OTEC-AC 系统中, OTEC 循环工质经历的 4 个热力过程分别由式 (2)~(5) 表示,其蒸发量 ${\left( {Q}_{\text{eva }}\right) }$ [ 16 ] 、膨胀输出功 ${\left( {W}_{\exp }\right) }$ [ 16 ] 、冷凝量 $\left( {Q}_{\operatorname{con}}\right)$ 、工质泵耗功 ${\left( {W}_{\text{pum }}\right) }$ [ 16 ] 、膨胀机的膨胀等熵效率 ${\left( {\eta }_{\mathrm{{is}},\exp }\right) }$ [ 16 ] 以及 OTEC 循环的热效率 ${\left( {\eta }_{\mathrm{{clc}}}\right) }$ [ 17 ] 分别被定义为
${Q}_{\mathrm{{eva}}} = {m}_{\mathrm{f}}\left( {{h}_{6} - {h}_{5}}\right)$
${W}_{\exp } = {m}_{\mathrm{f}}\left( {{h}_{1} - {h}_{2}}\right)$
${Q}_{\mathrm{{con}}} = {m}_{\mathrm{f}}\left( {{h}_{2} - {h}_{4}}\right)$
${W}_{\text{pum }} = {m}_{\mathrm{f}}\left( {{h}_{5} - {h}_{4}}\right)$
${\eta }_{\mathrm{{is}},\exp } = \frac{{h}_{1} - {h}_{2}}{{h}_{1} - {h}_{2,\mathrm{\;s}}}$
${\eta }_{\mathrm{{clc}}} = \frac{{W}_{\mathrm{{exp}}}}{{Q}_{\mathrm{{eva}}}}$
式中: ${m}_{\mathrm{f}}$ 为循环工质的质量流量,是膨胀机出口测点的参数, $\mathrm{{kg}}/\mathrm{s};{h}_{2,\mathrm{s}}$ 为工质做等熵膨胀后的焓值, $\mathrm{J}/\mathrm{{kg}}$${h}_{1 \sim 6}$ 为工质在状态点 $1 \sim 6$ 的焓值, $\mathrm{J}/\mathrm{{kg}}$
OTEC-AC 综合系统中,深海水依次冷却工质与空调冷冻水,其换热过程为图 3$9 \rightarrow {10} \rightarrow {11}$ 。 为充分研究该综合系统的热力性能规律, 建立评价指标: 深海水与空调冷冻水之间换热器的对数平均温差 ${\left( {T}_{\mathrm{{LMTD}}}\right) }$ [ 18 ] 、空调制冷量 $\left( {Q}_{\mathrm{{ac}}}\right)$ 、OTEC-AC 系统的综合热效率 ${\left( {\eta }_{\mathrm{{sys}}}\right) }$ [ 18 ] 和综合州效率 ${\left( {\eta }_{\mathrm{{ex}},\mathrm{{sys}}}\right) }$ [ 17 ] , 分别被定义为
${T}_{\mathrm{{LMTD}}} = \frac{\left( {{t}_{17} - {t}_{11}}\right) - \left( {{t}_{12} - {t}_{10}}\right) }{\ln \frac{{t}_{17} - {t}_{11}}{{t}_{12} - {t}_{10}}}$
${Q}_{\mathrm{{ac}}} = {c}_{p}{m}_{\mathrm{{ac}}}\left( {{t}_{17} - {t}_{12}}\right)$
${\eta }_{\mathrm{{sys}}} = \frac{{W}_{\mathrm{{sys}}}}{{Q}_{\mathrm{L},\mathrm{{sys}}}} = \frac{{W}_{\mathrm{{ac}}} + \frac{{Q}_{\mathrm{{ac}}}}{\mathrm{{COP}}}}{{c}_{p}{m}_{\mathrm{L}}\left( {{t}_{11} - {t}_{9}}\right) }$
${\eta }_{\mathrm{{ex}},\mathrm{{sys}}} = \frac{{W}_{\mathrm{{exp}}} + E{x}_{\mathrm{{ac}}}}{E{x}_{\mathrm{L},\text{ in }}} = \frac{{W}_{\mathrm{{exp}}} + {Q}_{\mathrm{{ac}}}\left( {\frac{{T}_{0}}{{T}_{\mathrm{a}}} - 1}\right) }{{m}_{\mathrm{L}}\left\lbrack {\left( {{h}_{11} - {h}_{9}}\right) - {T}_{0}\left( {{s}_{11} - {s}_{9}}\right) }\right\rbrack }$
式中: ${c}_{p}$ 为水的定压比热容, ${4.2}\mathrm{\;{kJ}}/\left( {\mathrm{{kg}} \cdot \mathrm{K}}\right) ;{m}_{\mathrm{{ac}}}$ 为空调冷冻水的质量流量, $\mathrm{{kg}}/\mathrm{s};{m}_{\mathrm{L}}$ 为深海水的质量流量, $\mathrm{{kg}}/\mathrm{s};{W}_{\mathrm{{sys}}}$ 为电参数测量仪测得的发电量 ${W}_{\text{ele }}$ 与由空调冷量折算的电量之和,称为 OTEC-AC 系统的总发电功率, W;COP 为常规空调制冷能效比,本文取3.5 [ 14 ] ;${Q}_{\mathrm{L},\text{ sys }}$ 为深海水在 $9 \rightarrow {11}$ 过程中冷却工质与空调冷冻水的总输出冷量, $\mathrm{W}$ ; $E{x}_{\mathrm{{ac}}}$ 为空调冷州输入量, $\mathrm{W};E{x}_{\mathrm{L},\text{ in }}$ 为深海水在 $9 \rightarrow$ 11 过程中的冷炯输入, $\mathrm{W};{T}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 为进入风机盘管的冷冻水供水温度, $\mathrm{K};{T}_{0}$ 为环境温度, $\mathrm{K};{t}_{9 - {17}}$ 为深海水和冷冻水在状态点 $9 \sim {17}$ 的温度, $\mathrm{C};{h}_{9 \sim {11}}$ 为深海水在状态点 9~11 的焓值, $\mathrm{J}/\mathrm{{kg}};{s}_{9 - {11}}$ 为深海水在状态点 9~11 的熵值, J/(kg·K)。
测试并分析膨胀压比与 OTEC 循环系统中膨胀等熵效率、膨胀功和循环热效率之间的影响关系,探索发电系统的整体性能;通过改变深、表层海水温度和冷冻水流量参数, 研究 OTEC-AC 系统中发电量、制冷量、综合热效率、综合烟效率等性能评价指标的变化规律。关闭或开启图 1 中的旁通管 II 可实现常规 OTEC 与 OTEC-AC 两种模式的切换, 对比两种模式下的性能差别。主要的试验工况如表 3 所示。
表层海水和深层海水温度是决定膨胀机前后压力的关键因素, 通过调节这两个参数可获得膨胀机不同压比下的等熵效率,如图 4 所示。
图 4 可见:在表层海水温度为 ${26}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 时,随着深层海水温度由 ${8}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 降低到 ${4}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,与之对应的膨胀机压比由 1.42 增长到 1.60 ,相应的等熵效率也由 10.6%提升到 17.1%;当表层海水温度为 28 ${}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$${30}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 时,深层海水温度由 ${9}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 降低到 ${4}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,对应的压比显著增加,但相应的等熵效率均呈缓慢提升再降低的趋势。这是因为在小压比下, 膨胀时热损失较小, 增大压比使得实际焓降的增率超过了理想状态下焓降的增率, 逐渐接近理想膨胀, 从而使膨胀机的等熵效率上升。然而,随着压比进一步增加,膨胀过程中由摩擦和泄漏引起的热损失逐渐上升,导致等熵效率下降。值得注意的是,随着表层海水温度的升高, 等熵效率的先增后降趋势更加显著。这是因为表层海水温度的升高导致系统的冷、热源温差增大, 进而使工作流体的熵值变化更为明显。总体而言, 3 种表层海水温度对应的膨胀机等熵效率在压比分别为1.60,1.62,1.77 时达到峰值,分别为 17.03%,18.01%,21.83%。
膨胀输出功和 OTEC 循环热效率随压比变化的关系如图 5 所示。
图 5(a) 可见,随着压比的升高,输出功呈现增加速率减缓的趋势。这一现象一方面是由于膨胀机的入口焓值随表层海水温度上升而显著增加, 对膨胀输出功有显著的促进作用; 另一方面, 膨胀机的等熵效率在压比增加时存在峰值, 在一定条件下, 接近理想膨胀, 从而影响了膨胀机输出功率的变化规律。在 3 种不同的表层海水温度下, 最大等熵效率对应的膨胀功分别为 40.7,47.9 , ${79.2}\mathrm{\;W}$ 。由图 5(b)可见,随着压比的增加,循环热效率呈现出与输出功相似的增长速率减缓趋势。 这主要由于在较大的压比条件下, 进一步增大压比导致等熵效率下降, 从而减缓输出功的增长速率。值得注意的是, 提高表层海水温度可以显著提升循环系统的热效率,特别是在表层海水温度为 ${30}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 的情况下,循环热效率达到最大值 ${1.21}\%$ 。因此,在不同表层海水温度下,存在最佳压比导致膨胀机的等熵效率最大。随着压比的增加, OTEC 系统中输出功和循环热效率呈现增长速率减缓的规律。
在表层海水温度为 ${30}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 时,深层海水温度变化对系统蒸发压力、冷凝压力和发电量的影响如图 6 所示。
图 6 可见,随着深层海水温度由 ${4}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 上升到 ${9}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,系统蒸发压力在 ${0.65} \sim {0.68}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 波动,而冷凝压力由 ${0.38}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 上升至 ${0.45}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ ,发电量由 ${97}\mathrm{\;W}$ 快速下降至 ${43}\mathrm{\;W}$ 。这是由于深层海水温度的升高使其与工质的温差减小, 从而减弱了冷却效果, 使冷凝温度和冷凝压力相应上升, 膨胀前后的压降减少,削弱了系统做功能力,最终导致发电量的减少。
深层海水温度变化对换热器对数平均温度差 $\left( {T}_{\mathrm{{LMTD}}}\right)$ 和空调制冷量的影响如图 7 所示。
图 7可见,随着深层海水温度的升高, ${T}_{\mathrm{{LMTD}}}$ 和制冷量都呈快速下降趋势。当深层海水温度由 4 °C上升到 9 °C时,换热器的 ${T}_{\text{LMID }}$ 从2.5°C降至 ${1.8}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,系统输出的制冷量从 ${5386}\mathrm{\;W}$ 下降至4200 $\mathrm{W}$ ,降低了 ${1186}\mathrm{\;W}$ 。因为随着深层海水温度的升高,换热器冷侧(深层冷海水)入口温度上升,导致其与热侧进口(空调冷冻水回水)的温差减小,从而使 ${T}_{\mathrm{{LMTD}}}$ 降低,换热器的换热量下降,空调冷冻水供水温度上升,降低了空调冷却空气的能力。因此, 深层海水温度是影响发电和空调能力的关键因素。
深层海水温度对 OTEC-AC 系统的综合热效率和综合州效率的影响如图 8 所示。
图 8 可见,随着深层冷海水温度的上升,系统的综合热效率和综合烟效率均呈下降趋势。根据前文的分析,随着深层海水温度的升高,系统中的发电量和制冷量均显著降低。这时,深冷海水的总换热量随温度升高而降低, 但其换热量的减少量低于最终电量的减少量。根据式(10)计算,系统综合热效率从17.60%降低到 16.31%。另外,随着深层冷海水温度的上升,膨胀输出功减少,同时空调的冷冻水温度上升,使空调冷冻水向空气中输入的冷炯显著减少。此时,输出功和空调冷灯的总减少量超过了深海水总输入冷灯的减少量,因此综合州效率从 51.60%降低到 47.25%。
在深层海水温度为 ${4}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 、3种空调冷冻水流量 $\left( {{0.5},{0.6},{0.7}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{3}/\mathrm{h}}\right)$ 情况下,表层海水温度变化对发电系统中蒸发压力和发电量的影响如图 9 所示。
图 9 可知: 蒸发压力随表层海水温度上升而增加,基本上不受冷冻水流量的影响;而发电量呈相似的变化规律。这是因为表层海水温度的上升增强了其与工质之间的换热能力, 导致蒸发温度和蒸发压力增加,膨胀机的做功能力增强,从而提高了发电量。值得注意的是,深海水依次被用于发电和空调, 因此冷冻水参数并不直接影响发电系统性能。当表层海水温度从 ${25}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 上升到 ${30}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 时,蒸发压力从 ${0.57}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 增至 ${0.66}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ ,同时发电功率从 ${36.0}\mathrm{\;W}$ 增至 ${75.5}\mathrm{\;W}$
表层海水温度和冷冻水流量分别对空调系统中冷冻水供水温度、制冷量的影响规律如图 10 所示。
图 10(a) 中可以看到, 随着表层海水温度上升, 空调冷冻水的供水温度呈略微上升趋势。这是因为深层海水依次冷却循环工质(R134a)和空调冷冻水,当表层海水温度上升时,工质蒸发量增加,膨胀后的温度上升,与深海水的换热增强,导致深海水在冷凝器出口的温度也上升, 进而使空调冷冻水供水温度相应上升。此外发现,空调冷冻水供水温度在不同流量之间存在一定的波动, 整体上,当流量较大时其温度较低。这可能是由于试验过程中冷冻水流量从 ${0.5}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{3}/\mathrm{h}$ 增到 ${0.7}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{3}/\mathrm{h}$ ,室内空气被持续冷却,空气温度降低,从而使得冷冻水回水温度也降低, 导致与深海水换热后的供水温度随之降低。在表层海水温度最低 $\left( {{25}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}}\right)$ 且冷冻水流量最大 $\left( {{0.7}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{3}/\mathrm{h}}\right)$ 时,可得最低的空调冷冻水供水温度为 ${7}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$
图 10(b)可知:空调制冷量随着表层海水温度下降略微增加,且当冷冻水流量越小时,增加更显著;制冷量随着冷冻水流量的增加显著提高。当表层海水温度从 ${30}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 降至 ${25}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 时,3 种冷冻水流量 $\left( {{0.5},{0.6},{0.7}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{3}/\mathrm{h}}\right)$ 对应的制冷量分别提高了 ${542},{418},{228}\mathrm{\;W}$ 。在表层海水温度最低 $\left( {{25}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}}\right)$ 时, 3 种冷冻水流量对应的制冷量为最大值,分别为 ${4236},{4924},{5155}{\mathrm{\;W}}_{ \circ }$ 因此,此时空调的制冷量受表层海水温度影响,但主要取决于冷冻水流量。
表层海水温度以及冷冻水流量对系统综合热效率的影响见图 11
图 11 可以看出, 综合热效率随着表层海水温度降低呈波动上升的趋势,而在冷冻水流量增大时,这一趋势变得更为显著。这主要源于降低表层海水温度导致发电量和制冷量折算电量之和呈增加趋势, 尤其是相较于深层海水的换热量增加更为显著,从而推动了综合热效率的提升。此外,随着冷冻水流量的增加,空调的制冷量快速增大,导致综合热效率显著提升。具体而言, 在表层海水温度为 ${25}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 、冷冻水流量为 ${0.7}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{3}/\mathrm{h}$ 时,综合热效率达到了 17.5%。因此,对于深海水的梯级利用系统,多种因素都会影响综合热效率,其中,发电能力对表层海水温度变化敏感,而表层海水温度变化对系统制冷量的输出也有一定影响。
表层海水温度以及冷冻水流量对系统综合州效率的影响见图 12
图 12 中可看出, 系统的综合烟效率随表层海水温度的上升无明显变化,随着冷冻水流量的增加而显著提升。这是因为表层海水温度的上升使膨胀功增加,与此同时,空调输入的冷炯减少, 两者的相互抵消效应使得表层海水对综合系统的佣效率影响不显著。此外,增大冷冻水流量对空调制冷的影响较大,输入空调的冷炯随之增加,且其增加量超过深海水的总冷灯输入量。根据式 (11),系统的综合州效率因此显著提升。具体而言,在表层海水温度为 ${30}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 时,当冷冻水流量从 ${0.5}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{3}/\mathrm{h}$ 增加到 ${0.7}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{3}/\mathrm{h}$ 时,综合拥效率从 ${41.9}\%$ 增至 51.0%,提高了 9.1%。因此, OTEC-AC 系统可通过提高冷冻水流量促进空调制冷, 从而提升系统的州效率。
为比较 OTEC-AC 相对 OTEC 独立运行时的整体性能优势, 在相同工况下, 深层和表层海水温度分别为${4}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$${30}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$,两者的主要参数对比如表 4 所示。
表 4 可知, 在测试工况下, 深海水可利用温差由${3}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$提高到${5}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$, OTEC 仅输出电量${97}\mathrm{\;W}$,而同时 OTEC-AC 输出电量${97}\mathrm{\;W}$和冷量${5386}\mathrm{\;W}$。 将冷量折算成电量时,系统热效率从 1.21% (OTEC)提升至 17.60%(OTEC-AC),增加了约 11 倍。很显然, OTEC-AC 系统通过深度利用深海水的冷能,同时输出电量和冷量,显著提高了海水冷能的利用效率。
为了高效利用海洋温差能, 提高能源转换系统的热效率,本文设计并搭建了一套梯级利用深海水的新型 OTEC-AC 试验系统, 并进行了试验分析。基于热力学定律,定义了膨胀功、循环热效率、制冷量、综合拥效率等系统性能评价指标,研究了在不同工况下, OTEC 发电循环的关键参数随压比变化的规律以及 OTEC-AC 系统的性能指标受海水温度和空调冷冻水流量的影响, 比较了 OTEC-AC 与 OTEC 的系统性能, 得到主要结论如下。
①OTEC 发电系统中,对于表层海水不同温度, 存在对应最佳膨胀压比使得膨胀机的等熵效率达峰值。当表层海水温度为 ${30}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 时,等熵效率在压比为 1.77 处达最大值 21.83%,膨胀输出功率最大达 79.1 W,热效率最高达 1.21%。
②OTEC-AC 系统性能高度依赖于深层海水温度, 其温度降低可显著提高发电量和制冷量, 同时能源利用率显著提升。具体为深层海水温度由 9 °C下降至 4 °C时,系统的综合畑效率从 47.25% 提升到 51.60%。表层海水温度升高可快速提高综合系统的发电量, 但也会略微抑制空调的制冷能力。增加冷冻水流量可使系统制冷量增加,从而提升深海水的利用率。
③将 OTEC 结合空调系统后,能源利用率显著提高, 系统性能增强。在相同工况下, OTEC-AC 系统的发电量和制冷量分别为 ${97}\mathrm{\;W}$${5386}\mathrm{\;W}$ , 与独立运行 OTEC 系统相比,将制冷量折算为电量后的系统热效率从 1.21%提升到 17.60%。
  • 国家自然科学基金(51806136)
  • 上海市科学技术委员会重点项目(18040501800)
  • 上海市科学技术委员会重点项目(22ZR1426900)
  • 上海市深远海“全渗透”能源动力前沿科学研究基地项目
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  • 接收时间:2023-12-29
  • 首发时间:2025-07-18
  • 出版时间:2025-04-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-29
基金
国家自然科学基金(51806136)
上海市科学技术委员会重点项目(18040501800)
上海市科学技术委员会重点项目(22ZR1426900)
上海市深远海“全渗透”能源动力前沿科学研究基地项目
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    1 上海海事大学 商船学院 上海 201306

通讯作者:

高文忠(1978-),男,教授,博士生导师,研究方向为清洁能源利用技术,船舶、工业余热/余冷的高效综合利用及传热强化技术。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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