Article(id=1152988710418240136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1152988708019098237, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1719763200000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752823530058, onlineDateStr=2025-07-18, pubDate=1745078400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752823530058, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752823530058, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752823530058, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1152988708019098237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, year='2025', volume='43', issue='4', pageStart='427', pageEnd='568', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1752823529485, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753694474720, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156641717148312407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1152988708019098237, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156641717148312408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, issueId=1152988708019098237, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=542, endPage=551, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1152988710766367369, articleId=1152988710418240136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, language=EN, title=Research on site selection and capacity determination of energy storage in distribution network based on improved manta ray foraging optimization algorithm, columnId=null, journalTitle=Renewable Energy Resources, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Energy storage has the characteristics of strong flexibility and fast response, which can effectively alleviate load fluctuations, voltage instability and other problems caused by new energy access. This paper proposes a doublelayer power distribution based on an improved manta ray foraging optimization algorithm. The network energy storage site selection and capacity strategy aims to minimize energy storage investment costs, daily voltage fluctuations and daily load fluctuations, establish a twolayer site selection and capacity model, and introduce elite reverse learning strategies and adaptive tumbling factor improvements. The manta ray foraging optimization algorithm solution model was used, and the proposed method was simulated and verified using the connected new energy IEEE33 node distribution network as an example. The results showed that the proposed site selection and capacity optimization scheme can significantly reduce system voltage and load fluctuations, effectively reducing system investment costs.

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储能具有灵活性强、响应速度快等特点,可有效缓解新能源接入带来的负荷波动、电压失稳等问题。文章提出了一种基于改进蝠鲼觅食优化算法的双层配电网储能选址定容策略,以储能投资成本、日均电压波动和日均负荷波动最小为目标,建立双层选址定容模型。引入采用精英反向学习策略和自适应翻滚因子改进的蝠鲼觅食优化算法求解模型,并以接入的新能源 IEEE33 节点配电网为例,对所提策略进行仿真验证。结果表明,所提选址定容优化方案可显著降低系统电压和负荷波动,有效减少系统投资成本。

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(1987-),男,博士,副教授,硕士生导师,研究方向为新能源与电能存储技术、电力系统运行与分析等。E-mail:
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李亚飞(1991-),男,博士,高级工程师,研究方向为综合能源、配电网运行技术。E-mail:

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李亚飞(1991-),男,博士,高级工程师,研究方向为综合能源、配电网运行技术。E-mail:

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李亚飞(1991-),男,博士,高级工程师,研究方向为综合能源、配电网运行技术。E-mail:

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articleTitle=基于多重混合博弈的云储能市场优化运行策略, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1159146018131792190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988710418240136, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=47, issue=1, pageStart=20, pageEnd=27, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=22, authorNames=杨欢红, 王洁, 邰能灵, journalName=电力系统保护与控制, refType=null, unstructuredReference=杨欢红, 王洁, 邰能灵, 等. 基于灰靶决策和多目标布谷鸟算法的微电网分布式电源鲁棒优化[J]. 电力系统保护与控制, 2019, 47(1): 20-27., articleTitle=基于灰靶决策和多目标布谷鸟算法的微电网分布式电源鲁棒优化, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1159146016579899664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988710418240136, awardId=52377104, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(52377104), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1159146012284932233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988710418240136, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1159146012293320842, 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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159146015917199610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988710418240136, language=CN, label=图 13, caption=优化配置前、后系统负荷波动, figureFileSmall=Cq9JHaRsK3MCD+4Ygt5ATQ==, figureFileBig=+wfoOxjsZctoWq20DuZOsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1159146015967531260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988710418240136, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Economic parameters of energy storage device, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
成本参数 数值
单位容量成本/元. ${\left( \mathrm{{MW}} \cdot \mathrm{h}\right) }^{-1}$ 127
单位功率成本/元 $\cdot {\left( \mathrm{{MW}} \cdot \mathrm{h}\right) }^{-1}$ 110
折现率1% 6.332
投资年限/a 10
政府售电补贴/元 (MW·h) ${}^{-1}$ 120
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成本参数 数值
单位容量成本/元. ${\left( \mathrm{{MW}} \cdot \mathrm{h}\right) }^{-1}$ 127
单位功率成本/元 $\cdot {\left( \mathrm{{MW}} \cdot \mathrm{h}\right) }^{-1}$ 110
折现率1% 6.332
投资年限/a 10
政府售电补贴/元 (MW·h) ${}^{-1}$ 120
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时段 购电电价 售电电价
00:00-08:00 130 170
${08} : {00} - {11} : {00}$ 380 490
11:00-16:00 650 830
${16} : {00} - {19} : {00}$ 380 490
19:00-22:00 650 830
${22} : {00} - {24} : {00}$ 380 490
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时段 购电电价 售电电价
00:00-08:00 130 170
${08} : {00} - {11} : {00}$ 380 490
11:00-16:00 650 830
${16} : {00} - {19} : {00}$ 380 490
19:00-22:00 650 830
${22} : {00} - {24} : {00}$ 380 490
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目标函数 标准 改进 MRFO 传统 MRFO
储能日均 综合成本/元 单目标最差 2383.92 2736.81
单目标最优 -536.02 -351.49
综合最优解 531.45 1 266.73
日均电压 波动/p.u. 单目标最差 8.50 10.81
单目标最优 6.48 6.69
综合最优解 6.54 7.80
日均负荷 波动/kW 单目标最差 660.97 679.18
单目标最优 558.82 610.57
综合最优解 582.70 637.23
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目标函数 标准 改进 MRFO 传统 MRFO
储能日均 综合成本/元 单目标最差 2383.92 2736.81
单目标最优 -536.02 -351.49
综合最优解 531.45 1 266.73
日均电压 波动/p.u. 单目标最差 8.50 10.81
单目标最优 6.48 6.69
综合最优解 6.54 7.80
日均负荷 波动/kW 单目标最差 660.97 679.18
单目标最优 558.82 610.57
综合最优解 582.70 637.23
), ArticleFig(id=1159146016403738893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988710418240136, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=Optimization results of optimal solutions obtained by different algorithm, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
算法 安装位置 配置容量/MW·h
改进 MRFO [16,29] [1.76,1.31]
传统 MRFO [2,19] [1.10,1.92]
), ArticleFig(id=1159146016470847758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119893612605453, articleId=1152988710418240136, language=CN, label=表 4, caption=不同算法获得的最优解优化结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
算法 安装位置 配置容量/MW·h
改进 MRFO [16,29] [1.76,1.31]
传统 MRFO [2,19] [1.10,1.92]
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基于改进蝠鲼觅食优化算法的配电网储能选址定容研究
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李亚飞 1 , 俞易涵 1 , 李展 2 , 邹启衡 1 , 黄颖 1 , 陈嘉栋 3 , 孟高军 2
可再生能源 | 2025,43(4): 542-551
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可再生能源 | 2025, 43(4): 542-551
基于改进蝠鲼觅食优化算法的配电网储能选址定容研究
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李亚飞1 , 俞易涵1, 李展2, 邹启衡1, 黄颖1, 陈嘉栋3, 孟高军2
作者信息
  • 1 国网江苏省电力有限公司 苏州供电分公司 江苏 苏州 215100
  • 2 南京工程学院 江苏 南京 211167
  • 3 国电南瑞科技股份有限公司 江苏 南京 211102
  • 李亚飞(1991-),男,博士,高级工程师,研究方向为综合能源、配电网运行技术。E-mail:

通讯作者:

(1987-),男,博士,副教授,硕士生导师,研究方向为新能源与电能存储技术、电力系统运行与分析等。E-mail:
Research on site selection and capacity determination of energy storage in distribution network based on improved manta ray foraging optimization algorithm
Yafei Li1 , Yihan Yu1, Zhan Li2, Qiheng Zou1, Ying Huang1, Jiadong Chen3, Gaojun Meng2
Affiliations
  • 1 Suzhou Power Supply Company, State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Co., Ltd. Suzhou 215100 China
  • 2 Nanjing Institute of Technology Nanjing 211167 China
  • 3 Nari Technology Co., Ltd. Nanjing 211102 China
出版时间: 2025-04-20
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储能具有灵活性强、响应速度快等特点,可有效缓解新能源接入带来的负荷波动、电压失稳等问题。文章提出了一种基于改进蝠鲼觅食优化算法的双层配电网储能选址定容策略,以储能投资成本、日均电压波动和日均负荷波动最小为目标,建立双层选址定容模型。引入采用精英反向学习策略和自适应翻滚因子改进的蝠鲼觅食优化算法求解模型,并以接入的新能源 IEEE33 节点配电网为例,对所提策略进行仿真验证。结果表明,所提选址定容优化方案可显著降低系统电压和负荷波动,有效减少系统投资成本。

新能源  /  蝠鲼觅食优化算法  /  双层优化  /  精英反向学习策略

Energy storage has the characteristics of strong flexibility and fast response, which can effectively alleviate load fluctuations, voltage instability and other problems caused by new energy access. This paper proposes a doublelayer power distribution based on an improved manta ray foraging optimization algorithm. The network energy storage site selection and capacity strategy aims to minimize energy storage investment costs, daily voltage fluctuations and daily load fluctuations, establish a twolayer site selection and capacity model, and introduce elite reverse learning strategies and adaptive tumbling factor improvements. The manta ray foraging optimization algorithm solution model was used, and the proposed method was simulated and verified using the connected new energy IEEE33 node distribution network as an example. The results showed that the proposed site selection and capacity optimization scheme can significantly reduce system voltage and load fluctuations, effectively reducing system investment costs.

new energy  /  manta ray foraging optimization algorithm  /  two-layer optimization  /  elite reverse learning strategy
李亚飞, 俞易涵, 李展, 邹启衡, 黄颖, 陈嘉栋, 孟高军. 基于改进蝠鲼觅食优化算法的配电网储能选址定容研究. 可再生能源, 2025 , 43 (4) : 542 -551 .
Yafei Li, Yihan Yu, Zhan Li, Qiheng Zou, Ying Huang, Jiadong Chen, Gaojun Meng. Research on site selection and capacity determination of energy storage in distribution network based on improved manta ray foraging optimization algorithm[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2025 , 43 (4) : 542 -551 .
随着全球气候变化严重影响人类社会, 我国也加快推进“双碳”战略进程, 积极应对气候变化, 大力发展含风电和光伏的新型电力系统 [ 1 ] 。储能系统由于自身具备快速的功率调节能力, 可以有效改善新型电力系统的电压质量和稳定性等问题,逐渐引起社会各界的广泛关注 [ 2 - 4 ] 。2023 年 06 月, 我国发布《新型电力系统发展蓝皮书》, 强调要加强储能规模化布局应用体系, 实现多种类储能在电力系统中有机结合和优化运行。目前,储能系统的技术和应用已步入成熟化阶段, 储能接入位置与容量的合理规划可以促进高比例新能源消纳,直接影响电力系统的高效经济运行 [ 5 , 6 ]
目前,国内外已有许多学者针对储能选址定容规划问题展开了研究。在构建储能优化配置模型方面,文献[ 7 ]针对提升配电网孤岛运行能力对配电网储能选址定容策略进行优化, 增强了配电网保障孤岛时段负荷稳定的能力。文献[ 8 ]提出一种两阶段分布式储能选址定容规划策略, 通过电压稳定指标计算配电网各节点灵活性, 初步筛选不稳定节点。文献[ 9 ]采用 Fast-Newman 算法构建配电网规划控制集群,匹配 $5\mathrm{G}$ 基站和光伏机组运行策略, 在此基础上建立双层储能规划模型。文献[ 10 ]建立了含高比例新能源配电网的设备可靠性模型, 从故障率和修复时长角度量化系统供电可靠性, 综合经济成本和可靠性指标构建储能选址定容模型。文献[ 11 ]从第三方投资者角度分析配电网储能最优非营利规划, 建立了分别描述储能选址定容、储能调度和市场出清的三级优化模型。上述研究主要通过多个运行指标考察规划配电网, 但在优化储能选址定容策略的经济效益或系统损耗方面,对多角度指标结合的考量欠缺全面性, 难以完整描述储能配置策略对配电网运行的影响。
在求解模型算法方面, 文献[ 12 ]从初始种群和寻优调节因子角度对传统麻雀搜索算法进行改进, 利用莱维飞行策略增强寻优速度。文献[ 13 ]针对传统模拟退火遗传算法的交叉变异概率进行改进, 引入双阈值变异概率减少陷入局部最优解的时长。文献[ 14 ]采用基于禁忌搜索和混沌搜索的混合算法求解储能选址定容模型。文献[ 15 ]提出一种基于 NSGA2 算法的改进蝙蝠遗传算法, 加入均衡搜索机制和随机惯性权重策略, 得到的非支配解集空间分布更加均匀。文献[ 16 ]采用一种改进的灰狼算法求解配电网规划模型, 基于不确定性场景分析对储能选址定容策略进行预规制。上述文献主要采用遗传算法求解储能优化配置模型, 但传统算法受初始种群分布和寻优策略影响较大,计算速度慢,容易陷入局部最优解。
针对以上问题, 本文提出了一种基于改进蝠鲼觅食优化算法的双层配电网储能选址定容策略。以储能系统总成本、日均电压波动和负荷波动为目标, 建立储能单元双层选址定容优化模型。采用改进的蝠鲼觅食多目标优化算法求解, 结合灰靶决策法筛选最优解, 通过算例仿真验证了所提模型的有效性。
外层模型的选址过程中, 重点考虑储能装置的安装容量及位置, 属于规划层模型。该模型主要考察储能选址定容策略的经济性, 目标函数为储能装置的总成本。
本文将投资建设完毕的电力系统作为研究对象,不考虑储能装置外的设备投资建设成本,其储能装置总成本应包含储能的投资建设、运行维护、 储能运行的购售电套利三方面。以单日运行状况为尺度,储能装置的日均综合成本描述为 [ 17 ]
${F}_{1} = \frac{1}{365}\left( {{C}_{\mathrm{{IN}}} + {C}_{\mathrm{{OP}}}}\right) - {C}_{\mathrm{{PS}}} - {C}_{\text{sub }}$
式中:${C}_{\mathrm{{IN}}}$为储能装置年投资建设成本;${C}_{\mathrm{{OP}}}$为年运行维护成本,本文取为投资建设成本的$5\% ;{C}_{\mathrm{{PS}}}$为储能装置日购售电套利;${C}_{\mathrm{{sub}}}$为政府提供的储能售电量补贴。
${C}_{\mathrm{{IN}}} = \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{N}\left( {{c}_{\mathrm{e}}{E}_{i} + {c}_{\mathrm{p}}{P}_{i}}\right) \frac{\rho {\left( 1 + \rho \right) }^{{y}_{\mathrm{{IN}}}}}{{\left( 1 + \rho \right) }^{{y}_{\mathrm{{IN}}}} - 1}$
${C}_{\mathrm{{OP}}} = \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{{N}_{\mathrm{e}}}\left( {{c}_{\mathrm{e}}{E}_{i} + {c}_{\mathrm{p}}{P}_{i}}\right) \times 5\%$
${C}_{\mathrm{{PS}}} = \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t = 1}}^{T}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{{N}_{\mathrm{e}}}{\rho }_{\mathrm{P}}{P}_{\mathrm{{cha}}}^{i}\left( t\right) - {\rho }_{\mathrm{S}}{P}_{\mathrm{{dis}}}^{i}\left( t\right)$
${C}_{\text{sub }} = \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t = 1}}^{T}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{{N}_{c}}\delta {P}_{\text{dis }}^{i}\left( t\right)$
式中:${N}_{\mathrm{e}}$为储能装置数量;${c}_{\mathrm{e}},{c}_{\mathrm{p}}$分别为储能的单位容量成本、单位功率成本;${E}_{i},{P}_{i}$分别为第$i$台储能的安装容量、功率;$\rho$为投资折现率;${y}_{\mathrm{{IN}}}$为储能的投资年限;${\rho }_{\mathrm{P}},{\rho }_{\mathrm{S}}$分别为储能装置在$t$时段的购、 售电电价;$T = {24}$为时段数,本文取每小时作为一个计算时段;${P}_{\mathrm{{cha}}}^{i}\left( t\right) ,{P}_{\mathrm{{dis}}}^{i}\left( t\right)$分别为第$i$个储能装置在$t$时段的充、放电功率;$\delta$为政府提供储能装置的年售电量补贴系数, 本文取为 120 元/(MW· h)。
根据配置储能装置的容量和位置合理规划调度周期内各储能装置的运行计划, 可以在减少风光波动的同时减少投资成本,并改善系统的电压波动情况。因此, 内层的目标函数主要包含系统日均电压波动和日均负荷波动两方面 [ 18 ]
①系统日均电压波动
混合储能对新能源出力波动性的平抑可以有效减少系统的电压波动情况, 本文采用日电压波动的数学期望来表示混合储能的配置方案效果:
${F}_{2} = \frac{1}{T}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t = 1}}^{T}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 1}}^{N}\left\lbrack {{V}_{j}\left( t\right) - {\bar{V}}_{j}}\right\rbrack$
式中: $N$ 为节点数; ${V}_{j}\left( t\right)$ 为第 $j$ 个节点 $t$ 时段的电压值; ${\bar{V}}_{j}$ 为第 $j$ 个节点在 ${24}\mathrm{\;h}$ 内的电压均值。
②系统日均负荷波动
储能装置可以适当地规划出力计划, 在系统负荷低谷期吸收能量,负荷高峰期释放能量,对系统总体负荷具有平抑作用。本文采用系统每日等效负荷的标准差来考量储能装置选址定容的效果:
${F}_{2} = \sqrt{\frac{1}{T}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t = 1}}^{T}{\left\lbrack \begin{array}{l} {P}_{\text{load }}\left( t\right) - {P}_{\mathrm{{pv}}}\left( t\right) - {P}_{\text{wind }}\left( t\right) - \\ {P}_{\text{cha/dis }}\left( t\right) - {\bar{P}}_{\mathrm{L}} \end{array}\right\rbrack }^{2}}$
式中: ${P}_{\text{load }}\left( t\right)$$t$ 时段系统总负荷功率; ${P}_{\mathrm{{pv}}}\left( t\right)$ 为系统 $t$ 时段光伏机组总出力; ${P}_{\text{wind }}\left( t\right)$$t$ 时段风电场总出力; ${\bar{P}}_{\mathrm{L}}$${24}\mathrm{\;h}$ 内系统负荷均值。
为保证储能装置选址定容方案下新型电力系统能够安全稳定运行, 制定方案时须考虑多方面约束条件。本文中主要约束条件如下。
①系统功率平衡约束
$\left\{ \begin{array}{l} \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 1}}^{N}{P}_{j}\left( t\right) = {P}_{\text{load }}\left( t\right) - {P}_{\text{coal }}\left( t\right) - {P}_{\text{pv }}\left( t\right) - {P}_{\text{wind }}\left( t\right) - {P}_{\text{cha/dis }}\left( t\right) \\ \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 1}}^{N}{Q}_{j}\left( t\right) = {Q}_{\text{load }}\left( t\right) - {Q}_{\text{coal }}\left( t\right) - {Q}_{\text{pv }}\left( t\right) - {Q}_{\text{wind }}\left( t\right) - {Q}_{\text{cha/dis }}\left( t\right) \end{array}\right.$
式中:${P}_{j}\left( t\right)$${Q}_{j}\left( t\right)$分别为第$j$个节点$t$时段的实际有功和无功负荷;${P}_{\text{load }}\left( t\right)$$t$时段系统总负荷功率;${P}_{\mathrm{{cha}}/\mathrm{{dis}}}\left( t\right)$为储能装置在$t$时段的充电或放电功率。
②配电网络的潮流约束
$\left\{ \begin{array}{l} {P}_{i} = {U}_{i}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j \in i}}{U}_{j}\left( {{G}_{ij}\cos {\theta }_{ij} + {B}_{ij}\sin {\theta }_{ij}}\right) \\ {Q}_{i} = {U}_{i}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j \in i}}{U}_{j}\left( {{G}_{ij}\sin {\theta }_{ij} - {B}_{ij}\cos {\theta }_{ij}}\right) \end{array}\right.$
式中:${P}_{i},{Q}_{i}$分别为节点$i$处有功、无功注入;${U}_{i},{U}_{j}$分别为节点$i, j$电压幅值;${G}_{ij},{B}_{ij}$分别为支路${ij}$的电导、电纳;${\theta }_{ij}$为节点$i, j$间电压相角差;$j \in i$表示与节点$i$相邻的节点。
③节点电压潮流越限约束
${V}_{i}^{\min } \leq {V}_{i}\left( t\right) \leq {V}_{i}^{\max }$
${P}_{j} < {P}_{j}^{\max }$
式中:${V}_{i}^{\min },{V}_{i}^{\max }$分别为第$i$个节点的电压下限、上限;${P}_{j},{P}_{j}^{\max }$分别为第$j$条支路的传输功率及其上限。
④储能配置限制
$\left\{ \begin{array}{l} {P}^{\min } \leq {P}_{i} \leq {P}^{\max } \\ {E}^{\min } \leq {E}_{i} \leq {E}^{\max } \end{array}\right.$
式中:${P}^{\max },{P}^{\min }$分别为第$i$台储能装置的安装功率上、下限;${E}^{\max },{E}^{\min }$分别为第$i$台储能装置的安装容量上、下限。
⑤储能充、放电效率限制
混合储能装置转化能量时, 不可避免会产生能量损耗,制定选址定容计划时应考虑充、放电效率对储能的影响。
$\left\{ \begin{array}{l} 0 \leq {P}_{\text{cha }}^{i}\left( t\right) \leq {P}_{i}{\eta }_{\text{cha }} \\ - {P}_{i}/{\eta }_{\text{dis }} \leq {P}_{\text{cha }}^{i}\left( t\right) \leq 0 \end{array}\right.$
式中:${\mathbf{\eta }}_{\mathrm{{cha}}},{\mathbf{\eta }}_{\mathrm{{dis}}}$分别为储能单元充、放电效率。
⑥储能荷电状态限制
${\mathrm{{SOC}}}^{\min } \leq {\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{i}\left( t\right) \leq {\mathrm{{SOC}}}^{\max }$
式中:${\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{i}\left( t\right)$为第$i$台储能装置在$t$时段的荷电状态;SOC${}^{\max },{\mathrm{{SOC}}}^{\min }$分别为荷电状态上、下限,本文将荷电状态限制在 15%~85%。
⑦储能 SOC 与充、放电功率关系约束
$\mathrm{{SOC}}\left( {t + 1}\right) = \mathrm{{SOC}}\left( t\right) + {\eta }_{\mathrm{{cha}}}\frac{{P}_{\mathrm{{cha}}}\left( t\right) }{{E}_{\text{rated }}} - \frac{{P}_{\mathrm{{dis}}}\left( t\right) }{{\eta }_{\mathrm{{dis}}}{E}_{\text{rated }}}$
式中:$\operatorname{SOC}\left( t\right)$为当前时刻的$\mathrm{{SOC}};\operatorname{SOC}\left( {t + 1}\right)$为下一个时刻的$\mathrm{{SOC}};{P}_{\mathrm{{cha}}}\left( t\right) ,{P}_{\mathrm{{dis}}}\left( t\right)$分别为当前时刻的充电功率、放电功率;${E}_{\text{rated }}$为电池的额定容量。
⑧线路负载率约束
线路的负载率约束按照单联络供电模型来考虑, 不得超过 50%。
配电网储能选址定容问题涉及多个变量和复杂约束, 传统优化方法 (如线性规划或非线性规划) 在处理大规模、非线性和多约束问题时, 可能效率低下或无法找到全局最优解。启发式算法具备全局搜索能力, 能避免局部最优, 尤其适用于多峰、多约束的优化问题。其中,蝠鲼觅食优化 (Manta Ray Forgaging Optimization, MRFO) 算法通过模拟蝠鲼觅食行为, 有效平衡全局和局部搜索, 提高了全局优化能力。该算法结合搜索和挖掘两种方式, 既进行全局探索避免局部最优, 又在优区详细探索改善当前最优解, 兼顾全面性和精确性, 优于其他元启发式算法。
MRFO 算法是 2019 年提出的一种遗传优化算法, 通过模仿深海中蝠鲼群捕食小型浮游生物群的 3 种觅食方式, 将其抽象为数学模型得到了 3 种寻优策略 [ 19 ] 。MRFO 算法的觅食策略分为链式、螺旋式和翻滚式 3 种。
①链式觅食
蝠鲼群游向视线内浮游生物浓度最高的区域, 它们跟随领队蝠鲼列队前行, 排成首尾相连的长链。除了领队个体外, 其余蝠鲼个体一边跟随前方的个体, 一边向已观测到的最优位置前进, 可以在寻优的同时检索前方个体漏掉的区域。每次迭代的位置更新策略如下:
${x}_{i}^{d}\left( {g + 1}\right) = \left\{ \begin{array}{l} {x}_{i}^{d}\left( g\right) + r\left\lbrack {{x}_{\text{best }}^{d}\left( g\right) - {x}_{i}^{d}\left( g\right) }\right\rbrack + \\ \alpha \left\lbrack {{x}_{\text{best }}^{d}\left( g\right) - {x}_{i}^{d}\left( g\right) }\right\rbrack , i = 1 \\ {x}_{i}^{d}\left( g\right) + r\left\lbrack {{x}_{i - 1}^{d}\left( g\right) - {x}_{i}^{d}\left( g\right) }\right\rbrack + \\ \alpha \left\lbrack {{x}_{\text{best }}^{d}\left( g\right) - {x}_{i}^{d}\left( g\right) }\right\rbrack , i = 2,3,\cdots , N \end{array}\right.$
$\alpha = {2r}\sqrt{\left| \log \left( r\right) \right| }$
式中: ${x}_{i}^{d}\left( g\right)$ 为第 $g$ 次迭代中第 $i$ 个个体第 $d$ 维的位置; $r$$\left\lbrack {0,1}\right\rbrack$ 上的随机数; $\alpha$ 为权重因子; ${x}_{\text{best }}^{d}\left( g\right)$ 为第 $g$ 次迭代中最优个体。
链式觅食策略中, 每个个体位置更新的示意图如图 1 所示。
②螺旋式觅食
当蝠鲼群在海洋深处发现浮游生物聚集区后, 它们将排列成螺旋状向猎物的方向前进, 由此在水下产生旋涡, 保证浮游生物群无处可逃。在螺旋觅食策略中,每个个体在跟随前方个体的同时, 还会以最优解或随机位置为参考位置进行滚动搜索, 以最优解为参考位置更新策略如下:
${x}_{i}^{d}\left( {g + 1}\right) = \left\{ \begin{array}{l} {x}_{\text{best }}^{d}\left( g\right) + r\left\lbrack {{x}_{\text{best }}^{d}\left( g\right) - {x}_{i}^{d}\left( g\right) }\right\rbrack + \\ \beta \left\lbrack {{x}_{\text{best }}^{d}\left( g\right) - {x}_{i}^{d}\left( g\right) }\right\rbrack , i = 1 \\ {x}_{\text{best }}^{d}\left( g\right) + r\left\lbrack {{x}_{i - 1}^{d}\left( g\right) - {x}_{i}^{d}\left( g\right) }\right\rbrack + \\ \beta \left\lbrack {{x}_{\text{best }}^{d}\left( g\right) - {x}_{i}^{d}\left( g\right) }\right\rbrack , i = 2,3,\cdots , N \end{array}\right.$
$\beta = 2\exp \left( {{r}_{1}\frac{G - g + 1}{G}}\right) \sin \left( {{2\pi }{r}_{1}}\right)$
式中: $\beta$ 为权重因子; ${r}_{1}$$\left\lbrack {0,1}\right\rbrack$ 上的随机数; $G$ 为最大迭代次数。
以随机位置为参考位置的个体更新策略如下:
${x}_{i}^{d}\left( {g + 1}\right) = \left\{ \begin{array}{l} {x}_{\text{rand }}^{d}\left( g\right) + r\left\lbrack {{x}_{\text{rand }}^{d}\left( g\right) - {x}_{i}^{d}\left( g\right) }\right\rbrack + \\ \beta \left\lbrack {{x}_{\text{rand }}^{d}\left( g\right) - {x}_{i}^{d}\left( g\right) }\right\rbrack , i = 1 \\ {x}_{\text{rand }}^{d}\left( g\right) + r\left\lbrack {{x}_{i - 1}^{d}\left( g\right) - {x}_{i}^{d}\left( g\right) }\right\rbrack + \\ \beta \left\lbrack {{x}_{\text{rand }}^{d}\left( g\right) - {x}_{i}^{d}\left( g\right) }\right\rbrack , i = 2,3,\cdots , N \end{array}\right.$
${x}_{\text{rand }}^{d} = {x}_{l}^{d} + r\left( {{x}_{u}^{d} - {x}_{l}^{d}}\right)$
式中: ${x}_{\text{rand }}^{d}\left( g\right)$ 为第 $d$ 维搜索空间内的随机位置; ${x}_{u}^{d}$${x}_{l}^{d}$ 分别为第 $d$ 维搜索空间的上、下限。
螺旋觅食策略中, 每个个体位置更新的示意图如图 2 所示。
③翻滚式觅食
蝠鲼群以浮游生物聚集区为支点, 围绕中枢翻滚游动,寻找新的觅食位置,这种觅食方式发生频繁且随机, 有利于蝠鲼个体捕食离群的浮游生物,并搜索周边可能的更高密度聚集区。翻滚觅食策略可以保证每一个个体的位置绕当前最优解进行更新,有利于算法跳出局部最优解,能进行更广泛的全局搜索。其个体更新策略如下:
${x}_{i}^{d}\left( {g + 1}\right) = {x}_{i}^{d}\left( g\right) + S\left\lbrack {{r}_{2}{x}_{\text{best }}^{d} - {r}_{3}{x}_{i}^{d}\left( g\right) }\right\rbrack$
式中: $S$ 为翻滚因子; ${r}_{2}$${r}_{3}$ 分别为 $\left\lbrack {0,1}\right\rbrack$ 上的随机数。
翻滚觅食策略中, 每个个体位置更新的示意图如图 3 所示。
传统 MRFO 算法搜索能力较强, 可以高效地寻找最优解, 但其收敛速度较快, 容易陷入局部最优解 [ 20 ] 。此外,初始种群的分布情况也会影响到算法的寻优能力, 如果初始种群分布不均, 很可能会导致算法收敛速度下降,甚至收敛到局部最优,无法获得最优解。
本文对传统蝠鲼觅食优化算法进行了改进, 主要对其初始种群的生成策略及翻滚觅食策略进行了调整,可以提高算法的收敛速度和精度。
①初始种群的精英反向学习策略
与传统遗传算法相同, MRFO 的计算依赖于初始种群的生成情况, 其对局部极值的抗性较差, 容易陷入局部最优解。本文在随机生成初始种群的基础上, 采用精英反向学习策略对初始种群进行调整和筛选, 利用精英个体包含更多有效信息的特点,生成其反向解并与原个体进行对比,扩大了种群的覆盖范围和搜索效率, 可以提高算法的收敛速度和抵抗局部极值的能力。
个体的精英反向解定义为
${x}_{i}^{-d} = r\left( {{x}_{u}^{d} + {x}_{l}^{d}}\right) - {x}_{i}^{d}$
式中: ${x}_{i}^{d}$ 为第 $i$ 个个体的精英反向解第 $d$ 维的值。
以精英反向学习策略改善初始种群的步骤如下:
a)按常规随机方式生成初始种群;
b)计算初始种群的每个个体适应度值;
c)将初始种群按适应度从小到大排序,筛选出相对较优的 ${50}\%$ 个体作为优势种群 ${X}_{\mathrm{b}}$ ;
d)对所选的优势种群进行精英反向学习, 求出对应的反向种群 ${X}_{\mathrm{b}}^{\prime }$;
e)将精英反向种群 ${X}_{\mathrm{b}}^{\prime }$ 与初始种群中的优势个体合并,作为最终用于迭代的初始种群。
②自适应翻滚因子
在 MRFO 算法中, 为提高蝠鲼个体的觅食效率, 翻滚觅食的重复次数较高, 翻滚觅食的个体更新策略中存在翻滚因子 $S$ ,主要用于控制翻滚的幅度和距离。传统 MRFO 算法的翻滚因子 $S$ 是固定的, 不会随迭代次数和种群适应度情况发生改变,因而限制了蝠鲼个体翻滚的搜索范围。
为了解决以上问题, 本文提出了一种新型自适应翻滚觅食策略,将翻滚因子 $S$ 替换为变化的自适应翻滚因子 $\xi$ ,它可以随着迭代次数的变化而进行动态调整, 使得蝠鲼个体翻滚觅食的距离自适应地变化, 根据当前算法状态选择合适的翻滚步长。 $\xi$ 的计算方法如下 [ 21 ] :
$\xi = 5 + {\left\lbrack {0.25} + {\mathrm{e}}^{\left( {f}_{\max }^{g}/{f}_{\min }^{g}\right) }\right\rbrack }^{-1}$
式中: ${f}_{\max }^{g},{f}_{\min }^{g}$ 分别为第 $g$ 代个体的适应度最大值、 最小值。
相较于传统 MRFO 算法, 改进 MRFO 算法在初始种群质量和动态寻优策略上都有所提升,其详细求解流程如图 4 所示。
本文建立的配电网储能双层选址定容优化模型是一个多目标优化问题。多目标优化策略通过非支配解集(Pareto 解集)来存储和更新迭代过程中的合适解。由于多个目标函数之间的耦合关系, 解集中可能会有在某个指标上表现优异但在其他指标上表现较差的解。
在多目标优化过程中,会产生大量非支配解, 并迅速扩充 Pareto 解集。为了提高算法运算速度, 须要限制 Pareto 解集的规模。本文将 Pareto 解集的最大存储量设为 50 , 当存储池已满时, 采用基于灰色理论的灰靶决策法对非支配解进行评价, 删除较劣解。
灰靶决策法通过计算非支配解的适应度函数来确定理想最优解(灰靶靶心),然后根据其他解与靶心之间的距离筛选出最佳方案。这种方法适用于多指标决策问题, 从而有效管理 Pareto 解集。
本文采用改进的蝠鲼觅食优化算法对配电网储能双层选址定容优化模型进行求解, 上层模型从系统经济性出发, 考虑储能安装及运行的总成本对储能在配电网中的安装位置及容量进行筛选,并将选址定容结果传递到下层分析。下层模型在选定储能位置和容量的基础上, 考虑系统运行的稳定性, 以尽可能减少系统日均负荷波动及电压波动为目标, 根据典型日的风光机组出力及负荷情况生成系统优化调度运行方案,并将运行结果返回至上层, 根据多目标优化结果对配电网储能选址定容方案进行评价 [ 22 , 23 ] 。具体求解流程如图 5 所示。
本文采用添加风电和光伏机组的改进 IEEE33 节点配电网系统进行仿真分析,系统拓扑结构如图 6 所示, 系统包含一台火电机组、两台风电机组和两台光伏机组, 共有 33 个节点和 32 条支路。系统内节点 1 装有火电机组,节点 14,20 加装风电机组,节点 9,30 加装光伏机组。系统电压等级为${12.66}\mathrm{{kV}}$,基准功率为${10}\mathrm{{MVA}}$
33 节点配电网中,节点 1 为火电电源节点, 储能装置的安装位置不包含节点 1 , 储能安装数量设为两台,每台最大安装容量为$2\mathrm{{MW}}$,最大输出功率为 0.5MW,充、放电效率为 95%,储能出力优化调度时段为$T = {24}\mathrm{h}$。典型日的负荷、风电、光伏出力数据如图 7 所示, 储能装置的经济参数如表 1 所示, 系统的购、售电电价如表 2 所示。
表 3 给出了不同算法下的储能选址定容 Pareto 前沿目标函数统计结果, 表 4 给出了不同算法下的储能选址定容最优解优化结果。 从表 3,4 中可以看出,采用改进 MRFO 算法求得的非支配解集中, 3 个目标函数的最优和最差解均低于传统算法的结果。这说明改进算法具有更强的局部搜索能力, 与传统算法的结果相比, 系统日均综合成本减少了 735.28 元,日均电压波动减少了${1.26}\mathrm{p}.\mathrm{u}.$,日均负荷波动减少了${54.53}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$,说明采用改进算法得出的最优解明显优于传统算法, 可以有效降低系统的日均综合成本、电压波动及负荷波动。
图 8 为两种算法求得的 Pareto 解集示意图。 从图 8 中可以看出, 改进 MRFO 算法求得的目标函数值总体上优于传统算法所得结果, 3 个成本型目标函数的取值都更加接近理想零点。
图 9 为最优选址定容策略下, 改进 MRFO 求得的两台储能机组的日出力计划及荷电状态示意图。从图 9 中可以看出,两台储能装置在${24}\mathrm{\;h}$调度时段内可以保持正常运行, 在系统等效负荷较大时释放能量, 负荷较小时吸收能量来保证系统的稳定运行,同时保持自身的荷电状态在${15}\% \sim$85%的正常值内。
图 10图 11 分别为优化配置储能前、后,改进 IEEE33 节点配电网系统${24}\mathrm{\;h}$内各节点电压曲线。
图 10 可知, 仅接入风电和光伏机组状态下, 优化时段内改进 IEEE33 节点配电网系统各节点电压波动剧烈。除节点 1 作为平衡节点保持电压不变外, 系统主干和 3 条支路的电压波动都随着与火电机组距离的增大而增大。前$6\mathrm{\;h}$内无光照光伏机组出力为 0 ,系统仅受风电机组影响, 整体能量供应超出负荷需求, 节点电压高出额定值,最高达到 1.019 p.u.; 后来光伏机组开始出力, 但负荷高峰带来更高的能量需求, 导致整体电压水平有所降低,最低达到 0.940 p.u.。
图 11 可知,接入储能后系统各节点电压波动趋势不变, 但波动量明显下降, 具体地, 接入储能后系统整体电压波动量减少了 19.13%,电压最高点从 1.019 p.u. 下降到 1.013 p.u., 最低点从 0.940 p.u.上升到 0.951 p.u.。说明本文算法优化配置储能可以有效缓解新能源出力波动性造成的系统电压波动。
图 12 为不同运行场景下,系统各节点日均电压波动情况示意图。由图 12 可见,在节点 1~18 和 3 条支路范围内, 随着与节点 1 火电机组的距离增大,各节点的日均电压波动量也有所增加。未添加储能时, 节点 18 的电压波动水平最高, 达到 0.291 p.u.; 按传统 MRFO 算法添加储能后,各节点的电压波动有所下降,其中节点 15 下降幅度达到最大,为 0.061 p.u.;按改进 MRFO 算法添加储能后, 系统电压波动相较于传统算法有了进一步减少,共减少 1.26 p.u.。说明改进算法求得的配置结果可以更好地缓解系统电压波动, 削弱新能源波动带来的影响。
图 13 为最优选址定容策略下,改进 MRFO 算法求得的系统日均负荷波动情况。由图 13 可见,添加储能后,系统的典型日负荷波动明显减少,负荷峰谷差从${2234.16}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$减少到 1607.82$\mathrm{{kW}}$,高峰时段减少$2\mathrm{\;h}$,低谷时段减少$1\mathrm{\;h}$。说明两台储能装置的接入可以有效减少系统日均负荷波动, 缓解系统调峰压力, 提高配电网运行稳定性。
本文建立了考虑系统成本、电压和负荷波动三目标的双层配电网储能优化配置模型。从初始种群、翻滚步长两角度对传统 MRFO 算法进行改进,结合改进 MRFO 和灰靶决策法求解储能优化配置问题,利用改进 IEEE33 节点配电网进行仿真验证。仿真结果表明,本文所提方法在提高系统经济性的同时, 可以减少日均负荷和电压波动, 保证系统运行的稳定性和可靠性。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52377104)
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2025年第43卷第4期
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  • 接收时间:2024-07-01
  • 首发时间:2025-07-18
  • 出版时间:2025-04-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-01
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国家自然科学基金项目(52377104)
作者信息
    1 国网江苏省电力有限公司 苏州供电分公司 江苏 苏州 215100
    2 南京工程学院 江苏 南京 211167
    3 国电南瑞科技股份有限公司 江苏 南京 211102

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(1987-),男,博士,副教授,硕士生导师,研究方向为新能源与电能存储技术、电力系统运行与分析等。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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